assignmentenvironmentalgeo-121003055437-phpapp02

8/10/2019 assignmentenvironmentalgeo-121003055437-phpapp02

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Water Pollution

Submitted To:-

Miss Nusrat

Submitted By:-

Muhammad Sajjad (907)

BS (hons) 6 th Semester (2009-13)

Department of Geography,

Govt. Co ege !n"vers"ty

#a"sa a$a%

Ph# +923346544625

Govt. o!!" "$%iv"rsit& 'aisa!a ad

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Contents1. What is Pollution.................................................................................... ..

2. Water Pollution...................................................................................... ..

3. Introduction to H 2O................................................................................ ..

4. Basic Types of Water Pollution...............................................................

a) Surface Water Pollution......................................................................

) !round"ater Pollution........................................................................

c) #icro iolo$ical Pollution.....................................................................

d) O%y$en &epletion Pollution................................................................

e) 'utrient Pollution................................................................................

f) Suspended #atter Pollution...................................................................

$) (he ical Pollution..............................................................................

*. #a+or Types of Pollutants.......................................................................

a) Petroleu Products.............................................................................

) Pesticides and Her icides...................................................................

c) Hea,y #etals......................................................................................

d) Ha-ardous Wastes..............................................................................

e) %cess Or$anic #atter........................................................................

f) Sedi ent...............................................................................................

$) Infectious Or$anis s..........................................................................

h) Ther al Pollution................................................................................

/. Sources of Water Pollutants...................................................................

a) Point Source.......................................................................................

) 'on Point Source................................................................................

0. Solutions to Water Pollution...................................................................

0.1. What ind of daily footprints do you lea,e .......................................

0.2. Solutions to Water Pollution 1 nforce %istin$ a"s.......................

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0.3. Solutions to Water Pollution 2 5 Stop 'utrient and PesticidePollution 16

0.4. Solutions to Water Pollution 3 5 &ri,e ess......................................

0.*. Solutions to Water Pollution 4 5 7se !reen Household andPersonal (are Products..........................................................................................

0./. Solutions to Water Pollution * 5 7se ess Plastic and &on8t itter19

6. (ase Study :To%ic #ud Spill atest Insult to Polluted &anu e ;i,er)... ..

9. a"s for Water pollution........................................................................

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types of po 't"on affe t the env"ronment an% ho "t an $e ontro e%. ' h has $een

%one to re%' e an% ontro po 't"on, $'t there "s st" more that nee%s to $e %one

( onty C. Do "er 200/).

Contam"nat"on of arth s env"ronment "th mater"a s that "nterfere "th h'man

hea th, the 'a "ty of "fe, or the nat'ra f'n t"on"ng of e osystems ( "v"ng organ"sms

an% the"r phys" a s'rro'n%"ngs) "s a e% po 't"on (" rosoft n arta n y ope%"a 200/ 4 1993-2005" rosoft Corporat"on. r"ghts reserve%).

7he po 't"on o' % $e

"r &o 't"on

8ater &o 't"on

o"se &o 't"on

So "% aste

- 8aste

So" &o 't"on

:a%"at"on &o 't"on

2. *at"r Po!!utio%

7he %eman% for fresh ater r"ses ont"n'o's y as the or % s pop' at"on gro s.

#rom 1950 to 1990 "th%ra a s of fresh ater from r"vers, a+es, reservo"rs, an% other

so'r es "n rease% fo'rfo %. *f the ater ons'me% "n the !n"te% States "n 199/, 39

per ent as 'se% for "rr"gat"on, 39 per ent as 'se% for e e tr" po er generat"on, an%

12 per ent as 'se% for other 't" "t"es "n%'stry an% m"n"ng 'se% ; per ent, an% therest as 'se% for agr" ' t'ra "vesto + an% ommer "a p'rposes.

Se age, "n%'str"a astes, an% agr" ' t'ra hem" a s s' h as fert" " ers an%

pest" "%es are the ma"n a'ses of ater po 't"on. 7he !.S. nv"ronmenta &rote t"on

gen y ( & ) reports that a$o't 3; per ent of the o'ntry s a+es an% est'ar"es, an%

36 per ent of "ts r"vers, are too po 'te% for $as" 'ses s' h as f"sh"ng or s "mm"ng

%'r"ng a or part of the year.


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"n%'str"a 'se var"es "%e y %epen%"ng on the pro ess "nvo ve%, some pro ess may

"nvo ve% %"st" e% ater, other nee% ater that "s not h"gh y orros"ve or that "s free of

part" es that o' % og or other "se %amage the e '"pment.

