Avgvi evsjv eB 1 - supriyosen.net · Avgvi evsjv eB 1 MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv ... Avgvi evsjv eB 4 RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ZK †evW© 69-70, gwZwSj evwYwR¨K GjvKv,

Avgvi evsjv eB 1

MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv

MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKvq Nb meyR i‡Oi Ici D`xqgvb m ~‡h©i i‡Oi GKwU jvj e„Ë _vK‡e|

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fe‡b eënv‡ii Rb¨ (fe‡bi AvKvi I AvqZb Abyhvqx) 305 †m. wg. x 183 †m. wg. (10' x 6') 152 †m. wg. x 91 †m. wg. (5' x 3') 76 †m. wg. x 46 †m. wg. (21

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Avgvi evsjv eB 2

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Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm| wPiw`b †Zvgvi AvKvk, †Zvgvi evZvm, Avgvi cÖv‡Y evRvq euvwk \

I gv, dvMy‡b †Zvi Av‡gi e‡b NÖv‡Y cvMj K‡i, gwi nvq, nvq †i-

I gv, ANÖv‡b †Zvi fiv †¶‡Z Avwg Kx †`‡LwQ gayi nvwm \

Kx †kvfv, Kx Qvqv †Mv, Kx †øn, Kx gvqv †Mv- Kx AuuvPj weQv‡qQ e‡Ui g~‡j, b`xi K‚‡j K‚‡j|

gv, †Zvi gy‡Li evYx Avgvi Kv‡b jv‡M myavi g‡Zv, gwi nvq, nvq †i-

gv, †Zvi e`bLvwb gwjb n‡j, I gv, Avwg bqbR‡j fvwm \

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Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm| wPiw`b †Zvgvi AvKvk,

wPiw`b †Zvgvi AvKvk, †Zvgvi evZvm, Avgvi cÖv‡Y

I gv, Avgvi cÖv‡Y evRvq euvwk, †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm \

I gv, dvMy‡b †Zvi Av‡gi e‡b NÖv‡Y cvMj K‡i, gwi nvq, nvq †i-

I gv, dvMy‡b †Zvi Av‡gi e‡b NÖv‡Y cvMj K‡i, I gv, ANÖv‡b †Zvi fiv †¶‡Z Kx †`‡LwQ

Avwg Kx †`‡LwQ gayi nvwm| †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm \

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gv, †Zvi gy‡Li evYx Avgvi Kv‡b jv‡M myavi g‡Zv, gwi nvq, nvq †i-

gv, †Zvi gy‡Li evYx Avgvi Kv‡b jv‡M myavi g‡Zv, gv, †Zvi e`bLvwb gwjb n‡j, Avwg bqb

I gv, Avwg bqbR‡j fvwm \ †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm \

Avgvi evsjv eB 3

RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ZK †evW© KZ©„K 2006 wk¶veQi †_‡K cÂg †kªYxi cvV¨cy¯ZKi~‡c wbav©wiZ

Avgvi evsjv eB

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Avgvi evsjv eB 4

RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ZK †evW© 69-70, gwZwSj evwYwR¨K GjvKv, XvKv-1000

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Avgvi evsjv eB 5

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cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ cÖv_wgK wk¶v Dbœqb cÖKí (2q ch©vq) Ges RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ZK †evW©, XvKv GKwU we¯Z…Z Kg©cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i| G cwiKíbv Abyhvqx cÖv_wgK ¯Z‡ii wk¶vµg, cvV¨cy¯ZK I wkLb mvgMÖxi g ~j¨vqb I cwigvR©b Kiv nq Ges wewfbœ wel‡qi bZzb cvV¨cy ZK I Ab¨vb¨ cVb-cvVb mvgMÖx cÖYqb Kiv nq| cÖv_wgK ¯Z‡ii wk¶vµ‡g 5g †kªYxi ÒevsjvÓ wel‡qi Rb¨ wPwýZ †kªYxwfwËK AR©‡bvc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi wfwË‡Z RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy ZK †evW©, XvKv KZ©„K wbe©vwPZ Ges MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÖv_wgK I MYwk¶v gš¿Yvjq KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z †jLKMY cÂg †kªYxi Rb¨ ÒAvgvi evsjv eBÓ cvV¨cy ZK iPbv K‡ib| RvZxq Kg©kvjvi gva¨‡g †kªYx wk¶K, wk¶K cÖwk¶K, welq we‡klÁ I wk¶vµg we‡klÁM‡Yi mnvqZvq eBwUi †hŠw³K g~j¨vqb m¤cbœ Kiv nq| evsjv Avgv‡ì gvZ…fvlv, ivóª fvlv Ges wk¶vi gva¨g| cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i wkï‡ì Rb¨ gvZ…fvlvq `¶Zv AR©b Acwinvh©| evsjv fvlv †kLvi †¶‡Î wk¶v_©xiv fvlv †kLvi PviwU `¶Zv †kvbv, ejv, cov I †jLv †hb mgvbfv‡e AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, †m Rb¨ Zv‡ì eqm, †gav I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv we‡ePbv K‡i evsjvfvlvq †kªYxwfwËK AR©‡bvc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv cybtwba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q| G †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv †hb wk¶v_©xiv AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i †mw`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L cÂg †kªYxi evsjv eBwU iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkL‡b wk¶v_©x‡ì AvMÖn m„wó I cvV mnR Kivi Rb¨ RxebwfwËK I mgKvjxb Pvwn`v Dc‡hvMx cvV¨vsk wbe©vPb I msMwZc ~Y© Qwe ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q avivevwnK Abykxjb I g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g fvlv †kLvi `¶Zv¸‡jv wk¶v_©xiv cy‡ivcywi AR©b Ki‡Z cvij wKbv, Zv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ cvV‡k‡l Abykxjb i‡q‡Q| G cvV¨cy Z‡K evsjv GKv‡Wgx Ges GbwmwUwe-Gi evbvb ixwZ AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dfq cÖwZôv‡bi evbvb ixwZ GKB| Z‡e hy³v¶i mijxKiY m¤cwK©Z GbwmwUweÕi evbvb ixwZB cvV¨cy¯Z‡K Abym„Z n‡q‡Q| wk¶vµg Dbœqb GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqv| ZvB, cvVëB‡qi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Z G cÖwµqv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e| mswk −ó e¨w³e‡M©i mhZœ cÖqvm I mZK©Zv m‡Ë¡I cy¯ZKwU‡Z wKQy ÎywU-wePy¨wZ †_‡K †h‡Z cv‡i| cieZx© ms¯‹i‡Y cvV¨cy¯ZKwU ÎywUgy³ Kivi †Póv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e| G eBwU iPbv, m¤cv`bv I g ~j¨vqbmn cÖKvkbvi wewfbœ ch©v‡q huviv mnvqZv K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡ì mevB‡K RvbvB Avš—wiK K…ZÁZv I abëv`| hv‡ì Rb¨ eBwU cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q, Zviv DcK…Z n‡j Avgv‡ì mKj cÖqvm mdj n‡e e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi|

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Avgvi evsjv eB 6

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Avgvi evsjv eB 1

Avgv‡ì GB †`k

cÖK…wZi iƒcmx Kb¨v Avgv‡ì GB evsjv‡`k| G †`‡ki b`x, gvV, AiY¨ Avi cvnv‡oi iƒc †`‡L Avgiv gy» nB| G †`‡k w`Mš�‡Rvov dm‡ji †LZ| `w¶Yv evZv‡m †`v‡j gv‡Vi dmj| meyR gv‡Vi eyK wP‡i e‡q †M‡Q b`x| Zvi ¯^”Q cvwbi wb‡P wPKwPK K‡i evwj| e‡b, cvnv‡o evm K‡i bvbv RxeRš�y| Mv‡Q Mv‡Q D‡o †eovq is-†ei‡Oi cvwL| Zv‡ì KjKvKwj‡Z ü`q Avb‡›` f‡i hvq|

Avgvi evsjv eB 2

evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx XvKv GKwU wekvj kni| mviv‡`‡k †QvUeo A‡bK kni i‡q‡Q| Gme kn‡ii DuPz DuPz `vjvb-†KvVv BU-KvV Avi cv_i w`‡q ˆZwi| kn‡ii wcP I wm‡g‡›U ˆZwi iv¯�v¸‡jv †ek PIov| cvKv iv¯�v w`‡q evm, UªvK, wiKkv, A‡UvwiKkv, mvB‡Kj BZ¨vw` hvbevnb PjvPj K‡i| iv¯�vi cv‡ki dzUcvZ w`‡q PjvPj K‡i c_Pvix| kn‡ii gvbyl wewPÎ iK‡gi Kv‡R e¨¯� _v‡K| †KD Awdm-Av`vj‡Z KvR K‡i, †KD K‡i eëmv-evwYR¨| kªwg‡Kiv KvR K‡i Kj-KviLvbvq| G QvovI bvbv †ckvi gvbyl RxweKvi Rb¨ kn‡i G‡m wfo K‡i|

†eov‡bvi Rb¨ kn‡i i‡q‡Q cvK© I D`¨vb| Aemi mg‡q kn‡ii †jvKRb MvQcvjv I dz‡j dz‡j mvRv‡bv cv‡K© †eov‡Z hvq| QywUi w`‡b †KD hvq Rv yN‡i, †KD hvq wPwoqvLvbvq| wPwoqvLvbvq i‡q‡Q c„w_exi bvbv †`‡ki wewPÎ RxeRš�y|

kn‡ii evB‡i G‡jB MÖvg| Qvqv-XvKv, cvwL-WvKv GB MÖvg¸‡jvi cvk w`‡q e‡q †M‡Q b`x| b`xi Zx‡i Zx‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q KZ Rbc`| Gme Rbc‡` gvbyl Ni †eu‡a‡Q, M‡o Zz‡j‡Q MÖvg-MÄ I nvU-evRvi| Avg, Rvg, KuvVvj I euvke‡bi wbweo Qvqvq †Niv evsjv‡`‡ki GK GKwU MÖvg| Gme MÖv‡gi evwoNi kn‡ii `vjvb-†KvVvi

Avgvi evsjv eB 3

g‡Zv BU, KvV, cv_‡i ˆZwi bq| GLv‡b euvk I KvV w`‡q ˆZwi nq N‡ii KvVv‡gv| N‡ii Pvj QvIqv nq Qb, Lo, †MvjcvZv I †nvMjvcvZv w`‡q| euv‡ki PuvPvwo, cvUKvwV ev gvwU w`‡q ˆZwi nq Pvicv‡ki †`qvj| Nivwgiv Qb I Lo w`‡q †Q‡q †hme †`vPvjv I †PŠPvjv Ni evbvq, †mme †`L‡Z fvwi my›ì| euv‡ki PuvPvwo, †eZ I kxZjcvwU w`‡q Zviv †`qvj I Pv‡ji †fZi w`KUv mvwR‡q †Zv‡j| cÖvq me evwo‡Z _v‡K ivbœvNi| MÖv‡g wUb w`‡qI evwoNi ˆZwi Kiv nq|

evsjv‡`‡ki ey‡Ki Ici w`‡q e‡q †M‡Q KZ b`x| b`xi m‡½ ZvB G †`‡ki gvby‡li Mfxi wgZvwj| cÙv, †gNbv, hgybv I eªþcyÎ G †`‡ki eo b`x| †QvU †QvU b`xI i‡q‡Q A‡bK; G‡ì bvgI fvwi wgwó : wZ¯�v, Ki‡Zvqv, BQvgwZ, MovB, gnvb›`v, a‡jk¦ix, kxZj¶v, myigv, KY©dzwj, mvs¸, gvZvgyûwi BZ¨vw`| Gme b`x‡Z P‡j bvbv iKg †bŠKv| †bŠKv¸‡jvi bvgI KZ PgrKvi : †Kvlv, wWwO, wQc, evjvg, eRiv, cvbwm, cvZvg, mv¤cvb I gq�icw�L| b`xi euv‡K euv‡K †R‡j‡ì MÖvg| †bŠKv Avi Rvj wb‡q mvivw`b Zviv b`xi ey‡K †f‡m †eovq Avi gvQ a‡i| cÙv-†gNbvq aiv c‡o Suv‡K Suv‡K iycvwj Bwjk| G †`‡ki mvMi, b`x, Lvj Avi we‡j cvIqv hvq bvbv iK‡gi gvQ| mvM‡ii gv‡Qi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q iƒcPuv`v, †Kvivj, jv¶v, jBU¨v, Qywi I dvBm¨v gvQ| b`x Avi Lvj-we‡j cvIqv hvq iyB, KvZjv, g„‡Mj, †fUwK, fvOb, wPZj, †evqvj, †kvj, ˆK, gv¸i, wks, cve`v, cuywU I AviI bvbv Rv‡Zi gvQ| fvZ Avi gvQ Avgv‡ì wcÖq Lvevi| GRb¨B Avgiv ewj, Ôgv‡Q-fv‡Z evOvwjÕ|

Avgvi evsjv eB 4

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AwaKvsk RvqMv Ry‡o i‡q‡Q meyR MÖvg Avi w`Mš�we¯�…Z dm‡ji gvV| gv‡V gv‡V ivLv‡jiv Miy Pivq| NyNy-WvKv Ajm ycy‡i KLbI Zviv e‡Ui Qvqvq MvgQv †c‡Z Nygvq, KLbI Avevi euvwk evRvq| G †`‡ki K…l‡Ki gb G †`‡ki big gvwUi g‡ZvB †Kvgj| Zviv Lye cwikªgx| †fvi bv n‡ZB jvOj †Rvqvj Kuv‡a K…l‡Kiv gv‡V hvq| †iv‡` cy‡o, e„wó‡Z wf‡R Zviv dmj djvq| cvKv av‡bi †mvbvwj is †`‡L K…l‡Ki gy‡L nvwm †dv‡U| G †`‡ki De©i gvwU‡Z d‡j KZ iK‡gi avb| G‡ì bvgI ïb‡Z fv‡jv jv‡M : cvBRvg, bvwRikvBj, AÄbj²x, AvKvkgwY, KvUvwi‡fvM, evjvg, weiyB, evmgwZ, c¶xivR, Kvkdzj, euvkdzj, wewbœ, k�LgyLx, gvwbK‡kvfv, KvjwRiv, ev`kv‡fvM| †ng‡š� bZzb av‡bi wgwó M‡Ü Av‡gvw`Z nq Pviw`K| ZLb bevbœ Drm‡e †g‡Z I‡V mevB| N‡i N‡i Avb‡›ì †XD Rv‡M| kxZKv‡j R‡g wcVvcywji Drme| Avi Kv‡Ri Aem‡i MÖv‡g MÖv‡g Mv‡bi Avmi e‡m|

cvU‡K evsjv‡`‡ki †mvbvwj Avuk ejv nq| el©vq Pvicv‡k hLb cvwb _B_B K‡i, ZLb K…l‡Kiv RvM †Ìqv cvU †avqv ïiy K‡i| †avqv cv‡Ui †mvbvwj Avuk †iv‡` wSwjK w`‡q I‡V| K…lKea� ZLb fvwi e¨¯�| euv‡ki Avovq †m cvU ïKvq, †iv‡` Qwo‡q †`q AvuwUeuvav cvUKvwV|

evsjv‡`‡ki †g‡qiv Aemi mg‡q bvbv iKg †kŠwLb wRwbm evbvq| cv‡Ui Avuk wewfbœ i‡O ivwO‡q Zviv ˆZwi K‡i my›ì my›ì bKwk wkKv| cyuwZdz‡ji wkKvq cuywZ, wSby‡Ki †evZvg I Kwo jvMv‡bv nq| iwOb myZv w`‡q †g‡qiv ˆZwi K‡i bKwk cvLv| myZvi eybb †KŠk‡j cvLvq †dv‡U dzj, cvwL, MvQ I cvZvi bKkv| †g‡qiv †eZ w`‡q †ev‡b kxZjcvwU| iwOb †e‡Zi eybb †KŠk‡j kxZjcvwU‡Z dzwU‡q †Zvjv nq cvwL, cvjwK, gmwR`, †bŠKv, evN, nwiY I wewfbœ dz‡ji bKkv| evsjvi †g‡qiv Kv‡Ri Aem‡i myP I myZv w`‡q †mjvB K‡i bKwk Kuv_v| Kuv_vq _v‡K jZvcvZv, dzj, av‡bi Qov, Puv`, Zviv, cvwL, gvQ I bvbv iK‡gi Qwe|

evsjv‡`‡ki Kvgvi-Kz‡gvi bvbv cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm ˆZwi K‡i| Kvgvi evbvq K…wlKv‡Ri hš�cvwZ Avi Kz‡gvi M‡o gvwUi nuvwo, cvwZj I ˆZRmcÎ| Zv Qvov

Avgvi evsjv eB 5

Kz‡gv‡iiv gvwU w`‡q dzj, cvwL, cyZzj I †cvovgvwUi djK ˆZwi K‡i| N‡ii Kzjw½ I †Ìqvj mvRvevi Kv‡R eënvi Kiv nq †cvovgvwUi djK| †mvbviy, Kuvmviy, `wR©, †avcv, bvwcZ, QyZvi BZ¨vw` †ckvRxex gvbylI mgv‡R evm K‡i|

meyR k¨vgwjgvq †Niv we¯�…Z mgZj f‚wg Qwo‡q Av‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q Ry‡o| Ab¨w`‡K Av‡Q Nb meyR Mv‡Q †Niv cvnvwo wUjv| ivOvgvwU, LvMovQwo, ev›ìev‡b evm K‡i wewfbœ ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi gvbyl| G‡ì g‡a¨ cÖavb nj PvKgv, gyis, gvigv, jymvB, Mv‡iv BZ¨vw`| Giv cvnv‡o Ryg Pvl K‡i| Avi emev‡mi Rb¨ †QvU †QvU Ni euv‡a wUjvq| G‡ì Av‡Q wbR¯ ms¯‹…wZ|

cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl Kvco †evbvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ| GKKv‡j G †`‡k ˆZwi nZ g�jëvb gmwjb Kvco| ZuvwZiv GLbI †ikwg, Rvg`vwb I mywZ Kvco †ev‡b| gmwjb, †ikg, Zmi, Mi`, gyMv, gUKv, Rvg`vwb, Uv½vBj I evjyPwi G †`‡ki weL¨vZ e¯Î|

GB Avgv‡ì †`k Avi †`‡ki gvbyl| Avgiv fv‡jvevwm GB †`k, fv‡jvevwm GB †`‡ki gvwU I gvbyl‡K|

(1996 wk¶ve‡l©i cÂg †kªYxi Avgvi eB †_‡K M„nxZ)

cvV wkwL 1. kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi †R‡b wbB KjKvKwj ⎯ gayi aŸwb, cvwLi WvK|⎯ †fvi‡ejv cvwLi KjKvKwj ïb‡Z

fv‡jv jv‡M|

Rv yNi ⎯ †hLv‡b cyi‡bv w`‡bi Avðh© wRwbmcÎ cÖ k©‡bi Rb¨ msi¶Y Kiv nq| †mw`b Rv yN‡i wM‡q bvbv wRwbm †`‡L Avb›` †c‡qwQ|

Rbc` ⎯ †jvKvjq, †hLv‡b gvbyl emevm K‡i| ⎯ GB b`xZx‡i GKKv‡j mg„× Rbc` wQj|

w`Mš� ⎯ w`‡Ki †kl, �i †_‡K †`L‡j †hLv‡b AvKvk I c„w_ex wgwjZ n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b nq| ⎯ c�e© w`M‡š� GLb †gN R‡g‡Q|

Avgvi evsjv eB 6

RvM ⎯ Lo-cvZv w`‡q cvwb‡Z Pvcv †Ìqv|-cvU KvUv n‡q †M‡Q, GLb RvM †Ìqvi cvjv|

†kŠwLb ⎯ wejvmx, g‡bvig, hv‡Z kL †g‡U|-Kwig PvPv Lye †kŠwLb gvbyl| k¨vgwjgv ⎯ k vg ev meyRvf is we‡kl| ⎯ k vgwjgvq †Niv Avgv‡ì MÖvg| Nivwg ⎯ L‡oi Ni wbg©vZv| ⎯ Avgv‡ i MÖv‡g †ewki fvM evwo Nivwg Øviv Zwi| RvwZmËv ⎯ RvwZiƒc ev RvwZ-cwiPq| ⎯ cvnvwo GjvKvq A‡bK ¶z`ª

RvwZmËvi gvbyl evm K‡i| ms¯‹…wZ ⎯ K…wó, culture | ⎯ RvwZi cwiPq nq Zvi ms¯‹…wZ‡Z| ˆZRmcÎ ⎯ evmb-†Kvmb| ⎯ evev N‡ii Rb¨ wKQy ˆZRmcÎ wK‡b‡Qb| Kzjw½ ⎯ gvwUi N‡ii †`qv‡ji †QvU †Lvc| ⎯ Kzjw½‡Z Avqbv-wPiywb

i‡q‡Q| DcPvi ⎯ Dcv`vb| ⎯ Dcnv‡ii WvjvwU bvbv DcPv‡i mvRv‡bv|

2. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjwL K) evsjv‡`‡ki kn‡ii GKwU eY©bv wjwL| L) evsjv‡`‡ki kn‡i I MÖv‡g Kx Kx ai‡bi evwoNi ˆZwi nq? M) Ôb`xi m‡½ G †`‡ki gvby‡li Mfxi wgZvwjÕ- G K_vwUi A_© Kx? N) b`x, Lvj-wej I mgy‡ ª cvIqv hvq Ggb `kwU gv‡Qi bvg wjwL| O) Avgv‡ì Ôgv‡Q-fv‡Z evOvwjÕ ejv nq †Kb? P) KLb bevbœ Drm‡e mevB †g‡Z I‡V? G †`‡ki K‡qK cÖKvi av‡bi bvg wjwL| Q) Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †g‡qiv Aemi mg‡q Kx Kx wRwbm ˆZwi K‡i? R) K‡qK iKg weL¨vZ Kvc‡oi bvg wjwL| S) evsjv‡`‡ki Kvgvi-Kz‡gv‡iiv Kx Kx wRwbm ˆZwi K‡i? T) K‡qKwU ¶z ª RvwZmËvi bvg wjwL| 3. wb‡Pi QK Abyhvqx G †`‡ki †bŠKv, avb, MvQ I Kvc‡oi bv‡gi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi Ges †m¸‡jv wjwL †bŠKv avb gvQ Kvco †Kvlv AÄbj²x iƒcPuv`v gmwjb ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯

Avgvi evsjv eB 7

4. wb‡Pi cyi“l I �xevPK kã¸‡jv wkwL cyi“l �x †R‡j †R‡jbx

Kvgvi Kvgvibx

Kz‡gvi Kz‡gvibx

gvwj gvwjbx

wfLvix wfLvwibx

†Mvqvjv †Mvqvwjbx

my›ì my›ìx

gq�i gq�ix

KZ©v wMbœx

ei K‡b

5. wb‡Pi evK¨ ywU cwo b`xi Zx‡i Zx‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q KZ Rbc`|

cvKv av‡bi †mvbvwj is †`‡L K…l‡Ki gy‡L nvwm †dv‡U|

Ic‡ii evK¨ ywU‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv kã eëüZ n‡q‡Q| ev‡K¨ eëüZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU kãB GK GKwU c`|

c` cuvP cÖKvi : we‡kl¨, we‡klY, me©bvg, Ae¨q I wµqv|

Avgvi evsjv eB 8

Avlvp iex› ªbv_ VvKzi bxj beN‡b AvlvpMM‡b wZj VuvB Avi bvwn †i|

I‡Mv, AvR †Zviv hvm †b N‡ii evwn‡i|

ev`‡ji aviv S‡i SiSi,

AvD‡ki †LZ R‡j fifi,

Kvwj-gvLv †g‡N I cv‡i Avuavi Nwb‡q‡Q †`L& Pvwn †i|

I‡Mv, AvR †Zviv hvm †b N‡ii evwn‡i||

IB Wv‡K †kv‡bv †aby NbNb, aejx‡i Av‡bv †Mvnv‡j|

GLwb Avuavi n‡e †ejvUyKy †cvnv‡j |

`yqv‡i ùvov‡q I‡Mv †`L& †`wL

gv‡V †M‡Q hviv Zviv wdwi‡Q wK?

ivLvjevjK Kx Rvwb †Kv_vq mviv w`b AvwR †Lvqv‡j

GLwb Avuavi n‡e †ejvUzKz †cvnv‡j|

†kv‡bv †kv‡bv IB cv‡i hv‡e e‡j †K WvwK‡Q eywS gvwS‡i|

†Lqv-cvivcvi eÜ n‡q‡Q AvwR †i|

cy‡e nvIqv eq, K‚‡j †bB †KD,

y K�j evwnqv D‡V c‡o †XD,

ìì †e‡M R‡j cwo Rj QjQj D‡V evwR †i|

†Lqv-cvivcvi eÜ n‡q‡Q AvwR †i|

I‡Mv, AvR †Zviv hvm †b †Mv, †Zviv hvm †b N‡ii evwn‡i|

AvKvk Avuavi, †ejv †ewk Avi bvwn †i|

[ms‡¶wcZ]

Avgvi evsjv eB 9

cvV wkwL 1. K| KweZvwUi gƒjfve †R‡b wbB Avlvp fiv el©vi gvm| G mgq AvKvk Kv‡jv †g‡N †X‡K hvq| mviv w`b

Aweivg e„wó S‡i| av‡bi †LZ R‡j f‡i I‡V| c_ NvU c−vweZ nq Awekªvš— e„wó‡Z| Pvi w`‡K AÜKvi Nwb‡q Av‡m| G mgq evB‡i hvIqvi Dcvq _v‡K bv| K…lK mÜ¨vi Av‡MB Zvi MvfxwU‡K Lyu‡R Av‡b, hviv evB‡i †M‡Q Zviv wd‡i Gj wK bv †LuvR Lei †bq| KviY, mÜ¨vi Av‡MB b`x cvivcv‡ii †Lqv eÜ n‡q hv‡e| Kwe G mg‡q, GB wPicwiwPZ Nb‡Nvi el©vq mKj‡K evB‡i bv †h‡Z Aby‡iva Ki‡Qb|

L| KweZvi g �j evbvb A¶zzYœ ivLv n‡q‡Q| 2. kãv_© †R‡b wbB I ev‡K¨ eënvi Kwi beN‡b ⎯ bZzb †g‡N| (Nb k‡ãi A_© Ô†gNÕ|) ⎯ Avlv‡pi beN‡b

AvKvk †Q‡q Av‡Q|

MM‡b ⎯ AvKv‡k| ⎯ cƒe© MM‡b mƒh© D‡V‡Q|

wZj VuvB ⎯ wZj cwigvY RvqMv A_©vr GZUzKz duvKv RvqMv| ⎯ Rbmfvq GZ †jvK n‡q‡Q †hb wZj avi‡Yi VuvB †bB|

ev ‡ji aviv ⎯ e„wói aviv| ⎯ mKvj †_‡K ev`‡ji aviv Si‡Q|

†aby ⎯ ev”Pvmn Mvfx|⎯mÜ¨v nj, GLbI †Mvnv‡j †aby †d‡i wb|

aejx ⎯ mv`v Mvfx| ⎯ Avgv‡ì †cvlv MvfxwUi bvg aejx|

†Mvnv‡j ⎯ Miyi N‡i, †Mvqv‡j| ⎯ †Mvnv‡j Miy Av‡Q|

†cvnv‡j ⎯ †kl n‡j| ⎯ ivZ †cvnv‡j cvwL Wv‡K|

†Lvqv‡j ⎯ KvwU‡q w`‡j, †kl Ki‡j|⎯ Ae‡njv K‡iB mgqUv †Lvqv‡j|

†Lqv ⎯ †bŠKv w ‡q b x cvivcvi| ⎯ cÖej e„wó‡Z †Lqv cvivcvi eÜ n‡q †M‡Q|

†e‡M ⎯ MwZ‡Z, avivq| ⎯ cÖej †e‡M So ïiy nj|

Avgvi evsjv eB 10

3. k‡ãi we‡kl eënvi †R‡b wbB SiSi ⎯ Aweij avivq| Avlv‡pi e„wó SiSi Si‡Q|

fifi ⎯ cÖvq cwicƒY©| b`xbvjv cvwb‡Z fifi n‡q Av‡Q|

ìì ⎯ cÖej †e‡M| cÖPÊ Mi‡g kixi †_‡K ìì K‡i Nvg Si‡Q|

QjQj ⎯ Rjfiv| wkïwU QjQj †Pv‡L ZvwK‡q Av‡Q|

Ic‡ii SiSi, fifi, ìì, QjQj kã¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi aŸwbi SsKvi †`Lv hvq| G ai‡bi kã‡K evsjv e¨vKi‡Y aŸb¨vÍK kã ejv nq| G iKg AviI A‡bK kã i‡q‡Q| †hgb- kbkb, ebeb, SbSb, LbLb, KoKo, gogo BZ¨vw`|

4. KweZvq eëüZ kã¸‡jv †R‡b wbB wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv KweZvq wgj ivLvi Rb¨ eëüZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb-

bvwn †i ⎯ †bB|

Pvwn †i ⎯ †P‡q|

AvwR †i ⎯ AvR‡K|

evwR †i ⎯ †e‡R|

5. wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gy‡L gy‡L ewj I wjwL K. Avlvp gv‡m AvKvk †Kgb †`Lv hvq?

L. AvD‡ki †LZ Kxfv‡e R‡j f‡i hvq?

M. K…lK Kx Rb¨ GZ DwØMœ?

N. MvfxwU GZ Nb Nb WvK‡Q †Kb?

O. ivLvj evj‡Ki Rb¨ GZ wPš�v †Kb?

P. †Lqv cvivcvi eÜ nIqvi KviY Kx?

6. MÖvg evsjvi el©v m¤c‡K© cuvPwU evK¨ wjwL 7. KweZvwU mwVK Q‡›` Ave„wË Kwi

Avgvi evsjv eB 11

8. Kwe cwiwPwZ wek¦Kwe iex› ªbv_ VvKy‡ii Rb¥ 1861 wLªóv‡ãi 7B †g, 1268 evsjv m‡bi

25†k êkvL| KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi weL¨vZ VvKyi cwiev‡i wZwb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1913 wLªóv‡ã Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ mvwn‡Z¨ wZwbB cÖ_g †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb| wZwb wkï‡ì RbÏ A‡bK wj‡L‡Qb| ÔAvlvpÕ KweZvwU Zuvi Ô¶wYKvÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q| Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ, ÔwPÎvÕ, ÔKíbvÕ, ÔMxZvÄwjÕ iex› ªbv‡_i weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’| Ôi³KiexÕ, ÔWvKNiÕ Zuvi weL¨vZ bvUK| ÔwkïÕ I Ôwkï †fvjvbv_Õ †QvU‡ì Rb¨ †jLv Zuvi KweZvi eB| iex› ªbv_ 1941 wLªóv‡ãi 7B AvM÷, 1348 evsjv m‡bi 22†k kªveY g„Zy eiY K‡ib|

Avgvi evsjv eB 12

yLy Avi myLy

GK wQj Pvwl| Zvi wQj yB †g‡q| eo †g‡qi bvg yLy Avi †QvU †g‡qi bvg myLy| `yLy nj kvš� Avi Kv‡R cUy| myLy e`‡gRvwR Avi Avj‡m|

GKw`b `yLy D‡Vv‡b e‡m PiKvq my‡Zv KvUwQj| Ggb mgq nVvr †Rvi evZvm DVj| evZvm yLyi Zy‡jv Dwo‡q wb‡q †Mj|

`yLy QyUj wcQy wcQy| wKš�y Zy‡jvi bvMvj †cj bv| †m c‡_ e‡m Kuv`‡Z ïiy Kij| ZLb evZvm wdmwdwm‡q Zvi Kv‡b Kv‡b ejj, †Ku‡`v bv yLy| Avgvi m‡½ Pj| hZ PvI ZZ Zy‡jv †è †Zvgv‡K| yLy †PvL gy‡Q evZv‡mi wcQy wcQy Pjj|

c‡_ †h‡Z †h‡Z yLy †`‡L GK MvB| MvB ejj, yLy gv, Avgvi †MvqvjUv GKUy mvd K‡i †` bv| yLy Ky‡qv †_‡K cvwb G‡b SuvUv w`‡q ay‡q †MvqvjUv ZKZ‡K K‡i mvd Kij| MvB †Zv fvwi Lywk|

yLy _vg‡j evZvmI †_‡g _v‡K| `yLy P‡j †Zv evZvmI P‡j|

Avgvi evsjv eB 13

†h‡Z †h‡Z c‡_ KjvMv‡Qi m‡½ †`Lv| KjvMvQ `yLy‡K Wv‡K| e‡j, `yLy †i, AvMvQv Avi jZvcvZv Avgv‡K Rvc‡U a‡i‡Q| Avwg Kuy‡Rv n‡q hvw”Q| GKUy Qvwo‡q w`we gv? yLy jZvcvZv AvMvQv mwi‡q w`j| KjvMvQ nuvd †Q‡o euvPj|

yLy Avevi evZv‡mi wcQy wcQy QyUj| Gevi GKUv †Nvov Zv‡K Abybq Kij, †Kv_vq Pj‡j `yLy gv? jvMvg Avi wRb‡cvk Avgvi wc‡V †K‡U e‡m‡Q| Nvm Lve, †Zv wbPy n‡Z cviwQ bv| I¸‡jv GKUy Ly‡j w`we gv? `yLy ZLwb Zv Ly‡j w`j| M`M` n‡q †Nvov ejj, eo DcKvi Kiwj gv, g‡b _vK‡e|

Avevi evZv‡mi †cQ‡b †cQ‡b Pjv ïiy| Pj‡Z Pj‡Z evZvm GK RvqMvq G‡m _vgj| Zvici ejj, yLy, IB †h cÖvmv` †`LQ, ILv‡bB _v‡K Puv‡ì gv eywo| Ii Kv‡Q wM‡q Zy‡jv PvB‡e| hZ PvI ZZ Zy‡jv †`‡e †m †Zvgv‡K|

GB e‡j evZvm †Kv_vq †hb wgwj‡q †Mj|

yLy cv‡q cv‡q GwM‡q Pjj cÖvmv‡ì w`‡K| Av‡k cv‡k †Kv_vI Rbgvb‡ei wPý †bB| fq Ki‡Z jvMj `yLyi| Zey g‡b ej G‡b cÖvmv‡` wM‡q XzKj| fxiy cv‡q G Ni I Ni Ny‡i GK mgq _g‡K uvovj| mviv evwo‡Z wK †KD †bB? Ggb mgq nVvr GKUv N‡ii †fZ‡i †hb Kvi mvov cvIqv †Mj| GwM‡q wM‡q ìRvq †UvKv w`j yLy| †fZi †_‡K †K †hb ejj, Avq, †fZ‡i Avq|

ìRv †V‡j †fZ‡i Xy‡K `yLy †`‡L, GK LybLy‡b eywo N‡ii †fZi PiKv KvU‡Q| Sjg‡j Zvi †Pnviv| †hb c �wY©gvi Puv` Zvi me †R¨vrøv Ii Mv‡q †X‡j w`‡q‡Q| `yLy eywo‡K mvjvg Rvbvj| ejj, `vw`gv †Mv, evZvm Avgvi PiKv KvUvi me Zy‡jv Dwo‡q wb‡q †M‡Q| Avgvq wKQy Zy‡jv `vI| my‡Zv bv KvU‡j Avgiv †h D‡cv‡m gie|

Puv‡ì gv eywo ejj, †Kv‡bv wPš�v K‡iv bv evQv| hw` Avgvi K_v gv‡bv, Z‡e Zz‡jvi †P‡q †Xi fv‡jv wRwbm cv‡e| IB †h cyKyiUv †`L‡Z cv”Q I‡Z y‡Uv Wye †`‡e| wZb‡U Wye wÌ bv wKš�y!

yLy cyKy‡i bvgj| †hB bv cÖ_g Wye w`‡q cv‡o Gj, g‡b nj Ii †PnvivUv †hb e`‡j †M‡Q| iƒc †hb wVK‡i co‡Q kixi †_‡K|

g‡b Zvi Avi Lywk a‡i bv| Gici †m wØZxq evi Wye w`‡q cv‡o Gj| AevK KvÊ!

