Authors: Ing. Jindřich Petr, JUDr. Bohuslav PetrSubject: Fisheries E-mail: jindrichpetr@centrum.cz, bohpetr@centrum.cz

Warm-Water Fish Farming

Content• Warm-water fish

• Warm-water fish species

• Pond fish farm

• Farming process in pond fish farm

• Integrated agriculture and fish production

• Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS)

• Future trends

Warm-water fish• Warm-water fish

– above 26°C- less oxygen- faster growth – shorter life- harder to keep

• Cold-water fish

– below 20°C - more oxygen - slower growth – longer life - easier to keep

Pic. 1. Tilapia

Source: www.biomar.com

Warm-water fish species• European catfish – Silurus glanis

• European eel – Anquilla anquilla

• Zander – Sander luciopera

• Perch - Perca fluviatilis

• Carp – Cyprinus carpio

• African sharptooth catfish - Clarias gariepinus

• Tilapia – Oreochromis niloticus

Pic. 2. Catfish in India

Source: www.stjosephpost.com

Pond fish farms

3 types of ponds:

1. Fry nursing ponds – ichtyoplankton - optimum size 0,5 – 1 ha

2. Fingerling ponds – juvenile fish - optimum size 4 – 8 ha

3. Food – fish ponds – optimum size 10 – 20 ha - 90 % of total pond area

Minimum depth – 1 m

Smaller ponds = higher yields

Pic. 3. Warm-water fish hatchery – larval rearing pond

Source: www.data.fao.org

Pic. 4. Industrial aquaculture system

Source: www.processaquatics.com

Farming process in pond fish farms

3 aspects:

1. Fish stocking - density - monoculture / polyculture

2. Fertilization – important N:P ratio

3. Feeding – natural food production / feeding

1. WELFARE – stress, diseases, water quality, food quality, environmental factors, transport

Integrated agriculture and fish production

• Crops and fish production – rice, mulberry, sugar-cane, mushrooms etc.

• Livestock and fish production – pigs, ducks

Pic. 5. Fish-rice ecosystem in China

Source: www.kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com

Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS)

• Higher production – artificial tanks

• Lower demand on water – recirculation

•Lower demand on space

• Lower effluents and pollution – biofilters and water treatment

• Lower diseases

Pic. 6. RAS concept

Source: www.akvagroup.com

Future trends• Horizontal RAS – airlifts / pumps

• Denitrification, biogas and water cleaning

• Aquaponics – marcophytes, microphytes

Pic. 7. Aquaponics system

Source: www.en.wikipedia.org

Thank you for your attention!

List of used literature• Amlacher, E. Textbook of fish diseases. New Jersey, TFH Publications Inc., 1970. 302 pp.

• Herwig, N. Handbook of drugs and chemicals used in the treatment of fish diseases. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1979. 272 pp.

• Horváth, L., Tamás, G. a A. G. Coche. Common Carp 2: Mass production of advanced fry and fingerlings in ponds. FAO Training Seires, 1985. vol. 9, 85 pp.

• Mareš, J. a Lang, Š. (eds.). Zkušenosti s chovem ryb v recirkulačním systému dánského typu. Sborník příspěvků. Mendelova univerzita v Brně, 2013. 96 s. ISBN 978-80-7375-919-3.

• New, M.B. Feed and feeding of fish and shrimp: A manual on the preparation and presentation of compound feeds for shrimp and fish in aquaculture. FAO, 1987. 275 pp.

• Pickering, A.D. (ed.). Stress and fish. London, Academic Press, 1981. 368 pp.

• Woynarovich, E. a Horváth, L. The artificial propagation of warmwater finfishes. A manual for extension. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, 1984. vol. 201, 183 pp. ISBN 92-5-100999-6.