7he po 't"on of r"vers an% streams "th hem" a ontam"nants has $e ome one

of the most r"t" a env"ronmenta pro$ ems of the ent'ry. 7he mar"ne f"sher"es

s'pporte% $y o ean e osystems are an essent"a so'r e of prote"n, part" ' ar y for

peop e "n %eve op"ng o'ntr"es.

8ater po 't"on "s a ma=or g o$a pro$ em h" h re '"res ongo"ng eva 'at"on an%

rev"s"on of ater reso'r e po " y at a eve s ("nternat"ona %o n to "n%"v"%'a

a '"fers an% e s).


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Polluted River in the United Kingdom The pollution of ri,ers and strea s "ith che ical conta inants has eco e one of the ost

critical en,iron ental pro le s of the 2


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FFon a %e "nto as+a s &r"n e 8" "am So'n%, a pr"st"ne an% r" h f"sh"ng gro'n%.


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%etonat"ng a m"Ft're of hy%rogen an% a"r. Ho ever, the res' ts of h"s eFper"ments

ere not ear y "nterprete% 'nt" t o years ater, hen the #ren h hem"st nto"ne

>a'rent >avo"s"er prove% that ater as not an e ement $'t a ompo'n% of oFygen

an% hy%rogen. 'ssa an% the German nat'ra "st eFan%er von H'm$o %t %emonstrate%

=o"nt y that ater ons"ste% of t o vo 'mes of hy%rogen to one of oFygen, as

eFpresse% $y the present-%ay form' a H 2*.

8ater "s the ma=or onst"t'ent of "v"ng matter. #rom /0 to 90 per ent of the

e"ght of "v"ng organ"sms "s ater. &rotop asm, the $as" mater"a of "v"ng e s,

ons"sts of a so 't"on "n ater of fats, ar$ohy%rates, prote"ns, sa ts, an% s"m" ar

hem" a s. 8ater a ts as a so vent, transport"ng, om$"n"ng, an% hem" a y $rea+"ng%o n these s'$stan es. B oo% "n an"ma s an% sap "n p ants ons"st arge y of ater

an% serve to transport foo% an% remove aste mater"a . 8ater a so p ays a +ey ro e "n

the meta$o " $rea+%o n of s' h essent"a mo e ' es as prote"ns an% ar$ohy%rates.

7h"s pro ess, a e% hy%ro ys"s, goes on ont"n'a y "n "v"ng e s.

:#icrosoft ncarta ncyclopedia 2


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7rash from h'man ons'mpt"on, s' h as ater $ott es, p ast" s an% other aste

pro%' ts, "s most often ev"%ent on ater s'rfa es. 7h"s type of po 't"on a so omes

from o" sp" s an% gaso "ne aste, h" h f oat on the s'rfa e an% affe t the ater an%

"ts "nha$"tants.

b) Groundwater Pollution

7h"s type of po 't"on "s $e om"ng more an% more re evant $e a'se "t affe ts o'r

%r"n+"ng ater an% the a '"fers $e o the so" . Gro'n% ater po 't"on "s 's'a y

a'se% $y h"gh y toF" hem" a s an% pest" "%es from farm"ng that ea+ thro'gh the

gro'n% to ontam"nate the e s an% a '"fers $e o the s'rfa e.

c) Microbiological Pollution

" ro$"o og" a po 't"on "s the nat'ra form of ater po 't"on that "s a'se% $y

m" roorgan"sms "n 'n 're% ater. ost of these organ"sms are harm ess $'t some

$a ter"a, v"r'ses, an% proto oa an a'se ser"o's %"seases s' h as ho era an% typho"%.

7h"s "s a s"gn"f" ant pro$ em for peop e "n th"r% or % o'ntr"es ho have no ean

%r"n+"ng ater an% or fa " "t"es to 're the ater.

d) Oxygen Depletion Pollution

" roorgan"sms that thr"ve "n ater fee% on $"o%egra%a$ e s'$stan es. 8hen

there "s an "nf 'F of $"o%egra%a$ e mater"a from s' h th"ngs as aste or eros"on from

farm"ng, the n'm$ers of these m" roorgan"sms "n rease an% 't" " e the o$ta"na$ e

oFygen. 8hen these oFygen eve s are %ep ete%, harm ess aero$" m" roorgan"sms %"e

an% anaero$" m" roorgan"sms thr"ve. Some of these organ"sms pro%' e %amag"ng

toF"ns "+e s' f"%e an% ammon"a.

e) Nutrient Pollution

'tr"ents are 's'a y fo'n% "n aste ater an% fert" " ers. 7hese an a'se eF ess

vegetat"on "n the ater s' h as a gae an% ee%s, 's"ng 'p the oFygen "n the ater an%

h'rt"ng the s'rro'n%"ng mar"ne "fe an% other organ"sms "n the ater.