Avgvi evsjv eB 14

mviv kixi Sjgj K‡i DVj †ebviwm Kvco Avi †mvbv nx‡i gy‡³vi Mnbvq|

Puv‡ì gv eywo‡K mvjvg I K…ZÁZv Rvwb‡q yLy evwoi w`‡K wdi‡Z ïiy Kij|

†divi c‡_ Avevi G‡K G‡K †Nvov, KjvMvQ I MvB‡qi m‡½ †`Lv| †Nvov Zv‡K Dcnvi w`j GKUv c¶xiv‡Ri Qvbv| KjvMvQ w`j †mvbvi eiY GK Qov Kjv I †mB m‡½ GK Nov †gvni| MvB w`j Kwcjv MvB‡qi eKbv, hvi euv‡U KLbI ya ï‡Kvq bv|

mevB‡K awb¨ awb¨ K‡i yLy evwo wdij c¶xivR †Nvovq †P‡c|

yLyi Aš�i †Zv Lye fv‡jv| ZvB evwo wd‡i A‡a©K Mqbv †m †evb myLy‡K w`j| wKš�y myLyi eo †`gvK| †m GKUv MqbvI wbj bv| ejj, †Zvgvi Mqbv Avwg †Kb †be? eis Avgv‡K e‡j `vI G¸‡jv Zywg Kxfv‡e †c‡j? yLy †Zv mij †g‡q| †m Puv‡ì gv eywoi KvQ †_‡K Mqbv cvIqvi NUbv Ly‡j ejj|

myLy g‡b g‡b ejj, †`Lvw”Q gRv| Puv‡ì gv eywoi KvQ †_‡K †Zvgvi †P‡q †ewk Mqbv Avwg bv Avwb †Zv Avgvi bvg myLy bq|

†mw`b myLyi ivZ Avi †hb KvU‡Z Pvq bv| †fvi bv n‡ZB †m PiKvq my‡Zv KvU‡Z emj| A‡c¶v Ki‡Z jvMj KLb evZvm Zvi Zy‡jv Dwo‡q †bq| wKQy¶Y †m my‡Zv KvUj| wKš�y †Rviv‡jv evZvm Avi eBj bv| myLy fvej, Lv‡gvLv e‡m e‡m my‡Zv †K‡U jvf wK| hLb †Rvi evZvm eB‡Z ïiy Ki‡e ZLb my‡Zv KvU‡jB nj|

†mw`b we‡K‡jB kbkb K‡i nVvr S‡ov evZvm eB‡Z ïiy Kij| myLy Zvovû‡ov K‡i emj my‡Zv KvU‡Z| Avi m‡½ m‡½ evZvm Zvi Zy‡jvi cuvRv Dwo‡q wb‡q †Mj| myLy ZLwb nvDgvD K‡i Kuv`‡Z e‡m †Mj|

evZvm ejj, I‡Mv myLy, mvgvb¨ Zy‡jvi Rb¨ AZ Kuv`‡Z †bB| Avgvi m‡½ Pj, hZ Zy‡jv jv‡M cv‡e|

yLyi g‡Zv myLyI evZv‡mi †cQb †cQb QyUj| c‡_ yLyi g‡ZvB cÖ_‡g †`Lv nj MvB‡qi m‡½| †m myLy‡K †Mvqvj mvd K‡i w`‡Z ejj|

myLy wPrKvi K‡i ejj, †Zvi MÜfiv †Mvqvj mvd Kie Avwg? KLbI bv| Avwg hvw”Q Puv‡ì gv eywoi Kv‡Q|

Gici KjvMv‡Qi Aby‡iva ï‡b †m ejj, †Zvi jZvcvZv †Quov Avgvi KvR bq| Avi

Avgvi evsjv eB 15

Avgvi mgqI †bB| Avwg hvw”Q ìKvwi Kv‡R, Puv‡ì gv eywoi Kv‡Q|

†Nvov‡KI Lye Zvw”Qj¨ Kij myLy| ejj, hËme Sv‡gjv| Avwg wK †Zvi mwnm bvwK †h †`Lfvj Kie?

Iiv †KDB myLy‡K wKQy ejj bv| wKš�y mevB g‡b g‡b ytL †cj|

myLy evZv‡mi wcQy wcQy Pjj cÖvmv‡ì w`‡K| wKš�y cÖvmv` †Zv A‡bK �i| Avj‡m myLy A‡íB nuvwd‡q DVj| Zvi †gRvR n‡q DVj wZwiw¶| cÖvmv‡` XyKj †m iv‡M Av¸b n‡q| eywoi ìRvUv †m Lyjj jvw_ w`‡q| Zvici †PuwP‡q DVj : govgy‡Lv eywo, Rjw` Avgvi Mqbvi eë¯’v Ki|

eywo GKUyI ivMj bv| wgwó Mjvq ejj, GZ Aw¯’i n”Q †Kb †g‡q? hvI H cyKz‡i wM‡q y‡Uv Wze `vI| `y‡Uvi †ewk Wye wÌ bv wKš�y! Zvn‡j c¯�v‡e|

myLyi Avi Zi mq bv| †`Š‡o †m cyKy‡i bvgj| Zvici w`j GK Wye| Ggwb‡ZB †m wQj `yLyi †P‡q my›ìx| cÖ_g Wy‡e †m Aciƒc my›ìx n‡q DVj| wØZxq evi Wye w`‡Z †m †cj PgrKvi †ebviwm Avi †mvbv nx‡i gy‡³vi Mqbv|

e¨vcvi †`‡L myLyi g‡b †jvf D_‡j DVj| †m fvej, Avi GKUv Wye w`‡ZB n‡e| Zvn‡j wbðq Av‡iv Dcnvi cve| †hb wKQy bv cvB, †m Rb¨B †eva nq eywo Avi Wye w`‡Z gvbv K‡i‡Q|

GB †f‡e myLy Z…Zxq evi Wze w`j| cvwbi Ic‡i gv_v Zy‡j †m †`‡L- nvq nvq! †Kv_vq †mB Sjg‡j kvwo Avi †Kv_vq †mB SKS‡K Mqbv? †Kv_vq †Mj †mB iƒc? eis Zvi kixiUv n‡q †M‡Q †eXc, Avi mviv kix‡i ¶‡Zi g‡Zv †Qvc †Qvc `vM|

Puv‡ì gv eywoi Kv‡Q †Z‡o Gj myLy| eywo, Kx K‡iwQm Avgvi †`L|

eywo ejj, Avgvi K_v †Zv †kvbwb evQv| Zywg wZb‡U Wye w`‡qQ, G nj ZviB dj| †h kvw¯� †c‡j, †m †Zv wb‡Ri †`v‡lB †c‡j|

(evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKKvwnbx : cybwj©Lb W. gvneyeyj nK)

Avgvi evsjv eB 16

cvV wkwL 1. kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi wkwL

e`‡gRvwR ⎯ A‡íB †gRvR Lvivc K‡I Ggb| ⎯ Ii eo PvPv eÇ e`‡gRvwR †jvK|

PiKv ⎯ my‡Zv KvUvi Rb¨ Kv‡Vi ˆZwi †`wk hšÎ| ⎯ Avgvi `vw` PiKvq my‡Zv KvU‡Z cv‡ib|

mvd ⎯ cwi®‹vi| ⎯ †jvKUv mKvj †_‡K ¯‹zj Ni mvd Ki‡Q|

jvMvg ⎯ †Nvovi ivk ev ejMv| ⎯ †NvomIqvi jvMvg †Q‡o w`‡ZB †Nvov Qz‡U Pjj|

wRb‡cvk ⎯ †Nvovi wc‡Vi Pvgovi Avmb| ⎯ †Nvovi wc‡V wRb‡cvkUv k³ K‡I euvav nj|

†ebviwm ⎯ evivbmx‡Z ˆZwi Kvco (AZ¨šZ `vwg kvwo)| ⎯ eic¶ K‡b‡K †ebvik kvwo w`‡q‡Q|

K…ZÁZv ⎯ DcKvixi DcKvi ¯xKvi Kiv| ⎯ Zuv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ wZwb mevB‡K K…ZÁZv Rvbv‡jb|

cuvRv ⎯ †MvQv| ⎯ `vw` my‡Zv KvUvi Rb¨ GK cuvRv Zz‡jv wb‡q e‡m‡Qb|

mwnm ⎯ †Nvov †`Lfvj Kivi †jvK| ⎯ †jvKUv mwn‡mi PvKwi wb‡q‡Q|

wZwiw¶ ⎯ iMPUv, A‡íB †i‡M IVv| ⎯ wZwiw¶ †gRv‡Ri †jvK e‡j eo mv‡ne‡K mevB Gwo‡q P‡jb|

†eXc ⎯ †eLvàv, †egvbvb, wekªx| ⎯ †m gvby‡li GKUv †eXc Qwe Gu‡K‡Q|

2. wb‡Pi evK¨vsk I evK¨¸‡jv cwo bvMvj cvIqv ⎯ Kv‡Q †cuvQv‡bv, ai‡Z cviv| ⎯ wcQz wcQz †`Š‡oI cywjk †PviUvi bvMvj †cj bv|

Rvc‡U aiv ⎯ nvZ I eyK w`‡q Rwo‡q aiv| ⎯ fq †c‡q wkï gv‡K Rvc‡U aij|

Avgvi evsjv eB 17

nuvd †Q‡o euvPv ⎯ Sv‡gjv †_‡K †invB cvIqv ⎯ †jvKUv we`vq nIqvq Avwg nuvd †Q‡o †eu‡QwQ|

Abybq Kiv ⎯ wgbwZ Kiv| ⎯ wfwLwi y‡Uv cqmvi Rb¨ evievi Abybq Ki‡Z jvMj|

†K‡U emv ⎯ Mv‡q †euav| ⎯ bZzb Ry‡Zv †Q‡jUvi cv‡q †K‡U e‡m‡Q|

M`M` nIqv ⎯ Avb‡›ì Av‡e‡M Awff~Z nIqv| ⎯ DcKvi †c‡q †jvKUv M`M` n‡q abëv` Rvbvj|

D‡cv‡m giv ⎯ Abvnv‡i _vKv| ⎯ ywf©‡¶I mgq Mwie †jv‡Kiv D‡cv‡m gviv hvq|

Awb¨ awb¨ Kiv ⎯ cÖksmv Kiv| ⎯ Avwg cix¶vq cÖ_g nIqvq mevB Avgv‡K awb¨ awb¨ Kij|

gRv †`Lv‡bv ⎯ Rã Kiv| ⎯ Zzwg Avgv‡K †g‡iQ, Lvjv‡K e‡j gRv † Lve|

3. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gy‡L gy‡L ewj K. Pvlxi Kq †g‡q? Zv‡Ì Kvi Kx bvg Ges Kvi †Kgb ¯fve?

L. `yLyi Zz‡jv D‡o †Mj Kxfv‡e?

M. Zz‡jvi wcQz QzU‡Z QzU‡Z Kvi mv‡_ yLyi cÖ_g †`Lv nj Ges Kx NUj?

N. KjvMv‡Qi m‡½ yLyi †`Lv nIqvi ci Kx NUj?

O. †divi c‡_ yLy Kvi Kvi KvQ †_‡K x Kx Dcnvi †c‡qwQj?

P. cÖvmv‡Ì KvQvKvwQ G‡m evZvm yLy‡K Kx ejj?

Q. †divi c‡_ yLy Kvi Kvi KvQ †_‡K Kx Kx Dcnvi †c‡qwQj?

R. yLy evwo wd‡i Kx Kij?

S. myLy Mqbv bv wb‡q Kx Rvb‡Z PvBj?

T. wKQz¶Y my‡Zv KvUvi ci myLy Kx †f‡e my‡Zv KvUv eÜ K‡i w`j?

U. myLyi †gRvR †Kb wZwiw¶ nj?

V. myLy eywoi ìRv Kxfv‡e Lyjj? †m †PuwP‡q eywo‡K Kx e‡jwQj?

W. MíwU c‡o †Zvgiv Kx wkL‡j?

Avgvi evsjv eB 18

4. Wvb cvvk †_‡K kã G‡b we‡kl¨ I we‡klY c‡Ì mvwi‡Z mvRvB we‡kl¨ we‡klY kã kã ⎯ ⎯ kvšZ †UvKv ⎯ ⎯ AvMvQv †UvKv ⎯ ⎯ Abybq †Pnviv ⎯ ⎯ jvMvg wRwbm ⎯ ⎯ wbPz †gRvR ⎯ ⎯ e`‡gRvwR wgwó ⎯ ⎯ †Nvov †eXc ⎯ ⎯ Avj‡m †`vl 5. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv w`‡q evK¨ iPbv Kwi wcQzwcQz, ZKZ‡K, M`M`, cv‡qcv‡q, Sjgj, g‡bg‡b, e‡me‡m, kbkb, SKg‡K| 6. wecix` kã wjwL

_vgv, fxi“, fv‡jv, mij, ìKvwi, ~‡i, Aw¯’i| 7. `yLy Avi myLy Kvwnbx‡Z cÖv_g, wØZxq I Z…Zxq kã wZbwU i‡q‡Q|

G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq msL¨vµgevPK ev µgevPK we‡klY| Gfv‡e AviI K‡qKwU we‡klY kã wjwL I wkwL :

msL¨vevPK we‡kl¨ µgevPK we‡klY msL¨vevPK we‡kl¨ µgevPK we‡klYGK

yB wZb Pvi cuvP Qq mvZ AvU bq `k

cÖ_gwØZxq Z…Zxq PZz_© cÂg lô

mßg Aóg beg `kg

GMvievi †Zi †PŠÏ c‡bi †lvj m‡Zi AvVvi Dwbk

Kzwo/wek

GKv`k Øv`k

Î‡qv`k PZz ©k cÂ`k †lvok mß`k Aóv`k Ebwesk wesk

Avgvi evsjv eB 19

8. †jLK cwiwPwZ

W. gvneyeyj nK 1948 wLªóv‡ã dwi`cyi †Rjvi gayLvwj‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b wZwb PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK| wZwb RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy ZK †evW© cÖKvwkZ ÔcvVëB‡qi evbvbÕ I evsjv GKv‡Wgxi Ôevbvb AwfavbÕ cÖYq‡bi Kv‡RI hy³ wQ‡jb| Zuvi †ek wKQz cvV¨cy ZK I m¤cvw`Z MÖš’ i‡q‡Q| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ wkï-wK‡kvi MÖš’ : ÔmeB nj wKmgZÕ, ÔRjc‡o cvZv b‡oÕ, ÔQovq Qovq evsjv evbvbÕ, ÔKzwgi weovj I Li‡Mv‡ki MíÕ BZ¨vw`|

Avgvi evsjv eB 20

msKí KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg

_vKe bv K ev× N‡i

†`Le Gevi RMrUv‡K

†Kgb K‡i Nyi‡Q gvbyl

hyMvšZ‡ii N~wY©cv‡K|

†`k n‡Z †`k †`kvšZ‡i

QzU‡Q Zviv †Kgb K‡i,

wK‡mi †bkvh †Kgb K‡i

gi‡Q †h exi jv‡L jv‡L|

wK‡mi Avkvq Ki‡Q Zviv

eiY giY hš¿Yv‡K|

†ggb K‡i exi Wyeywi wmÜz †mu‡P gy³v Av‡b, †Kgb K‡i ytmvnmx Pj‡Q D‡o ¯M©cv‡b| nvDB P‡o Pvq †h‡Z †K P›`ª‡jv‡Ki AwPbcy‡i, ïbe Avwg Bw½Z †Kvb& g½j n‡Z Avm‡Q D‡o| cvZvj †d‡o bvge Avwg DVe Avwg AvKvk duy‡o, wek¦RMr †`Le Avwg Avcb nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq cy‡i|

Avgvi evsjv eB 21

cvV wkwL 1. KweZvi g ~jfve †R‡b wbB

Amxg wek¦‡K Rvbvi GK A`g¨ †KŠZ~nj gvby‡li| wK‡kv‡iiI ZvB| †m Rvb‡Z Pvq we‡k¦i mKj wKQz‡K, Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z Pvq Amxg AvKv‡ki mKj ARvbv inm¨‡K| †m eyS‡Z Pvq †Kb gvbym QzU‡Q Amx‡g, AZ‡j, Aš—ix‡¶; exi †Kb Rxeb‡K Abvqv‡m wecbœ K‡i, †Kb eiY K‡i g„Zz¨‡K| †m Rvb‡Z Pvq Wyeywi †Kb Wye‡Q, ytmvnmx †Kb Do‡Q| ZvB wK‡kvi g‡b g‡b „p cÖwZÁv K‡i- †m e× N‡i e‡m _vK‡e bv| c„w_exUv‡K †mI Ny‡i Ny‡i †`L‡eB|

2. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi †R‡b wbB

msKí ⎯ Zxeª B”Qv, cÖwZÁv| ⎯ fv‡jv KvR Kivi Rb¨ msKí _vKv ìKvi|

e× ⎯ eÜ| ⎯ e× N‡i Av‡jv evZvm XyK‡Z cv‡i bv|

hyMvšZi ⎯ GK hy‡Mi ci Av‡iK hyM, Ab¨ hyM, (†`wk MYbv g‡Z 12 eQ‡i GK hyM nq)| ⎯ KZ hyM hyMvš—i cvi n‡q Avgiv eZ©gvb mg‡q G‡mwQ|

†`kvšZi ⎯ GK †`k †_‡K Avi GK †`k| Ab¨‡`k| ⎯ eo n‡j Avwg †`k- †`kvš—‡i Ny‡i †eove|

wK‡mi †bkvq ⎯ Kx D‡Ï‡k¨, Kx AvKl©‡Y| wK‡mi †bkvq Zzwg Ggb Qz‡UvQzwU KiQ?

eiY ⎯ †Kv‡bv wKQz mv`‡i MÖnY| ⎯ cqjv êkv‡L Avgiv bZzb eQi‡K eiY K‡i wbB|

giY-hšÎYv ⎯ g„Zzï g‡Zv KwVb hš¿Yv ⎯ hviv mvnmx Zviv giY-hšÎYv‡K fq cvq bv|

Wyeywi ⎯ hviv Mfxi cvwb‡Z Wye w`‡q †Kv‡bv wRwbm D×vi K‡i Av‡b| ⎯ †gNbv b`xi Mfxi Zj‡`k †_‡K Wyeywiiv wbgw¾Z jÂwU D×vi K‡i‡Q|

Avgvi evsjv eB 22

`ytmvnmx ⎯ AZ¨waK mvnmx| ⎯ `ytmvnmx gyw³‡hv×viv †`k ¯vaxb K‡i‡Qb|

¯M©cv‡b ⎯ AvKv‡ki w`‡K| ⎯ ¯M©cv‡b ZvwK‡q Ajmfv‡e e‡m _vK‡j Rxe‡b Kv‡iv DbœwZ nq bv|

P›`ª‡jv‡K ⎯ Puv‡ì †`‡k| ⎯ gvbyl GLb P› ª‡jvK Qvwo‡q g½j MÖ‡nI hvÎv Ki‡Q|

AwPbcyi ⎯ A‡Pbv RvqMv| ⎯ GK wQj AwPbcy‡ii ivRKb¨v| †d‡o ⎯ wP‡i, y duvK K‡i| ⎯KvVy‡i Kzovj w`‡q KvVUv †d‡o

wbj| 3. mgv_©K kã †R‡b wbB

msKí ⎯ cÖwZÁv e× ⎯ eÜ Bw½Z ⎯ Bkviv wmÜz ⎯ mvMi eiY ⎯ mv`‡i MÖnY RMr ⎯ c„w_ex

4. wµqvc‡ì mvay I PwjZ iƒc †R‡b wbB| PwjZ iƒc mvay iƒc AuvKe AuvwKe †`Le †`wLe Nyi‡Q Nywi‡Z‡Q gi‡Q gwi‡Z‡Q Ki‡Q Kwi‡Z‡Q QzU‡Q QzwU‡Z‡Q Avm‡Q Avwm‡Z‡Q Pj‡Q Pwj‡Z‡Q

5. wµqvi Kvj m¤c‡K© †R‡b wbB †h mg‡q wµqv ev KvRwU m¤cbœ nq Zv‡K wµqvi Kvj e‡j| †hgb : AZxZ Kvj, eZ©gvb Kvj, fwel¨r Kvj|

Avgvi evsjv eB 23

fwel¨r KvjevPK K‡qKwU wµqvc‡Ì m‡½ cwiwPZ nB : _vKe, †`Le, ïbe, Lve, †eove, Nyie, coe, †Lje, Pje, Poe, bvge, aie, nvme|

6. kã¸‡jvi evbvb wjwL e×, hyMvš—i, eiY, giY, hš¿Yv, wmÜz, †mu‡P, wek¦RMr, ¯M©, Bw½Z|

7. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gy‡L gy‡L ewj I wjwL K. Kwe e× N‡i _vK‡Z Pvb bv †Kb?

L. exi Wyeywi Kx K‡i?

M. P›`ª‡jv‡Ki AwPbcy‡i Kviv †h‡Z Pvq?

N. Kwe cvZvj †d‡o bvg‡Z Pvb †Kb?

8. Kwei msKí¸‡jv wjwL 9. Avgvi msKí¸‡jv wjwL 10. KweZvwU Ave„wË Kwi I gyL¯’ wjwL 11. Kwe cwiwPwZ

KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg cwðge‡½I ea©gvb †Rjvi Pzi“wjqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi Rb¥ ZvwiL 24†k †g, 1899 wLªóvã, (11B ˆR¨ô, 1306 mb)| wZwb we‡ ªvnx Kwe bv‡gB †ewk cwiwPZ| wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe| Zuvi KweZv Mvb, Mí, bvUK, Dcb¨vm Avgv‡ì mvwn‡Zï Ag~j¨ m¤c`| wkï‡ì Rb¨ wZwb A‡bK Mvb, KweZv, Qov I bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| ÔAwMœexYvÕ, Ôwe‡li euvkxÕ, ÔwS‡O dzjÕ Zuvi weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’| wZwb 1976 wLªóv‡ãi 29‡k AvM÷, (12B fv ª 1383 mb) XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

Avgvi evsjv eB 24

we`vq nR

`kg wnRwi| Avie‡`‡ki A‡b‡KB ZLb Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| gnvbex nhiZ gyn¤§` (m) gvby‡li Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q w`‡q‡Qb mZ¨, b¨vq I gvbeZvi evYx| Bmjv‡gi G evYx ZLb w`‡K w`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q|

`kg wnRwii n‡Ri mgq G‡m †Mj| gnvbex nhiZ gyn¤§` (m) Aš�‡ii Mfx‡i Kvevi AvnŸvb Abyfe Ki‡jb| wZwb w¯’i Ki‡jb mvnvwe‡ì m‡½ wb‡q nR cvjb Ki‡eb| G msev` Pviw`‡K yªZ Qwo‡q coj |

whjK` gvm| bexwR (m)-Gi Kv‡Q mg‡eZ n‡q‡Qb nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl| Zuv‡ì B”Qv bexwR (m)-Gi m‡½ nR cvjb Ki‡eb| whjK` gv‡mi †klw`‡K gnvbex (m)-Gi m‡½ Zuviv g°vi c‡_ hvÎv Ki‡jb| huviv Zuv‡K KLbI †`‡Lbwb, ZuvivI GB gnvgvbe‡K GKevi †`Lvi Rb¨ Kvevkwi‡d G‡jb|

Avie‡`‡ki bvbv ¯’vb †_‡K †m evi cÖvq `y j¶ gvbyl nR cvjb Ki‡Z Av‡mb| Avivdv‡Zi gq`v‡b GZ wecyj msL¨K gvbyl †`‡L gnvbex (m)-Gi gb Avb‡›` f‡i †Mj| GZ gvbyl! Guiv mevB Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡i‡Qb? Rvev‡j ivngvZ bvgK

Avgvi evsjv eB 25

cvnv‡o uvwo‡q wZwb mg‡eZ gvby‡li D‡Ï‡k fvlY w`‡jb| AvivdvZ gq`v‡b bexwR (m)-i GwUB †kl fvlY Ges gnvbex (m)-i Rxe‡b GwUB wQj †kl nR| Avi ZvB G fvlY we`vq n‡Ri fvlY bv‡g L¨vZ| gvbeRvwZ wPiw`b Zuvi G fvlY‡K Mfxi kª×vq ¯§iY Ki‡Q|

gnvbex nhiZ gyn¤§` (m) cÖ_‡gB Avj−vni cÖksmv Ki‡jb| Zvici mg‡eZ gvby‡li w`‡K ZvwK‡q wZwb ej‡jb :

†Zvgiv Avgvi K_v g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †kv‡bv| AvR‡Ki G w`b †Zvgv‡ì Kv‡Q cweÎ| G gvmwUI †Zvgv‡ì Kv‡Q cweÎ| †Zvgv‡ì Rxeb I m¤cwË ci¯c‡ii Kv‡Q cweÎ| g‡b †i‡Lv, GKw`b †Zvgiv Avj−vni Kv‡Q nvwRi n‡e| c„w_ex‡Z †Zvgiv †h KvR K‡iQ, Avj −vn †Zvgv‡ì Kv‡Q Zvi wnmve PvB‡eb|

†Zvgv‡ì µxZ`vm µxZ`vmxivI Avj −vni ev›`v| Zv‡ì cÖwZ wbôzi eënvi †Kv‡iv bv| †Zvgiv wb‡Riv hv Lv‡e Zv‡ìI ZvB †L‡Z †`‡e; wb‡Riv †h Kvco ci‡e Zv‡ìI ZvB ci‡Z †`‡e| †Kv‡bv µxZ`vm hw` wb‡Ri †hvM¨Zvq Avwgi nb, Z‡e Zuv‡K †g‡b Pj‡e| ZLb esk gh©v`vi K_v ej‡e bv| g‡b †i‡Lv, me gymjgvb G‡K A‡bï fvB| †Zvgiv GK fvB KLbI Ab¨ fvB‡qi m¤úwË †Rvi K‡i `Lj K‡iv bv| FY wb‡j cwi‡kva K‡i wÌ|

bvixi Ici cyiy‡li †h iƒc AwaKvi Av‡Q, cyiy‡li Ici bvixiI †m iƒc AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| mKj cÖKvi my , Nyl †Ìqv-†bIqv †_‡K weiZ †_‡Kv| KLbI Ab¨vq ev AwePvi †Kv‡iv bv| mvgvb¨ cvc †_‡KI wb‡R‡K �‡i mwi‡q †i‡Lv|

AvR hviv GLv‡b Av‡mwb, Avgvi Dc‡`k Zv‡ì Kv‡Q †cŠ‡Q wÌ| nq‡Zv G Dc‡`k ZvivB †ewk K‡i g‡b ivL‡e| gvbyl wb‡Ri Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wb‡RB `vwq _vK‡e| GKR‡bi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ Ab¨‡K `vwq Kiv Pj‡e bv|

gnvbex (m) †Rvi w`‡q ej‡jb :

ag© wb‡q evovevwo Ki‡e bv| wb‡Ri ag© cvjb Ki‡e| hviv Ab¨ ag© cvjb K‡i, Zv‡ì Ici †Zvgvi ag© Pvwc‡q †Ìqvi †Póv †Kv‡iv bv|

Avgvi evsjv eB 26

gnvbex (m) PviwU K_v we‡klfv‡e g‡b ivL‡Z ej‡jb :

1| Avj−vn Qvov Ab¨ Kv‡iv Gev`Z †Kv‡iv bv ;

2| Ab¨vqfv‡e gvbyl‡K nZ¨v †Kv‡iv bv ;

3| c‡ii m¤c` AvÍmvr †Kv‡iv bv ;

4| Kv‡iv Ici AZ¨vPvi †Kv‡iv bv|

wZwb Av‡iv ej‡jb :

†Zvgv‡ì Kv‡Q Avwg ywU wRwbm †i‡L hvw”Q :

1| Avj−vni evYx Avj KziAvb ;

2| Avj −vni †cÖwiZ cyiyl ivmy‡ji Rxe‡bi Av`k©|

GB ywU wRwbm hZw`b †Zvgiv AvuK‡o a‡i _vK‡e, ZZw`b †KD †Zvgv‡ì c_åó

Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

gnvbex (m) Zuvi fvlY †kl Ki‡jb| Zuvi †PvL gyL Avb‡›` D¾¡j n‡q DVj|

AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvwK‡q wZwb ej‡jb, †n Avj−vn, Avwg wK †Zvgvi evYx gvby‡li

Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z †c‡iwQ?

Avivdv‡Zi gq`vb †_‡K j¶ j¶ K‡É aŸwbZ nj, Ônu¨v, Avcwb †c‡i‡Qb|Õ

gnvbex nhiZ gyn¤§` (m)-Gi gb ZLb Avb‡›` c�Y© n‡q DVj| c„w_ex‡Z Zuvi

KvR †kl n‡q‡Q| g‡b nj, nq‡Zv GUvB Zuvi Rxe‡bi †kl nR| wZwb Avi

Kvevkwi‡d Dcw¯’Z n‡Z cvi‡eb bv| mg‡eZ gvby‡li D‡Ï‡k wZwb ej‡jb :

†Zvgiv mv¶x, Avwg Avgvi KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡iwQ| we`vq|

(msKwjZ : Rmxg DÏxb Avng`)

Avgvi evsjv eB 27

cvV wkwL

1. kã¸‡jvi A_© wkwL I ev‡K¨ eënvi Kwi fvlY ⎯ e³…Zv, K_b| - gnvbex (m) mvnvwe‡ì D‡Ï‡k fvlY w`‡jb|

ev›`v ⎯ †Mvjvg, `vm| - Avgiv Avj −vni ev›`v|

µxZ`vm ⎯ †Kbv `vm, PvKi| - Av‡M Avie‡`‡k µxZ`vm cÖ_v cÖPwjZ wQj|

Avwgi ⎯ m¤£vš� abx gymjgvb, gymjgvb kvm‡Ki Dcvwa|- nvi~b-Ai-iwk` evM`v‡ì Avwgi wQ‡jb|

Gev`Z ⎯ Avivabv, Dcvmbv|-gymjgvb ag©vej¤^xiv GK Avj−vni Gev`Z K‡i|

2. †R‡b wbB ivmyj ⎯ Avmgvwb wKZvecÖvß bex| nhiZ gyn¤§ (m) me©‡kl ivmyj wQ‡jb|

Kvevkwid ⎯ †mŠw` Avi‡ei g°v kn‡i Aew¯’Z Avj −vni cweÎ Ni| Avw_©Kfv‡e m”Qj gymjgv‡biv cweÎ nR cvjb Ki‡Z †mLv‡b hvb| nR cvj‡bi mgq Gi Pvi w`‡K Nyi‡Z nq|

wnRwi ⎯ 622 wLªóv‡ã nhiZ gyn¤§` (m) Avj−vni Av‡`‡k g°v †Q‡o gw`bvq P‡j hvb| G‡K ejv nq wnRiZ| wZwb †h w`b g°v †Q‡o hvb, †mw`b †_‡K Aviwe mvj MYbv Kiv nq| Aviwe mvj‡K ÔwnRwiÕ ejv nq|

whjK` ⎯ Aviwe eQ‡ii GKwU gv‡mi bvg|

3. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj I wjwL K) we`vq nR Kx?

L) wnRwi †Kvb mv‡j we`vq nR AbywôZ nq?

M) AvivdvZ gq`v‡b gnvbex (m)-Gi g‡bi Ae¯’v †Kgb n‡qwQj?

N) we`vq n‡Ri fvl‡Y gnvbex (m) µxZ`vm m¤ú‡K© Kx e‡jwQ‡jb?

O) ag© m¤ú‡K© nhiZ gyn¤§` (m) Kx e‡j‡Qb?

Avgvi evsjv eB 28

P) we`vq n‡R wZwb bvix-cyiyl m¤ú‡K© Kx e‡j‡Qb?

Q) gnvbex (m) †Kvb PviwU K_v we‡klfv‡e g‡b ivL‡Z e‡j‡Qb?

R) nhiZ gyn¤§` (m) Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q †Kvb ywU wRwbm †i‡L †M‡Qb?

4. we`vq nR m¤c‡K© `kwU evK¨ wjwL| 5. we`vq nR cÖe‡Ü eëüZ weivgwPý¸‡jv wP‡b wbB weivgwP‡ýi bvg weivgwPý Kgv ⎯ ,

†mwg‡Kvjb ⎯ ;

†Kvjb ⎯ :

uvwo ⎯ |

wRÁvmvwPý ⎯ ?

we¯§qwPý ⎯ !

6. wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv cwo Ges mwVK weivgwPý emvB kx‡Zi mgq wPwoqvLvbvq wM‡qwQjvg †mLv‡b †`Ljvg evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK

cvwL †hgb †`v‡qj †Kv‡qj wUqv gqbv eK UybUywb BZ¨vw` Avgvi Kx †h fv‡jv †j‡MwQj Zywg wK KLbI wPwoqvLvbvq wM‡qQ

Avgvi evsjv eB 29

k‡Li g„rwkí

MÖv‡gi bvg Avb›`cyi| gvgvi evwo| K_vq Av‡Q gvgvi evwo i‡mi nuvwo| Avm‡jB ZvB| cov †bB, evav †bB, †hLv‡b Lywk Ny‡i †eovI, hv Lywk LvI| GB †Zv gvgvi evwo| †Mj eQi cqjv êkv‡Li QywU‡Z wM‡qwQjvg Avb›`cyi| †mLv‡b cqjv êkv‡L †gjv e‡m| gvgv ej‡jb, †Zvgv‡ì †gjv †`Lv‡Z wb‡q hve|

Avgiv wQjvg Pvi Rb- Avwg, gvgv‡Zv †evb e„wó, †mvnvbv, Avi †QvUfvB ZvwRb| †gjv e‡m mKv‡j| Avgiv GKUy †`wi K‡iB †Mjvg| gvgv †ek gRvi gvbyl| Kuv‡a †Svjv‡bv GKUv e¨vM| Zv‡Z _v‡K Qwe AvuKvi bvbvb wRwbm, _v‡K GKUv euvwk| c‡ob XvKvi PviyKjv Bbw÷wUD‡U| †gjvi GKUy Kv‡Q †cuŠQ‡ZB ïb‡Z †cjvg bvMi‡`vjvi Ku¨vPi Ku¨vPi kã| †`Ljvg euv‡ki ˆZwi Kz‡jv, Wvjv, Sywo, Pvjyb, gvQ aivi PuvB, LvjB Av‡iv KZ Kx? e‡m‡Q evwO, ZigyR, gywo-gyowK, wRjvwc Avi evZvmvi †`vKvb mvwi mvwi| Av‡iKUy G¸‡ZB †`L‡Z †cjvg KZ i‡Oi, KZ e‡Y©i wewPÎ me gvwUi nuvwo-dyj, cvZv, gv‡Qi Qwe AvuKv †mm‡e| i‡q‡Q gvwUi †Nvov, nvwZ, luvo Avi bvbv AvKv‡ii gvwUi cyZyj| Avgvi †PvL coj KvR Kiv Ac�e© my›ì gvwUi nuvwoi w`‡K| gvgv‡K wR‡Ám Kijvg-GUv wK‡mi nuvwo?

gvgv ej‡jb, GUv k‡Li nuvwo| kL K‡i cQ‡›ì wRwbm GB my›ì nuvwo‡Z ivLv nq, ZvB Gi bvg k‡Li nuvwo| Zv Qvov k‡Li †h †Kv‡bv wRwbmB †Zv my›ì|

Avgiv ywU k‡Li nuvwo wKbjvg| AevK njvg, cyZy‡ji cv‡kB †Nvjv †Pv‡L †P‡q Av‡Q GK PKP‡K iycvwj Bwjk| cÙvi ZvRv Bwj‡ki g‡ZvB| †Zgwb mv`v Avuk, jvj †VuvU| Avgiv GKUv gvwUi BwjkI wKbjvg| gvgv ej‡jb, IB †h cyZyj¸‡jv

Avgvi evsjv eB 30

†`LQ I¸‡jv †Ucv cyZyj| big Gu‡Uj gvwU wU‡c wU‡c Gme cyZyj evbv‡bv nq e‡j G¸‡jvi bvg †Ucv cyZyj| eD-RvgvB, K…lK, b_civ †QvÆ †g‡q - bvbv iK‡gi gvwUi cyZyj| †gjvi GK cÖv‡š� eo RvqMv Ry‡o Gme gvwUi cyZy‡ji †`vKvb| gvgv ej‡jb, G¸‡jv n‡”Q gvwUi wkíKjv| wkíKjv K_vwU †ek fvix fvix g‡b nj| gvgv eywS‡q ej‡jb- hLb †Kv‡bv wKQy my›ì K‡i AvuwK, my›ì K‡i evbvB, my›ì K‡i MvB, ZLb Zv nq wkí| wk‡íi G KvR‡K e‡j wkíKjv| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki me‡P‡q cÖvPxb wkí n‡”Q gvwUi wkí| G †`‡ki Kz‡gvi m¤cÖ vq hyM hyM a‡i ˆZwi K‡i Avm‡Q gvwUi Kjm, nuvwo, miv, evmb-†Kvmb, †cqvjv, myivB, gUKv, Rvjv, wc‡V ˆZwii bvbv QuvP, Av‡iv KZ Kx! wbZ¨ w`‡bi ìKvwi Gme wRwb‡mi m‡½ Zviv ˆZwi K‡i Avm‡Q Drme-cve©‡Yi Rb¨ bvbv i‡Oi evnvwi gvwUi wRwbm, ˆZRmcÎ|

gvwUi ˆZwi wkíKg©‡K Avgiv ewj gvwUi wkí ev g„rwkí| G wk‡íi cÖavb DcKiY nj gvwU| Z‡e me gvwU w`‡q G KvR nq bv| ìKvi cwi®‹vi Gu‡Uj gvwU| G ai‡bi gvwU †ek AvVv‡jv| †ùvAvk gvwU †Zgb AvVv‡jv bq, Avi †e‡j gvwU †Zv SiS‡i - ZvB G¸‡jv w`‡q gvwUi wkí nq bv| Gu‡Uj gvwU n‡jB †h Zv w`‡q wk‡íi KvR Kiv hv‡e ZvI bq| Gi Rb¨ A‡bK hZœ Avi kªg ìKvi| ìKvi nv‡Zi

Avgvi evsjv eB 31

ˆbcyY¨ I KvwiMwi Ávb| Kz‡gvi‡ì Kv‡Q Gme Lye mnR| KviY Zviv esk ci¤úivq G KvR K‡i Avm‡Q| Avevi G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wKQy †QvULv‡Uv hš�cvwZ I miÄvg| mewKQyi Av‡M †hUv ìKvi Zv nj GKUv Kv‡Vi PvKv| GB PvKvq big gvwUi Zvj jvwM‡q bvbv AvKv‡ii gvwUi cvÎ I bvbv wRwbm ˆZwi K‡i Ky‡gviiv|

†gjv †_‡K †mw`b Avgiv A‡bK †Ucv cyZyj, †Nvov, nvwZ, †QvU Kjm wKbjvg| gvgv ej‡jb, GB †h GZ my›ì bKkv †`LQ, is †`LQ GmeB MÖv‡gi wkíx‡ì ˆZix| bKkv¸‡jv Zviv gb †_‡K Avu‡K| Avi is ˆZwi K‡i wkg, †m¸‡bi im, KvuVvj Mv‡Qi evKj †_‡K| Z‡e AvRKvj evRvi †_‡K †Kbv iOI jvMv‡bv nq| †gjv †_‡K K`gv, evZvmv, gyowK Avi LB wK‡b k‡Li nuvwo fwZ© K‡i Avgiv wdijvg|

Lye gRv nj| gvgv ej‡jb, †Zvgv‡ì Kvj Ky‡gvi cvovq wb‡q hve| ciw`b Avgiv †`L‡Z †Mjvg Kz‡gvi cvov| Avb›`cyi MÖv‡gi DËi w`‡K AvU `k Ni emZevwo| GB wb‡q Kz‡gvi cvov| GLv‡b mevB e¨¯�| †KD gvwUi Zvj PvK PvK K‡i mvwR‡q ivL‡Q| †KD-ev Kv‡Vi PvKvq gvwU jvwM‡q bvbv AvKv‡ii cvÎ evbv‡”Q| †KD-ev G¸‡jv mvi mvi K‡i ï‡Kv‡Z w`‡”Q †iv‡`| cv‡kB i‡q‡Q gvwUi wRwbm †cvov‡bvi Pyjv| DuPy †QvÆ wXwei g‡Zv GB Pyjv| gvwU †cvovi MÜ cvw”Q| Avi †auvqv †eiy‡”Q| †QvU †QvU †Q‡j‡g‡qivI G KvR Ki‡Q|

gvgv ej‡jb - nuvwo Kjwm QvovI Avgv‡ì †`‡k GK mgq M‡o D‡VwQj my›ì †cvovgvwUi dj‡Ki KvR| Gi Ab¨ bvg †Uiv‡KvUv| evsjvi A‡bK cyi‡bv wkí GB †Uiv‡KvUv| bKkv Kiv gvwUi djK B‡Ui g‡Zv cywo‡q ˆZwi Kiv nZ GB †Uiv‡KvUv| kvjeb wenvi, gnv¯’vbMo, cvnvocyi †eŠ× ¯�ƒc I w`bvRcy‡ii Kvš�wRi gw›`‡i GB †Uiv‡KvUvi KvR i‡q‡Q| Zv Qvov ev‡Minv‡Ui lvUM¤yR gmwR‡` cvIqv †M‡Q †cvovgvwUi Ac �e© my›ì KvR| gvwUi dj‡K Qwe Gu‡K ïwK‡q †cvov‡bvi ci G¸‡jv Ggb my›ì n‡q I‡V| †QvU †QvU djK‡K cvkvcvwk †Rvov w`‡q eo Kiv hvq| †cvovgvwUi GB djK evsjvi cÖvPxb g„rwkí| gvgv ej‡jb, †Uiv‡KvUv ev †cvovgvwUi Gme KvR G †`‡k ïiy n‡q‡Q nvRvi eQi Av‡M|

Avgvi evsjv eB 32

G¸‡jv Avgv‡ì HwZn¨, Avgv‡ì Me©| G †`‡ki gvby‡li gb †h wkíxi gb, G¸‡jv Zvi cwiPq enb K‡i| †Zvgiv KvM‡R c‡oQ, m¤úªwZ biwms`xi Iqvix e‡Uk¦‡i cvIqv †M‡Q cÖvq nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi mf¨Zvi wb`k©b| gvwU Lyu‡o cvIqv †M‡Q bvbv ai‡bi my›ì gvwUi cvÎ Avi djK|

AvRKvj wK †cvovgvwUi GB wkíPP©v nq bv? gvgvi Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvBjvg Avgiv|

gvgv ej‡jb, †ek fv‡jv K_v wR‡Ám K‡iQ †Zvgiv| nu v, AvRKvj IiKg †Uiv‡KvUv n‡”Q bv e‡U, Z‡e †cvovgvwUi bKkvi Kì †e‡o‡Q| eo eo miKvwi †emiKvwi fe‡b AvRKvj †mŠ›`h© evov‡bvi Rb¨ bvbv iKg bKkv Kiv gvwUi djK eëüZ n‡”Q| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Kz‡gviiv Gme ˆZwi Ki‡Q| ejjvg, Avgiv Gme †cvovgvwUi KvR †`L‡Z PvB| gvgv ej‡jb, my‡hvM g‡Zv GK mgq †Zvgv‡ì kvjeb wenv‡i wb‡q hve|

kwdDj Avjg

cvV wkwL

1. iPbvi g �jfve †R‡b wbB evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxb wkíKjvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq gvwUi wk‡í| GUv G †`‡ki

wbR¯ wkí| êkvLx †gjvq I bvbv cve©‡Y †hme †gjv e‡m, †mme †gjvq wewµ nq gvwUi ˆZwi bvbviKg cyZyj, bKkv Kiv nuvwo, gvwUi dj, ˆZRmcÎ| MÖv‡gi Kz‡gviiv wbcyYfv‡e Gme ˆZwi K‡i| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K G †`‡k g„rwk‡íi PP©v n‡”Q| gqbvgwZi kvjeb wenvi, e¸ovi gnv¯’vbMo, ev‡Minv‡Ui lvUM¤^yR gmwR‡` †`Lv hvq †cvovgvwUi djK ev †Uiv‡KvUvi wb`k©b| ZvB gvwUi wkí Avgv‡ì HwZn¨ I M‡e©i welq|

2. kãv_©¸‡jv †R‡b wbB kL ⎯ g‡bi B”Qv, iywP|

†Ucv cyZyj ⎯ Kz‡gviiv big Gu‡Uj gvwUi PvK nv‡Z wb‡q wU‡c wU‡c bvbv ai‡bi I bvbv AvKv‡ii cyZyj ˆZwi K‡i| wU‡c wU‡c ˆZwi

Avgvi evsjv eB 33

Kiv nq e‡j Gme cyZy‡ji bvg †Ucv cyZyj| Z‡e Gme gvwUi cyZy‡ji nvZ-cv ev †Rvov¸‡jv GKUy wf‡R wf‡R gvwU w`‡q hZœ K‡i jvMv‡Z nq|

bKkv ⎯ †iLv w`‡q AvuKv Qwe| k‡Li nuvwo, †Ucv cyZyj ev cïcvwLi Mv‡q MÖv‡gi Ky‡gvi wkíxiv bvbv i‡Oi Qwe Avu‡K| G Qwe¸‡jvB nj bKkv|

kvjeb wenvi ⎯ Kywgj −vi gqbvgwZ‡Z gvwU Lyu‡o Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q cÖvPxb †eŠ× mf¨Zvi wb`k©b| Aóv`k kZ‡Ki GB cyivKxwZ© evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi cwiPvqK| kvjeb wenv‡i cvIqv †M‡Q bvbv ai‡bi †cvovgvwUi djK|

†Uiv‡KvUv ⎯ GwU j¨vwUb kã| Ô†UivÕ A_© gvwU Avi Ô†KvUvÕ A_© †cvov‡bv| †cvovgvwUi ˆZwi gvby‡li eënv‡ii me iK‡gi wRwbm †Uiv- ‡KvUv wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|

KvšZwRi gw›ì⎯ 1752 wLªóv‡ã gnvivRv igvbv_ ivq w`bvRcy‡i Kvš�wRi gw›ì wbg©vY K‡ib| G gw›`‡ii Mv‡q ¯’vwcZ Ac �e© my›ì †Uiv‡KvUv evsjvi gvwUi wk‡íi cÖvPxb wb`k©b|

cvnvocyi ⎯ ivRkvnx †Rjvi cvnvocy‡i Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q cÖvPxb †eŠ× mf¨Zvi wb`k©b †mvgcyi wenvi| GB †mvgcyi wenv‡ii Avk- cv‡ki eo †eŠ× gw›`‡i cvIqv †M‡Q A‡bK my›ì †Uiv‡KvUv| G¸‡jv Aóg kZ‡Ki A_©vr AvR †_‡K cÖvq evi k eQi Av‡Mi ˆZwi|

gnv¯’vbMo ⎯ e¸ov kni †_‡K 12 wK‡jvwgUvi DË‡i Ki‡Zvqv b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z gnv¯’vbMo| hxï wLª‡ói R‡b¥i c�‡e© Z…Zxq †_‡K c‡bi k kZ‡K evsjvi G cÖvPxb bMi M‡o I‡V| gnv¯’vbM‡o cvIqv †M‡Q A‡bK †cvovgvwUi djK, cvÎ, AjsKvi I g�wZ©|

Avgvi evsjv eB 34

3. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi †R‡b wbB I wjwL K. gvwUi wkí ej‡Z Kx eywS?

L. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxb wkíKg© †KvbwU?

M. k‡Li nuvwo Kx iKg?

N. êkvLx †gjvq Kx Kx cvIqv hvq?

O. g„rwk‡íi cÖavb Dcv`vb Kx?

P. K‡qKwU g„rwk‡íi bvg ewj|

Q. †Uiv‡KvUv Kx?

R. evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv_vq †cvovgvwUi cÖvPxb wkí †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq?

S. gvwUi wkí Avgv‡ì HwZn¨ I †MŠi‡ei welq †Kb?

4. wb‡Pi K_v¸‡jv mnR K‡i eywS‡q ewj K. g„rwkí

L. k‡Li nuvwo

M. †Uiv‡KvUv

N. †Ucv cyZyj

5. Ôgvgvi evwo, i‡mi nuvwoÕ- K_vwU †Kb cÖPwjZ? 6. †Zvgvi †`Lv Kz‡gvi cvovi msw¶ß eY©bv `vI| 7. †jLK cwiwPwZ kwdDj Avjg 1943 wLªóv‡ã K·evRvi †Rjvi PKwiqv _vbvi nvievs

MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb wk¶vµg we‡klÁ, M‡elK I cÖvewÜK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| wZwb RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy ZK †ev‡W©i cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Z‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy Z‡Ki Ab¨Zg †jLK I m¤úv`K| evsjv GKv‡Wgxmn wewfbœ cÖKvkbv ms¯’v †_‡K Zuvi eB cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ : Ôfvlv, evbvb, wk¶vÕ, Ômvwn‡Zï Kv‡jvËxY© KzkxjeÕ, ÔcÖm½ mvwnZ¨, KwZcq we‡ePbvÕ BZ¨vw`|

Avgvi evsjv eB 35

†K? Ck¦iP› ª ¸ß

ej †`wL G RM‡Z avwg©K †K nq, me© Rx‡e `qv hvi, avwg©K †m nq| ej †`wL G RM‡Z myLx ewj Kv‡i, mZZ Av‡ivMx †hB, myLx ewj Zv‡i| ej †`wL G RM‡Z weÁ ewj Kv‡i, wnZvwnZ †eva hvi, weÁ ewj Zv‡i| ej †`wL G RM‡Z axi ewj Kv‡i, wec‡` †h w¯’i _v‡K, axi ewj Zv‡i| ej †`wL G RM‡Z g~L© ewj Kv‡i, wbR Kvh© bó K‡i, g~L© ewj Zv‡i| ej †`wL G RM‡Z mvay ewj Kv‡i, c‡ii †h fv‡jv K‡i, mvay ewj Zv‡i| ej †`wL G RM‡Z Ávbx ewj Kv‡i, wbR †eva Av‡Q hvi, Ávbx ewj Zv‡i|

Avgvi evsjv eB 36

cvV wkwL 1. KweZvwUi g �jfve †R‡b wbB G KweZvq c„w_ex‡Z †K avwg©K, †K myLx, †K weÁ, †K axi, †K mvay, †K Ávbx

ev g�L© GB wRÁvmvi GKwU ¯có aviYv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| †m-B cÖK…Z avwg©K †h me©Rx‡e `qv K‡i, fv‡jvev‡m| †m-B cÖK…Z myLx, hvi †Kv‡bv †ivM †bB; †m-B cÖK…Z weÁ hvi fv‡jv g›` †eva Av‡Q| wZwbB cÖK…Z axi whwb wec‡` wePwjZ nb bv| wZwbB cÖK…Z Ávbx e¨w³ whwb c‡ii Kvi‡Y ¯v_© ewj †`b; Avi †m e¨w³B mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© Ávbx hvi fv‡jv g›` †evSvi ¶gZv Av‡Q| A_P †m-B g�L© hvi wb‡Ri fv‡jv g›` †eva _v‡K bv, wb‡Ri ¶wZ wb‡RB K‡i|

2. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi †R‡b wbB avwg©K ⎯ whwb wbR ag©xq Av‡`k wb‡ ©k †g‡b P‡jb| ⎯ fvlvwe` W.

gyn¤§` knx yj−vn avwg©K wQ‡jb| me©Rx‡e ⎯ me iKg Rx‡ei cÖwZ| ⎯ me©Rx‡e `qv Kiv gvby‡li KZ©e¨| mZZ ⎯ me mgq| ⎯ mZZ fv‡jv KvR Kie, Kv‡iv g‡b ytL †è bv| Av‡ivMx ⎯ bx‡ivM| ⎯ Zvi AUzU ¯v¯’¨ †`L‡jB †evSv hvq †m Av‡ivMx| weÁ ⎯ hvi we‡kl Ávb Av‡Q| ⎯ weÁ †jv‡Ki KvQ †_‡K civgk©

†bIqv fv‡jv| wnZvwnZ ⎯ Kj¨vY I AKj¨vY| wnZ k‡ãi A_© Kj¨vY| AwnZ A_©

AKj¨vY| ⎯ wnZvwnZ we‡ePbv K‡i KvR Kiv fv‡jv| g~L© ⎯ wbZvš� †evKv, hvi †eva kw³ †bB| ⎯ K_vq Av‡Q g�L© eÜyi

†P‡q Ávbx kÎy fv‡jv| †eva ⎯ eySevi ¶gZv| ⎯ wbR †eva I we‡ePbv w ‡q Avgv‡ i KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| mvay ⎯ mr, avwg©K| ⎯ †jvKwU †hgb mvay, †Zgwb wbinsKvi| ⎯ mvay

e¨w³‡K mevB kª×v K‡i| 3. k‡ãi we‡kl eënvi j¶ Kwi Kv‡i - Kv‡K Zv‡i - Zv‡K

hv‡i - hv‡K

Avgvi evsjv eB 37

4. k�b¨¯’v‡b c‡ii PiY wjwL K. ej †`wL G RM‡Z myLx ewj Kv‡i, ..........................., .......................| L. ..........................., ......................., wbR Kvh© bó K‡i, g�L© ewj Zv‡i| M. ej †`wL G RM‡Z Ávbx ewj Kv‡i, ..........................., .......................| 5. evbvb wkwL Ck¦i, avwg©K, mZZ, g�L©, w¯’i| 6. KweZvwU ¯có I ky× D”Pvi‡Y Q›` wgj †i‡L Ave„wË Kwi| 7. cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi gy‡L gy‡L ewj Ges my›ì I ¯có K‡i LvZvq wjwL| K. cÖK…Z avwg©K e¨w³i †Kvb ¸Y _vKv DwPZ? L. cÖK…Z myLx gvbyl †K? M. wnZvwnZ †eva Av‡Q Ggb e¨w³ †K? N. mvay I g�L© e¨w³i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx? O. Ávbx e¨w³ †K?

8. wecixZ kã wjwL avwg©K ⎯

Av‡ivMx ⎯

myLx ⎯

Ávbx ⎯

mvay ⎯

9. Kwe cwiwPwZ Kwe Ck¦iP› ª ¸ß 1812 wLªóv‡ã cwðge‡½i wkqvjWv½v KuvPovcvovq

Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb cÖPyi e¨½-we ªƒc I nvwmi KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Ômsev` cÖfvKiÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e wZwb L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| wZwb RxweZ _vK‡Z Zuvi Kve¨MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ ÔcÖ‡eva cÖfvKiÕ cÖKvwkZ nq| Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨MÖš’ Zuvi g„Zy i ci cÖKvwkZ nq| 1859 wLªóv‡ã wZwb g„Zy eiY K‡ib|

Avgvi evsjv eB 38

ˆ`Z¨ I †R‡j

†Kv‡bv GK mg‡q GK b`xi av‡i evm KiZ GK Mwie †R‡j| †m cÖwZw`b b`x‡Z cuvP evi K‡i Rvj †djZ| G‡Z †h gvQ †cZ Zv †e‡PB Zvi msmv‡ii LiP PvjvZ| Kvq‡K¬‡k w`b ¸Rivb nZ Zvi|

GKw`b mKv‡j †R‡j G‡m b`x‡Z Rvj †djj| cÖ_g evi Rvj †U‡b †`‡L GKwUI gvQ c‡owb Rv‡j| Rv‡j DVj †Kej GKUv †gvUv Mv‡Qi uwo|

Avevi Rvj †djj †m| wØZxq evi Rvj ¸wU‡q †`Lj GKUv giv Mvav Rv‡j Rwo‡q i‡q‡Q|

†R‡j Avevi Rvj †djj| Z…Zxq ev‡iI Rvj ¸wU‡q G‡b †`‡L weivU GKUv gvwUi Rvjv|

welYœ g‡b RvjvUv‡K Rvj †_‡K †ei K‡i †m b`xi av‡i KvZ K‡i ivLj|

PZz_© ev‡i Rv‡j DVj GKMv`v fvOv nuvwo-Kjwm, Avi †QvUeo Kv‡Pi UyK‡iv|

yt‡L nZvkvq †R‡j Gevi AvKv‡ki w`‡K gyL K‡i ejj- †Lv`v, †Zvgvi Kx gwR© Rvwb bv| Pvi Pvi evi Rvj †d‡j bwm‡e wKQyB RyUj bv| GeviB †kl| Zywg `qvgq, †`L Avgvi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì †hb AvR Abvnv‡i bv _vK‡Z nq|

GB e‡j †R‡j †klev‡ii g‡Zv RvjUv cvwb‡Z Qyu‡o gvij|

cÂg I †klevi †m †`Lj GKUv Zvgvi Rvjv Rv‡j AvU‡K Av‡Q| RvjvUvi gyL XvKbv w`‡q AvUKv‡bv| Zvi Dc‡i Kx †hb me †jLv †Lv`vB Kiv i‡q‡Q| †R‡j mvgvb¨ †jLvcov RvbZ| †jLvUv c‡o †`Lj IUv `vD‡ì cyÎ my‡jgv‡bi bvg|

Avgvi evsjv eB 39

†Rji ey‡K Gev‡i wKQzUv Avkv wd‡i Gj| †m fvej, G †h †`LwQ ev`kvnx Rvjv| wbðq gwYiZœ wKQz i‡q‡Q †fZ‡i| †Lv`vi `qvq G ev‡i eywS bwme wdij|

†R‡j b`xi cv‡o c‡o _vKv GK LÊ cv_i w`‡h Vy‡K Vy‡K mveav‡b Rvjvi gyLUv mwi‡q †djj| e¨m, †hB bv Rvjvi XvKbv m‡i †Mj Agwb MjMj K‡i ivwk ivwk †auvqv †ewi‡q Avm‡Z jvMj †fZi †_‡K|

†R‡j †PvL eo eo K‡i f‡q f‡q GKcv‡k m‡i uvovj|

†`L‡Z †`L‡Z †mB †auvqvi KzÊwj GKUv AwZKvq ˆ`‡Z¨ cwiYZ nj|

Zvi gv_vUv GKUv wekvj Szwoi g‡Zv| GKMvwQI Pzj †bB †mB gv_vq| Av¸‡bi †Mvjvi g‡Zv fqsKi `ywU †PvL Avi †k¦Z cv_‡ii UzK‡ivi g‡Zv ùvZ emv‡bv| ˆ`Z¨ ejj, my‡jgvb Qvov Avwg ywbqvi KvD‡K c‡ivqv Kwi bv| KviY Avj −vni cqM¤î ¯qs my‡jgvb|

GKUz †_‡g ˆ`Z¨ nvZ †Rvo K‡i AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvwK‡q webxZfv‡e ejj- †g‡nievb my‡jgvb, †`vnvB †Zvgvi, Avgv‡K †g‡i †dj bv| Avwg GK gyn ~‡Z©i RbÏ Avi †Zvgvi K_vi Aeva¨ ne bv| hv ûKzg Ki‡e, gv_v bZ K‡i ZvB Zvwgj Kie|

†R‡j ˆ`‡Zï K_v ï‡b ZZ¶‡Y wKQyUv mvg‡j wb‡q‡Q wb‡R‡K| mvnm K‡i ejj, †n ˆ`Z¨, ev`kv my‡jgv‡bi f‡q Zzwg AgbKuyK‡o hv”Q, my‡jgvb †Zv AvVvi k eQi Av‡M G ywbqvi gvqv KvwU‡q †e‡n&k‡Z P‡j †Mv‡Qb| Zzwg Kx Ggb Ab¨vq KvR K‡iwQ‡j hvi Rb¨ my‡jgvb †Zvgv‡K RvjvUvi g‡a¨ cy‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb ?

†R‡ji K_v ï‡b ˆ`Z¨ nv-nv K‡i Ggb †Rv‡i †n‡m DVj †h †mB k‡ã †R‡ji Kv‡b Zvjv †j‡M †Mj| nvwm _vwg‡q ˆ`Z¨ ejj, Avj−vn& Qvov Avi Kv‡iv Ic‡iB Avgvi mvgvbÏ Av¯’v †bB| Zuvi KvQ †_‡K †Zvgvi Rb¨ ReŸi GKUv Lei wb‡q G‡mwQ|

†R‡j mvnm K‡i wR‡Ám Kij, Kx †m ReŸi Lei? Zzwg `qv K‡i Avgv‡K ej|

ˆ`Z¨ nvm‡Z nvm‡Z ejj Ñ g„Zz¨| †Zvgvi g„Zzï Lei| Avi †mB g„Zz¨ n‡e GK fqsKi Dcv‡q|

g„Zzï K_v ï‡b f‡q †R‡ji gyL ïwK‡q †Mj| †m Kuvc‡Z Kuvc‡Z †Kv‡bv iK‡g ejjÑ

Avgvi evsjv eB 40

fvB ˆ`Z¨, Avwg †Zv †Kv‡bv Ab¨vq KvR Kwiwb| Zv n‡j Zzwg †Kb Avgv‡K gvi‡Z PvBQ? KZ Kvj Zzwg GB RvjvUvi g‡a¨ ew›` n‡q wQ‡j| bovPov Ki‡Z bv †c‡i KZB bv Kó cvw”Q‡j| Avwg †Zvgv‡K gyw³ w`‡qwQ| GUvB hw` Avgvi Ab¨vq n‡q _v‡K, Avi Zvi Rb¨B hw` Avgv‡K Rvb w`‡Z nq, Z‡e Avgvi Avi wKQzB ejvi †bB|

ˆ`Z¨ †hb †R‡ji K_v ïb‡ZB cvqwb| ejj Ñ ej, Zzwg wb‡RB ej, Kxfv‡e gi‡Z

PvI? †R‡j Gev‡i nvZ‡Rvo K‡i ejj Ñ gi‡Z Avgvi fq †bB, wKš‘ Avgvi

Ab¨vqUv Kx Zv ej‡e †Zv| †Kb Zzwg Avgv‡K gvi‡Z PvBQ?

ˆ`Z¨ Gev‡i ejj - †Zvgvi †Mv¯ZvwK Kx, kyb‡e? e`bwme †R‡j, Zv n‡j †kvb

ejwQ| Avgvi bvg mK-ni-Aj R¡xb| Avwg ev`kvn my‡jgv‡bi †Mvjvg wQjvg|

Avgvi GgbB ¶gZv wQj †h, `ywbqvq KvD‡KB c‡ivqv KiZvg bv| GKw`b ev`kvni

ûKzg Zvwgj Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i emjvg| G‡Z †i‡M w`‡q ev`kvn kv‡q¯Zv Kievi

Rb¨ Zvi †jvKRb w`‡q Avgv‡K GKUv Zvgvi Rvjvq cy‡i Zvi gyL eÜ K‡i w`j|

Zvici ev`kvni †gvni †Lv`vB K‡i w`j RvjvUvi gy‡L| Avwg Rvjvi †fZ‡i ew›`

Avgvi evsjv eB 41

n‡q †Mjvg| ev`kvn Gici RvjvUv‡K b`x‡Z †d‡j w`j| b`x Zjvq ew›` Ae¯’vq KvU‡Z jvMj Avgvi w`b| GKw`b kc_ Kijvg, hw` Pvi‡kv eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †KD Avgv‡K G ew›``kv †_‡K gyw³ †`q, Z‡e Zv‡K Avwg AMva abiZœ w`‡q Lywk Kie| wKš‘ Avgvi GgbB yf©vM¨ †h, †KD Avgv‡K gyw³ w`j bv| b`xi Zjvq GK GK K‡i Pvi‡kv eQi eû K‡ó KvUj Avgvi| Zvici Avwg AveviI kc_ Kijvg, †h Avgv‡K GB Rvjv †_‡K D×vi Ki‡e, Zv‡K wZbwU ei †è| hv †m PvB‡e Zv-B cv‡e| wKš‘ k‡q k‡q wZb‡kv eQi cvi nj, Kv‡iv †`Lv †cjvg bv| Gev‡i Avgvi †gRvR weM‡o †Mj| iv‡M yt‡L Acgv‡b kc_ K‡i emjvg, Avgv‡K †h gy³ Ki‡e †mB nZ”Qvov‡K Avwg KZj Kie| kZvãxi ci kZvãx †Mj, †KD D×vi Ki‡Z Gj bv| Gfv‡eB w`b †K‡U hvw”Qj| KZ eQi KvUj Zvi Avi wn‡me ivL‡Z cvijvg bv| fv‡Mï †d‡i Gev‡i Zzwg G‡m nvwRi n‡j| Avgv‡K gyw³ w`‡j| wKš‘ Zzwg †W‡K Avb‡j wb‡Ri g„Zz¨| †klev‡ii g‡Zv my‡hvM w`w”Q, Zzwg wb‡RB †e‡Q bvI Kxfv‡e gi‡Z PvI|

ˆ`‡Zï Kvwnbx ï‡b †R‡j eyS‡Z cvij, AvR Avi Zvi i¶v †bB| givi f‡q fxZ n‡jI †R‡j eyw× nvivj bv| nVvr Zvi gv_vq GKUv eyw× †L‡j †Mj| †m ejj Ñ fvB, Avwg wKQz‡ZB wek¦vm Ki‡Z cviwQ bv, †Zvgvi AZ eo kixiUv †Kgb K‡i GB Rvjvi g‡a¨ wQj| mZ¨ ejQ wK wg_¨v ejQ, Zv ZzwgB Rvb| wKš‘ Avwg njc K‡i ej‡Z cvwi †Zvgv‡K †`L‡j G K_v †KDB wek¦vm Ki‡e bv| †R‡ji K_v ï‡b ˆ`Z¨ uvZ Kogo K‡i †g‡Ni MR©b Zz‡j ejj Ñ Kx! Avwg wg_¨v K_v ejwQ? GB Rvjvi g‡a¨ Avwg _vK‡Z cvwi bv? †ek, givi Av‡M †R‡b hvI, ˆ`Z¨ wg_¨v K_v e‡j bv| ej‡Z ej‡Z AnsKvix ˆ`Z¨ †Pv‡Li cj‡K †auvqvi KzÊwj cvwK‡q RvjvUvi †fZ‡i Xy‡K †Mj| Avi †hB bv †fZ‡i †XvKv, Agwb †R‡j GK jv‡d G‡m RvjvUvi gy‡L XvKbv jvwM‡q w`j| Zvici nvm‡Z nvm‡Z wPrKvi K‡j ejj - †eCgvb ˆ`Z¨ Gevi wb‡R‡K i¶v Ki| †Zvi cÖwZÁv wb‡q Avevi kZvãxi ci kZvãx R‡j Wy‡e _vK| †`Le, Gev‡i †K †Zv‡K i¶v K‡i| GB e‡j †R‡j RvjvUv‡K Avevi b`x‡Z †d‡j w`j|

[Avie¨ Dcb¨vm ÔAvwjd jvqjvÕ †_‡K †QvU‡ì Rb¨ msKwjZ]

Avgvi evsjv eB 42

cvV wkwL 1. †R‡b wbB Kí Kvwnbx ÔAvwjd jvqjvÕ ev Avie¨ iRbx Aviexq Mí n‡jI Avm‡j

Kvwnbx¸‡jvi Rb¥ cÖvPxb wgk‡i| 1001 wU KvwnbxwfwËK AvieïRbxi Mí¸‡jv †jv‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L wdi‡Z wdi‡Z AwaKvskB msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q evM`v‡ì Lwjdv nvi“b Ai ikx‡ì Avg‡j (764-809 wLª.) Ges dv‡Zgxq (968-1171 wLª.) I gvgjyK (1250-1382 wLª.) ivRes‡ki mg‡q| Avm‡j †gŠwLK †jvKK_v¸‡jv GK nv‡Z, GK mg‡q, Ggb wK GK †`‡ki †jLv nq wb| cÖ_g wjwLZ iƒcI †c‡q‡Q cÖvPxb cviwmK fvlvq nvRvi Avdmvbv ev nvRvi Mí bv‡g| †gvNj Avg‡j G Kvwnbx¸‡jv ga¨cÖvP¨ †_‡K G †`‡k G‡m‡Q| Mí¸‡jv GLb wek¦ mvwnZ¨ RM‡Zi m¤c`|

2. wb‡Pi k¦`¸‡jvi A_© †R‡b wbB, evK¨ wjwL †R‡j ⎯ grm¨ wkKvix| ⎯ †R‡jiv gvQ †e‡P msmvi Pvjvq| Kvq‡K¬‡k ⎯ kvixwiK cwikªg K‡i| ⎯ kªwgKiv Kvq‡K¬‡k Rxebhvcb K‡i| ¸Rivb ⎯ AwZevwnZ Kiv, hvcb| ⎯ †m Lye Kv‡ó w`b ¸Rivb K‡i| gwR© ⎯ B”Qv, m¤§wZ| ⎯ gwR© n‡j GLb Zzwg Mvb MvB‡Z cvi| Rvjv ⎯ weivU gvwUi cvÎ we‡kl| ⎯ Rvjvi g‡a¨ w`Z¨wU ew›` wQj| Abvnvi ⎯ Dcevm, bv †L‡q _vKv| ⎯ Mwie †jvKwU †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv w`b

Abvnv‡i KvUvq| †Mv¯ZvwK ⎯ Aciva, Awbqg| ⎯ wk¶K ej‡jb, ÔZzwg †Mv ZvwK K‡iQ, gvd PvIÕ| bwme ⎯ fvM¨, A „ó| ⎯ Avgvi bwme fv‡jv| e`bwme ⎯ g› fvM¨| ⎯ e`bwme †Q‡jwUi cix¶vi Av‡Mi iv‡Z R¡i nj| †k¦Z ⎯ mv`v, aej| ⎯ ZvRgnj †k¦Z cv_i Øviv wbwg©Z| Av¯’v ⎯ fimv, wek¦vm| ⎯ iwn‡gi Ici mK‡ji Av¯’v Av‡Q| ReŸi ⎯ welg, `vi“Y| ⎯ †Zvgv‡K GKwU ReŸi Lei †è| †eCgvb ⎯ AK…ZÁ, wek¦vmNvZK| ⎯ mevB †eCgvb‡K N„Yv K‡i| cÖwZÁv ⎯ kc_, A½xKvi| ⎯ mevi DcKvi Kie ⎯ G Avgvi cÖwZÁv| †gvni ⎯ ¯Y©gy ªv, GLv‡b wmj ev bv‡gi Qvc| ⎯ cix¶vi

DËicÎ¸‡jv †gvni K‡i `vI|

Avgvi evsjv eB 43

3. k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kwi K. †m cÖwZw`b b`x‡Z ⎯ K‡i Rvj †djZ| L. ej‡Z ej‡Z †R‡j ⎯ ev‡ii g‡Zv RvjUv ⎯ Quy‡o gvij| M. †Zvgvi Rb¨ - GKUv Lei wb‡q G‡mwQ| N. †Kb Zzwg Avgv‡K ⎯ PvBQ? O. ˆ`Z¨ Gevi ejj, †Zvgvi ⎯ Kx ïb‡e? 4. Wvb w`K †_‡K kã †e‡Q wb‡q evg w`‡Ki k‡ãi m‡½ †gjvB Mwie ⎯ †R‡j gvwUi ⎯ uvZ Kv‡Pi ⎯ Lei KzÊwj ⎯ †jvKRb ReŸi ⎯ weM‡o ev`kvni ⎯ Rvjv Kogo ⎯ cvwK‡q †gRvR ⎯ UzK‡iv 5. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi D”PviY I evbvb †R‡b wbB Kvq‡K¬‡k, KmiZ, e¨_©, welYœ, `xN©k¦vm, weùvwiZ, KzÊwj, fqsKi, Av¯’v

AvZ¼, we‡`ªvnx, wek¦¯Z| 6. wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj I wjwL K. †R‡ji msmvi Kxfv‡e PjZK ? L. Rvjv †`‡L †R‡j Kx fvej ? M. Rvjv †_‡K Kx †ei n‡q Avmj ? N. ˆ`Z¨wU †`L‡Z †Kgb wQj ? O. ev`kvn †Kb ˆ`Z¨‡K ew›` K‡iwQ‡jb ? P. ˆ`Z¨ †Kb †R‡j‡K gvi‡Z †P‡qwQj? Q. †R‡j †Kgb K‡i ˆ`‡Zï nvZ †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶v Kij ? 7. MíwU c‡o Kx wkLjvg, Zv wjwL|

Avgvi evsjv eB 44

Kzg‡ov I cvwLi K_v [MÖvg †_‡K ` ~‡i e‡bi av‡i, wbR©b RvqMvq wQj GK PvjKzg‡ovi jZv| jZvq wQj GKwU gvÎ PvjKzg‡ov| †`L‡Z †ek †MvjMvj Avi Mv‡q †QvU †QvU †iuvqv| †QvU Kzj Mv‡Q Rov‡bv jZvq PvjKzg‡ovUv SzjwQj| mKvj nj| wkwki R‡g Av‡Q Nvm I jZvcvZvq| PvjKzg‡ov I wkwki K_v ej‡Q-] wkwki : I Kzg‡ov fvB, fv‡jv AvQ †Zv? Kzg‡ov : nu v fv‡jv| Zzwg? wkwki : AvwgI fv‡jv| Kzg‡ov : Zywg Lye fv‡jv| †ivR Zzwg Avgvi Mv ayB‡q `vI| g‡b Kx †h dzwZ©

jv‡M| wkwki : e„wó bv Avmv ch©š— IUvB Avgvi KvR| Avwg MvQcvjv, Nvm,

jZvcvZvi Mv ayB‡q w`B| Iiv †Kgb my›ì n‡q I‡V| (Ggb mgq Pviw`‡K Avv‡jv dzUj, †iv` DVj|) †iv` : I Kzg‡ov, Zzwg †Kgb AvQ ? Kzg‡ov : †Zvgvi `qvq AvwQ fvB| †fviiv‡Z wkwki Mv ayB‡q w`‡q †M‡Q|

GLb Mv‡q †Zvgvi AuvP jvM‡Q| gbUv Lywk‡Z f‡i D‡V‡Q| wkwki : Avwg GLb hvB PvjKzg‡ov, †Kgb? †iv D‡V‡Q, GLb Avgvi hvIqvi cvjv| Pwj Zv n‡j| Kzg‡ov : hvI fvB, iv‡Z Avevi †`Lv n‡e| (Ggb mgq †`v‡qj cwL Gj| †cvKv †L‡Z †L‡Z †`v‡qj e‡j) †`v‡qj : Kx PgrKvi †cvKv! Zzwg Lv‡e Kzg‡ov fvB? Kzg‡ov : bv fvB,Ime Avgvi Lv`¨ bq eis Iiv Avgv‡ì ykgb| I‡ì

R¡vjvq KUv dzjI dj n‡Z cv‡i bv| †cvKv¸‡jv me †L‡q mvevo K‡i|

†`v‡qj : †ivR †Zvgvi jZvq ewm, cvZvq ewm| Zzwg ivM Ki bv †Zv Avevi? Kzg‡ov : ivM Kie †Kb? Zzwg Avgv‡ì DcKvix eÜz| †Zvgvi Mvb Avgvi Lye

fv‡jv jv‡M| †`v‡qj : Zzwg ej‡j Avi Kx n‡e! gvby‡liv †h Avgv‡ì euvP‡Z w`j bv|

Avgvi evsjv eB 45

Kzg‡ov : †m Kx K_v! gvby‡livB †Zv mevi eÜz| GB †`L bv, Avgv‡K GKUv

cvwL GLv‡b wb‡q G‡m‡Q e‡j GLv‡b Pviv †_‡K MvQ n‡qwQ|

gvby‡li evwo‡Z _vK‡j Avgv‡K gvPv K‡i w`Z|

†`v‡qj : Zv w`Z wVK| wKš‘ e‡bi MvQcvjv †K‡U mvd Ki‡Q †Zv gvbyl|

cvwL Avi RxeRš‘I Lvq IB gvbyl| a‡i a‡i LuvPvq f‡i iv‡L|

Kzg‡ov : Zvn‡j †Zv Lye Lvivc ej‡Z nq| Z‡e GKw`b gvby‡li myeyw×

wbðqB n‡e|

†`v‡qj : K‡e Avi n‡e! gvbyl gvbyl‡K gvivi Rb¨ KZ iKg A¯Î evbv‡”Q,

†evgv gvi‡Q|

Kzg‡ov : AvRKvj ïbwQ gvbyl MvQcvjv evovevi K_v ej‡Q| hy‡×i wei“‡×

A‡b‡K K_v ej‡Q| †iv` D‡V‡Q †`L| cvZvq c‡o‡Q †iv`| †kKo

G‡b w`‡”Q cwb| cvZvi g‡a¨ Avgvi bvbœvevbœv n‡”Q| IB †L‡q Avwg

w`‡b w`‡b evowQ|

†`v‡qj : †Zvgv‡ì †Zv fvwi mywe‡a| Avgv‡ì †`L mvivw`b Wv‡j Wv‡j †cvKv

LuyR‡Z nq| hvB Zvn‡j IB w`KUvq Luy‡R †`wL| c‡i Avevi Avme|

(GB e‡j †`v‡qj dzoyr K‡i D‡o †Mj)

†iv` : Zzwg †Zv Lye my›ì K_v ej| GZ¶Y a‡i Avwg †Zvgv‡ì K_v

ïbwQjvg| Avgvi cÖksmvI KiwQ‡j †ek|

Kzg‡ov : DcKvixi DcKvi ¯xKvi KivB †Zv DwPZ| Zzwg n”Q mevi DcKvix|

†Zvgv‡K Qvov ywbqv APj|

†iv` : AvwgI Avwm H m ~h© †_‡K| Zzwg wVKB e‡jQ| m ~h©‡K wN‡iB c„w_ex

Nyi‡Q, Nyi‡Q Avi me MÖn|

(Ggb mgq evZvm eBj| †`vj †Lj Kzg‡ov| evZvm K_v ejj|)

evZvm : ïay MÖn bq, Zv‡ì DcMÖnivI m~‡h©i Rb¨ †eu‡P Av‡Q|

Kzg‡ov : Puv‡ì Av‡jv Avgvi Lye fv‡jv jv‡M|

Avgvi evsjv eB 46

evZvm : Avgv‡K †Zvgvi †Kgb jv‡M? Avwg hLb †Zvgv‡K Quy‡q hvB ZLb- Kyg‡ov : †Zvgvi Rb¨ dyj †_‡K dy‡j civM hvq| Zv‡Z dyj †_‡K dj nq|

†fvgiv Avi †gŠgvwQI G Kv‡R mvnvh¨ K‡i| UybUywb cvwLI dyj †_‡K dy‡j civM wb‡q hvq| Avgiv Gfv‡e G‡K Ac‡ii mvnv‡h¨ eo nB, †eu‡P _vwK|

(Ggb mgq e‡bi wd‡O, wU‡q I evb‡ii †PPuv‡gwP ïiy n‡q †Mj| Kyg‡ov jZvq Sy‡j Av‡Q| evZvmI wKQy bv e‡j †m w`‡K QyUj| Kyg‡ov GKv n‡q †Mj| nVvr GKUv UybUywb D‡o G‡m ej‡Z jvMj-)

UybUywb : gvby‡li K_v Avi †ev‡jv bv| MvQ gvbyl‡K dyj, dj, Qvqv †`q, Zey Zviv MvQ †K‡U DRvo K‡i|

Kyg‡ov : Kx n‡q‡Q fvB? MvQ KvUvi K_v ï‡b Avgvi Lye fq Ki‡Q| UybUywb : e‡bi †fZi †K †hb Pvl Kivi Rb¨ MvQcvjv †K‡U Rwg K‡i‡Q|

Zvici †mB Wvjcvjv †cvov‡bvi Rb¨ Av¸b w`‡q‡Q, Avi †mB Av¸b Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q| †m GK fxlY KvÊ|

Kyg‡ov : Zvici?

Avgvi evsjv eB 47

UybUywb : GLb êkvL gvm, cvZv, Wvjcvjv me ïwK‡q †M‡Q| †Kv_v †_‡K nvIqvI G‡m Ry‡U‡Q| `vD `vD K‡i R¡j‡Q me wKQy|

Kzg‡ov : GLb Dcvq! Av¸b GLv‡b Avm‡e bv †Zv? UzbUzwb : H wU‡q, wd‡O, uvoKvK, evbi, fvjyK mevB wg‡j †QvUvQywU

†PPuv‡gwP K‡i eb †Zvjcvo K‡i Zy‡j‡Q| †PPuv‡gwP‡Z gvbyl Qy‡U G‡m‡Q| Av¸b †bfv‡”Q|

Kzg‡ov : H gvbylB Av¸b w`‡q‡Q, Avevi gvbylB Qy‡U G‡m‡Q Av¸b †bfv‡Z? Avwg eywS bv gvbyl †Kb Ggb K‡i! Zv n‡j †Zv A‡bK cïcvwL cy‡o g‡i‡Q| A‡bK R¨vš� MvQcvjv cy‡o †M‡Q| †Zvgvi †Uvbv †Kv_vq?

UybUywb : Avwg †mLv‡b GKUyLvwb DuwK gvi‡Z wM‡qwQjvg| †Uvbv ejj, Gw`‡K G‡m mKj‡K mZK© K‡i w`‡Z! †Uvbv †`v‡q‡ji †mev Ki‡Q| †`v‡q‡ji Mv‡q bvwK GKUy AuvP †j‡M‡Q|

Kyg‡ov : †Zvgiv fvB Lye fv‡jv| GKR‡bi wec‡` Av‡iKRb‡K Lei `vI, †LuvRLei wb‡Z cvi| Avi Avgv‡ì Mv‡Qi m‡½ Sy‡j †_‡K me Ki‡Z nq|

UybUywb : Avwg hvB| KvVweovwj eÜy‡ì Lei wb‡q Avwm| (GB e‡j UybUywb dzo~r K‡i D‡o †Mj| Kzg‡ov Avevi GKv| Gw`‡K

†iv‡ì m‡½, gvwUi m‡½, KzjMv‡Qi m‡½ K_v ej‡Z ej‡Z Kyg‡ov w`‡b w`‡b evo‡Z jvMj| el©v Gj, P‡jI †Mj| ki‡Z PvjKyg‡ov †c‡K gvwU‡Z S‡i coj| Zvici GKw`b †`v‡qj‡K †`Lv †Mj †mB Kyj Mv‡Q|)

Avgvi evsjv eB 48

†`v‡qj : I Kyg‡ov fvB, Zzwg †Kv_vq? †Zvgv‡K †`LwQ bv †Kb? (gvwU‡Z K‡qKwU Pviv D‡V‡Q| Iiv PvjKyg‡ovi Pviv| Iiv ejj) PvjKyg‡ovi Pviv : Zywg †K fvB? Kv‡K LuyRQ? †`v‡qj : GLv‡b GKUv PvjKyg‡ov MvQ wQj| Avi wQj GKUv my›ì Kyg‡ov| Pviv : I, Avgv‡ì gv‡qi K_v ejQ? Avgiv ZviB Pviv| gvÎ K‡qK w`b

nj Avgiv uvov‡Z wk‡LwQ| gv Avgv‡ì me K_v e‡j‡Q| †Zvgvi K_vI e‡j‡Q|

†`v‡qj : Kx e‡j‡Q? Pviv : e‡j‡Q †Zvgv‡K gv‡qi Lei w`‡Z| e‡bi cïcvwLiv †mB Av¸‡bi

nvZ †_‡K †eu‡P †M‡Q wK bv Rvbvi Lye B”Q wQj Zvi| †`v‡qj : †mB fqvbK Av¸‡bi K_v Avi g‡b Ki‡Z PvB bv| ytL K‡ói K_v hZ

fy‡j _vKv hvq ZZB fv‡jv| Zvi †P‡q Avwg †Zvgv‡ì Mvb †kvbvB| nvIqvq nvIqvq †Zvgiv bvP‡Z ïiy Ki Avi Avwg Mv‡bi myi Zywj|

(1996 wk¶ve‡l©i cÂg †kªYxi ÔAvgvi eBÕ †_‡K M„nxZ)

cvV wkwL

1. kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi †R‡b wbB wbR©b ⎯ Rbk�b¨, wbwiwewj| ⎯ wbR©b b`xi Zx‡i ivLvj Mvb

MvB‡Q| ykgb ⎯ kÎy| ⎯ †cvKv dm‡ji kÎy| civM ⎯ dz‡ji †iYy| ⎯ gy‡L dz‡ji civM †g‡L jZvi †`vjbvq

`yje| 2. K_v¸‡jv ey‡S wbB †iv` D‡V‡Q †Zv, GLb Avgvi hvIqvi cvjv ⎯ †iv` DV‡j wkwki ïwK‡q

hvq| †m Rb¨ wkwki G K_v ej‡Q| Zywg Avgv‡ì DcKvix eÜy ⎯ A‡bK †cvKv-gvKo Mv‡Qi ¶wZ K‡i|

†`v‡qj cvwL †mme †L‡q †d‡j| ZvB, Kzg‡ov †`v‡qj‡K DcKvix eÜy ej‡Q|

Avgvi evsjv eB 49

cvZvi g‡a¨ Avgvi ivbœvevbœv n‡PQ - Mv‡Q †iv` c‡o, †kKo gvwU †_‡K im msMÖn K‡i| GB †iv` I im †_‡K cvZv Mv‡Qi Rb¨ Lvevi ˆZwi K‡i| GRb¨B Kzg‡ov e‡j‡Q cvZvq Zvi ivbœvevbœv n‡”Q|

dyj †_‡K dy‡j civM hvq- cÖ‡Z¨K dy‡j civM _v‡K| GK dyj †_‡K Av‡iK dz‡j civM †M‡j Z‡eB dj nq| evZvm, †gŠgvwQ, †fvgiv I cvwL dyj †_‡K dy‡j civM wb‡q hvq|

3. wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjwL K. †`v‡qj cvwL Kyg‡ovi Kx DcKvi K‡i ? L. gvby‡li weiy‡× †`v‡qj cvwL Kx Kx Awf‡hvM K‡i‡Q ? M. UybUywb Kzg‡ov‡K Kx Lei w`j ? N. e‡b Av¸b †j‡M Kx ¶wZ nj ? Av¸b †bfv‡Z Kviv Qy‡U Gj ? O. kirKv‡j KyjMv‡Q wd‡i G‡m †`v‡qj cvwL Kx †`Lj ? P. ÔKzg‡ov I cvwLi K_vÕ †_‡K Avgiv hv wk‡LwQ Zv cuvPwU ev‡K¨ wjwL| 4. Wvb w`K †_‡K wecixZ kã¸‡jv †e‡Q wbB jvf Amywe‡a ykgb Kyeyw× DcKvix wb›`v myeyw× KyrwmZ mywe‡a ¶wZ cÖksmv eÜy my›ì AcKvix 5. GK K_vq ewj †h DcKvixi DcKvi ¯xKvi K‡i ⎯ K…ZÁ †h DcKvixi AcKvi K‡i ⎯ K…ZNœ †h †ewk K_v e‡j ⎯ evPvj †h wnsmv K‡i ⎯ wnsmyK|

Avgvi evsjv eB 50

Zzjbv †kL dRjj Kixg mvZ kZ †µvk Kwiqv ågY Ávbxi A‡š^l‡Y, mnmv GK`v †cj †m cÖexY †Kv‡bv GK gnvR‡b| ïavj, Ò†n Ávbx| AvKv‡ki †P‡q D”PZv †ewk Kvi? Ávbx e‡j, ÒevQv, m‡Zï †P‡q DuPy bvwn wKQy Avi|Ó cybt †m Kwnj, Òc„w_exi †P‡q IR‡b fvix Kx Av‡Q?Ó Ávbx e‡j, ÒevQv, wb®cvc R‡b †`vlv‡ivc Kiv wg‡Q|Ó wRÁv‡m cybt, Òcv_‡ii †P‡q Kx Av‡Q AwaK k³?Ó Ávbx e‡j, ÒevQv, †mB †h ü`q RM`xk-†cÖg-f³|Ó Kwnj Avevi, ÒAb‡ji †P‡q DËvc †ewk Kvi?Ó Ávbx e‡j, ÒevQv, Cl©vi Kv‡Q ewýZvcI Qvi|Ó cywQj cw_K, Òei‡di †P‡q kxZj wK wKQy bvB?Ó Ávbx e‡j, ÒevQv, ¯Rb-wegyL ü`q †h wVK ZvB|Ó ïavj †m Rb, ÒmvMi nB‡Z †K AwaK abevb?Ó Ávbx e‡j, ÒevQv, Zyó ü`q Zv‡iv †P‡q Mixqvb|Ó

Avgvi evsjv eB 51

cvV wkwL 1. KweZvi g �jfve †R‡b wbB Ávbxi „wó‡Z c„w_ex‡ZB mZ¨, cvccyY¨, Cl©v, cÖK…Z abevb †K BZ¨vwì

D`vniY Qwo‡q Av‡Q| GKUy Mfxi „wó w`‡q Zyjbv Ki‡jB Zv Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi| Ávbx e¨w³i „wó‡Z mZ¨ n‡”Q wngvj‡qi †P‡q DuPy Ges A‡bK eo I gnr| †Zgwb c„w_ex‡Z me‡P‡q fvix n‡”Q wblúvc‡K †`vlv‡ivc Kiv, Avi Av¸‡bi DËv‡ci †P‡qI fqven n‡”Q wnsmv I Cl©v| Avi me‡P‡q VvÊv n‡”Q cÖxwZnxb ü`q| Ávbxi „wó‡Z mvM‡ii †P‡qI m¤ú`kvjx n‡”Q Afve‡evanxb Zyó e¨w³i ü`q|

2. kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi †R‡b wbB †µvk ⎯ `yB gvB‡ji wKQy †ewk| ⎯ kni †_‡K Avgv‡ì MÖv‡gi evwo

†h‡Z yB †µvk c_ nuvU‡Z nq| A‡š^l‡Y ⎯ †Luv‡R, AbymÜv‡b|⎯wkKvix evN wkKv‡ii A‡š^l‡Y e‡b

Ny‡i †eovq| cÖexY ⎯ cÖvPxb, weÁ, weP¶Y| ⎯ cÖexY †jvK‡K m¤§vb Ki‡Z nq| gnvRb ⎯ cÖL¨vZ e¨w³, avwg©K e¨w³, gnr †h Rb| (ÔgnvR‡bÕ ej‡Z G

KweZvq gnr e¨w³‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q)| ⎯ gnvRb e¨w³ mK‡ji kª×vi cvÎ|

ïavj ⎯ wR‡Ám Kij| ⎯ (ÔïavjÕ kãwU mvaviYZ KweZvq eëüZ nq)|

wblúvc ⎯ cvck �b¨| ⎯ wkïiv dy‡ji gZ wblúvc| †`vlv‡ivc ⎯ †`vl †Ìqv| ⎯ bv †R‡b KvD‡K †`vlv‡ivc Ki‡Z †bB| RM`xk ⎯ Ck¦i| ⎯ RM`xk Avgv‡ì‡K b¨v‡qi c‡_ Pvjbv K‡ib| Abj ⎯ Av¸b| ⎯ wnsmy‡U †jvK me© v wnsmvi Ab‡j R¡‡jcy‡o g‡i| Cl©v ⎯ cikªxKvZiZv, c‡ii myL †`‡L KvZiZv| ⎯ Cl©v Kiv fv‡jv

bq| ewýZvc ⎯ Av¸‡bi DËvc| ⎯ ivRvi †µv‡ai ewýZvc †_‡K cÖRvi i¶v

cvIqv mnR bq|

Avgvi evsjv eB 52

cywQj ⎯ wR‡Ám Kij, Rvb‡Z PvBj| ⎯ (ÔcyQÕ kãwU Avm‡j evsjv bq, wnw›` kã| cyQ& + Bj = ÔcywQjÕ KweZvq eëüZ nq)|

¯Rb-wegyL ⎯ AvÍx‡qi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvnxb| ⎯ Zvi g‡Zv ¯Rb-wegyL †jvK Avi †`wLwb|

Zzó ⎯ Z…ß, Avbw›`Z, Lywk| ⎯ †ewk †jvf bv K‡i A‡í Zyó nIqv fv‡jv|

Mixqvb ⎯ gh©v`vc~Y©, †MŠiem¤cbœ| ⎯ †mB e¨w³ Mixqvb, †h `wi ª‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i|

3. K_v¸‡jv †R‡b wbB m‡Zï †P‡q DuPz bvwn wKQy Avi ⎯ mZ¨ KLbI Pvcv _v‡K bv, mZ¨‡K nvRvi

†Póv‡ZI †X‡K ivLv hvq bv| mZ¨ wbR ¸‡YB cÖKvwkZ n‡q c‡o| †mRb¨ †h e¨w³ mZ¨wbô wZwb KvD‡K fq cvb bv| ZvB ejv nq m‡Zï cZvKv me mgq DbœZ, mZ¨ KviI Kv‡Q gv_v bZ K‡i bv|

wblúvc R‡b †`vlv‡ivc Kiv wg‡Q ⎯ wblúvc gvbyl‡K †`vl †Ìqv DwPZ bq| Zuviv mgvR I †`‡ki †MŠie|

†mB †h ü`q RM`xk-†cÖg-f³ ⎯ me©kw³gvb Ck¦‡ii cÖwZ AbyMZ I f³ e¨w³ KLbI Ab¨vq KvR K‡ib bv| Ab¨vq I Am‡Zï weiy‡× Zuvi ü`q cv_‡ii †P‡qI KwVb|

Cl©vi Kv‡Q ewýZvcI Qvi ⎯ Cl©vi hš�Yv Av¸‡b cy‡o hvIqvi †P‡qI KóKi| KviY Cl©vwšZ e¨w³ g‡b KLbI kvwš�-myL cvq bv| A‡bï my‡L †m Kó cvq|

¯Rb-wegyL ü`q †h wVK ZvB ⎯ †h gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri AvÍxq-¯R‡bi cÖwZ wegyL Zvi †P‡q nZfvMv Avi †KD n‡Z cv‡i bv| †m KviI fv‡jvevmv cvq bv| Avi fv‡jvevmvnxb gvby‡li ü`q ei‡di †P‡qI VvÊv|

Zyó ü`q ZviI †P‡q Mixqvb ⎯ nvwm gy‡L Avi mš�yó ü`‡q †h gvbyl mK‡ji m‡½ †gjv‡gkv K‡i †m mK‡ji wcÖq nq| mevB Zv‡K kª×v K‡i I fv‡jvev‡m| G Rb¨ †mB gvbyl‡K mvM‡ii †P‡qI †ewk abevb ejv n‡q‡Q, KviY mK‡ji fv‡jvevmvB Zvi m¤ú`|

Avgvi evsjv eB 53

4. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj I wjwL K. AvKv‡ki †P‡q D”PZv Kvi †ewk ? L. c„w_exi †P‡q IR‡b fvix Kx ? M. cv_‡ii †P‡q k³ Kx ? N. Av¸‡bi †P‡q Kvi DËvc †ewk ? O. ei‡di †P‡q kxZj wK wKQy Av‡Q? †mwU Kx ? 5. `y cv‡ki K_v¸‡jv wgwj‡q cwo m‡Zï †P‡q DuPy Zv‡iv †P‡q Mixqvb Zyó ü`q bvwn wKQy Avi wblúvc R‡b †`vlv‡ivc ewýZvcI Qvi Cl©vi Kv‡Q Kiv wg‡Q 6. Kwe cwiwPwZ †kL dRjj Kixg 1882 mv‡j iscyi †Rjvi KvwKbv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|

mij mvwnZ¨¸Ym¤úbœ M`¨, bxwZ I Dc‡`kg�jK KweZv I gymwjg gnxqmx bvix‡ì Rxebx iPbv K‡i wZwb L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| Zuvi iwPZ wkï‡Zvl Mí Ô†mvbvi evwZÕ I Ônviyb-Ai-ikx‡ì MíÕ D‡j−L‡hvM¨| ÔivRwl© GeivwngÕ, Ôwewe Lvw`RvÕ, Ôwewe iwngvÕ, Ôc_ I cv‡_qÕ Zvui weL¨vZ MÖš’| 1936 wLªóv‡ã wZwb g„Zy eiY K‡ib|

Avgvi evsjv eB 54

Avgiv Zuv‡ì fyje bv 30 j¶ cÖv‡Yi wewbg‡q Avgiv †c‡qwQ wcÖq ¯vaxbZv| 1971 mv‡j bq gvme¨vcx

hy‡× knx` n‡q‡Qb G †`‡ki AmsL¨ gvbyl| Zuv`‡i g‡a¨ Av‡Qb K…lK, gRyi,

QvÎ, wk¶K, ivRbxwZwe`, cywjk, ˆmwbK, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, bvbv †ckvRxex, bvix-

cyi“l I wkï| †`kevmx AvR Zuv‡ì Rb¨ Me©‡eva K‡i|

1971 mv‡ji 25†k gvP© Mfxi iv‡Z XvKvi wbixn gvby‡li Ici ee©i AvµgYUv ïi“

K‡i cvwK¯Zvwb †mbviv| wbwe©Pv‡i nZ¨vi cvkvcvwk Zviv VvÊv gv_vq

cwiKwíZfv‡e G‡K G‡K nZ¨v K‡i G‡`‡ki e‡iY¨ e¨w³‡ì| XvKv I XvKvi

evB‡i cy‡iv †`‡ki bvbv †ckvi †gavex gvbyl‡ì nZ¨v Kivi Rb¨ ZvwjKv K‡i

Zviv| G‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZvwe‡ivax ivRvKvi, Avjeì, Avjkvgm& evwnbxi gva¨‡g

AZ¨šZ wbôzifv‡e nZ¨vi G bxj bKkv ev¯Zevqb K‡i|

W±i †Mvwe›`P›`ª †è

Aa¨vcK gywbi“¾vgvb Wv : dR‡j iveŸx

Avgvi evsjv eB 55

25†k gvP© gaïv‡Z Zviv AvµgY Pvjvq XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q-QvÎQvÎx‡ì n‡j, wk¶K‡ì evwo‡Z evwo‡Z| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi weÁv‡bi wk¶K wQ‡jb Gg. gywbi“¾vgvb| cÖPÊ †Mvjv¸wji kã ï‡b wZwb cweÎ †Kvivb kwid co‡Z e‡mwQ‡jb| IB Ae¯’v †_‡KB Zuv‡K a‡i, †U‡b wnuP‡o wb‡q hvq cvwK¯Zvwb †mbviv| IB evwo‡ZB wbP Zjvq _vK‡Zb Bs‡iwRi L¨vwZgvb Aa¨vcK †R¨vwZg©q ¸nVvKziZv| nvbv`vi evwnbx Ni †_‡K Zuv‡KI a‡i wb‡q hvq| Zvici yRb‡KB wb‡Pi wmuwo‡Z wb‡q ¸wj K‡i| G evwoi Lye Kv‡QB _vK‡Zb `k©‡bi hk¯^x Aa¨vcK †Mvwe›`P›`ª †è| wbinsKvi, mnR-mij GB Ávbx gvbylwUi gy‡L nvwm †j‡MB _vKZ me mgq| GKB iv‡Z ¸wjwe× n‡q W. †Mvwe›`‡èmn knx` nb Av‡iv K‡qKRb wk¶K| cvwK¯Zvwb †mbvevwnbx Avi Zv‡ì †`vmiiv RvbZ, mvsevw`KivI Zv‡ì Rb¨ wec¾bK| ZvB Zviv K‡qKwU msev`cÎ Awd‡mI IB iv‡Z Av¸b jvwM‡q †`q|

AvjZvd gvngy`

†gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix W. †R¨vwZg©q ¸nVvKziZv

Avgvi evsjv eB 56

cÖwZfvevb mvwnwZ¨K Ges mvsevw`K knx` mv‡ei †m iv‡Z Nyg‡qwQ‡jb ˆ`wbK Ômsev`Õ Kvh©vj‡q| Av¸‡bi †jwjnvb wkLvq †m-iv‡Z †mLv‡bB b» n‡q gviv hvb wZwb| knx` nb m¤cvw`Kv †mwjbv cvifxb| cÖwZfvgqx Kwe wQ‡jb †g‡ni“‡bœmv, gvÎ cuwPk eQi eq‡mB wZwb knx` nb| XvKvmn mviv †`‡k gyw³hy‡×i cy‡iv mgqUv a‡i N‡U Ggb A‡bK wbg©g nZ¨vi NUbv| ax‡i› ªbv_ `Ë wQ‡jb cÖL¨vZ ivRbxwZwe` I AvBbRxex| 1948 mv‡j cvwK¯Zvb MYcwil‡` wZwbB cÖ_g evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe K‡iwQ‡jb|

†mwjbv cvifxb

Wv: Avjxg †PŠayix

wmivRDwÏb †nv‡mb Av. b. g †Mvjvg †gv¯Zdv

Avgvi evsjv eB 57

85 eQ‡ii e„× ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë‡K Zuvi Kzwgj−vi evwo †_‡K a‡i wb‡q wM‡q cvwK¯Zvwbiv Zv‡K nZ¨v K‡i| 84 eQ‡ii e„× †hv‡MkP›`ª †Nvl Rxe‡bi †ewkifvM mgq imvq‡bi Aa¨vcbv K‡i‡Qb| GK mgq wZwb wQ‡jb XvKvi RMbœv_ K‡j‡Ri Aa¨¶| Zuvi cÖwZwôZ Avqy‡e© xq cÖwZôvb wQj Lye weL¨vZ| 78 eQi eqmx iY`vcÖmv` mvnv R‡b¥wQ‡jb Mwi‡ei N‡i| wb‡Ri †Póvq A‡bK eo n‡qwQ‡jb| RbwnZKi A‡bK KvR K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j Zuv‡K ejv nZ `vbexi| PÆMÖv‡gi Kz‡Êk¦ixi cÖwZôvZv, weL¨vZ mgvR‡meK bZzbP›`ª wmsn| Zuviv mevB wbg©g nZ¨vi wkKvi nb| wkKvi nb myi mvaK AvjZvd gvngy | ÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ iv½v‡bv GKz‡k †deª“qvwiÕ MvbwU‡Z myi w`‡q Agi n‡q Av‡Qb| gyw³hy‡×i †k‡li w`‡K gyw³evwnbxi m‡½ †hvM †`q fviZxq †mbvevwnbx| cvwK¯Zvwb ˆmbïv Zv‡Z Av‡iv wecv‡K c‡o hvq, n‡q c‡o †KvYVvmv| eyS‡Z cv‡i Zv‡ì civRq mywbwðZ| ZvB Zviv evsjv‡`‡ki Ac~iYxq ¶wZ Kivi lohšÎ K‡i| G‡`‡ki wPšZvwe`, wk¶vwe` I m„Rbkxj e¨w³‡ì nZ¨v Kivi Rb¨ bZzbfv‡e cwiKíbv K‡i| ¯vaxbZvwe‡ivax ivRvKvi, Avjeì, Avjkvgm& evwnbxi mnvqZvq Zviv Zv ev¯Zevqb K‡i| 1971 mv‡ji 10 †_‡K 14B wW‡m¤‡ii g‡a¨ XvKvi evwo evwo †_‡K Zz‡j wb‡q hvq †`‡ki wewkó I cÖwZfvevb gvbyl‡K| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ wQ‡jb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjvi Aa¨vcK gybxi †PŠayix, †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix I

gybxi †PŠayix

knx`yj−v Kvqmvi

Av‡bvqvi cvkv

Avgvi evsjv eB 58

Av‡bvqvi cvkv; BwZnv‡mi Aa¨vcK m‡šZvlP› ª fÆvPvh© I wMqvmDwÏb Avng`;

Bs‡iwRi Aa¨vcK ivkx yj nvmvb| wQ‡jb mycwiwPZ mvwnwZ¨K-mvsevw`K knx yj−v

Kvqmvi, mvsevw`K wmivRDÏxb †nv‡mb, wbRvgDÏxb Avng` I Av.b.g †Mvjvg

†gv —dv; L¨vZbvg wPwKrmK dR‡j iveŸx, Avãyj Avjxg †PŠayix I †gvnv¤§`

†gvZ©Rv| Aa¨vcK gybxi †PŠayix wQ‡jb cÖL¨vZ bvU¨Kvi I K…Zx wk¶K| Aa¨vcvK

†gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix wQ‡jb iwe› ªbv‡_i kvwš—wb‡KZ‡bi K…Zx QvÎ| Aa¨vcK

Av‡bvqvi cvkv KweZv I Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb| †`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci Gu‡ì

¶Zwe¶Z jvk cvIqv wM‡qwQj wgicyi I iv‡qievRvi ea¨f~wg‡Z, Kv‡iv Kv‡iv

jvkI cvIqv hvqwb| Zuv‡ì ¯§i‡Y Avgiv cÖwZeQi 14B wW‡m¤î‡K Ôknx`

eyw×Rxex wèmÕ wn‡m‡e cvjb Kwi|

GB knx`‡ì i‡³ wf‡R Av‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki gvwU| †hgb Zuv‡ì Rb¨ wf‡R Av‡Q

¯Rb‡ì †PvL| †`‡ki Rb¨ huviv cÖvY w`‡jb, Zuviv G †`‡ki †kªô mšZvb, Zuviv

Avgv‡ì AwZ AvcbRb, cigvZ¥xq| Zuv‡ì cÖv‡Yi wewbg‡q Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki

¯vaxbZv †c‡qwQ| Avgiv Zuv‡ì fyje bv|

kwdDj Avjg

cvV wkwL

1. ÔAvgiv Zuv‡ì fzje bvÕ †jLvwUi g �jfve †R‡b wbB

evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì Pig gƒj¨ w`‡Z n‡q‡Q| cÖvq b gv‡mi gyw³hy‡× cÖvY`vb K‡i‡Qb G †`‡ki ARmª gvbyl| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡Qb K…lK-kªwgK-QvÎ-wk¶K-cywjk-†mbvevwnbxi m`m¨mn bvbv †ckvi gvbyl| cÖvY w`‡q‡Qb A‡bK miKvwi - †emiKvwi PvKwiRxex| 25‡k gvP© gvS iv‡Z b„ksmfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q G †`‡ki eyw×Rxex‡ì, wbixn gvbyl‡ì| gyw³hy‡×i †kl ch©v‡q 14B wW‡m¤‡ii g‡a¨ cwiKwíZfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q †`‡ki L¨vZbvgv e‡iY¨ e¨w³‡ì| cvwK¯�vwb †mbviv G †`‡ki gyw³hy×we‡ivax