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f) Su pended Matter Pollution

7h"s type of po 't"on o 'rs hen po 'tants enter the ater an% %o not m"F "n

"th the ater mo e ' es. 7hese s'spen%e% part" es form f"ne s" t on the ater$e%,

harm"ng the mar"ne "fe $y ta+"ng a ay the n'tr"ents an% %"st'r$"ng the"r ha$"tat.

g) !"e#ical Pollution

D'e to the nat're of "n%'stry these %ays an% the mass pro%' t"on "n "n%'str"a

p ants an% farms, e have a ot of hem" a r'n-off that f o s "nto the near$y r"vers

an% ater so'r es. eta s an% so vents f o o't of fa tor"es an% "nto the ater,

po 't"ng the ater an% harm"ng the " % "fe. &est" "%es from farms are "+e po"son to

the " % "fe "n the ater an% +" an% en%anger the a 'at" "fe.


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8hen an"ma s ons'me p ants that have $een treate% "th erta"n non

$"o%egra%a$ e hem" a s, s' h as h or%ane an% %" h oro%"pheny tr" h oroethane

(DD7), these hem" a s are a$sor$e% "nto the t"ss'es or organs of the an"ma s. 8hen

other an"ma s fee% on these ontam"nate% an"ma s, the hem" a s are passe% 'p the

foo% ha"n. 8"th ea h step 'p the foo% ha"n, the on entrat"on of the po 'tant

"n reases.


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po 'te% "th ha ar%o's astes that "t a'ght f"re an% $'rne%. &CBs, a ass of

hem" a s on e "%e y 'se% "n e e tr" a e '"pment s' h as transformers, an get "nto

the env"ronment thro'gh o" sp" s an% an rea h toF" eve s as organ"sms eat one

another.

e) Exce Organic Matter

#ert" " ers an% other n'tr"ents 'se% to promote p ant gro th on farms an% "n

gar%ens may f"n% the"r ay "nto ater. t f"rst, these n'tr"ents en o'rage the gro th

of p ants an% a gae "n ater. Ho ever, hen the p ant matter an% a gae %"e an% sett e

'n%er ater, m" roorgan"sms %e ompose them.


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h) '"er#al Pollution

8ater "s often %ra n from r"vers, a+es, or the o ean for 'se as a oo ant "n

fa tor"es an% po er p ants. 7he ater "s 's'a y ret'rne% to the so'r e armer than

hen "t as ta+en. ven sma temperat're hanges "n a $o%y of ater an %r"ve a aythe f"sh an% other spe "es that ere or"g"na y present, an% attra t other spe "es "n

p a e of them. 7herma po 't"on an a e erate $"o og" a pro esses "n p ants an%

an"ma s or %ep ete oFygen eve s "n ater. 7he res' t may $e f"sh an% other " % "fe

%eaths near the %"s harge so'r e. 7herma po 't"on an a so $e a'se% $y the remova

of trees an% vegetat"on that sha%e an% oo streams.

6. Sour,"s o *at"r Po!!uta%ts&o 't"on enter"ng r"vers an% streams an $e ass"f"e% a or%"ng to the nat're of

"ts so'r es. "tter

D"sposa of astes "n at h $as"ns

Ha ar%o's aste "mproper y store% or %"s ar%e%


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&o 't"on from roa% ays an% roa% sa t"ng a t"v"t"es

>ea+"ng se er "nes

D"s harge of se age an% gar$age from sh"ps an% $oats


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Pollution# $rom %ir to &aterissions fro the urnin$ of fossil fuels@ especially o%ides of sulfur@ nitro$en@ or car on@ co ine

"ith "ater ,apor in the air to for acids. These acids fall to earth as acid rain@ acid sno"@ and aciddeposition. >lo"in$ "ater carries these acids into strea s and la es@ "here they can da a$e delicate la eecosyste s.

C #icrosoft (orporation. Ell ;i$hts ;eser,ed.Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2005 C 1993D2


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Nutri"%ts &hosphor's an% n"trogen from agr" ' t're an% 'r$an an% 'se

-"av& m"ta!sgr" ' t're, 'r$an, an% "n%'str"a 'se of mer 'ry, ea%,

se en"'m, a%m"'m an% so on

,idsS' f'r" a "% from oa an% some meta m"nesI "n%'str"a

pro esses that %"spose of a "%s "mproper y

S"dim"%t:'noff from onstr' t"on s"tes, agr" ' t're r'noff, an% nat'raeros"on

-"at8arm to hot ater from po er p ants an% other "n%'str"afa " "t"es

adio a,tivit&Contam"nat"on $y n' ear po er "n%'stry, m" "tary an% nat'raso'r es

So'r eI

7. So!utio%s to *at"r Po!!utio%

7he +ey so 't"ons to ater po 't"on ome %o n to "n%"v"%'a respons"$" "ty

$e a'se e a have a %"re t "mpa t on the env"ronment. #rom the to" et e f 'sh to

the gar$age e thro a ay, e stamp o'r footpr"nts "nto o'r env"ronment on a %a" y $as"s.

( * W"at +ind of daily footprint do you lea%e, -re t"ey large

and deep or #all and lig"t,

8h" e m" "ons of peop e ta+e a%vantage of ommon onven"en es s' h as $'y"ng

p ast" s or %r"v"ng ars, o'r env"ronment "s s o y $e"ng %egra%e%. #or eFamp e, the

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nv"ronmenta &rote t"on gen y ( & ) has %es"gnate% 50 per ent of o'r r"vers an%

a+es as 'nsafe for s "mm"ng an% f"sh"ng.

( . Solution to Water Pollution /* Enforce Exi ting 0aw

*'r f"rst so 't"on to ater po 't"on, therefore, "s pretty s"mp e J te yo'r

po "t" "ans to enfor e eF"st"ng a s. 8hen a po "t" "an to'ts h"s ne ant"-po 't"on $"

that he a"ms " ean 'p the env"ronment, "t means "tt e "f they ont"n'e to a o

eF"st"ng a s to go 'nenfor e%. 7e yo'r po "t" "ans hat yo' th"n+. n o'rage them

to enfor e eF"st"ng a s s' h as the C ean 8ater t. Beyon% enfor "ng a s, there

are some pra t" a steps that e an ta+e as "n%"v"%'a s to "m"t the po 't"on "n o'r

ne"gh$orhoo%s an% "t"es.

( 1 Solution to Water Pollution /. 2 Stop Nutrient and

Pe ticide Pollution


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( 4 Solution to Water Pollution /3 2 5 e Green $ou e"old

and Per onal !are Product

s ons'mers an% "t" ens e have an o$ "gat"on to +no hat effe t o'r

ons'mer $y-pro%' ts are hav"ng on the p anet. any of the hem" a s fo'n% "n o'r

foo%, ho'seho % eaners, persona are pro%' ts, an% me%" at"ons are a $e"ng

%'mpe% $a + "nto the ater ays. 7hese hem" a s are *7 a%e 'ate y f" tere%

thro'gh m'n" "pa ater treatment fa " "t"es. 7h's, "f e are not %r"n+"ng f" tere%

ater, e are ons'm"ng many of these hem" a s (as e as other %angero's

ontam"nants) on a %a" y $as"s.

( 6 Solution to Water Pollution /4 2 5 e 0e Pla tic and Don7t 0itter

t the rate e re go"ng, the gro "ng "mpa t of p ast" po 't"on on o'r o eans "

$e one of the $"g %"saster stor"es of th"s ent'ry. 7ry to f"g're o't ays yo' an 'se

ess p ast" , espe "a y p ast" storage $ags. 7h"s type of p ast" "s easy for " % "fe to

s a o an% event'a y a'ses %eath. & ast" fa tor"es a so %e "ver m' h of the

po 't"on that "s not $"o-%egra%a$ e. Simply say no to bottled water! I know it is

convenient to drink bottled water, but the environmental impact of bottled water

plastic is huge!

Over 1.5 billion tons of plastic water bottles end up in U.S. landfills

each year. It takes over 300 years for plastic to degrade.