Avgvi evsjv eB 59

†`vmi ivRvKvi, Avjeì I Avj-kvgm& evwnbxi mn‡hvwMZvq GB wbg©g nZ¨vKvÊ

Pvwj‡q‡Q| A‡bK g�jëvb cÖv‡Yi wewbg‡q, A‡b‡Ki Z¨v‡Mi wewbg‡q Avgiv wcÖq

¯vaxbZv AR©b K‡iwQ| huv‡ì gnvb Z¨vM I cÖvY`vb Avgv‡ì ¯vaxbZvi mv‡_

wg‡k Av‡Q, Avgiv Zuv‡ì fyje bv|

2. kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi wkwL

e‡iY¨ ⎯ kª×vi m‡½ eiY Kivi †hvM¨, gvb¨| ⎯ A‡bK e‡iY¨

wk¶K ¯vaxbZvi Rb¨ cÖvY`vb K‡i‡Qb|

wbwe©Pvi ⎯ †Kv‡bv iKg evQ-wePvi Qvov| ⎯ 25†k gvP© Mfxi iv‡Z

cvwK¯�vwb †mbvevwnbx XvKvq wbwe©Pvi nZ¨v Pvwj‡q‡Q|

VvÊv gv_vq ⎯ ax‡i my‡¯’, gv_v VvÊv †i‡L| ⎯ cvwK¯�vwb †mbviv VvÊv

gv_vq G †`‡ki mvaviY I wbixn gvbyl‡K nZ¨v K‡i‡Q|

cwiKwíZfv‡e ⎯ cwiKíbv K‡i, Av‡M †_‡K wVKVvK K‡i| ⎯ cvwK¯Zvwb

†mbviv cwiKwíZfv‡e eyw×Rxex‡ì nZ¨v K‡i‡Q|

†gavex ⎯ †gavm¤úbœ, eyw×gvb, axgvb|⎯Z…lv LyeB †gavex †g‡q|

bxj bKkv ⎯ Nievwo wbg©v‡Yi Av‡M evwoi cwiKíbv †h bxj KvM‡R

AvuKv nq Zv‡K Ôbxj bKkvÕ ev Blue Print e‡j| kvwãK

A‡_©i evB‡iI Gi GKwU wfbœ A_© Av‡Q| lohš�g�jK

†Kv‡bv nxb KvR Kivi c �e© cwiKíbv‡K bxj bKkv ejv

nq| ⎯ cvwK¯Zvwb †mbviv G †`‡ki eyw×Rxex‡ì nZ¨v

Kivi Rb¨ GKwU bxj bKkv ˆZwi K‡iwQj|

†KvYVvmv ⎯ GK RvqMvq Ave× n‡q _vKv, Amyweavq cov| ⎯ m`v

mZ¨ K_v ejvq myifx Avcv‡K wb› y‡Kiv †KvYVvmv K‡i

†i‡L‡Qb|

Avgvi evsjv eB 60

3. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gy‡L gy‡L ewj I wjwL K. civRq mywbwðZ †R‡b cvwK¯�vwb †mbvevwnbx Kx lohš� K‡iwQj ? L. cvwK¯�vb MYcwil‡` †K, KLb evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe

Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb ? M. `k©‡bi Aa¨vcK †Mvwe›`P›`ª †è †Kgb gvbyl wQ‡jb ? N. ÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªyqvwiÕ-MvbwU‡Z †K myiv‡ivc K‡i‡Qb ? O. cvwK¯�vwb ˆmbïv KLb †KvYVvmv n‡q coj ? P. †Kvb mvsevw`K-mvwnwZ¨K msev` Awd‡m AwMœ`» n‡q gviv hvb ? Q. wZb Rb knx` mvsevw`‡Ki bvg Kx Kx ? R. gybxi †PŠayix †Kb weL¨vZ wQ‡jb ? S. knx` eyw×Rxex ej‡Z Avgiv Kv‡ì eywS ? T. †Kvb w`b †Kb Avgiv Ôknx` eyw×RxexÕ wèm cvjb Kwi ? U. ÔAvgiv Zuv‡ì fyje bvÕ- Kv‡ì fzje bv, †Kb fyje bv ? 4. Avgvi Rvbv †Kv‡bv knx` gyw³‡hv×v m¤c‡K© GKwU Aby‡”Q` wjwL| 5. GK K_vq cÖKvk Ki‡Z wkwL K. wePvi †bB Ggb - wbwe©Pvi L. †gav Av‡Q Ggb - †gavex M. eiY Kivi †hvM¨ - e‡iY¨ N. AnsKvi †bB Ggb - wbinsKvi O. cÖwZfv Av‡Q Ggb - cÖwZfvevb 6. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv w`‡q evK¨ iPbv Kwi ee©i, cwiKwíZfv‡e, ev¯�evqb, †invB, ea¨f‚wg, RbwnZKi|

Avgvi evsjv eB 61

exi‡kªô knx` †gv¯Zdv Kvgvj

GwcÖj, 1971| cvwK¯�vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx GwM‡q Avm‡Q eªvþYevwoqvi w`‡K| Zv‡ì weiy‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o Zy‡j‡Q gyw³evwnbx| eªvþYevwoqv‡K wN‡i M‡o †Zvjv n‡q‡Q wZbwU cÖwZi¶v NuvwU - AvïM‡Ä, DRvbx¯‡i Avi GÛvimb Lv‡ji cv‡o| wKš�y ZLbI `w¶Y w`‡Ki wbivcËv evwK| KgvÛv‡ii wb‡ ©‡k gyw³evwnbxi GKUv c−vUyb Ae¯’vb wbj `w¶‡Y - M½vmvM‡ii DË‡i ìyBb MÖv‡g| H c−vUy‡b gvÎ `k Rb gyw³‡mbv| Avi Zvi AwabvqK n‡”Qb wmcvwn †gvnv¤§` †gv¯�dv Kvgvj| †gv¯�dv Kvgvj PweŸk eQ‡ii cÖvYeš� hyeK| cÖPÊ AvÍcÖZ¨qx| Zuvi mvnm, eyw× I Kg©ZrciZvq mevB gy»|

Avgvi evsjv eB 62

†gv¯�dv Kvgvj wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, ˆmb¨‡ì g‡bvejB Avm‡j y‡f© ¨ yM©| Avi Zv‡ì mvnm †hb `y‡M©i †`qvj| ZvB wZwb gvÎ `k Rb gyw³‡mbv wb‡q ìyBb MÖv‡g cÖwZi¶v NuvwU AvMjvevi mvnm Ki‡jb|

16B GwcÖj, 1971| †gv¯�dv Kvgvj Lei †c‡jb cvwK¯�vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx Kywgj −v- AvLvDov †ijjvBb a‡i GwM‡q Avm‡Q| Zv‡ì j¶¨ gyw³evwnbxi cÖwZ‡iva uwo‡q w`‡q eªvþYevwoqv `Lj Kiv|

gvÎ `k Rb ˆmb¨ wb‡q kw³kvjx cvwK¯�vwb evwnbx‡K †gvKv‡ejv Kiv ev¯�‡e Am¤¢e| ZvB wZwb KgvÛv‡ii Kv‡Q Lei cvVv‡jb Av‡iv gyw³‡mbv cvVv‡Z|

17B GwcÖj, 1971| †fvi‡ejv cvwK¯�vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx ìyBb MÖv‡g gyw³‡mbv‡ì Ici †Mvjvel©Y ïiy Kij| †gv¯�dv Kvgvj eyS‡Z cvi‡jb, GZ Kg kw³ wb‡q I‡ì †gvKv‡ejv Kiv hv‡e bv| ZvB wZwb AveviI KgvÛv‡ii Kv‡Q msev` cvVv‡jb Riywi †mbv mnvqZvi Rb¨|

wKš�y evowZ †mbv †Zv ` �‡ii K_v, y-wZb w`b a‡i Zv‡ì wbqwgZ Lvevi mieivnI eÜ| wPš�vq Aw¯’i n‡q DV‡jb †gv¯�dv Kvgvj| mK‡j wg‡j Ae¯’vb wb‡jb cwiLvi g‡a¨|

ycy‡ii w`‡K nvwej`vi gywbi Avng‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ GK c−vUyb gyw³‡mbv ìyBb MÖv‡g G‡m †cuŠQj| †mB m‡½ LveviI Gj| wKQyUv ¯w¯�i wbtk¦vm coj ìyBb wbivcËv NuvwU‡Z| G w`‡K cvwK¯�vwb wkwei †_‡K †Mvjvel©YI nj eÜ|

18B GwcÖj, 1971| mKvj †ejv| mviv AvKvk Kv‡jv †g‡N †X‡K †Mj| Ckvb †KvY †_‡K Avm‡Z jvMj e„wó‡fRv kxZj evZvm| gyw³‡mbviv fve‡jb, e„wó G‡j ykgb‡ì nvgjv †_‡K wKQyUv †invB wgj‡e|

mviv mKvj wbwe©‡Nœ KvUj| cvwK¯�vwb evwnbxi NuvwU †_‡K †Kv‡bv iKg †Mvjvel©Y nj bv| †Kej I‡ì GKUv †nwjKÞvi D‡o †Mj cwð‡g - DRvbx¯i cy‡ji w`‡K|

†ejv GMviUv| ïiy nj cÖPÊ e„wó| Avi †mB m‡½ ïiy nj kÎyi †Mvjvel©Y| GwM‡q Avm‡Z _vKj cvwK¯�vwb evwnbx| Zviv Ae¯’vb wbj †gvMiv evRv‡i I M½vmvM‡i|

Avgvi evsjv eB 63

†ejv eviUvq AvµgY Av‡iv cÖej n‡q DVj| gyw³‡hv×v‡ì cvëv ¸wj Zvi mvg‡b †hb wKQyB bv|

nVvr GKUv ¸wj G‡m weuaj †gwkbMvbavix gyw³evwnbxi ey‡K| m‡½ m‡½ eÜ n‡q †Mj †gwkbMvb| †gv¯�dv Kvgvj cv‡kB wQ‡jb| wZwb gyn�Z© †`wi bv K‡i Pvjv‡Z jvM‡jb ¸wj|

gyw³‡mbviv kÎyi Avµg‡Yi AvKw¯§KZv, ªyZZv I ZxeªZvq n‡q coj nZwenŸj| cvwK¯�vwb nvbv`viiv msL¨vq A‡bK| m‡½ fvwi A¯�k �| Zviv `w¶Y, cwðg I DËi w`K †_‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Q ìyB‡bi w`‡K| gyw³‡hv×viv msL¨vq Kg| fvix A �k � Zv‡ì †Zgb †bB| G Ae¯’vq Zv‡ì mvg‡b †Kej `ywU c_ †Lvjv - nq mvgbvmvgwb hy× K‡i g„Zy eiY Kiv, bv nq c�e© w`K w`‡q wcQy n‡U wbivc` Avkª‡q P‡j hvIqv|

wKš�y wcQy nU‡Z n‡jI wKQyUv mgq ìKvi| ZZ¶Y Aweivg ¸wj Pvwj‡q †VwK‡q ivL‡Z n‡e nvbv`vi `ykgb‡ì| G `vwqZ¡ †K †b‡e?

Av‡iv GK Rb X‡j coj kÎyi ¸wj‡Z| c−vUyb KgvÛvi †gv¯�dv Kvgvj cwiLvi g‡a¨ †mvRv n‡q uvwo‡q Pvjv‡Z jvM‡jb ¸wj - DË‡i, `w¶‡Y, cwð‡g| bq Rb gyw³‡mbv Gi g‡a¨B wbnZ n‡jb| Av‡iv `k Rb n‡jb AvnZ| wcQy bv nU‡j mevi g„Zy AeavwiZ|

G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †gv¯�dv Kvgvj wm×vš� wb‡jb, wZwb GKvB kÎy †VKv‡eb| GKvB ¸wj Pvwj‡q hv‡eb| gyw³‡mbv‡ì †hgb K‡iB †nvK euvPv‡Z n‡e| wZwb mn‡hv×v‡ì `ªyZ wcQy nUvi wb‡`©k w`‡jb| Zviv †gv¯�dv‡K GKv †d‡j †h‡Z bvivR| wKš�y †gv¯�dv Zuvi wm×v‡š� AUj| wZwb ej‡jb, Avcbv‡ì Awej‡¤ wcQy nU‡ZB n‡e| Zv bv n‡j ykgbiv mevB‡K †kl K‡i †`‡e| wZwb Avevi Av‡`k w`‡jb, mgq bó Ki‡eb bv| mevB ªyZ m‡i hvb| †kl ch©š� †gv¯�dv Kvgvj‡K †i‡L mn‡hv×viv mevB Lye mveav‡b wcQy nU‡Z eva¨ n‡jb|

cwiLvq uvwo‡q AbeiZ ¸wj Pvwj‡q hv‡”Qb †gv¯�dv Kvgvj| cvwK¯�vwb nvbv`viiv G‡Kev‡i Kv‡Q G‡m †M‡Q| wKš�y Zuvi ¸wji †Zv‡o Zviv Avi mvg‡b G¸‡Z cvi‡Q

Avgvi evsjv eB 64

bv| wZwb GKvB †hb GKUv yM©| Zuvi A`g¨ mvnm †hb y‡M©i y‡f© ¨ †`qvj| nVvr GKUv †Mvjv G‡m coj cwiLvi g‡a¨| kÎyi †Mvjvi AvNv‡Z Zuvi kixi SuvSiv n‡q †Mj| wZwb kvnv`vZ eiY Ki‡jb| wKš�y wb‡Ri AvÍ`v‡bi wewbg‡q i¶v †cj mv_x gyw³‡mbv‡ì gnvg�jëvb Rxeb| ìyB‡bi gvwU‡Z mgvwnZ n‡q Av‡Q exi gyw³‡mbv †gv¯�dv Kvgv‡ji ¶Zwe¶Z †`n| Zuvi Abgbxq „pZv I AvÍ`vb G †`kevmx †Kv‡bvw`b fyj‡e bv| wZwb Avgv‡ì Me©, Avgv‡ì †MŠie| wZwb Avgv‡ì AKy‡Zvfq Ôexi‡kªôÕ| evsjv‡`k miKvi Zuv‡K GB exi‡kªô Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡i|

W. gvneyeyj nK

cvV wkwL

1. kã¸‡jvi A_© †R‡b wbB I eënvi wkwL cÖwZ‡iva ⎯ evav †Ìqv| ⎯ kÎyi AvµgY cÖwZ‡iva Kiv ˆmwb‡Ki

KZ©e¨| wbivcËv ⎯ wec`nxb ev wbivc` Ae¯’v| ⎯ Avgiv mevB Rxe‡bi

wbivcËv PvB| c −vUyb ⎯ †mbv`‡ji Dc-wefvM| ⎯ †mbv AwabvqK hy×‡¶‡Î AviI

K‡qK c−vUzb ˆmb¨ cvVv‡jb| KgvÛvi ⎯ AwabvqK| whwb †mbv‡ì Av‡`k wb‡ ©k †`b| ⎯

KgvÛv‡ii Av‡`‡k ˆmbïv mvg‡b GwM‡q †Mj| AvÍcÖZ¨qx ⎯ wb‡Ri Ici Av¯’v Av‡Q Ggb| ⎯ G Kv‡R wZwb h‡_ó

AvÍcÖZ¨qx| cwiLv ⎯ kÎyi AvµgY †iva Kivi Rb¨ ˆZix MZ©| ⎯ ˆmbïv cwiLvi

g‡a¨ †_‡K ¸wj Pvjv‡”Q| nvwej`vi ⎯ wmcvB‡ì m`©vi| ⎯ nvwej`v‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ wmcvBiv RvqMvUv

cvnviv w`‡”Q|

Avgvi evsjv eB 65

¯w¯� ⎯ D‡ØMgy³ Ae¯’v| ⎯ wec` †K‡U hvIqvq mevB ¯w¯�i wbtk¦vm †djj|

wbwe©‡Nœ ⎯ wbivc‡`, evavnxbfv‡e| hvÎxiv wbwe©‡Nœ b`x cvi nj|

AvKw¯§KZv ⎯ nVvr N‡U hvIqvi Ae¯’v| ⎯ kÎyi Avµg‡Yi

AvKw¯§KZvq ˆmbïv w`‡knviv n‡q coj|

nZwenŸj ⎯ nZeyw× ev w`‡knviv Ae¯’v| ⎯ nVvr Av¸b jvMvq

ew¯�i †jv‡Kiv nZwenŸj n‡q coj|

AeavwiZ ⎯ wbwðZ, Aek¨B n‡e Ggb| ⎯ g„Zy AeavwiZ †R‡bI

gyw³‡mbviv kÎyi weiy‡× jovB K‡i‡Q|

bvRyK ⎯ f½yi, RwUj| ⎯ cwiw¯’wZ µ‡gB bvRyK n‡q DVj|

bvivR ⎯ ivwR bv Ggb, Am¤§Z| ⎯ mn‡hv×v‡K GKv †d‡j

gyw³‡hv×viv wcQy nV‡Z bvivR|

†Zv‡o ⎯ †mªv‡Zi †e‡M| ⎯ ¸wji †Zv‡o kÎyiv Avi GwM‡q Avm‡Z

cviwQj bv|

2. Av‡iv †R‡b wbB exi‡kªô knx` †gv¯�dv Kvgvj - GKvË‡ii gyw³hy‡×i exi ˆmwbK| Zuvi

Rb¥ 1947 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤i †fvjv †Rjvi †`ŠjZLvb _vbvi nvwRcyi

MÖv‡g| 20 eQi eq‡m wZwb cvwK¯�vwb †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM †`b| 1971 mv‡j

gyw³hy‡×i mg‡q †hme evsjv‡`‡ki ˆmwbK we‡`ªvn K‡i gyw³hy‡× †hvM †`b,

wZwb Zuv‡ì Ab¨Zg|

3. Dchy³ kã †e‡Q wb‡q evK¨¸‡jv m¤ú~Y© Kwi

K. ˆmb¨‡ì ⎯ Avm‡j y‡f© ¨ yM©|

L. wKQyUv ⎯ wbtk¦vm coj ìyBb wbivcËv NuvwU‡Z|

M. mviv mKvj ⎯ KvUj|

Avgvi evsjv eB 66

N. wKš�y ⎯ nU‡Z n‡jI wKQyUv mgq ìKvi| O. Zvi ¸wji ⎯ Zviv Avi mvg‡b G¸‡Z cvi‡Q bv| 4. wecixZ kã wjwL

mvnm ⎯ fq

wek¦vm ⎯

kw³kvjx ⎯

m¤¢e ⎯

weNœ ⎯

nvjKv ⎯

g„Zz¨ ⎯

AvnZ ⎯

ivwR ⎯

†`v¯� ⎯

5. cvV Abymi‡Y wbæwjwLZ NUbvi cv‡k ZvwiLevPK kã wjwL

K) cvwK¯�vwb evwnbxi Kywgj−vq cÖ‡ek ⎯ 16 B GwcÖj

L) ì~Bb MÖv‡g nvbv`vi evwnbxi †Mvjvel©Y ⎯

M) †gv¯�dv Kvgv‡ji kvnv`vZ eiY ⎯

Gevi Avgv‡ì RvZxq wèm¸‡jvi cv‡k ZvwiLevPK kã wjwL

K) knx` wèm ⎯ 21†k †deªyqvwi

L) ¯vaxbZv wèm ⎯

M) evsjv beel© ⎯

N) knx` eyw×Rxex wèm ⎯

O) weRq wèm ⎯

Avgvi evsjv eB 67

6. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj I wjwL K. cvwK¯�vwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi weiy‡× Kviv, †Kv_vq cÖwZ‡iva M‡o Zy‡jwQj ?

L. eªvþYevwoqv‡K wN‡i †Kv_vq †Kv_vq cÖwZi¶v NuvwU M‡o †Zvjv nq ?

M. wbivcËv Am¤ú~Y© wQj †Kvb w`‡K ? †m Rb¨ Kx Kiv n‡qwQj ?

N. ìyBb MÖvg †Kv_vq ? †mLv‡b Kviv Ae¯’vb wb‡qwQj ?

O. †gv¯�dv Kvgvj Kx wek¦vm Ki‡Zb ?

P. 16B GwcÖj, 1971 †gv¯�dv Kvgvj KgvÛv‡ii Kv‡Q Kx Lei

cvwV‡qwQ‡jb ?

Q. ìyBb wbivcËv NuvwU‡Z ¯w¯�i wbtk¦vm eBj †Kb ?

R. gyw³‡mbviv †Kb nZwenŸj n‡q co‡jb ? Zv‡ì mvg‡b †Kvb `ywU c_

†Lvjv wQj ?

S. Aewkó mn‡hv×v‡ì Rxeb i¶vi Rb¨ †gv¯�dv Kvgvj Kx wm×vš�

wb‡jb ?

T. exi gyw³‡hv×v †gv¯�dv Kvgv‡ji Kei †Kv_vq ? evsjv‡`k miKvi

†gv¯Zdv Kvgvj‡K Kx Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ K‡i‡Q ?

7. exi‡kªô knx` †gv¯�dv Kvgvj m¤c‡K© `kwU ev‡Kï GKwU Aby‡PQ` wjwL|

Avgvi evsjv eB 68

GZ nvwm †Kv_vq †c‡jRmxgD & xb

GZ nvwm †Kv_vq †c‡j GZ K_vi LjLjvwb †K w`‡q‡Q gyLwU f‡i

†Kvb ev Mv‡Oi KjKjvwb| †K w`‡q‡Q iwOb †Vuv‡U

Kjwg dy‡ji ¸j¸jvwb| †K w`‡q‡Q Pjb-ejb

†Kvb †m jZvi yj yjvwb| Kv‡ì N‡i iwOb cyZyj Av`‡i †h UyBUyevwb|

†K G‡b‡Q eiY Wvjvq cv‡Ui e‡bi eDUyevwb|

Kv‡ì cvovq Svgyi Sygyi Kv‡ì Avì MoMovwb

Kv‡ì †`‡ki †Kvb †m Puv‡ì †RvQbv wdwbK dyjQovwb| †Zvgvq Avì Ki‡Z Avgvi

gb †h nj DoDovwb D‡o †Mjvg my‡i †cjvg Qovi Movi MoMovwb|

Avgvi evsjv eB 69

cvV wkwL

1. KweZvwUi g ~jfve †R‡b wbB †QvÆ wkïi Av y‡i gyL, Zvi Ava Ava fvlv mevi wcÖq| †QvÆ wkïi K_v, Zvi

Abvwej Aweij kã¸”Q †hb b`xi KjKj k‡ãi g‡Zv| wkïi LjLj nvwm‡K Kwe e‡j‡Qb LjLjvwb| wkïi iwOb †VuvU †hb mv`v Kjwg dz‡ji g‡ZvB my›ì| wkïi nuvUv PjvI fvwi my›ì, †hb Mv‡Qi cvZvq †`vjv jvMvi g‡Zv| Avm‡j †QvÆ wkïi me wKQzB my›ì| wkï mevi Av`‡ii|

2. kã¸‡jvi A_© †R‡b wbB LjLjvwb ⎯ LjLj kã| wkïi K_v‡K Kwe e‡j‡Qb LjLjvwb| MvO ⎯ †QvÆ b`x| UzBUzevwb ⎯ UBUz¤yi, Kvbvq Kvbvq fiv| Svgyi Szgyi ⎯ b~cy‡ii kã| †RvQbv wdwbK ⎯ wdbwK w`‡q Puv‡ì †RvQbv Qov‡bvi †mŠ›`h©| DoDovwb ⎯ DWyDWy g‡bi fve| Qovi Movi MoMovwb ⎯ my›ì Qovi myi I Q‡›ì Mwo‡q hvIqvi kã| 3. Wvb w`K †_‡K kã G‡b Lvwj N‡i emvB (K) GZ K_vi ⎯ KjKjvwb (L) Mv‡Oi ⎯ ¸j¸jvwb (M) cv‡Ui e‡bi ⎯ MoMovwb (N) Qovi Movi ⎯ LjLjvwb (O) Kjwg dz‡ji ⎯ yj yjvwb (P) †Kvb †m jZvi ⎯ eDUzevwb (Q) Av`‡i ⎯ dzjQovwb (R) †RvQbv ⎯ wdwbK (S) iwOb ⎯ †Vuv‡U

Avgvi evsjv eB 70

4. Lvwj RvqMvq KweZvi wVK jvBbwU wjwL

K. †K w`‡q‡Q iwOb †Vuv‡U

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|

L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|

cv‡Ui e‡bi eDUzevwb|

M. Kv‡ì †`‡ki †Kvb †m Puv‡ì

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|

5. KweZvwU Ave„wË Kwi

6. Kwe cwiwPwZ

Kwe RmxgDÏxb 1903 wLªóv‡ãi 30†k A‡±vei dwi`cyi †Rjvi

Zv¤^yjLvbv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| MÖvg evOjvi cÖK…wZ I mvaviY gvby‡li

Rxeb wb‡q wZwb KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi KweZvq cj −xRxeb †ewk D‡V

G‡m‡Q e‡j Zuv‡K ejv nq Ôcj−xKweÕ| Z‡e wZwb A‡bK my›ì M`Ï iPbv

K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi †jLv ågY Kvwnbx I AvZ¥Rxebx AZ¨šZ my›ì| wZwb

†QvU‡ì Rb¨ A‡bK my›ì †jLv wj‡L‡Qb| Zvi weL¨vZ KweZv ÔKeiÕ Ges

weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’ ÔbKkx Kuv_vi gvVÕ I Ô†mvRb evw`qvi NvUÕ| †QvU‡ì Rb¨

Zuvi †jLv ÔWvwjg KzgviÕ, ÔnvmyÕ I ÔGK cqmvi euvwkÕ| wZwb 1976 mv‡ji

14B gvP© XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

Avgvi evsjv eB 71

Mv‡bi †`‡k cÖv‡Yi Dj−vm

Avgiv Mvb Kwi, MxZ MvB, Avi msMxZmvabv Kwi| GB mvabv evKwk‡íi A½| gvbyl K_v e‡j, evK¨ ˆZwi K‡i, aŸwb D”PviY K‡i− G¸‡jv evKwkí bv‡g AwfwnZ| †h my›ì K‡i K_v ej‡Z cv‡i, mevB Zvi cÖksmv K‡i| †h my›ì K‡i K_v e‡j Zv‡K ejv nq Pvi“evK| ïay K_v ejv bq, †h my›ìfv‡e Mvb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K mevB fv‡jvev‡m| †K bv fv‡jv Mvb ïb‡Z cQ›` K‡i? cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K gvbyl fve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ Mvb K‡i G‡m‡Q| Kv‡R DÏxcbv

m„wói Rb¨ kªgRxex gvbyl mg¯‡i Mvb K‡i _v‡K| G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq kªgmsMxZ|

kªgRxex gvbyl Qv` †cUvq Avi kªg jvNe Kivi Rb¨ mg¯‡i Qv` †cUv‡bvi Mvb

Mvq| avb KvUvi mgq, dmj †Zvjvi mgq K…lK Mvb K‡i| Gfv‡e gvbyl kª‡gi

m‡½ we‡bv`b‡K hy³ K‡i| ZLb kªg n‡q I‡V Avb›``vqK| evwo‡Z Rb¥w`‡bi

Abyôvb n‡j †Q‡j‡g‡qiv Mvb K‡i| we‡qi Drm‡eI Mvb MvIqv nq|

gvby‡li Avb›` Av‡Q, ytLI Av‡Q| Avb›` cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ wKsev ytL cÖKvk Kivi

Rb¨ gvbyl Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Q, †mB Mvb †M‡q‡Q| Abïv †mB Mvb ï‡b‡Q| GBfv‡e

Avgvi evsjv eB 72

Avengvb Kvj a‡i evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl msMx‡Zi RM‡Z wePiY Ki‡Q| Qq FZzi †`k evsjv‡`k| cÖwZwU FZz‡Z cÖK…wZ‡Z cwieZ©b N‡U| †mB cwieZ©b Qvc †d‡j gvby‡li g‡b| g‡b Zv‡ì †h fve RvMÖZ nq ZviB cÖwZdjb N‡U K_vq, Kv‡e¨, msMx‡Z| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwU AÂ‡ji bvbvwea êwkó¨ Av‡Q| Gme êwkó cÖwZdwjZ nq Mv‡bi fv‡e, K_vq Avi my‡i| †m Rb¨ A‡b‡KB G †`k‡K e‡j ÔMv‡bi †`kÕ|

Mvb †kvbv hZ mnR, Mvb MvIqv ZZ mnR bq| msMxZmvabv GKwU KwVb KvR| msMx‡Z cvi`k©x nevi Rb¨ cÖwZw`b †iIqvR Ki‡Z nq| Dchy³ ¸i“i wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡i Zuvi wb‡ ©k Abyhvqx mvabv Ki‡j msMxZ RM‡Z mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e nq| myKÉ MvqK Avi myKÉx MvwqKv mK‡ji wcÖq n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| wPiKvj GB Dcgnv‡`‡ki weL¨vZ msMxZ mva‡Kiv c„w_exi gvbyl‡K gšÎgy» K‡i G‡m‡Qb| †mRb¨ Zuviv mviv c„w_ex‡Z cÖkswmZ n‡q‡Qb| AveŸvmDÏxb, Avãyj Avjxg KÉmsMx‡Z Ges I¯Zv` AvjvDwÏb Luv I I¯Zv` Av‡qZ Avwj Luv hšÎ msMx‡Z Avgv‡ì G †`‡ki †MŠie| Zuviv wPiKvj msMxZ mvabv K‡i‡Qb| †m Rb¨ Zuv‡ì ejv nq msMxZ mvaK|

msMx‡Zi y‡Uv †¶Î Av‡Q− GK. KÉmsMxZ, yB. hšÎmsMxZ| mPivPi KÉmsMx‡Zi cwic~iK wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq hšÎmsMxZ| Z‡e ïay KÉmsMxZ †hgb m¤¢e, †Zgwb ïay hšÎ-msMxZI m¤¢e|

euvwk, †Xvj, Zejv,KiZvj, †Lvj, LÄwb, nvi‡gvwbqvg, gv`j, GKZviv, †`vZviv, †mZvi, m‡iv` GB iKg A‡bK ev`¨hšÎ eëüZ nq KÉmsMx‡Zi mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e| huviv Gme hšÎ eënvi K‡ib Zuv‡ì wfbœ wfbœ bvg Av‡Q| euvwk evRvb whwb, wZwb eskxev`K; †Xvj evRvb whwb, wZwb Xywj; Zejv evRvb whwb, wZwb ZejwP|

MÖvg evsjvi wewfbœ AÂ‡ji mvaviY gvby‡li g‡aÏ msMxZ PP©vi HwZn¨ Av‡Q| Gme Mvb‡K mvavibfv‡e †jvKmsMxZ ejv nq| †jvKmsMxZ mvaviY gvby‡li evKcÖwZfvi ¯Ztù~Z© Awfe¨w³| †jvKmsMx‡Z mg„× Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †Kv‡bv AÂ‡j Av‡Q fvIqvBqv, †Kv‡bv AÂ‡j fvwUqvwi, †Kv‡bv AÂ‡j evDj Mvb, †Kv‡bv AÂ‡j Av‡Q gvBRfvÛvix| Gme AvÂwjK Mv‡bi g‡a¨ bvixwkíx‡ìI Ae`vb Av‡Q|

Avgvi evsjv eB 73

G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq †g‡qwj MxZ| evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl g‡bi bvbv fve msMx‡Zi gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡i| avb Drcv`b K‡i Avgiv Rxeb i¶v Kwi Avi Mv‡bi gva¨‡g Avgiv AšZ‡ii Av‡eM I cÖv‡Yi Dj −vm cÖKvk Kwi| ZvB ejv nq Ôav‡bi †`k, Mv‡bi †`k, GB Avgv‡ì evsjv‡`k|Õ

gbmyi gymv

cvV wkwL

1. kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi †R‡b wbB mvabv ⎯ K‡Vvi I AvšZwiK cÖ‡Póv, Zcm¨v| ⎯ weÁvbx‡ì mvabvi

d‡j gvby‡li Rvbvi mxgv †e‡o‡Q| evKwkí ⎯ K_v ejvi †KŠkj, D”PviY †mŠKh©| KweZv Ave„wË GK

HwZnëvnx evKwkí|

Avgvi evsjv eB 74

AwfwnZ ⎯ bvgvw¼Z, D³, Kw_Z| - MÖvg evsjvi AwaKvsk Mvb †jvKmsMxZ bv‡g AwfwnZ|

DÏxcbv ⎯ Drmvn, AvMÖn| ⎯ Kv‡R mvdj¨ jv‡fi Rb¨ DÏxcbv cÖ‡qvRb|

kªgRxex ⎯ kªwgK, Kg©Rxex| ⎯ kªgRxex gvbyl †`‡ki cÖK…Z m¤c`| kªgmsMxZ ⎯ cwikªg Kivi mg‡q m„ó Mvb| ⎯ Qv` †cUvi Mvb GK

ai‡bi kªgmsMxZ| we‡bv`b ⎯ Av‡gv`, Avb›``vqK| ⎯ cwikª‡gi m‡½ we‡bv`‡bi

eë¯’v ivLv ìKvi| cÖwZdjb ⎯ cÖwZwe¤b, QvqvcvZ| ⎯ gvby‡li myL- yt‡Li cÖwZdjb N‡U

msMx‡Z| cvi`k©x ⎯ `¶, AwfÁ, mg_©| ⎯ wZwb D”Pv½ msMx‡Z cvi`k©x| †iIqvR ⎯ Af¨vm, Abykxjb| ⎯ fv‡jv wkíxiv wbqwgZ †iIqvR K‡ib| ¸i“ ⎯ I¯Zv`, wk¶K| ⎯ ¸i“i wb‡ ©k Aek¨B gvb‡Z n‡e| wkl¨Z¡ ⎯ QvÎZ¡, ¸i“i Abymvix| ⎯ cwÊZ iwek¼i AvjvDwÏb Luvi

wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| gš¿gy» ⎯ gšÎ ïwb‡q gy» Kiv| ⎯ Zvb‡m‡bi msMxZ mgªvU AvKei

gšÎgy× n‡q ïb‡Zb| †jvKmsMxZ⎯ MÖv‡gi mvaviY gvby‡li Mvb| ⎯ evsjv‡ì †jvKmsMxZ

AZ¨šZ RbwcÖq| ¯Ztù~Z© ⎯ mnR I ¯vfvweKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ| ⎯ ¯Ztù~Z© Mvb gb‡K

bvov †`q| Awfe¨w³ ⎯ cÖKvk| ⎯ bv‡Pi fw½‡Z fv‡ei Awfe¨w³ N‡U| 2. cÖ‡kœi DËi ewj Avi wjwL K. evKwkí ej‡Z Kx eywS ? L. kªgmsMxZ Kx ? D`vnviY w`B| M. Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wZbRb weL¨vZ msMxZ wkíxi bvg ewj I wjwL| N. msMx‡Zi †¶Î KqwU I Kx Kx ? O. KÉmsMx‡Zi mn‡hvMx ev`¨hšÎ¸‡jvi bvg Kx ?