8. as" Stud& ( o i, Mud S1i!! at"st %su!t to Po!!ut"d a%u " iv"r)7he re ent reservo"r fa" 're that f oo%e% severa to ns "n H'ngary "th toF" re%

m'% "s the atest env"ronmenta "ns' t to 'rope s Dan'$e :"ver. B't "t "s not the f"rst,

nor the orst, %"saster of "ts +"n%, eFperts say. n% 'n ess steps are ta+en to safeg'ar%

s"m" ar "n%'str"a p ants an% m"n"ng fa " "t"es aro'n% the or %, these +"n%s of

a "%ents " ont"n'e to happen, they arn. *n * to$er 5, a so- a e% ta" "ng %am

that he % aste pro%' ts, "n '%"ng arsen" an% mer 'ry, from the =+a" 7"mfo %gyar

a 'm"n'm-pro ess"ng p ant "n the to n of =+a, H'ngary, o apse%. 7h"s re ease% an

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est"mate% 1E5 m" "on ga ons (69; m" "on "ters) of h"gh y a +a "ne re% m'% "nto the

ar a :"ver an% near$y to ns, +" "ng at east e"ght peop e. 7he toF" f oo% rea he%

the Dan'$e :"ver@ 'rope s se on%- argest r"ver@ ast 7h'rs%ay, spar+"ng fears of

%o nstream ontam"nat"on.

H'ngary &r"me "n"ster "+tor *r$an a e% the sp" the o'ntry s $"ggest

e o og" a %"saster. *ne of the $"ggest threats fa "ng the Dan'$e to%ay "s h'man

a terat"ons to the r"ver ma%e for nav"gat"on p'rposes, a or%"ng to a 2005 'ropean

Comm"ss"on report. &ro=e ts to %eepen, %am, or stra"ghten the r"ver an% remove

M$ott ene +sM to vesse passage are hang"ng the r"ver s tra%"t"ona f oo%p a"n

an%s ape an% ater f o "nto %e tas, as e as %estroy"ng et an%s an% other

prote te% ha$"tats, a or%"ng to the env"ronmenta nonprof"t 88#. 7here are'rrent y pro=e ts 'n%er ay to restore the Dan'$e s f oo%p a"ns, an% a re ent p an $y

the


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G'"%e "nes have $een %eve ope% an% are 'rrent y $e"ng rev"e e% regar%"ng the

%'mp"ng of po 'te% mater"a s.

D'mp"ng of n' ear aste "n 'ropean aters has $een term"nate% s"n e 19E6.

7here are a n'm$er of %"re t"ves g"ven "n the 'ropean !n"on

nv"ronmenta >eg"s at"onI

7he propose% ater frame or+ %"re t"ve a"ms to a h"eve a n'm$er of o$=e t"ves

regar%"ng hea th an% env"ronmenta "ss'esI

o nfor e s'ff" "ent %r"n+"ng ater prov"s"ons.

o nfor e s'ff" "ent prov"s"ons "f ater for other e onom" re '"rements.

o &rote t"on of the env"ronment from ater po 't"on.

o &rov"%e a ev"at"on of the a%verse "mpa ts of f oo%s an% %ro'ghts.

o 7he %"re t"ve a"ms to a h"eve a goo% stat's for gro'n% aters an% s'rfa e

aters "n 'rope $y the year 2010.

7he 'r$an aste ater %"re t"ve a"ms to prote t s'rfa e "n an% aters an% oastaaters from po 't"on $y reg' at"ng the o e t"on an% treatment of 'r$an aste ater.

7he n"trate from agr" ' t'ra so'r es %"re t"ve a"ms to prote t aters aga"nst po 't"on

a'se% $y n"trates, espe "a y n"trates from agr" ' t'ra so'r es s' h as fert" "sers. 7h"s

" ena$ e mar"ne an% fresh aters to $e prote te% from e'troph" at"on.

7he %r"n+"ng ater %"re t"ve a"ms to esta$ "sh str" t stan%ar%s regar%"ng the 'a "ty of

%r"n+"ng ater. 7he %"re t"ve prov"%es parameters an% ana ys"s metho%s, these

stan%ar%s m'st $e met to ens're safe %r"n+"ng ater.

7he s'rfa e ater for %r"n+"ng ater a$stra t"on %"re t"ve an% meas'rement an%

samp "ng of s'rfa e aters %"re t"ve an% "nformat"on eF hange %e "s"on are "ntegrate%

to form a frame or+ that %ea s "th ater prote t"on of a aters, not ='st those 'se%

$y h'mans.

7he f"sh ater %"re t"ve an% she ater %"re t"ve a"ms to prote t aters from

po 't"on that are pr"mar" y 'se% for f"sh"ng.

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7he gro'n% ater %"re t"ve a"ms to prote t gro'n% ater from %angero's po 'tants $y

ontro "ng the %"re t an% "n%"re t %"s harges of erta"n s'$stan es "nto the

gro'n% ater.