Avgvi evsjv eB 75

3. cyswj½ I ¯Îxwj½ wba©viY Kwi cyswj½ ¯Îx wj½ myKÉ myKÉx MvqK MvwqKv wkl¨ wkl¨v ¸i“ ¸e©x ivM ivwMYx mvaK mvwaKv bi bvix cyi“lvwj †g‡qwj iwmK iwmKv 4. wecixZ kã ewj I wjwL gvbyl Agvbyl my›ì KzrwmZ cÖKvk AcÖKvk Avb›` †e`bv cwieZ©b AcwieZ©b mvdj¨ e¨_©Zv m¤§vb Acgvb eëüZ AeëüZ 5. †jLK cwiwPwZ gbmyi gymv XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvaywbK fvlv Bbw÷wUD‡Ui evsjv wefv‡Mi

Aa¨vcK| wZwb fvlv wk¶K, fvlv weÁvbx, M‡elK, evsjv GKv‡Wgxi cÖv³b gnvcwiPvjK, cÖvewÜK, mgv‡jvPK I AwfavbKvi| wZwb wkï GKv‡Wgx cÖKvwkZ Ôwkï wek¦‡KvlÕ-Gi Ab¨Zg m¤cv`K| wZwb wkï‡ì Rb¨ Rxebx, Mí I Qov wj‡L‡Qb|

Avgvi evsjv eB 76

Avðh© cv_‡ii K_v †mKv‡j gvbyl bvbv Kv‡R cv_‡ii nvwZqvi eënvi KiZ| ZvB cv_‡ii ¸Yv¸Y cix¶v Kivq wQj gvby‡li Adzivb AvMÖn| bvbv iKg iZœcv_i gvbyl Gfv‡eB Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Q| A‡bK Kvj Av‡Mi K_v| Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki g¨vM‡bwkqv bv‡gi GKUv RvqMvq gvbyl GK A™¢yZ cv_‡ii mÜvb †cj| Avðh© Zvi ¸Y| †`Lv †Mj H cv_‡ii i‡q‡Q †jvnvi UzK‡iv‡K †U‡b aivi PgrKvi ¶gZv| †KŠZznjx gvbyl †jvnvi UzK‡iv †mB cv_‡ii Kv‡Q wb‡q evievi ciL K‡i †`Lj| cÖ‡Z¨K eviB †`Lv †Mj A „k¨ †Kv‡bv GK kw³‡Z cv_i †m¸‡jv‡K Kv‡Q Uvb‡Q| Avi †m¸‡jv cv_‡ii Mv‡q m‡½ G‡m †j‡Þ em‡Q| cv_‡ii G A`„k¨ AvKl©Y kw³ †`‡L gvbyl wew¯§Z nj| Gfv‡eB Avwe®K…Z nj Pz¤^K cv_i| g¨vM‡bwkqv‡Z G cv_i cvIqv †Mj e‡j †m RvqMvi bvg Abymv‡i GB Avðh© cv_‡ii bvg ivLv nj g¨vM‡bUvBU|

Avgvi evsjv eB 77

Gici Av‡iv A‡bK w`b †K‡U †Mj| Pz¤^K cv_i bvovPvov Ki‡Z wM‡q nVvr

gvby‡li bR‡i coj Gi Av‡iv GK we¯§qKi ¸Y| cÖ_‡g nq‡Zv †KD jZv wKsev

my‡Zv w`‡q GKUv mi“ j¤^v Pz¤^K cv_i Szwj‡q bvovPvov KiwQj| †m AevK n‡q j¶

Kij, SzjšZ Ae¯’vq cv_iUv †Kej DËi-`w¶Ygy‡Lv n‡q _v‡K| cv_‡ii

DËigyLx cÖvšZ mi“ `vM w`‡q Zvici †mwU‡K Ab¨ w`‡K Nywi‡q ivLvi †Póv Kiv

nj| wKš‘ AevK e¨vcvi! cv_iUvi DËigyLx w`KUv‡K †Kej DËigyLx n‡q

_vK‡ZB †`Lv †Mj|

Drmvnx gvbyl †di Pz¤K cv_i wb‡q M‡elYvq †g‡Z DVj| wKQzKvj c‡i gvbyl Pz¤^K

cv_‡ii Av‡iv GKUv ¸Y Avwe®‹vi Kij| GKUv Pz¤K cv_‡ii DËi cÖv‡šZi Kv‡Q

Ab¨ GKUv Pz¤K cv_‡ii DËi cÖvšZ Avbv n‡j, †`Lv †Mj cÖvšZ `y‡Uv wQU‡K ` ~‡i

m‡i hvq| wKš‘ GKUv Pz¤K cv_‡ii DËi cÖv‡šZi Kv‡Q Ab¨ Pz¤K cv_‡ii `w¶Y

cÖvšZ Avbv n‡j, Zviv G‡K Ab¨‡K AvKl©Y K‡i Ges GK m‡½ †j‡M _v‡K|

†KŠZ~njxgvbyl Gevi fve‡Z _vKj cv_iUv‡K Kx Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq| µ‡g gvbyl

AwfÁZvi †fZi w`‡q eyS‡Z cvij, G cv_i‡K me‡P‡q †ewk Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq

w`K wbiƒc‡Yi Kv‡R| GB Pz¤K cv_‡ii GKUv w`K me mgq DËigy‡Lv n‡q _v‡K|

ZvB DËi w`‡K gyL K‡i uvov‡j mn‡RB Wvb nv‡Zi w`K c~e©, Avi evg nv‡Zi

w`K cwðg e‡j wP‡b †bIqv hvq|

Pz¤‡Ki GB ¸Y‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q c‡i weÁvbx AvwK©wgw`m Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb GK

gnv cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿| Avgiv †m hš¿‡K K¤úvm ev w`M`k©b hš¿ e‡j Rvwb|

iv‡Zi Auvav‡i wKsev w`‡bi †ejvq AvKvk hLb †g‡N XvKv _v‡K, ZLb gvbyl

mn‡RB w`K fyj Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Mfxi Ai‡Y¨, ay ay gi“f ~wg‡Z, Amxg gnvKv‡k

wKsev AZj gnvmgy‡ ª c_ wP‡b wb‡Z K¤cvm GLb gvby‡mi wbf©i‡hvM¨ hš¿|

AvaywbK K¤cv‡m w`K wbY©‡qi Rb¨ eëüZ nq ê y wZK Pz¤^Kxq KuvUv| wKš‘

K¤cv‡mi g~‡j i‡q‡Q Pz¤^Kxq cv_‡ii †mB Avðh© w`K wb‡ ©kK ¸Y|

Avgvi evsjv eB 78

cvV wkwL 1. kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi †R‡b wbB nvwZqvi ⎯ nv‡Z enb Kiv hvq Ggb A¯Îk¯Î| ⎯ Avw`g gvbyl

cv_‡ii nvwZqvi w`‡q cï ea KiZ| Adzivb ⎯ dz‡ivq bv Ggb| ⎯ †jLvcovq Zvi Adzivb AvMÖn †`‡L

mevB Lywk| iZœcv_i ⎯ gwYgy³vRvZxq cv_i| ⎯ bvbviKg iZœcv_i msMÖn KviI

KviI kL| ciL ⎯ hvPvB I cix¶v, †`vl¸Y wePvi| ⎯ Rûwiiv ciL K‡i

iZœcv_‡ii g~j¨ wba©viY K‡ib| M‡elYv ⎯ †Kv‡bv wel‡h e¨vcK I Mfxi AbymÜvb| ⎯ weÁv‡bi

A‡bK Avwe®‹v‡ii g~‡j i‡q‡Q wbišZi M‡elYv| 2. AviI †R‡b wbB AvwK©wgw`m ⎯ cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi †miv MwYZwe`, c`v_©weÁvbx I hš¿cÖ‡KŠkjx|

Rb¥ AvbygvwbK wLóc~e© 287 A‡ã, g„Zz¨ wLªóc~e© 213 A‡ã| K¤cvm ⎯ K¤cvm (Compass) Bs‡iwR kã| GwU w`K wbY©‡qi hš¿| G

h‡š¿ myPv‡jv kjvi Ici mi“ Pz¤^KcvZ emv‡bv _v‡K| Pz¤^K cv‡Zi cÖvšZ ywU me mgq DËi-`w¶Y w`K wb‡ ©k K‡i| K¤úvm A‡bK ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| Rvnv‡Ri bvwe‡Kiv eënvi K‡ib †bŠ-K¤cvm| êgvwb‡Kiv eënvi K‡ib RvB‡iv K¤cvm| Avi ˆ`bw›` Kv‡R eëüZ nq c‡KU K¤cvm|

3. DËi¸‡jv ewj I wjwL K. gvbyl Kxfv‡e bvbviKg iZœcv_i Avwe®‹vi K‡i ? L. †Kvb RvqMvq gvbyl GK ÔA™¢yZ cv_‡iiÕ mÜvb cvq? cv_iwUi Kx ¸Y wQj ? M. Kxfv‡e Pz¤^K cv_i Avwe®K…Z nq ? N. g¨vM‡bU ev Pz¤K K_vwU †Kvb kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q ? O. Pz¤K cv_‡ii bvg g¨vM‡bUvBU ivLv n‡q‡Q †Kb ? P. Szjš— Ae¯’vq Pz¤K cv_‡ii †Kvb we¯§qKi ¸Y gvby‡li bR‡i c‡o ?

Avgvi evsjv eB 79

Q. y‡Uv Pz¤K cv_‡ii cÖvš— KvQvKvwQ Avbv n‡j Kx †`Lv hvq ? R. Pz¤K cv_i w`‡q Kxfv‡e w`K wbY©q Kiv hvq ? S. †Kvb weÁvbx Pz¤^K cv_i w`‡q GK gnv cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib?

hš¿wUi bvg Kx ? T. AvaywbK K¤cv‡m w`K wbY©‡qi Rb¨ Kx eëüZ nq ? 4. wecixZ kã wjwL AvKl©Y ⎯ weKl©Y A „k¨ ⎯ Kv‡Q ⎯ DËigyLx ⎯ c~e© ⎯ 5. Wvb cvk †_‡K Dchy³ we‡klY Luy‡R wb‡q k~b¨ ¯’v‡b emvB| ⎯ `vM A „k¨ ⎯ AvMÖn Mfxi ⎯ kw³ ay ay ⎯ AiY¨ Pz¤Kxq ⎯ gi“f~wg Adzivb ⎯ gnvmgy ª AZj ⎯ cv_i †KŠZ~njx ⎯ gvbyl mi“

6. wb‡Pi kã ¸‡jv w`‡q evK¨ iPbv Kwi AvMÖn, evievi, A „k¨, bvovPvov|

7. Pz¤‡Ki we¯§qKi ¸Y¸‡jv Kx Kx wjwL|

Avgvi evsjv eB 80

wk¶v¸i“i gh©v`v KvRx Kv‡ì †bIqvR

ev`kvn AvjgMxi-

Kzgv‡i Zuvnvi coBZ GK †gŠjex w`j −xi|

GK`v cÖfv‡Z wMqv

†`‡Lb ev`kv − kvnRv`v GK cvÎ n‡¯Z wbqv

Xvwj‡Z‡Q evwi ¸i“i Pi‡Y

cyjwKZ ü‡` AvbZ-bq‡b,

wk¶K ïay wbR nvZ w`qv wb‡Rwi cv‡qi a~wj

ay‡q gy‡Q me Kwi‡Qb mvd mÂvwi A½ywj|

wk¶K †gŠjex

fvwe‡jb, AvwR wb¯Zvi bvwn, hvq eyS Zuvi mwe|

w`j−xcwZi cy‡Îi K‡i jBqv‡Q cvwb Pi‡Yi c‡i,

¯ca©vi KvR, †nb Aciva †K K‡i‡Q - †Kvb Kv‡j| fvwe‡Z fvwe‡Z wPšZvi †iLv †`Lv w`j Zuvi fv‡j|

nVvr Kx fvwe DwV Kwn‡jb, Avwg fq Kwi bvK, hvq hv‡e wki UzwU,

wk¶K Avwg †kªô mevi w`j−xi cwZ †m †Zv †Kvb Qvi,

fq Kwi bvK, avwi bvK avi, g‡b Av‡Q †gvi ej,ev`kvn ïav‡j kv‡¯Îi K_v ïbve AbM©j|

hvq hv‡e cÖvY Zv‡n,

Avgvi evsjv eB 81

cÖv‡Yi †P‡qI gvb eo, Avwg †evSve kvnvbkv‡n|

Zvi ciw`b cÖv‡Z

ev`kvni `~Z wk¶‡K †W‡K wb‡q †Mj †Kj −v‡Z|

wk¶‡K WvwK ev`kvn K‡nb, Ôïbyb Rbve Z‡e,

cyÎ Avgvi Avcbvi Kv‡Q

†mŠRb¨ wK wKQz wkwLqv‡Q ?

eis wk‡L‡Q †eqv`we Avi ¸i“R‡b Ae‡njv,

bwn‡j †mw`b †`wLjvg hvnv ¯^qs mKvj †ejv|Õ

wk¶K Kb − ÔRuvnvcbv, Avwg eywS‡Z cvwi †b, nvq,

Kx K_v ewj‡Z AvwR‡K Avgvq †W‡K‡Qb wbivjvq?Õ

ev`kvn K‡nb, Ô†m w`b cÖfv‡Z

†`wLjvg Avwg ùvov‡q Zdv‡Z

wbR nv‡Z h‡e PiY Avcwb K‡ib cÖ¶vjb,

cyÎ Avgvi Rj Xvwj ïay wfRvB‡Q I PiY|

wbR nvZLvwb Avcbvi cv‡q eyjvBqv mhZ‡b

ay‡q w`j bvK †Kb †m PiY, ¯§wi e¨_v cvB g‡b|Õ

D”Q¡vm f‡i wk¶K Z‡e ùvov‡q m‡MŠi‡e,

KzwY©k Kwi ev`kvni Z‡i K‡nb D”Pi‡e −

ÔAvR n‡Z wPiDbœZ nj wk¶v¸i“i wki

mZ¨B Zzwg gnvb D`vi ev`kvn AvjgMxi|Õ

Avgvi evsjv eB 82

cvV wkwL 1. kã¸‡jvi A_© †R‡b wbB Ges eënvi wkwL Kzgvi ⎯ ivRvi †Q‡j (ivRKzgvi)| ⎯ Av‡Mi w`‡b nvwZ- †Nvov P‡o

Kzgvi wkKv‡i †h‡Zb| kvnRv`v ⎯ ev`kvi cyÎ| ⎯ ev`kvn kvnRv`v‡K mywk¶v w`‡q‡Qb| evwi ⎯ cvwb| ⎯ kªve‡Yi evwiavivq gvV-NvU f‡i †M‡Q| PiY ⎯ cv| ⎯ wcZvi Pi‡Y nvZ †i‡L cyÎ †`vqv PvBj| cyjwKZ ⎯ Avbw›`Z| ⎯ C‡ì w`b wkïiv Lye cyjwKZ nq| ü‡` ⎯ ü`‡q, g‡b| (kãwU KweZvq eëüZ nq) bqb ⎯ †PvL| ⎯ GKUz Av i †c‡q ytLx †Q‡jwUi bqb AkÖ“mRj n‡q DVj| fvj ⎯ Kcvj, A „ó, fvM¨| ⎯ gv wkïwUi fv‡j Pzgy Gu‡K w`‡jb| ¯ca©v ⎯ c©, evo| ⎯ Zvi ¯ca©v †`‡L Avwg AevK n‡qwQ| wki ⎯ gv_v| ⎯ Ab¨v‡qi Kv‡Q KLbI wki bZ Kie bv| AbM©j ⎯ GKUvbv, Aweivg| ⎯ †QvÆ †g‡q wgwb Zvi evevi m‡½ AbM©j

K_v e‡j P‡j‡Q| kvnvbkvn ⎯ ev`kvn, ivRvwaivR| ⎯ kvnvbkvn AvjgMxi wQ‡jb GKRb

gnrcÖvY kvmK| †Kj −v ⎯ yM©| ⎯ wZZzgx‡ii euv‡ki †Kj−v BwZnv‡m weL¨vZ| †mŠRb¨ ⎯ f ªZv, wkóvPvi| ⎯ Zuvi †mŠRb¨ Avgv‡ì gy» K‡i‡Q| cÖ¶vjb ⎯ †avIqv, cvwb w`‡q cwi®‹vi Kiv| ⎯ wZwb nvZ-cv cÖ¶vjb

K‡i N‡i XyK‡jb| ¯§wi ⎯ g‡b Kwi, ¯§iY Kwi| (kãwU ïay KweZvq eëüZ nq| Kzwb©k ⎯ gv_v bZ K‡i Awfev b Kiv| ⎯ DwRi ev kvn‡K Kzwb©k Ki‡jb| kv¯Î ⎯ Abykvmb, ag©MÖš’| ⎯ kv‡¯Îi cÖwZ m¤§vb Rvbv‡bv DwPZ| 2. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj Ges wjwL (K) ev`kvn AvjgMx‡ii cyÎ‡K †K cov‡Zb? (L) GKw`b mKv‡j ev`kvn Kx †`L‡Z †c‡jb? (M) ev`kvn‡K †`‡L wk¶K cÖ_‡g Kx fve‡jb? (N) ÔcÖv‡Yi †P‡qI gvb eoÕ − wk¶K G K_v ej‡jb †Kb?

Avgvi evsjv eB 83

(O) ev`kvn AvjgMxi wk¶K‡K cÖ_‡g Kx ej‡jb? (P) wk¶K Kx e‡j ev`kvni mybvg Ki‡jb? 3. ev`kvn AvjgMxi Zuvi cy‡Îi wk¶K‡K †Kj −vq †W‡K cvwV‡q‡Qb| wk¶K f‡q

f‡q †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡q‡Qb| Zvici ev`kvn I wk¶‡Ki g‡a¨ K_v nj| Kx K_v nj Zv wjwL|

ev`kv ⎯ ïbyb Rbve, Avgvi †Q‡j Avcbvi Kv‡Q Avè †k‡L wb| Avwg wb‡Ri †Pv‡L Zv †`‡LwQ|

wk¶K ⎯ Ruvnvcbv, Avwg wVK eyS‡Z cviwQ bv, `qv K‡i GKUz Ly‡j ejyb| ev`kv ⎯ ? wk¶K ⎯ ? 4. ¶,¯, §, ¿- cÖ‡Z¨KwU hy³eY© eënvi K‡i wZwbwU K‡i kã wjwL| †hgb Ñ ¶ = K& + h ⎯ ¶q, wk¶v, m¶g ¯ = m& + e ⎯ ¯§ = m& + g ⎯ ¯Î = m& + Z& + i ⎯ 5. wecixZ kã¸‡jv wVKg‡Zv mvRvB eo Achk gvb AebZ hk weKvj welv` Acgvb cyÎ †QvU DbœZ nl© mKvj Kb¨v

6. Kwe cwiwPwZ Kwe KvRx Kv‡ì †bIqvR 1909 mv‡ji 15B Rvbyqvwi cwðge‡½i

gywk© vev` †Rjvi Zvwjecyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ Abvm© I wewU cvk K‡ib| wZwb PvKwi Rxe‡bi cÖ_‡g wQ‡jb mve BÝ‡c±i, c‡i wewfbœ ¯‹z‡j cÖavb wk¶‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| wZwb bxwZK_v I Kvwnbxg~jK wkï‡Zvl KweZvi Rb¨ L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| 1983 mv‡ji 3iv Rvbyqvwi wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

Avgvi evsjv eB 84

Rjcix I KvVy‡ii Mí Ckc

†Kv‡bv GK e‡b GK KvVywiqv †ivR KvV KvU‡Z †hZ| fvwi Mwie †m| ˆ`wbK KvV wewµ K‡i hv †ivRMvi KiZ ZvB w`‡q †Kv‡bviK‡g †L‡q-c‡i w`b PjZ| GKw`b GK b`xi av‡i †m †Mj KvV KvU‡Z| †mLv‡b wM‡q GKUv Mv‡Q †hB Kzovj w`‡q Nv †g‡i‡Q, Agwb Zvi nvZ dm‡K KyovjUv Mfxi cvwbi g‡a¨ c‡o †Mj| Li‡mªvZv b`x| Zv Qvov Zv‡Z Kywg‡ii fq wQj fqvbK| ZvB wbiycvq n‡q KvVywiqv †mB Mv‡Qi †Mvovq e‡m Kuv`‡Z jvMj| †m GZB Mwie †h Zvi Avevi GKUv Kzovj †Kbvi g‡Zv msMwZ wQj bv| ZvB Kx Dcvq Ki‡e, Mv‡Qi †Mvovq e‡m e‡m †m fve‡Z jvMj| hZ fv‡e ZZB Zvi †PvL w`‡q cvwb c‡o| Ggwb K‡i wKQy¶Y †K‡U hvevi ci nVvr GK Rjcix b`xi ga¨ †_‡K D‡V uvwo‡q Zv‡K cÖkœ Kij, Zywg Kuv`Q †Kb? KvVywiqv ejj, Avwg eo Mwie, Avgvi KyovjUv cvwb‡Z c‡o †M‡Q, ZvB Kvu wQ|

Avgvi evsjv eB 85

Rjcix ejj, Av”Qv †Zvgvi Kzovj Avwg G‡b w`w”Q, Zywg †Ku‡`v bv| GB e‡j Zr¶Yvr b`x‡Z Wye w`‡q GKLvbv †mvbvi Kyovj Zy‡j G‡b Rjcix wRÁvmv Kij, GUv wK †Zvgvi ? KvVywiqv fv‡jv K‡i †`‡L ejj, bv| m‡½ m‡½ Avevi cvwbi g‡a¨ Wye w`‡q GKUv iycvi Kyovj wb‡q G‡m Rjcix wRÁvmv Kij, Z‡e GUv wK †Zvgvi ? GeviI KvVywiqv we‡kl fv‡e cix¶v K‡i ejj, bv, GUvI bq| ZLb Rjcix Avevi Wye w`‡q GKUv †jvnvi Kyovj G‡b Zv‡K †`Lvj| KvVywiqv GZ¶Y c‡i wb‡Ri KyovjLvwb wPb‡Z †c‡i mvb‡›` e‡j DVj, nu v, GUvB Avgvi| Rjcix KvVywiqvi GB mZZv †`‡L gy» nj| †m Zv‡K Zvi wb‡Ri KzovjwU †Zv wdwi‡q w`jB, DcišZy †mvbvi I iycvi Kyovj `ywUI Dcnvi w`‡q cvwbi g‡a¨ A „k¨ n‡q †Mj| GZLvwb †mvbv I iycv †c‡q KvVywiqvi Ae¯’v †ek fv‡jv n‡q †Mj| †Kbbv †mB Kzovj ywU evRv‡i wewµ K‡i †m A‡bK UvKv †cj, Zv‡ZB Zvi w`b KvU‡Z jvMj Lye my‡L I ¯”Q‡›`| Gw`‡K nj wK, GB MíwU Zvi gyL †_‡K †kvbvi ci Avi GKRb KvVywiqvi g‡b eo †jvf Rb¥vj| †m GKw`b PywcPywc †mB b`xi av‡i MvQ KvU‡Z wM‡q B‡”Q K‡i Zvi KyovjUv cvwbi g‡a¨ †d‡j w`j| Zvici †mLv‡b e‡m Awfbq K‡i Kuv`‡Z jvMj| Zvi Kvbœv ï‡b Avevi †mB Rjcix †mLv‡b Avwefƒ©Z nj| cƒ‡e©i g‡Zv GeviI cÖ_‡g GKwU †mvbvi Kyovj Zy‡j †m Zv‡K wRÁvmv Kij, GUv wK †Zvgvi? mƒ‡h©i Av‡jv c‡o †mvbvi KyovjwU Sjgj K‡i DVj| ZvB †`‡L KvVywiqvi †PvL ywU †jv‡f PKPK K‡i DVj| †m m‡½ m‡½ e‡j †djj, nu v, GUvB Avgvi|

Zr¶Yvr Rjcix Uyc K‡i †mLv‡b Wye w`‡q †Kv_vq P‡j †Mj Avi DVj bv| †jvfx KvVywiqvwU nvq nvq Ki‡Z jvMj Ges wb‡Ri Kcv‡j wb‡R Po gvi‡Z gvi‡Z ejj, nvq! nvq! †Kb wg_¨v K_v ej‡Z †Mjvg, ZvB †Zv Avgvi Ggb kvw¯Z nj! †mvbvi I iycvi Kyovj cvIqv †Zv ƒ‡i _vK, wb‡Ri †h †jvnvi KyovjwU wQj ZvI nvivjvg|

(†QvU‡ì wek¦mvwnZ¨ †_‡K msKwjZ)

Avgvi evsjv eB 86

cvV wkwL 1. †R‡b wbB mZZvi gƒj¨ AZyjbxq| mr gvbyl‡K mevB fv‡jvev‡m| mZZvi cyi¯‹vi

cvIqv hvq| †jvf gvbyl‡K cZ‡bi w`‡K wb‡q hvq| †jvfx gvbyl‡K †KD cQ›` K‡i bv| K_vq e‡j - †jv‡f cvc, cv‡c g„Zy |

2. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi A_© †R‡b wbB KvVywiqv ⎯ KyVvi w`‡q MvQ ev KvV KvUv hvi †ckv| ⎯ KvVywiqv e‡b

KvV KvU‡Z †Mj| Kzovj ⎯ KyVvi, KvV KvUvi Am¿| ⎯ Kzovj w`‡q KvV KvUv nq| Rjcix ⎯ cvwb‡Z emevmKvix cvLvhy³ KvíwbK my›ìx bvix| ⎯

Rjcix mZëv`x KvVywiqv‡K cyi¯‹vi w`j| mvb‡›` ⎯ cig Avb‡›`, Avb‡›ì mv‡_| ⎯ dyUej †Lj‡Z Avwg

mvb‡›` ivwR njvg| msMwZ ⎯ ms¯’vb, Dcvq | ⎯ KyVvi †Kbvi msMwZ Zvi wQj bv| 3. cÖ‡kœi DËi ewj I wjwL K. KvVywiqv †ivR Kx KiZ? L. KvVywiqvi w`b Kxfv‡e PjZ? M. KvVywiqv †Kb Kuv`‡Z jvMj? N. Rjcix KvVywiqv‡K Kx ejj? O. KvVywiqvi mZZv †`‡L Rjcix Kx Kij? P. Kxfv‡e KvVywiqvi Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b nj? Q. †jvfx KvVywiqv Kx Kij? R. †jvfx KvVywiqv †Kb nvq nvq Ki‡Z jvMj?

Avgvi evsjv eB 87

4. wecixZ kã wjwL Mwie, wewµ, Kuv`v, wbR, myL, †jvf, kvw¯�, gy»| 5. mZZv m¤ú‡K© cuvPwU evK¨ wjwL 6. †jLK cwiwPwZ AvR †_‡K yB nvRvi yB kZ eQi cƒ‡e© MíKvi Ckc wMÖm †`‡k

R‡b¥wQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb mvgvb¨ µxZ`vm| ZLbKvi w`‡b †ivg I wMÖ‡m µxZ`vm cÖ_v cÖPwjZ wQj| wZwb Kx wQ‡jb, Zvi †P‡q eo K_v wZwb †h mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡i †M‡Qb Zv wPimy›ì I wPi¯’vqx| Zvi fve †hgb Mfxi, fvlv †Zgwb mnR I mij| Zuvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU M‡íi g‡a¨ wKQy bv wKQy gƒjëvb Dc‡`k Av‡Q| Zuvi bxwZgƒjK Mí¸‡jv wek¦mvwn‡Zï Agƒj¨ m¤ú`|

Avgvi evsjv eB 88

Pvlx ivwRqv LvZzb †PŠayivYx me mva‡Ki eo mvaK Avgvi †`‡ki Pvlv, †`k gvZviB gyw³Kvgx, †`‡ki †m †h Avkv| àxwP wK Zvnvi †P‡q mvaK wQj eo ? cyY¨ AZ n‡e bvK me Kwi‡jI Ro| gyw³Kvgx gnvmvaK gy³ K‡i †`k, meviB †m Abœ †RvMvq bvBK Me© †jk| eªZ Zvnvi c‡ii wnZ, myL bvwn Pvq wb‡R, †iŠ ª `v‡n ïKvq Zby, †g‡Ni R‡j wf‡R| Avgvi †`‡ki gvwUi †Q‡j, bwg evisevi †Zvgvq †`‡L P‚Y© nDK mevi AnsKvi|

Avgvi evsjv eB 89

cvV wkwL 1. KweZvi g �jfve †R‡b wbB evsjv‡`k K…wlcÖavb †`k| G †`‡ki gvby‡li Lv‡`ï †hvMvb †`b K…lKiv|

Zuviv w`bivZ kªg w`‡q, So-e„wó-†iv` D‡c¶v K‡i dmj djvb| Zuv‡ì G KvR KwVb mvabvi KvR| Kwe ZvB Zuv‡ì eo mvaK e‡j‡Qb, gvwUi †Q‡j e‡j‡Qb|

2. kã¸‡jvi A_© †R‡b wbB I ev‡K¨ eënvi Kwi mvaK ⎯ mvabv K‡ib whwb; †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ wmw×i Rb¨ whwb

GKvš�fv‡e †Póv K‡ib| ⎯ jvjb kvn wQ‡jb GKRb eo mvaK|

gyw³Kvgx ⎯ gyw³ KvgbvKvix; ÎvYKvix| ⎯ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZvi Rb¨ A‡bK gyw³Kvgx gvbyl cÖvY w`‡q‡Qb|

Ro ⎯ GKÎ| ⎯ mfv Kivi Rb¨ Zviv mevB GK RvqMvq Ro n‡q‡Q|

†jk ⎯ AwZ mvgvb¨ cwigvY; KYv; we› y| ⎯ wb‡Ri KvR wb‡R Ki‡Z †jkgvÎ j¾v †Kv‡iv bv|

eªZ ⎯ Zcm¨v, mvabv| ⎯ QvÎQvÎx‡ì cÖavb eªZ nj covïbv| wnZ ⎯ DcKvi| ⎯ †k‡i evsjv G †`‡ki K…lK‡ì A‡bK wnZmvab

K‡i‡Qb| `v‡n ⎯ Zv‡c| ⎯ êkv‡Li †iŠ ª`v‡n gvV †d‡U †PŠ-wPi| Zby ⎯ †`n| ⎯ †jvKwU †`L‡Z ¶z`ªZby, wKš�y `viyY mvnmx| bwg ⎯ bg¯‹vi Kwi; m¤§vb RvbvB (mvaviYZ KweZvq eëüZ nq)|

− †`‡ki Rb¨ AKvZ‡i hviv cÖvY K‡i‡Q `vb, Avgiv Zv‡ì bwg|

3. kã¸‡jvi evbvb wjwL àxwP, Abœ, †jk, Zby, †iŠ`ª`v‡n, bwg, P‚Y©| 4. wb‡Pi kãwUi e¨vL¨v †R‡b wbB àxwP ⎯ cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi GKRb Fwl| wZwb Amyi‡ì aŸsm Kivi Rb¨

†èZv‡ì Kv‡Q wb‡Ri kix‡ii nvo `vb K‡iwQ‡jb|

Avgvi evsjv eB 90

5. c‡ii PiYwU wjwL K. àxwP wK Zvnvi †P‡q mvaK wQj eo ? .............................................| L. gyw³Kvgx gnvmvaK gy³ K‡i †`k, .............................................| M. Avgvi †`‡ki gvwUi †Q‡j, bwg evisevi .............................................| 6. wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj I wjwL K. Kwe Pvlx‡K Ôeo mvaKÕ Ges †`‡ki ÔAvkvÕ e‡j‡Qb †Kb ? L. àxwP †K ? M. ÔAvgvi †`‡ki gvwUi †Q‡j, bwg evisevi †Zvgvq †`‡L P‚Y© nDK mevi AnsKvi|Õ -gvwUi †Q‡j †K? Zv‡K †`‡L mevi AnsKvi P‚Y© nIqv DwPZ †Kb ? N. Pvlx‡ì KvQ †_‡K Avgv‡ì Kx wk¶v MÖnY Kiv DwPZ ? O. ÔPvlxÕ KweZvi g�jK_v cuvPwU ev‡K¨ wjwL| 7. Kwe cwiwPwZ ivwRqv LvZyb †PŠayivYx 1907 wLªóv‡ã Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb wb‡Ri

†Póvq evwo‡Z †jLvcov †k‡Lb| evwoi Avcb cwi‡e‡k wZwb mvwnZ¨ PP©v K‡ib| Zuvi cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ Ôc‡_i KvwnbxÕ| wZwb 1934 wLªóv‡ã g„Zy eiY K‡ib|

Avgvi evsjv eB 91

knx` wZZzgxi

†Z‡Zv, wZZy, wZZygxi| ïb‡Z †ek AevK jvM‡Q, ZvB bv? Zv n‡j Ly‡jB ewj| 1782 mvj| cwðge‡½i PweŸk ciMbv †Rjv| †m †Rjvi ewkinvU gnKygvi GKwU MÖvg Puv`cyi (gZvš—‡i nvq`vicyi)| G MÖv‡g evm KiZ GK ewbqvw` gymwjg cwievi| ˆmq` esk| GB es‡k Rb¥ †bq GK wkï| †QvÆ wkïwU wQj †hgb †`L‡Z my›ì †Zgwb ewjô Zvi Mob| wkïwU wQj Lye †Rw`| wkïKv‡j Zvi GKevi KwVb AmyL nj| †ivM mviv‡bvi Rb¨ Zv‡K †Ìqv nj fxlY †Z‡Zv Ilya| Ggb †Z‡Zv Ilya wkï †Zv �‡ii K_v ey‡ovivI gy‡L †b‡e bv| A_P GB †QvÆ wkï †ek Lywk‡ZB †Lj †m Ilya| cÖvq `k-eviw`b GB †Z‡Zv Ilya †Lj †m| evwoi †jvKRb mevB AevK| G †Kgb wkï, †Z‡Zv †L‡Z Zvi Avb›`! G R‡b¨ Ii WvK bvg ivLv nj †Z‡Zv| †Z‡Zv †_‡K wZZy| Zvi mv‡_ gxi jvwM‡q nj wZZygxi| Zuvi cÖK…Z bvg ˆmq` gxi wbmvi Avjx| wZZygx‡ii hLb Rb¥, ZLb Avgv‡ì evsjv‡`kmn cy‡iv fviZel© wQj civaxb| Pj‡Q Bs‡iR ivRZ¡| Bs‡iRiv PvjvZ AZ¨vPvi| Ab¨w`‡K wQj †`wk Rwg`vi‡ì Ryjyg| Bs‡iR Kg©Pvixiv †Nvov QywU‡q PjZ `viyY `vc‡U| wZZygxi Gme †`L‡Zb Avi fve‡Zb, G‡ì nvZ †_‡K Kxfv‡e gyw³ cv‡e †`‡ki gvbyl|

Avgvi evsjv eB 92

wZZygx‡ii MÖv‡g wQj GK gvìvmv| †mLv‡b wk¶K wn‡m‡e G‡jb ag©cÖvY GK nv‡dR| bvg nv‡dR †bqvgZ Dj−vn| wZZygxi G gvìvmvq co‡Zb| wZwb Aí mg‡qB nv‡dR †bqvgZ Dj−vni wcÖqcvÎ n‡q DV‡jb| †mKv‡j MÖv‡g MÖv‡g WbKyw¯� Avi kixiPP©vi e¨vqvg nZ| †kLv‡bv nZ gywóhy×, jvwV‡Ljv, Zxi †Quvov, Avi AwmPvjbv| D‡Ïk¨ wQj Bs‡iR Zvov‡bvi Rb¨ Mv‡q kw³ mÂq Kiv| wZwb WbKyw¯� wk‡L Kyw¯�wMi I cvn‡jvqvb wn‡m‡e bvg Ki‡jb| jvwV‡Ljv, Zxi †Quvov Avi Awm cwiPvjbvI wkL‡jb| Zuvi A‡bK f³I Ry‡U †Mj| wZZygx‡ii Mv‡q kw³ wQj cÖPyi| wKš�y wZwb wQ‡jb kvš�, axi ¯fv‡ei| GKevi I¯�v‡ì m‡½ wZwb wenvi md‡i †e‡iv‡jb| gvby‡li yie¯’v †`‡L Zuvi g‡b †`k‡K ¯vaxb Kievi wPš�v Gj | wZwb gymjgvb‡ì mwZ¨Kvi gymjgvb n‡Z AvnŸvb Rvbv‡jb| Avi wn› y‡ì ej‡jb AZ¨vPvix Rwg`vi‡ì weiy‡× iy‡L uvov‡Z| wn› y-gymjgvb mK‡j Zuvi K_vq mvov w`j|

1822 mvj| wZZygx‡ii eqm ZLb Pwj−k| wZwb nR cvjb Ki‡Z †M‡jb g°vq| †mLv‡b cwiPq nj e„wUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg cy‡ivav e¨w³Z¡ nhiZ kvn ˆmq` Avng` †eijfxi m‡½| wZwb wQ‡jb msMÖvgx cyiyl, ag©cÖvY| wZZygxi Zuvi wkl¨ n‡jb| †`‡k wd‡i wZwb ¯vaxbZvi WvK w`‡jb| WvK w`‡jb Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× jo‡Z, bxjKi‡ì iyL‡Z Avi wb‡R‡ì msMwVZ n‡Z| wKš�y cÖ_g evav †c‡jb Rwg`vi‡ì KvQ †_‡K| Zuvi Ici AZ¨vPvi ïiy nj| wbR MÖvg †Q‡o wZwb †M‡jb evivmv‡Zi bvi‡Kjevwoqvq| bvwi‡Kjevwoqvi †jvKRb Zuv‡K mv`‡i MÖnY Kij| nvRvi nvRvi mvaviY gvbyl‡K m‡½ wb‡q wZwb ˆZwi Ki‡jb GK `y‡f©`¨ evu‡ki yM©| GUvB bvwi‡Kjevwoqvi Ôevu‡ki †Kj−vÕ| Zuvi G †Kj−vq ˆmb¨ msL¨v uvovj Pvi-cuvP nvRvi| PweŸk ciMbv, b`xqv Avi dwi`cyi †Rjv ZLb Zuvi

`L‡j| Bs‡iR‡ì †Kv‡bv KZ…©Z¡ iBj bv Gme AÂ‡j| G y‡M© wZwb Zuvi wkl¨‡ì jovB‡qi wk¶v w`‡Z jvM‡jb| Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× mk � hy× Kivi †KŠkj I cÖ �ywZ †kLv‡Z jvM‡jb| G Lei P‡j †Mj Bs‡iR kvmK‡ì Kv‡Q| Bs‡iR‡ì m‡½ nvZ †gjvj †`wk Rwg`viiv| 1830 mv‡j g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av‡jKRvÛvi‡K cvVv‡bv nq wZZygxi‡K `gb Kievi Rb¨| wKš—y Av‡jKRvÛvi Zuvi wmcvwn evwnbx wb‡q civ¯Z nb wZZygx‡ii nv‡Z| Zvici wZZygxi K‡qKwU bxjKywV `Lj K‡i †bb|

Avgvi evsjv eB 93

1831 mv‡ji 19†k b‡f¤i| jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ ZLb fviZe‡l©i Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij| wZZygxi‡K kv‡q¯�v Kivi Rb¨ wZwb cvVv‡jb weivU †mbveni Avi †Mvj›`vR evwnbx| Gi †bZ…Z¡ †Ìqv nj †mbvcwZ K‡b©j ÷yqvW©‡K| ÷yqvW© AvµgY Ki‡jb wZZygx‡ii euv‡ki †Kj−v| ZLb fv‡jv K‡i †fvi nqwb| AveQv Av‡jv| ÷yqv‡W©i wQj nvRvi nvRvi cÖwkw¶Z ˆmb¨ Avi ARmª †Mvjv eviy | wZZygx‡ii wQj gvÎ Pvi-cuvP nvRvi ¯vaxbZvwcÖq ˆmwbK| Zuvi bv wQj Kvgvb, bv wQj †Mvjveviy , e› yK| Z‡e Zuv‡ì g‡b wQj civaxb †`k‡K ¯vaxb Kievi AwgZ †ZR| cÖPÊ hy× nj| wZZygxi Avi Zuvi exi ˆmwbKiv cÖvYcY hy× Ki‡jb| wKš�y wKQy¶‡Yi g‡a¨B Bs‡iR ˆmwbK‡ì †Mvjvi AvNv‡Z QviLvi n‡q †Mj bvwi‡Kjevwoqvi euv‡ki †Kj−v| knx` n‡jb exi wZZygxi| knx` n‡jb AmsL¨ gyw³Kvgx exi ˆmwbK| wZZygx‡ii 250 Rb ˆmb¨‡K Bs‡iRiv ew›` Kij| Kv‡iv nj Kviv`Ê, Kv‡iv nj duvwm| Gfv‡eB †kl nj hy×| wKš�y G hy‡×i exi bvqK wZZygxi Agi n‡q iB‡jb G †`‡ki gvby‡li g‡b| AvR †_‡K cÖvq †cŠ‡b y k eQi Av‡M wZwb civaxb fviZe‡l©i ¯vaxbZvi Rb¨ hy× K‡iwQ‡jb Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡×| Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× ¯vaxbZvi hy‡× exi wZZygxiB n‡jb evsjvi cÖ_g knx`|

kwdDj Avjg

cvV wkwL

1. kã¸‡jvi A_© †R‡b wbB I ev‡K¨ eënvi Kwi †Rw` ⎯ GKMuy‡q, †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z †h bv‡Qvoev› v|⎯†Q‡jwU Lye †Rw |

civaxb ⎯ c‡ii Aaxb, ^vaxb bq|⎯Avgiv GLb Avi civaxb bB, ^vaxb RvwZ|

`vc‡U ⎯ cÖej cÖZv‡ci m‡½| ⎯ †gvnv‡gWvb †¯cvwU©s K¬ve G evi Lye `vc‡Ui mv‡_ †L‡j‡Q|

gyw³ ⎯ ¯vaxbZv| ⎯ LuvPvi cvwL Pvq gyw³i ¯v`|

wcÖqcvÎ ⎯ †ø‡ni AwaKvix| ⎯ †kªYxwk¶‡Ki wcÖqcvÎ n‡Z n‡j fv‡jvfv‡e †jLvcov Ki‡Z nq|

WbKzw¯� ⎯ eyK Wb w`‡q kixiPP©v Avi kvixwiK kw³i cix¶v|⎯ wZZygxi ˆkk‡eB WbKyw¯Z‡Z cvi`k©x n‡q I‡Vb|

Avgvi evsjv eB 94

AwmPvjbv ⎯ Z‡jvqvi wb‡q hy× Kivi we`¨v|⎯mKj ˆmwbKB AwmPvjbvq wm×|

mvov w`j ⎯ m¤§wZ w`j| ⎯ mr Kv‡R WvK w`‡j mevB mvov †`q| y‡f© ¨ ⎯ hv K‡ó †f` Kiv hvq| ⎯ wP‡bi cÖvPxi `y‡f©`¨| yM© ⎯ cÖvPxi ev †Ìqvj †Niv †mbvwbevm| ⎯ hy‡×i mgq y‡M©i

evB‡iI cvnviv †Ìqv nq| evu‡ki †Kj −v ⎯ evuk w`‡q ˆZwi †Kj−v ev `yM©| ⎯ BwZnv‡m wZZygx‡ii euv‡ki

†Kj −vi Kvwnbx †jLv Av‡Q| kv‡q¯�v ⎯ kvw¯�, Rã| ⎯ Aeva¨ †jvKUv‡K kv‡q¯�v Kiv ìKvi| AwgZ †ZR⎯ Amxg mvnm Avi A`g¨ kw³|⎯gyw³‡hv×viv AwgZ †Z‡R

hy× K‡iwQj| gyw³Kvgx ⎯ ¯vaxbZvKvgx| ⎯ gyw³Kvgx gvby‡li Rq mywbwðZ| mk¯Î ⎯ A �mn| ⎯ mk � hy‡× gyw³‡mbviv Rqx nq| 2. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gy‡L gy‡L ewj I wjwL K. ÔwZZygxiÕ bvgwU †Kgb K‡i nj ? Zuvi cÖK…Z bvg Kx ? L. wZZygx‡ii hLb Rb¥, ZLb G †`k Kv‡ì Aaxb wQj ? M. wZZygxi †QvU‡ejvq WbKyw¯� Avi e¨vqvg wk‡LwQ‡jb †Kb ? N. G †`k‡K Bs‡iR‡ì nvZ †_‡K gy³ Kivi wPš�v †Kb Zuvi g‡b Gj ? O. wn› y-gymjgvb mevB‡K wZwb Kx e‡j GKZve× Ki‡Z PvB‡jb ? P. Bs‡iR‡ì cvkvcvwk Kviv G †`‡ki gvby‡li Ici AZ¨vPvi PvjvZ ? Q. wZZygxi Kvi wkl¨ n‡jb ? R. wZwb Kv‡ì weiy‡× msMwVZ n‡Z ej‡jb ? S. bvwi‡Kjevwoqv †Kv_vq? GLv‡b wZZygxi Kx ˆZwi Ki‡jb ? T. KZ wLªóv‡ã wZZygx‡ii Kv‡Q Bs‡iR kw³ civwRZ nq ? U. KLb †Kvb Bs‡iR †mbvcwZi †bZ…‡Z¡ wZZygx‡ii weiy‡× hy× cwiPvwjZ nq ? V. wZZygxi Kxfv‡e knx` n‡jb ? W. civaxb fviZe‡l© Bs‡iRwe‡ivax ¯vaxbZv hy‡× cÖ_g knx` †K ? X. knx` wZZygxi †Kb Agi n‡q Av‡Qb ?

Avgvi evsjv eB 95

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi †mKvj GKvj GKUv N‡i Av¸b †j‡M‡Q| Zv †`‡L GKRb mvnv‡hï Rb¨ wPrKvi K‡i DVj- ÔAv¸b, Av¸b|Õ Abïv ZvovZvwo †m w`‡K Qy‡U †Mj| GB †h ÔAvMybÕ K_vUv w`‡q A‡bï „wó AvKl©Y Kiv nj -G‡K Avgiv ewj †hvMv‡hvM| †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z Ab¨‡K †Kv‡bv wKQy Rvbv‡bvi me¸‡jv Dcvq‡KB †evSvq| Avgiv e‡j, wj‡L ev ms‡KZ eënvi K‡i A‡bï m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i _vwK| †Zvgiv hLb GB †jLvUv coQ, ZLb †Zvgv‡ì m‡½ GK ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM n‡”Q| G n‡”Q eB‡qi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM| huviv A‡bK ` �‡i _v‡Kb, Zuv‡ì m‡½ Avgiv †Uwj‡dvb, †UwjMÖvd, wPwVcÎ BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cvwi| ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡gI gvbyl †hvMv‡hvM K‡i _v‡K| mo‡K jvjevwZ †`‡L PvjK Mvwo _vwg‡q w`j| †idvwi ûB‡mj w`‡ZB dyUej †Ljv ïiy n‡q †Mj| Av¤úvqvi AvOyj Zyj‡ZB e¨vUmg¨vb gvV Qvoj| G meB nj ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM| †Kv‡bv GK mKv‡j K¬v‡m wk¶K †Zvgv‡ì eb‡fvR‡b †b‡eb e‡j w`b¶‡Yi †NvlYv w`‡jb| GUvI GK ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM| e¯�yZ †hvMv‡hvM Qvov Avgiv Pj‡Z cvwi bv| gvby‡li Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hv‡Mi m�Pbv †mB Avw`Kvj †_‡K| fvlv Avwe®‹vi gvby‡li †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î cÖ_g ¸iyZ¡c �Y© NUbv| †jLv Avwe®‹v‡ii Av‡M gvbyl nvZ †b‡o, wPrKvi K‡i, XvK‡Xvj evwR‡q, Av¸b ev †auvqv eënvi K‡i †hvMv‡hvM KiZ| „wóMÖvn¨ ` �i‡Z¡ Avw`g gvby‡li †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKUv Dcvq wQj Av¸‡bi ms‡KZ|

DuPz Mv‡Qi WMvq D‡V gkvj †b‡o wKsev Av¸‡b-Zxi Qyu‡o Avw`g gvbyl wkKvix‡ì wd‡i Avmvi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ms‡KZ w`Z| nvRvi nvRvi eQi a‡i gvbyl aŸwbi mvnv‡hÏ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi KvR K‡i‡Q| wPrKvi Lye †ewk �‡i †kvbv †hZ bv e‡j gvbyl Ab¨ DcvqI †ei K‡iwQj| cÖvq AvovB nvRvi eQi Av‡M cvi‡mï mgªvU mvBivm Zuvi iv‡R¨ wKQyUv ` �‡i ` �‡i A‡bK UvIqvi ewm‡qwQ‡jb| †m¸‡jv‡Z hviv cÖnix _vKZ, Zviv wPrKvi K‡i GK UvIqvi †_‡K Ab¨ UvIqv‡i msev` cvVvZ|

Avgvi evsjv eB 96

†mKv‡j msev` Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ †XvjI eëüZ nZ| Avwd«Kvi DcRvwZiv Kv‡Vi †Xvj wcwU‡q ` �i-` �ivš�‡i msev`-ms‡KZ cvVvZ| fviZe‡l©i ivRviv †Xvj knir K‡i iv‡R¨ Av‡`k, wb‡ ©k Rvwi Ki‡Zb| †jLv Avwe®‹v‡ii ci gvby‡li †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v Av‡iv DbœZ nq| GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq, GK Kvj †_‡K Ab¨ Kv‡j gvby‡li †hvMv‡hvM m¤¢e n‡q I‡V| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AMÖMwZi †¶‡Î Gi c‡ii ¸iyZ¡c�Y© NUbv n‡”Q gy ªYhš � Avwe®‹vi I

QvcvLvbv cÖwZôv| QvcvLvbv †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vq Afvebxq cwieZ©b NUvq| eB I

cÎ-cwÎKv cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g nvRvi nvRvi †jv‡Ki m‡½ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi iv¯�v Ly‡j

hvq| eB I cÎ-cwÎKv GKw`‡K gvby‡li Ávb msi¶Y Kivi my‡hvM G‡b †`q,

Ab¨w`‡K GK Kvj †_‡K Ab¨ Kv‡j Ávb we¯�vi KivI m¤¢e n‡q I‡V| eB‡qi

m¤¢vi wb‡q Gici M‡o I‡V A‡bK cvVvMvi| †m¸‡jv Ávbmvabvq we¯Zi Ae`vb

iv‡L| iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, wjI Zj¯�q, †kKm&wcq‡ii g‡Zv gnr †jLK‡ì †jLvi

m‡½ Gfv‡eB Avgv‡ì cwiPq N‡U‡Q|

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Avi GKwU Dcvq n‡”Q wPwV †jLv| GwU GLbI e¨w³MZ I cÖvwZôvwbK

Avgvi evsjv eB 97

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi me‡P‡q RbwcÖq gva¨g| WvK †hvMv‡hvM Gi m‡½B m¤úwK©Z| cÖvPxb wMÖm I †iv‡g ivRKv‡h© evnK gvidZ WvK wewji †iIqvR wQj| fviZe‡l© myjZvwb Avg‡j WvK eë¯’vi K_v Rvbv hvq| weªwUk Avg‡j Zv DbœZ nq|

†Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vq cÖ_g eëüZ hš � n‡”Q †UwjMÖvd| GB h‡š �i mvnv‡h¨ msev`‡K we‡kl †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g ê y wZK Zi½ wn‡m‡e cvVv‡bv nq| †UwjMÖv‡d ÔU‡i U°vÕ RvZxq ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g msev` cvVv‡Z nq e‡j Zv‡Z †ewk K_v cvVv‡bv hvq bv| †UwjMÖv‡gi fvlv ZvB LyeB msw¶ß n‡q _v‡K|

êÁvwbK bvbv Avwe®‹vi, we‡kl K‡i we y ‡Zi Avwe®‹vi †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vq wecyj cvjve`j NUvq| we y r‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q c„w_exi GK cÖvš� †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡š� cÖwZwbqZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ M‡o †Zvjv n‡q‡Q wek¦e¨vcx †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v| †Uwj‡dv‡b K_v ejv, KvD‡K B-‡gBj cvVv‡bv, d¨v· †gwk‡b evZ©v cvVv‡bv BZ¨vw` gyn �‡Z©i g‡a¨ G ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM m¤¢e n‡”Q|

†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vq AvRKvj GZ DbœwZ n‡q‡Q †h c„w_exi GK cÖvš� †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡š� †h †KD †h †Kv‡bv mgq K_v ej‡Z cv‡i| †Uwj‡dvb Avwe®‹vi I Zvi AMÖMwZi d‡jB GUv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GK mgq Zv‡ii gva¨‡g †Uwj‡dv‡bi K_v evwnZ nZ| †eZvi I †mjyjvi cÖhyw³ eënvi Kivq G †¶‡Î AKíbxq DbœwZ n‡q‡Q| GLb c_ Pj‡Z Pj‡ZI gvbyl †dv‡b K_v ej‡Z cvi‡Q †mj †dvb ev †gvevBj †dv‡b| GB †dv‡bi i‡q‡Q Av‡iv A‡bK myweav| Zv mgq I ZvwiL Rvbv‡Z cv‡i| Gi gva¨‡g gyn�‡Z©B †QvULv‡Uv evZ©v cvVv‡bv hvq| Gi c ©vq wecixZ cÖv‡š�i MÖvn‡Ki Qwe †f‡m I‡V| GLv‡bB †kl bq| GB †dv‡b †h †Kv‡bv Qwe Zy‡j Zv aviY Kiv hvq| Ggb wK †K †K †dvb Kij Zv‡ì Z_¨ Ges †dvb b¤i G‡Z msi¶Y K‡i ivLv P‡j|

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvaywbKZg Dcvq ïiy n‡q‡Q †iwWI ev †eZvi D™¢ve‡bi d‡j| Avgiv †eZvi ej‡Z †Kej Abyôvb †kvbvi hš �‡K eywS| wKš�y †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î †eZv‡ii f‚wgKv e¨vcK| †eZvi ej‡Z Avm‡j †evSvq †eZvi Zi‡½i gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM| †hgb GLv‡b †h AvaywbK †gvevBj †dv‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q ZvI GK ai‡bi †eZvihš�| Riywi

Avgvi evsjv eB 98

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ †mbvevwnbx, cywjk, †iWµm, AwMœ wbe©vcK evwnbx, moK, †ij, †bŠ I wegvb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wewfbœ ms¯’vi Kv‡R AvRKvj †eZvi †hvMv‡hvM Acwinvh©| G Kv‡R nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq †h †hvMv‡hvM hš�wU _v‡K Zv‡K ejv nq ÔIqvwK UwKÕ|

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Avi GKwU AvaywbK gva¨g n‡”Q †Uwjwfkb| †eZv‡i Avgiv †Kej aŸwb ïb‡Z cvB| Qwe †`L‡Z cvB bv| †Uwjwfk‡b Avgiv QweI †`L‡Z cvB| wek¦Kvc dzUej ev wµ‡K‡Ui †Ljv †h Avgiv mivmwi †`L‡Z cvB, Zv m¤¢e n‡”Q †Uwjwfk‡bi e‡`Šj‡Z| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î me©‡kl ms‡hvRb n‡”Q B›Uvi‡bU| GUv wek¦e¨vcx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GK wekvj †bUIqvK©| we‡k¦i †KvwU †KvwU Kw¤úDUvi Gi m‡½ hy³| Gi gva¨‡g Avgiv GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvwi| cvwi †h †Kv‡bv Z_¨, DcvË, evZ©v, Qwe BZ¨vw` Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z, Ggb wK ci¯c‡ii †PnvivI †`L‡Z| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g GLb mviv we‡k¦i Ávb m¤ú‡ì wecyj Z_¨ msi¶Y Kiv n‡”Q| G‡K ms‡¶‡c ejv nq - I‡qe| cy‡iv bvg : Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe ev www| GB ÁvbfvÊvi †_‡K †h †Kv‡bv wel‡q B‡”Q g‡Zv Z_¨ AvniY Kiv hvq| e¯�yZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î mgq Avi �iZ¡ GLb †Kv‡bv evavB bq|

W. gvneyeyj nK

Avgvi evsjv eB 99

cvV wkwL 1. kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi †R‡b wbB ms‡KZ ⎯ Bw½Z, Bkviv| ⎯ iv¯Zvq meyR ms‡KZ-evwZ R¡‡j DVj| `„wóMÖvn¨ ⎯ †Pv‡L †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq Ggb| ⎯ „wóMÖvn¨ bq Ggb

wRwbmI gvbyl h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ †`L‡Z cv‡i| †Xvj-knir ⎯ †Xvj-mn‡hv‡M †NvlYv| ⎯ †mKv‡j ivRvi Av‡`k Rvwi Kiv

nZ †Xvj-knir K‡i| m¤¢vi ⎯ msMÖn, Av‡qvRb| cvVvMviUv M‡o D‡V‡Q ARmª eB‡qi m¤¢vi wb‡q| †iIqvR ⎯ ixwZ| †mKv‡j Ilya wn‡m‡e jZvcvZvi im LvIqvi †iIqvR wQj| Z_¨ ⎯ ÁvZ nIqvi g‡Zv mwVK welq| ⎯ msev`c‡Îi gva¨‡g

Avgiv A‡bK Z_¨ Rvb‡Z cvwi| DcvË ⎯ M‡elYv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨| ⎯ wZwb M‡elYvi

Rb¨ DcvË msMÖn K‡i‡Qb| AvniY ⎯ msMÖn Kiv| ⎯ Ávb Avni‡Yi Rb¨ eBcÎ cov Avek¨K| 2. we‡`wk fvlv †_‡K AvMZ wKQz kã †R‡b wbB †Uwj‡dvb ⎯ ` ~ivjvcwb| ⎯ eogvgv MZKvj Avgv‡K ivRkvnx †_‡K

†Uwj‡dvb K‡iwQ‡jb| †UwjMÖvd ⎯ Zv‡ii gva¨‡g Lei cvVvevi eë¯’v| ⎯ †UwjMÖvd Avwe®‹vi

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î GKUv D‡j−L‡hvM¨ NUbv| †UwjMÖvg ⎯ ZvievZ©v| ⎯ †UwjMÖv‡di mvnv‡h¨ cvVv‡bv Lei| UvKv †P‡q

evev Ri“wi †UwjMÖvg cvwV‡q‡Qb| †idvwi ⎯ whwb †Ljv cwiPvjbv K‡ib| ⎯ †idvwi GKRb †L‡jvqvo‡K

njy KvW© †`wL‡q mZK© K‡i w`‡jb| ûB‡mj ⎯ euvwki ms‡KZ| ⎯ ûB‡mj evwR‡q †Uªb Qz‡U P‡j‡Q| Av¤cvqvi ⎯ wµ‡KU, †Uwbm †Ljvi wePviK| ⎯ †Ljvq Av¤cvqv‡ii

wm×všZB P~ovšZ| e¨vUmg¨vb ⎯ e¨vUavix| ⎯ e¨vUmg¨vb my‡hvM ey‡S Q°v nuvKv‡jb| UvIqvi ⎯ M¤yR| A‡bK ~i †_‡K wMR©vi UvIqviUv †`Lv hv‡”Q|

Avgvi evsjv eB 100

B-†gBj ⎯ B‡jKUªwbK †gBj, Kw¤cDUv‡ii gva¨‡g †`‡k-we‡`‡k evZ©v, wPwVcÎ, Qwe, Z_¨ BZ¨vw` Av`vb-cÖ v‡bi eë¯’v| ⎯ Avwg fvBqvi mv‡_ B-†gB‡j †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cvwi|

d¨v· ⎯ e y wZK h‡š¿i gva¨‡g ` ~i ~iv‡šZ wPwVc‡Îi Abywjwc cvVv‡bvi Dcvq| ⎯ Avgv‡ì cvov‡ZB GKUv d¨v‡·i †`vKvb Av‡Q|

†KvW ⎯ ms‡KZ eë¯’v| ⎯ †UwjMÖvd h‡š¿ †Kv‡bv evZ©v‡K †Kv‡W iƒcvšZi K‡i cvVv‡bv nq|

†mjyjvi ⎯ †Kvlhy³ ev †Kvlxq| ⎯ †mjyjvi †dvb‡K †gvevBj †dvbI ejv P‡j|

†gvevBj ⎯ me©Î enb‡hvM¨ †dvb| ⎯ †`‡k GLb †gvevBj †dv‡bi eënvi †e‡o‡Q|

†iwWI ⎯ †eZvi| ⎯ Avwg mgq †c‡jB †iwWIi Abyôvb ïwb| †iWµm ⎯ AvZ©-cxwo‡Zi Rb¨ †mevg~jK AvšZR©vwZK cÖwZôvb| ⎯

Avgv‡ì †`‡k †iWµm‡K GLb ejv nq †iW wµ‡m›U| IqvwK UwK ⎯ †eZvi Zi‡½i gva¨‡g Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ v‡bi enb‡hvM¨ hš¿|

⎯ cywjk IqvwK UwKi gva¨‡g Acivaxi MwZwewa `ª“Z Rvb‡Z cv‡i|

†Uwjwfkb ⎯ ` ~i`k©b| kã †kvbv hvq I Qwe †`Lv hvq Ggb hš¿| ⎯ mÜ¨vi c‡i Avgvi †Uwjwfkb †`Lv eviY|

B›Uvi‡bU ⎯ Kw¤cDUvi †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v, (internet)| Kw¤úDUv‡ii B›Uvi‡b‡U ms‡hvM K‡i †`k-we‡`‡k †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq|

Kw¤úDUvi ⎯ MYbv, gy ªY, evZ©v †cÖiY BZ¨vw` hveZxq Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx B‡jKUªwbK hš¿| ⎯ AvRKvj A‡b‡K †jLvcovq Kw¤cDUvi eënvi K‡i|

Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe : ⎯ wek¦e¨vcx †hvMv‡hvM Zi½ ⎯ Iqvì© IqvBW I‡q‡ei

gva¨‡g ª“Z Z_¨ cvVv‡bv hvq| 3. Wvb w`K †_‡K kã †e‡Q wb‡q evg w`‡Ki k‡ãi m‡½ wgjvB gvby‡li ms‡KZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi f~wgKv Av¸‡bi mgªvU Avwd«Kvi m~Pbv

Avgvi evsjv eB 101

fviZe‡l©i †iIqvR eB‡qi Rxeb Mv‡Qi ivRviv cvi‡mï DcRvwZ WvKwewji m¤¢vi †eZv‡ii WMv j¶ Ki‡j †`L‡e euv w`‡Ki kã¸wji cÖ‡Z¨KwUB ÔiÕ wKsev-ÔGiÕ wefw³ †hv‡M MwVZ| G ¸‡jv wefw³ hy³ K‡i Avgiv Ab¨ k‡ãi m‡½ m¤Ü ev m¤cK© ˆZwi Kwi| †hgb, Ô †ZŠwdKÕ I ÔeBÕ Avjv`v kã| Df‡qi g‡a¨ m¤cK© †bB| Ô†ZŠwd‡Ki eBÕ ej‡j eB‡q m‡½ †ZŠwd‡Ki gvwjKvbvi m¤úK© ˆZwi nq| e¨vKi‡Y ÔiÕ Ges- ÔGiÕ wefw³hy³ kã‡K Ôm¤Ü c`Õ e‡j| 4. GK k‡ã cÖKvk Kwi cÖniv †`q †h ⎯ fvev hvq bv Ggb ⎯ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv Ggb ⎯ cwinvi Kiv hvq bv Ggb ⎯ 5. mwVK DËiwU ewj I LvZvq wjwL K. gvby‡li Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hv‡Mi m~Pbv KLb ? AvaywbK Kv‡j/Avw`g Kv‡j/m¤cÖwZ L. gvby‡li †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î cÖ_g ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbv †KvbwU ? nvwZqvi eënvi/ fvlv Avwe®‹vi/ †bŠKv Avwe®‹vi M. Avwd«Kvi DcRvwZiv ~i ~iv‡šZ Kxfv‡e msev` cvVvZ? †Xvj wcwU‡q/ wk½v duy‡K/ evnK gvidZ N. †Uwjw‡hvM‡hvM eë¯’vq cÖ_g eëüZ hš¿ †KvbwU? †Uwj‡dvb/ †eZvi/ †UwjMÖvd O. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î me©‡kl ms‡hvRb †KvbwU? †eZvi /†Uwjwfkb/ B›Uvi‡bU

Avgvi evsjv eB 102

6. DËi¸‡jv ewj K. †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? L. Avgiv †Kvb †Kvb Dcv‡q G‡K A‡bï m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i _vwK? M. huviv ~‡i _v‡Kb Zuv‡ì m‡½ Kxfv‡e Avgiv †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cvwi? N. †jLv Avwe®‹v‡ii Av‡M gvbyl Kxfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM KiZ? O. †mKv‡j †Xv‡ji gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e msev` cÖPvi Kiv nZ? P. e¨w³MZ I cÖwZôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi me‡P‡q RbwcÖq gva¨g Kx? P. †mj‡dv‡bi myweav Kx? R. †eZvi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? S. IqvwK UwKi KvR Kx? T. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvaywbKZg Dcv‡qi ïi“ KLb †_‡K? U. I‡qe-Gi cy‡iv bvg Kx?

7. ms‡¶‡c DËi wjwL K. ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g gvbyl Kxfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM K‡i D`vniYmn wjL| L. „wóMÖvn¨ ~i‡Z¡ Avw`g gvby‡li †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dcvq Kx wQj? M. KZ eQi Av‡M †Kvb ivRv ~i- ~ivšZ‡i †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ bZzb Dcvq

†ei K‡ib? DcvqwU Kx? N. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î gy ªYhš¿ I QvcvLvbvi f ~wgKv Kx? O. we`¨r Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vq Kx ai‡Yi cvjve`j N‡U? P. †Uwj‡dvb Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î Kx ai‡bi DbœwZ mvwaZ

n‡q‡Q? Q. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î B›Uvi‡b‡Ui f~wgKv Kx? R. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvaywbKZg Dcvq¸‡jv Kx?

8. AvaywbK †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vq eëüZ wb‡Pi DcKiY¸‡jv m¤c‡K© `ywU K‡i evK¨ wjwL

†UwjMÖvg, †Uwj‡dvb, B-†gBj, d¨v·, †mj‡dvb, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, B›Uvi‡bU|

Avgvi evsjv eB 103

gnv¯’vbM‡o GKw`b

Avgiv hLb gnv¯’v‡b wM‡q †cuŠQvjvg, ZLb m~h© gv_vi Ic‡i| m~‡h©i iwk¥ Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q we¯ZxY© cÖvšZ‡i| Av‡jvwKZ iƒ‡ci ga¨ w`‡q cÖvPxb KxwZ© †hb RxešZ n‡q D‡V‡Q|

e¸ov kni †_‡K AvU gvBj DË‡i cÖvPxi- †Niv cÖZœZwË¡K wb`k©b GB gnv¯’vbMo| AvR m~‡h©i Av‡jv †bfvi Av‡MB Avgiv gn¯’vbMo †`L‡Z PvB| gnv¯’vbM‡o Av‡Q cÖZœZvwË¡K Rv yNi| Rv yN‡ii ZË¡veavqK‡K Avgiv Av‡MB msev` w`‡q †i‡LwQjvg| Avgiv wZb Rb| Avwg, Avwei Avi AÄbv|

gnv¯’vbM‡oi Rv yN‡ii cv‡kB i‡q‡Q †Mvwe›`wfUv| GLv‡b Av‡Q GKwU AwZw_kvjv| †mLv‡b Avgv‡ì Avnvi I wekªv‡gi eë¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Mvwe›`wfUv cÖZœZvwË¡K wb`k©b| wUjvi g‡Zv DuPz RvqMv| gvwUi wXwe Luy‡o †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖvPxb hy‡Mi ¯’vcZ¨| wXwewU †ek DuPz| wb‡P Av‡Q Ki‡Zvqvi ¶xYaviv| GK mg‡q wekvj b`x wQj Ki‡Zvqv| Zvi MwZI wQj wZeª| Ki‡Zvqv GLb cÖvq-g„Z b`x| el©vKv‡j wKQzUv cÖvYešZ n‡q I‡V| wKš‘ kx‡Z n‡q hvq RxY©kxY©|

wVK we‡Kj †ejvq Avgiv gnv¯’vbM‡oi DË‡ii †mvcvb †e‡q Ic‡i DVjvg| gv_vi Dc‡i cošZ m~‡h©i Av‡jv| Pviw`K Rbgvbek~b¨| g‡b nj GB †mB cÖvPxb evsjvi Ab¨Zg cÖvPxb bMi cyÊªea©b| GLv‡b GKw`b ivRv wQj, ivbx wQj, ivRKb¨v wQj, wQj gš¿x, cvÎwgÎ, AgvZ¨, †mbvevwnbx, cÖnix, Øvii¶K| nvwZkv‡j nvwZ wQj, †Nvovkv‡j wQj †Nvov| Ki‡Zvqvi Nv‡U †bŠKv wfoZ, †`k-we‡`‡ki ewY‡Kiv eëmv Ki‡Z AvmZ, Zx_©hvÎxiv AvmZ| AvmZ ch©U‡Kiv| Rb‡Kvjvn‡j gyLwiZ wQj GB bMi| AvR we‡K‡j Avgiv uvwo‡q AvwQ GKwU Rbk~b¨ weivbf~wg‡Z|

AÄbv cÖZœZ‡Ë¡i QvÎx| gvwUi Zjvq †h mf¨Zv XvKv c‡o Av‡Q, Lbb K‡i †m¸‡jv

D×vi KivB Zvi j¶¨| †m ejj − cyÊªea©b‡K cyÊªbMiI ejv nq| Pviw`‡K †h DuPz cÖvPxi †mwU DËi-`w¶‡Y we¯Z…Z| mgZj f~wg †_‡K cÖvPx‡ii D”PZv 4.57 wgUvi (15 dzU)| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv RvqMv 10.67 wgUvi (35 dzU) DuPz| y‡M©i †fZ‡i y‡Uv

Avgvi evsjv eB 104

gw›`‡ii aŸsmve‡kl Av‡Q| GwU †jvKgy‡L êivMxi wfUv bv‡g AwfwnZ| Av‡iv GKwU wfUvi bvg cvIqv hvq, Zvi bvg - †Lv`vi cv_i wfUv| GLv‡b GKwU weivU cv_i Av‡Q| GB cv_iwUi IRb cÖvq mv‡o wZb Ub| †m Rb¨ ¯’vbwUi bvg - †Lv`vi cv_i wfUv| GLv‡b y‡Uv Rjvav‡ii Aw¯ZZ¡ j¶ Kiv hvq| GKwUi bvg RxqZ KzÊ ev Rxeb K~c, AciwUi bvg gvbKwji KzÊ| †jvKkÖ“wZ n‡”Q- RxqZ Kz‡Êi cvwb †L‡j g„Z e¨w³ cÖvY wd‡i cvq| gvbKwji KzÊ m¤‡Ü ejv nq-Gi bvg n‡q‡Q ˆRbag© cÖPviK †Mvkvjv gvbKwji bvg Abymv‡i| AÄbv e‡jB P‡j‡Q| we‡K‡ji D¾¡j Av‡jvq Avgv‡ì g‡b n‡”Q Avgiv i“cK_v

ïbwQ| †m ejj, Av‡iv GKwU RvqMv Av‡Q| Zvi bvg ciïiv‡gi evwo| RxqZ KzÊ

Avi gvbKwji Kz‡Êi g‡a¨ Av‡Q ciïiv‡gi evwo| AÄbv K_v †kl Ki‡Z bv

Ki‡ZB Avwei e‡j‡Z ïi“ Kij- Avwg BwZnv‡mi QvÎ| GB gnv¯’vb Avgvi Kv‡Q

BwZnv‡mi ¯^Y©cyix| Gi av‡c av‡c Avgv‡ì cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi wb`k©b Pvcv c‡o wQj|

eyKvbb n¨vwgëb Avi Av‡jKRvÛvi K¨vwbsnvg G m¤‡Ü mK‡ji „wó AvKl©Y

K‡ib| aŸsmve‡kl Lbb K‡i GLb ch©šZ hv cvIqv †M‡Q Zv‡Z M‡o D‡V‡Q

Avgvi evsjv eB 105

gnv¯’vbMo Rv yNi| GLv‡b ˆRba‡g©i wKQz wb`k©b cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| G QvovI GLv‡b Av‡Q †eŠ×a‡g©i

wb`k©b, wn› ya‡g©i wb`k©b Avi Bmjvwg mf¨Zvi wb`k©b| cyÊea©‡b G †`‡ki

mf¨Zvi wewPÎ Dcv`vb mwÂZ Av‡Q|

AÄbv PzwcPzwc wRÁvmv Kij, KZ wb`k©b cvIqv wM‡q‡Q? Avwei MoMo K‡i

ej‡Z ïi“ Kij-wkjvwjwc cvIqv wM‡q‡Q, fMœ ˆRbg~wZ© cvIqv wM‡q‡Q, ey×g~wZ©

cvIqv wM‡q‡Q, AjsK…Z BU cvIqv wM‡q‡Q, avZzi ˆZwi GKwU Pµ ev m~h©, GKUv

huvo, GKUv evN, GKUv †Nvov, GKUv wmsn Ges Av‡iv A‡bK wKQz cvIqv wM‡q‡Q|

Gme wb`k©b my›ìfv‡e mvRv‡bv Av‡Q Rv`yN‡i| Kvj mKv‡j Avgiv †`Le Gme

wb`k©b|

Nwoi w`‡K ZvKv‡bvi K_v g‡b wQj bv K‡iv|

coš— we‡K‡ji m~h© cwðg w`M‡š— A¯ZvP‡ji hvÎx ZLb| wbR©b MÖv‡gi MvQcvji

Qvqv AÜKvi‡K nvZQvwb w`‡”Q| Avgiv gnv¯’‡bi wmuwo †e‡q wb‡P †b‡g Gjvg|

wd‡i Gjvg Aw_wZkvjvq| g‡b nj GBgvÎ gvn¯’v‡bi AZxZ RbRxeb †_‡K

ev¯Z‡e †b‡g Gjvg|

gbmyi gymv

gnv¯’vbMo

Avgvi evsjv eB 106

cvV wkwL 1. k‡ãi A_© I cÖ‡qvM †R‡b wbB iwk¥ ⎯ wKiY| ⎯ Rvbvjv w`‡q N‡ii †fZ‡i m~‡h©i iwk¥ c‡o‡Q| cÖZœZvwË¡K ⎯ cÖvPxbKv‡ji e¯‘mvgMÖx A_©vr gy ªv, wjwc, fMœve‡kl BZ¨vw`|

gnv¯’v‡b A‡bK cÖZœZvwË¡K wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q| ZË¡veavqK ⎯ †`Lv‡kvbv K‡ib whwb| ⎯ Rv yN‡ii ZË¡veavqK GKRb