7he $ath"ng ater %"re t"ve a"ms to +eep goo% stan%ar%s "n the 'a "ty of $ath"ng

ater "n fresh ater an% oasta ater areas.

0. *at"r r"atm"%t

8ater treatment o' % $e

a) &ndu trial water treat#ent Before ra se age an $e safe y re ease% $a + "nto the env"ronment, "t nee%s

to $e treate% orre t y "n a ater treatment p ant.


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Ba ter"a "n the so" onvert the n"trogen "n the fert" " er to n"trates, ma+"ng "t

eas"er for the p ants to a$sor$.


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!s"ng o one to treat aste ater has many $enef"tsI

N" s $a ter"a effe t"ve y.

*F"%" es s'$stan es s' h as "ron an% s' ph'r so that they an $e f" tere%o't of the so 't"on.

7here are no nasty o%o'rs or res"%'es pro%' e% from the treatment.

* one onverts $a + "nto oFygen '" + y, an% eaves no tra e on e "t has

$een 'se%.

7he %"sa%vantages of 's"ng o one as a treatment for aste ater areI

7he treatment re '"res energy "n the form of e e tr" "ty th"s an ost

money an% annot or+ hen the po er "s ost.

7he treatment annot remove %"sso ve% m"nera s an% sa ts.

* one treatment an somet"mes pro%' e $y-pro%' ts s' h as $romate that

an harm h'man hea th "f they are not ontro e%.

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. Natio%a! ri%;i% *at"r Sta%dards

2*

Natio%a! ri%;i% *at"r Sta%dards

o%tami%a%t Ma imum o%tami%a%t "v"!(m

rsen" 0.05

Ca%m"'m 0.0

ea% 0.0 5

mer 'ry 0.002

se en"'m 0.0

r a%i, h"mi,a!sP"sti,id"s

n%r"n 0.0002

>"n%ane 0.004

ethoFy h or 0.

-"r i,id"s

2,5-D 0.

2,5,S-7& 0.0

S" veF 0.0= s

Ben ene 0.005

Car$on 7etra h or"%e 0.005

7r" h oroethy ene 0.005

"ny h or"%e 0.002

Mi,ro io!o i,a! r a%isms

#e a Co "form Ba ter"a ,"!!< 00 m!

Sour,">


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2. '"d"ra! :at"r " is!atio%

'"d"ra! :at"r " is!atio%

?"ar a:

899 :ef'se t

956 #e%era ater an% po 't"on ontro a t

958 #"sh an% " % "fe oor%"nat"on a t

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969 nat"ona env"ronmenta po " y a t

970 ater 'a "ty "mprovement a t

972 #e%era ater po 't"on ontro a t (C ean ater a t)

974 fe%era safe %r"n+"ng ater a t

980 omprehens"ve env"ronmenta response, ompensat"on, an% "a$" "ty a t

984 Ha ar%o's an% so "% aste amen%ments to the reso'r e onservat"on an% re overya t

987 ater 'a "ty a t

So'r eI

References(2005). Mi,roso t @ %,arta Mi,roso t @ %,arta @ %,&,!o1"dia 2005 A 993B2004Mi,roso t or1oratio%C Mi,roso t or1oratio%.

/ot;i%C . /. a%d . . D"!!"r (2009). %viro%m"%ta! S,i"%,"s ( arth as a !ivi% 1!a%"t).

$%it"d Di% domC Eoh% *i!"& a%d so%s.'o&C . -.C S. . "%%o C "t a!. (200 ). F ss"ssi% th" " ",tiv"%"ss o r" u!ator& ,o%tro!so% arm 1o!!utio% usi% ,h"mi,a! a%d io!o i,a! i%di,"s o :at"r ua!it& a%d 1o!!utio%statisti,s.F *at"r "s"ar,h 35( 2)> 3004B30 2.

iuC S.C S. ouC "t a!. (20 ). F*at"r ua!it& ass"ssm"%t & 1o!!utio%Bi%d" m"thod i% th",oasta! :at"rs o -" "i Provi%," i% :"st"r% /ohai S"aC hi%a.F Mari%" Po!!utio%/u!!"ti% 62( 0)> 2220B2229.

=ou! aro1ou!osC .C D. '&tia%osC "t a!. ( 987). F orr"!atio% o som" or a%i, 1o!!utio%a,tors i% :at"r s&st"ms i% North"r% Gr"",".F *at"r "s"ar,h 2 (3)> 253B256.

20


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