Ávbx e¨w³| D‡b¥vPb ⎯ †Lvjv, Db¥y³ Kiv| ⎯ cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi inm¨ D‡b¥vP‡bi Rb¨

AviI Lbb cÖ‡qvRb| ¯’vcZ¨ ⎯ vjvb †KvVv, ¯’vcbv| ⎯ ¯’vcZ¨ whwb wbg©vY K‡ib Zuv‡K

ejv nq ¯’cwZ| †mvcvb ⎯ avc| ⎯ †mvcvb †e‡q †e‡q cyKz‡i bvg‡Z nq| Øvii¶K ⎯ v‡ivqvb, cÖnix| ⎯ y‡M©i ìRvq Øvii¶K Av‡Q| cÖvPxi ⎯ †Ìqvj| ⎯ gnv¯’vbM‡oi Pvicv‡k cÖvPxi wQj| aŸsmve‡kl ⎯ aŸsm nIqvi ciI hv Aewkó _v‡K| ⎯ gnv¯’vbM‡o cÖvPxb

ivRavwbi aŸsmve‡kl cvIqv †M‡Q| A¯ZvPj ⎯ cwðg w`MšZ, m~h© Wy‡e hvIqvi w`K| ⎯ m ~h© GLb

A¯ZvP‡j| 2. k~Y¨¯’vb c ~iY Kwi K. m ~‡h©i ⎯ Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q we¯ZxY© cÖvšZ‡i| L. gnv¯’vbM‡oi Rv yN‡ii cv‡kB i‡q‡Q ⎯| M. wb‡P Av‡Q ⎯ ¶xYaviv| N. Ki‡Zvqv GLb ⎯ g„Z b`x| O. Rb †Kvjvn‡j ⎯ wQj GB bMi| P. †m Rb¨ ¯’vbwUi bvg ⎯ cv_iwfUv| Q. GLv‡b `y‡Uv ⎯ Aw¯ZZ¡ j¶ Kiv hvq| R. Nwoi w`‡K ⎯ K_v g‡b wQj bv Kv‡iv| S. wd‡i Gjvg ⎯|

Avgvi evsjv eB 107

3. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjwL K. gnv¯’vbMo e¸ov kni †_‡K KZ ƒ‡i? L. gnv¯’vbMo Rv yN‡ii cv‡k Kx Av‡Q? M. cÖvPxb evsjvi Ab¨Zg cÖvPxb bM‡ii bvg Kx? N. cyÊªea©b‡K Avi Kx ejv nq? O. cÖvPxb bMix‡Z Kx Kx wQj? P. Rjvavi y‡Uvi bvg Kx? Q. cv_iwUi IRb KZ? R. †K †K gnv¯’vbM‡oi w`‡K mK‡ji „wó AvKl©Y K‡ib? S. aŸsmve‡kl †_‡K Kx Kx wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q? T. Mí †jL‡Ki m‡½ †h yRb m½x wQj Zv‡ì bvg Kx Kx? 4. K_v¸‡jv ey‡S wbB Li‡mªvZv b`x ⎯ †h b`xi †mªvZ Zxeª‡e‡M cÖevwnZ nq| g„Z b`x ⎯ †h b`xi cÖevn w¯�wgZ n‡q wM‡q‡Q| Rb‡Kvjvnj ⎯ †jvKR‡bi AvIqvR I K_vevZ©v| weivbf‚wg ⎯ Rbgvbek�b¨ gvV ev ¯’vb| †jvKkªywZ ⎯ GKRb †jv‡Ki KvQ †_‡K ï‡b Ab¨ †jvK Zv cybive„wË K‡i|

cybive„Ë nIqvi d‡j †jvK ci¤civq hv gvbyl Rvb‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K e‡j †jvKkªywZ| †jvKkyªZ mZ¨ n‡ZI cv‡i, bvI n‡Z cv‡i|

Avgvi evsjv eB 108

cvwLe‡›` Avjx wgqv LuvPvi `yqvi AvjMv cvBqv D‡o †M‡Q cvwL e‡b, †QvU Kv‡jv cvwL D‡o †M‡Q ` �i bxj bf A½‡b|

k�b¨ LuvPvwU Abv`‡i †nv_v c‡o Av‡Q GK av‡i,

†LvKv ewm cv‡k AkªymRj †PvL †gv‡Q ev‡i ev‡i|

GK`v †LvKb ` �i †`‡k wM‡q G‡bwQj GK cvwL,

mvivw`b Zv‡i KwiZ hZb mhZ‡b ey‡K ivwL|

†QvU Kv‡jv cvwL KyPKy‡P †`n-†ikg cvjK Zvi,

`ywU †Pv‡L Zvi e‡bi ¯cb Rv‡M ` �i cvivevi|

GZ fv‡jvevmv, GZ †h †mvnvM, †cvl Zey gv‡b bvB,

LuvPvi cÖvPx‡i cvLv SvcwUqv, c_ LyuwRqv‡Q ZvB|

†LvKv Pvq cvwL - cvwL Pvq eb - ¯vaxb gy³ cÖvY,

K‡É Zvnvi Rv‡M ¶‡Y ¶‡Y bxj AvKv‡ki Mvb|

†LvKv fv‡e g‡b, G cvwL Zvnvi - Mvb †m †kvbvq Zvq

Rv‡b bv †Zv Kfy Kvbœv Zvnvi myi n‡q evwnivq|

Mvb ïwb Zvi gy» nBqv †f‡ewQj †LvKv g‡b -

†cvl gvwbqv‡Q, fy‡j †M‡Q eb - i‡e †m Zvnvi m‡b|

Avì Kwiqv LuvPvi `yqvi w`j G‡Kev‡i Lywj

gb Kfy Kv‡iv ek bvwn gv‡b, †m K_v †Mj †h fywj|

mnmv cvwLwU Kv‡jv Wvbv †gwj D‡o †Mj �i †`‡k,

Zvwi †kv‡K AvR †LvKvi bqb Akªy‡Z hvq †f‡m|

Avgvi evsjv eB 109

cvV wkwL 1. KweZvwUi g �jfve †R‡b wbB cvwL Pvq Iovi Avb›`| Zv‡K hZ h‡ZœB ivLv †nvK, hZB †cvl gvbv‡bv

†nvK, G‡Z Zvi gb cvIqv hvq bv| †LvKv cvwLwU G‡bwQj A‡bK ` �i †_‡K Kó K‡i, hZœ K‡i jvjb cvjbI K‡iwQj| wKš�y †hB GKw`b LuvPvi gyL †Lvjv †cj, cvwLwU P‡j †Mj| †m Avi wd‡i Gj bv| KviY, mKj cÖvYxi g‡Zv cvwLI Pvq gyw³i ¯v`| cvwL Pvq ¯^vaxbZv|

2. kã¸‡jvi A_© †R‡b wbB AvjMv ⎯ †Lvjv| bxj bf A½‡b ⎯ bxj AvKv‡k| †nv_v ⎯ †mLv‡b, ILv‡b| mvaviYZ G ai‡bi kã KweZvq eëüZ nq| AkªymRj ⎯ †Pv‡Li R‡j †fRv| cvivevi ⎯ mgy ª| †mvnvM ⎯ Avì hZœ| cÖvPxi ⎯ †Ìqvj| bqb ⎯ †PvL| †kv‡K ⎯ yt‡L, †e`bvq| 3. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi wecixZ kã †R‡b wbB Abvì ⎯ Avì ` �i ⎯ Kv‡Q ¯vaxb ⎯ civaxb gy³ ⎯ e× †kvK ⎯ Avb›` AvKvk ⎯ cvZvj

Avgvi evsjv eB 110

4. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv w`‡q evK¨ iPbv Kwi LuvPv, A½b, AkªymRj, cvivevi, †mvnvM, bqb 5. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gy‡L gy‡L ewj I wjwL K. †LvKv cvwLwU †Kv_v †_‡K G‡bwQj? L. cvwLwU D‡o †Mj Kxfv‡e? M. cvwLwU wK †cvl †g‡bwQj, †Kb gv‡b wb? N. cvwLi g‡bi g‡a¨ me mgq Kx †R‡M _vKZ? O. KweZvwUi g�jK_v Kx? 6. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv wP‡b wbB| mvaviYZ M`¨ iPbvq G ai‡bi kã eëüZ nq bv †nv_v, hZb, ¯cb, evwnivq| 7. Kwe cwiwPwZ e‡›` Avjx wgqv 1906 wLªóv‡ã cvebv †Rjvi ivavbMi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY

K‡ib| wkï mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e wZwb L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| wPÎwkíx wn‡m‡eI Zuvi cwiwPwZ wQj| Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ ÔgqbvgZxi PiÕ| †QvU‡ì Rb¨ Zuvi †jLv eB Ô†gNKygvixÕ, ÔKuyPeiY Kb¨vÕ, Ôwkqvj cwÊ‡Zi cvVkvjvÕ BZ¨vw`| wZwb 1979 mv‡j ivRkvnx‡Z g„Zy eiY K‡ib|

Avgvi evsjv eB 111

gvby‡li eÜz MvQcvjv

†f‡e †`L †Zv, c„w_ex‡Z hw` MvQcvjv bv _vKZ Zvn‡j Kx nZ? Avgiv wK Zvn‡j euvP‡Z cviZvg? Avm‡j MvQcvjv Avgv‡ì cig eÜz| MvQcvjv Qvov c„w_ex‡Z Avgv‡ì Rxeb APj| evZv‡m k¦vm wb‡Z bv cvi‡j Avgv‡ì g„Zz¨ Awbevh©| evZvm †_‡K Aw·‡Rb wb‡q Avgiv euvwP| wbtk¦v‡mi m‡½ Avgiv Kve©b WvB A·vBW bv‡g welv³ M¨vm evZv‡m Qvwo| Ab¨ w`‡K MvQcvjv evZvm †_‡K Kve©bWvB A·vBW MÖnY K‡i I evZv‡m Aw·‡Rb Qv‡o| MvQcvjv bv _vK‡j GK mgq evZv‡mi Aw·‡Rb G‡Kev‡i †kl n‡q †hZ| Avi Avgiv g„Zzï †Kv‡j X‡j ciZvg| eÜz MvQcvjv Av‡iv GKfv‡e Avgv‡ì euvP‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †mUv nj, MvQcvjv Avgv‡ì bvbv iKg Lv‡`ï †RvMvb`vi| Gme Lv‡`ï g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q bvbv iKg dj, kvKmewR, Lv`¨km¨, wPwb, ev`vg I †Zj|

Avgvi evsjv eB 112

MvQcvjv †_‡K Avgiv A‡bK iKg dj cvB| Avg, Rvg, KuvVvj, Kjv, †cqviv, wjPz, AvZv, eiB, Rvgi“j, †cu‡c, m‡d`v, Av‡cj, bvkcvwZ, Avbvim, Avgov Ges Ggwb Av‡iv KZ Kx| Avw`g gvbyl hLb ivbœvevbœv RvbZ bv, ZLb djg~j †L‡qB RxebaviY KiZ| GLb Avgiv Ab¨vb¨ Lvevi †L‡jI dj †_‡K cÖPzi wfUvwgb I LwbR Dcv`vb cvB| G¸‡jv kixi MV‡b Ges †ivMevjvB †_‡K kixi i¶vq Avgv‡ì mnvqZv K‡i| kvKmewR †_‡KI Avgiv bvbv Lv`¨-Dcv`vb †c‡q _vwK| Nb meyR I njy kvKmewR Ges Avjy, wgwó Avjy, wkg BZ¨vw`‡Z cÖPzi Lv`¨ Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv Avgv‡ì kw³ †RvMvq| Avgiv Pvj, Wvj, Mg, he BZ¨vw` Lv`¨km¨ fvZ, i“wU, QvZz, cvDi“wU, c‡ivUv, wc‡V, cv‡qm BZ¨vw` wn‡m‡e LvB| Gme Lv`¨km¨ Avgv‡ì kw³i cÖvavb Drm| ev`vgRvZxq Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e Avgiv wPbvev`vg, KvRyev`vg, AvL‡ivU, †c¯Zv BZ¨vw` †L‡q _vwK| GmeI Avgiv MvQcvjv †_‡K cvB| wPwb ev kK©ivRvZxq Lv`¨ Avgiv †c‡q _vwK AvL, †LRyi, Zvj BZ¨vw` MvQ †_‡K| †ZjRvZxq Lv`¨ Avgiv cvB mwilv, bvi‡Kj, wZj, ev`vg, m~h©gyLx, mqvweb, RjcvB BZ¨vw` Dw™¢‡ì exR ev gÊ †_‡K| A‡bK Dw™¢` †_‡K Avgiv bvbviKg gkjv cvB| †hgb-gwiP, KvjwRiv, †cuqvR, imyb, Av`v, njy , a‡b, †ZRcvZv, GjvP, `vi“wPwb, †MvjgwiP BZ¨vw`| Pv, Kwd, †Kv‡Kv BZ¨vw` gyL‡ivPK cvbxq Avgiv cvB Dw™¢` †_‡K| Pv ˆZwi nq cvZv †_‡K Avi Kwd I †Kv‡Kv ˆZwi nq exR †_‡K| Wve, †LRy‡ii im BZ¨vwÌ gyL‡ivPK cvbxq| Avgiv Mi“-QvMj, nuvm-gyiwM BZ¨vwì gvsm wn‡m‡e †hme cÖvwYR Lv`¨ LvB †mme cÖvYxI wKQz Lv‡`ï Rb¨ MvQcvjvi Ici wbf©ikxj| Avgv‡ì Rxe‡b MvQcvjv Av‡iv A‡bK Kv‡R jv‡M| †mB Avw`g Kvj †_‡K Nievwo ˆZwii Kv‡R gvbyl MvQcvjv eënvi K‡i Avm‡Q| N‡ii LuywU, †eov, Pvj ˆZwi‡Z GK mgq Dw™¢‡ì eënvi Acwinvh© wQj| R¡vjvwb †Zj, M¨vm I we`y¨r Avwe®‹v‡ii Av‡M KvV, Wvj cvjv I jZvcvZvB wQj gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxq R¡vjvwb|

Avgvi evsjv eB 113

KvV Avgv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq ebR m¤ú`| †Pqvi, †Uwej, Avjgvwi †_‡K ïi“ K‡i

w`qvkjvB‡qi KvwV ch©šZ eû ai‡bi wRwbm ˆZwi‡Z KvV Avgv‡ì Kv‡R jv‡M|

we‡kl K‡i AvmevecÎmn bvbviKg Kv‡Vi Kv‡R †gnMwb, †m¸b, kvj, MR©b

BZ¨vw` e„‡¶i KvV eëüZ nq| Avgiv ivevi MvQ †_‡K ivevi I Kc©~i MvQ †_‡K

Kc©~i cvB| Zzjv I cvU eûj cwiwPZ Zš‘ Drcv`bKvwi MvQ| KvMR, †iqb,

c −vBDW, c−vw÷K, Zviwcb, Kqjv, †gvg, is, AvVv BZ¨vw` ˆZwi‡ZI MvQcvjv

Avgv‡ì Kv‡R jv‡M|

wKQz MvQcvjv Av‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K Avgiv ewj †flR Dw™¢`| †m¸‡jvi jZv-cvZv, Qvj,

wKsev †kKo Ilya ˆZwi‡Z eëüZ nq| †hgb wm‡¼vbv MvQ g¨v‡jwiqvi Ilya

KzBbvBb ˆZwi‡Z Kv‡R jv‡M| Kv‡jv‡gN, bqbZviv, AvmvgjZv, †k¦ZP›`b BZ¨vw`

Dw™¢` †flR ¸Ym¤cbœ| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv MvQ Avevi A½ †mŠ›`h© I †mŠi‡fi Rb¨

weL¨vZ - †hgb: P›`b|

Avgvi evsjv eB 114

emZ evwoi †kvfv ea©b I D`¨vb iPbvqI Mv‡Qi Rywo †bB| P› ªgwj −Kv, wRwbqv, Muv`v, †`vcvwU, Kiwe, Puvcv, KvVvwjPuvcv, Rev, iRbxMÜv, †Mvjvc, huyB BZ¨vw` dzj Ges bvbviK‡gi AwK©W I cvZvevnvi MvQ cwi‡ek‡K †kvfb I my›ì K‡i| †Kej †mŠ›`‡h©i cwi‡ek bq, gvby‡li Aw¯ZZ¡ i¶vi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek ˆZwi‡ZI Mv‡Qi Rywo †bB| MvQcvjv GKw`‡K wbm‡M©i †kvfv e„w×, Ab¨w`‡K cÖK…wZi fvimvg¨ i¶vqI cvjb K‡i AmvaviY f~wgKv| e„¶ I ebf~wg evqygÊj‡K weï× I kxZj ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †hLv‡b MvQcvjv I ebf~wg †ewk, †mLv‡b fv‡jv e„wó nq| Gi d‡j f~wg‡Z cvwbi cwigvY ev‡o, Pvlvev` I dmj fv‡jv nq| Zv Qvov MvQcvjv gvwUi De©iZv evovq, gvwUi ¶q‡iva K‡i| So, e„wó I eb¨v cÖwZ‡iv‡aI MvQcvjv mnvqZv K‡i| MvQcvjv bv _vK‡j cwi‡ek n‡q DVZ Dò| c„w_ex n‡q DVZ gi“f~wg| gvby‡li Aw¯ZZ¡ nZ wecbœ| ZvB B‡”Q g‡Zv MvQ KvUv I eb DRvo Kiv wVK bq| Zvn‡j Zv n‡e Avgv‡ì Aw¯Z‡Z¡i Rb¨ ûgwK| G Rb¨B me©Î MvQ jvMv‡bvi D‡`¨vM †bIqv n‡”Q| ebvqb Kg©m ~wP ev¯ZevwqZ n‡”Q| Avgv‡ì cwi‡ek i¶vi Rb¨ MvQcvjvi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| ZvB AvR † −vMvb D‡V‡Q − ÔMvQ jvMvb, cwi‡ek euvPvb|Õ Avgiv MvQ jvMve Ges cwi‡ek i¶vq mnvqZv Kie|

W. gvneyeyj nK

cvV wkwL 1. kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi †R‡b wbB Awbevh© ⎯ wbeviY ev Gov‡bv hvq bv Ggb| ⎯ †jvKUv Awbevh© g„Zzï

nvZ †_‡K wd‡i G‡m‡Q| cwi‡kvab ⎯ we‡klfv‡e ïw×KiY| ⎯ XvKvq cvwb cwi‡kvab cÖKí nv‡Z

†bIqv n‡q‡Q| Zš‘ ⎯ myZv| ⎯ GK mgq †ikwg Zš‘i Kvco †ek RbwcÖq wQj| c −vBDW ⎯ ci‡Z ci‡Z ˆZix K…wÎg Z³v| ⎯ AvRKvj Kv‡Vi e`‡j

c −vBDWI eëüZ n‡”Q|

Avgvi evsjv eB 115

†flR ⎯ Ily‡ai ¸Ym¤cbœ MvQcvjv| ⎯ G e‡b bvbv iKg †flR Dw™¢` i‡q‡Q|

AwK©W ⎯ ciMvQv, GK RvZxq dzj| ⎯ kvgxgv‡ì evMv‡b A‡bK ai‡bi AwK©‡Wi MvQ Av‡Q|

wbmM© ⎯ cÖK…wZ| ⎯ wbm‡M©i †kvfv mevB‡K Avb›` †`q| Aw¯ZZ¡ ⎯ _vKvi Ae¯’v, we`¨gvbZv| ⎯ cwi‡ek ` ~l‡Yi d‡j

gvby‡li Aw¯ZZ¡ ûgwKi m¤§yLxb| fvimvg¨ ⎯ fv‡ii mgZv| ⎯ cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶v Kiv Avgv‡ì

mevi `vwqZ¡| DRvo ⎯ wbt‡kl| ⎯ gvby‡li euvPvi cÖ‡qvR‡b wbwe©Pv‡i eb DRvo

Kiv Pj‡e bv| ebvqb ⎯ eb m„wói D‡`¨vM| ⎯ ebvqb Kg©m ~wP cwi‡ek i¶vq

BwZevPK dj †`‡e| † −vMvb ⎯ wgwQ‡j D”PvwiZ `vwe `vIqv| ⎯ we‡k¦i †`‡k †`‡k GLb

cwi‡ek i¶vi † −vMvb D‡V‡Q|

2. wVK DËi¸‡jvi LvZvq wjwL K. MvQcvjv evZvm †_‡K Kx MÖnY K‡i? Aw·‡Rb/ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb/ Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW L. MvQcvjv bv _vK‡j evZv‡mi †Kvb Dcv`vb †kl n‡q †hZ? Aw·‡Rb/

Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW/ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M. Lv`¨km¨ wK‡mi cÖavb Drm? wfUvwgb/ LwbR Dcv`vb/ kw³ N. mwilv, bvi‡Kj, ev`vg †Kvb RvZxq Lv`¨? dj/ Zš‘/ †Zj O. Kx †_‡K KwV I †Kv‡Kv ˆZwi nq? jZv/ dj/ exR P. †KvbwU Zš‘ Drcv`bKvix MvQ? †gnMwb/ kvj/ cvU Q. †KvbwU †flR ¸Ym¤cbœ? MR©b/ wm‡¼vbv/ †m¸b R. g v‡jwiqvi Jla †KvbwU †_‡K Zwi nq ? wm‡¼vbv/ AvmvgjZv/ Kv‡jv‡gN S. †hLv‡b MvQcvjv I ebf~wg †ewk †mLv‡b Kx nq? e„wó/ Liv/ So T. MvQcvjv bv _vK‡j cwi‡ek †Kgb nZ? kxZj/ bvwZkx‡Zvò/ Dò

Avgvi evsjv eB 116

3. wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii Lv‡`¨ wZbwU K‡i bvg wjwL K. djRvZxq Lv`¨ : L. kvKmewRRvZxq Lv`¨ : M. km¨RvZxq Lv`¨ : N. wPwbRvZxq Lv`¨ : O. ev`vgRvZxq Lv`¨ : P. †ZjRvZxq Lv`¨ : Q. gkjvRvZxq Lv`¨ : R. cvbxqRvZxq Lv`¨ : S. cÖvwYRRvZxq Lv`¨ : 4. DËi¸‡jv ewj K. MvQcvjv bv _vK‡j Avgv‡ì Kx Ae¯’v nZ? L. MvQcvjv Avgv‡ì Kx Kx ai‡bi Lv‡`ï †hvMvb †`q? M. ev`vgRvZxq Lv`¨ †Kvb¸‡jv? N. wPwb ev kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ †Kvb †Kvb MvQ †_‡K cvIqv hvq? O. †Kvb †Kvb Dw™¢‡ì exR ev gÊ †_‡K Avgiv †Zj cvB? P. Dw™¢` †_‡K Avgiv Kx Kx gkjv cvB? Q. gvbyl Qvov Avi Kviv MvQcvjvi Ici wbf©ikxj? R. AvmevecÎ ˆZwi‡Z mvaviYZ Kx Kx e„‡¶i KvV eëüZ nq? S. Zzjv I cvU †Kvb ai‡bi MvQ? T. K‡qKwU †flR Dw™¢‡ì bvg ewj| U. KzBbvBb ˆZwi nq †Kvb MvQ †_‡K? V. P›`b e„¶ Kx Rb¨ weL¨vZ? W. AvR‡Ki w`‡b cwi‡ek i¶vi † −vMvb Kx? 5. ms‡¶‡c DËi wjwL K. gvbyl I MvQcvjv evZvm †_‡K Kx MÖnY K‡i Avi Kx Z¨vM K‡i? L. MvQcvjv †_‡K Avgiv Kx Kx dj cvB ? kixi i¶vq G¸‡jv Avgv‡ì

Kxfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i ?

Avgvi evsjv eB 117

M. †Kvb †Kvb Lv`¨km¨ Avgv‡ì kix‡i kw³i cÖavb Drm? †m¸‡jv Avgiv Kx Kx Lvevi wn‡m‡e LvB ?

N. Nievwo ˆZwi‡Z MvQcvjv Kxfv‡e Kv‡R jv‡M ? O. emZevwoi †kvfv ea©b K‡i Ges D`¨vb iPbvi Kv‡R eëüZ nq Ggb

wKQz MvQcvjvi bvg wjwL| P. cÖK…wZi fvimvg¨ i¶vq MvQcvjv Kx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i ? 6. evK¨ iPbv Kwi †ivMevjvB, kvKmewR, Lv`¨km¨, gyL‡ivPK, Wvjcvjv, AvmevecÎ, evqygÊj,

ûgwK, ebvqb, mnvqZv| 7. my›ì nv‡Zi †jLvq 25 †m.wg.PIov I 38 †m. wg.j¤^v GK wkU mv`v KvM‡R

wb‡Pi K_v¸‡jv wj‡L GKwU †cv÷vi ˆZwi Kwi

MvQ jvMvb cwi‡ek euvPvb

8. Qq ai‡bi Mv‡Qi cvZv msMÖn Kwi| 25 †m.wg.(10 BwÂ) PIov I 37.5

†m.wg. (15 BwÂ) j¤v KvM‡R †m¸‡jv AvVv w`‡q yB mvwi‡Z jvMvB Ges cÖwZwU cvZvi wb‡P cvZvi bvg wjwL| wk¶‡Ki mnvqZvq mevi msMÖn I †cv÷vi mvwR‡q GKwU cÖ k©bxi Av‡qvRb Kwi|

9. ÔMvQcvjvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvÕ wel‡q `kwU evK¨ wjwL|

Avgvi evsjv eB 118

†RvbvwKiv Avnmvb nvexe

Zviv GKwU ywU wZbwU K‡i Gj ZLb wewó- †fRv kx‡Zi nvIqv eB‡Q G‡jv‡g‡jv, Zviv GKwU ywU wZbwU K‡i Gj| _B _B _B AÜKv‡i SvD‡qi kvLv †`v‡j †mB AÜKv‡i kb kb kb AvIqvR ïay †Zv‡j| f‡q‡Z eyK †P‡c SvD‡qi kvLv, cvwLi cvLv DV‡Q †Ku‡c †Ku‡c| ZLb GKwU ywU wZbwU K‡i G‡m GK †kv y †kv wZb †kv K‡i SuvK †eu‡a hvq †k‡l Zviv e‡j‡j, I fvB SvD‡qi kvLv, ej‡j, I fvB cvwL, AÜKv‡i fq †c‡qQ bvwK? hLb ej‡j ZLb cvZvi duv‡K Kx †hb PgKv‡jv| AevK AevK †Pv‡Li PvIqvq GKUzLvwb Av‡jv|

Avgvi evsjv eB 119

hLb Qwo‡q †Mj Wvjcvjv‡Z mevB `‡j `‡j ZLb SvD‡qi kvLvq cvwLi cvLvq nx‡i-gvwbK R¡‡j| hLb nx‡i-gvwbK R¡‡j ZLb _g‡K uvovq kx‡Zi nvIqv Pg‡K wM‡q e‡j- Lywk-Lywk gyLwU wb‡q †Zvgiv G‡j Kviv? †Zvgiv wK fvB bxj AvKv‡ki Zviv? Av‡jvi cvwL bvg †RvbvwK RvwM iv‡Zi †ejv, wbR‡K †R¡‡j GB Avgv‡ì fv‡jvevmvi †Ljv| Zviv bBK bBK Zviv bB AvKv‡ki Puv` †QvU ey‡K Av‡Q ïayB fv‡jvevmvi mva|

cvV wkwL

1. KweZvwUi g~jfve †R‡b †bB

†RvbvwK †cvKv AÜKv‡i wgUwgU K‡i| hLb ivZ AÜKvi †b‡g Av‡m ZLb

†RvbvwKiv `j †eu‡a †Svc-Suv‡o Av‡jv Qovq| GB Av‡jv Qov‡bvi †fZi

w`‡qB †RvbvwKiv Avb‡›ì I fv‡jvevmvi †Ljv †L‡j| Ab¨‡K Av‡jv wewj‡q

†Ìqvi g‡a¨B †RvbvwKi Avb›`|

Avgvi evsjv eB 120

2. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi A_© †R‡b wbB, e¨vL¨v wjwL G‡jv‡g‡jv ⎯ A‡MvQv‡jv, Qwo‡q wQwU‡q _vKv|⎯G‡jv‡g‡jv evZvm eB‡Q| _B _B ⎯ f‡i IVv| ⎯ eb¨vi d‡j gvV-NvU cvwb‡Z _B _B Ki‡Q| AevK ⎯ wew¯§Z| ⎯ AevK †Pv‡L †`LQ Kx? Av‡jvi cvwL ⎯ †h cvwL Av‡jv Qovq, †RvbvwK| ⎯ Av‡jvi cvwL †RvbvwK

AÜKv‡i c_ †`Lvq| 3. wb‡Pi K_v¸‡jv ey‡S wbB K. _B _B _B AÜKv‡i SvD‡qi kvLv †`v‡j †mB AÜKv‡i kb kb kb AvIqvR ïay †Zv‡j| ⎯ SvDe‡bi kvLvq kvLvq iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i Ggb RgvU †eu‡a i‡q‡Q †h

wKQyB †`Lv hv‡”Q bv| †Kej SvD‡qi kvLvq kb kb kã †kvbv hv‡”Q| L. SvD‡qi kvLvq cvwLi cvLvq nx‡i-gvwbK R¡‡j|

⎯ SvDe‡bi kvLvq kvLvq, cvZvi Avov‡j jywK‡q _vKv cvwLi cvLvq †RvbvwKiv G‡m wfo Rgvq Avi Av‡jv Qovq, ZLb g‡b nq †hb nvRvi nvRvi nx‡i-gvwbK R¡j R¡j K‡i R¡j‡Q|

M. wbR‡K †R¡‡j GB Avgv‡ì fv‡jvevmvi †Ljv|

⎯ †RvbvwKiv Av‡jv e‡q †eovq| iv‡Zi †ejv hLb AÜKvi Pviw`K wN‡i †d‡j, †RvbvwKiv ZLb Suv‡K Suv‡K †ewi‡q Av‡m| Zv‡ì Av‡jvq †Svc-Svo Av‡jvwKZ n‡q I‡V| Gfv‡eB †RvbvwKiv wb‡Ri Av‡jv w`‡q Aci‡K Av‡jvwKZ K‡i| G‡ZB Zv‡ì Avb›`|

4. Ô†RvbvwKivÕ KweZvwU‡Z Ô_B _BÕ I Ôkb kbÕ kã `ywU Av‡Q| G iKg AviI K‡qKwU k‡ãi eënvi wkwL

_B _B ⎯ elv©i cvwb‡Z gvV-NvU _B _B Ki‡Q| nB nB ⎯ nB nB Ki‡Z Ki‡Z mevB Qy‡U Gj| Sb Sb ⎯ Kb Kb ⎯

Avgvi evsjv eB 121

fb fb ⎯ kb kb ⎯ 5. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gy‡L gy‡L ewj I wjwL K. †RvbvwKiv †Kv_vq G‡m wfo Rgvj? L. †RvbvwK‡ì cvLvq †Kgb kã †kvbv hvw”Qj? M. SvD‡qi kvLv Avi cvwLiv f‡q †Ku‡c DVwQj †Kb? N. †RvbvwKiv cvwL‡ì Kx ejj? O. ÔSvD‡qi kvLvq cvwLi cvLvq nx‡i-gvwbK R¡‡jÕ| GB nx‡i-gvwbK Kviv? P. Ô†Zvgiv wK fvB bxj AvKv‡ki Zviv?Õ - K_vwU †K Kv‡K ej‡Q? †Kb ej‡Q? 6. Wvb w`K †_‡K kã G‡b k�b¨¯’vb c �iY Kwi Av‡jvi ⎯ bvg †RvbvwK GB RvwM ⎯ †ejv, cvwL ⎯ †R¡‡j ⎯ Avgv‡ì ⎯ †Ljv wbR‡K iv‡Zi fv‡jvevmvi 7. †Zvgv‡K AvR LywkLywk g‡b n‡”Q - GB ev‡K¨ ÔLywkLywkÕ we‡klY c`| G

iKg AviI K‡qKwU we‡klY c` wb‡q evK¨ iPbv Kwi nvwm-nvwm ⎯ ivwk-ivwk ⎯ KwP-KwP ⎯ jvj-jvj ⎯ fq-fq ⎯

8. Kwe cwiwPwZ Kwe Avnmvb nvexe 1917 wLªóv‡ã wc‡ivRcyi †Rjvi ksKicvkv MÖv‡g

Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wkï-wK‡kvi‡ì Rb¨ wZwb cÖPzi Qov I KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi KweZvi Q›` I kã mn‡RB gb Kv‡o| wZwb wQ‡jb †ckvq mvsevw`K, `xN©w`b bvbv cwÎKvi mvwn‡Zï cvZvi m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb| Ôe„wó c‡o Uvcyi UzcyiÕ I ÔQywUi w`b ycy‡iÕ Zuvi wkï‡Zvl Kve¨MÖš’|

Avgvi evsjv eB 122

gRjyg Rb‡bZv gIjvbv Ave yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx

evsjvi K…lK-gRyi-kªwg‡Ki AwZ AvcbRb †h gvbylwU, Zuvi bvg gIjvbv Ave yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx| wPiKvj wbh©vwZZ, wbcxwoZ gvby‡li KvQvKvwQ G‡m uvwo‡q‡Qb wZwb| gRjyg gvby‡li my‡L yt‡L Kuv‡a Kuva wgwj‡q Zv‡ì K_v e‡j‡Qb| msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ wZwb gRjyg Rb‡bZv| Avmv‡gi fvmvbP‡ii evOvwj K…lK‡ì AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †mLvbKvi K…l‡Kiv fv‡jv‡e‡m Zuv‡K fvmvbP‡ii gIjvbv, c‡i fvmvbx bvg †`q| †mB †_‡K Zuvi cwiPq nq gIjvbv fvmvbx| gIjvbv fvmvbx G Rb¨ †`‡ki mvaviY gvby‡li GK wcÖq bvg, ¯§iYxq bvg| wmivRM‡Äi avbMov MÖv‡gi GK `wi ª K…lK cwiev‡i Ave yj nvwg` Lv‡bi Rb¥ nq 1880 mv‡j| Zuvi evevi bvg nvRx kivdZ Avjx Lvb| gv‡qi bvg †gvmv¤§r gwRib wewe| Aí eq‡mB wZwb wcZ…gvZ…nxb nb| Zuvi GK PvPv Beªvnxg Lvb Zuv‡K ˆkk‡e Avkªq †`b| G PvPvi Kv‡Q †_‡KB wZwb gvìvmvq cov‡kvbv K‡ib|

Avgvi evsjv eB 123

G mgq wZwb BivK †_‡K AvMZ GK cxi mv‡n‡ei †øn „wó jvf K‡ib| wZwb Zuv‡K fvi‡Zi †Ìe›` gvìvmvq cvwV‡q †`b| G mgq wZwb †`kvÍ‡ev‡a DØy× nb|

gvìvmvi cov †kl K‡i wZwb Uv½vB‡ji KvMgvwii GK cÖvBgvwi ¯‹y‡j wk¶KZv ïiy K‡ib| GLv‡b wk¶KZvKv‡j wZwb Rwg`v‡ii AZ¨vPvi, wbh©vZb †`L‡Z cvb| Gi weiy‡× cÖwZev` I msMÖvg ïiy K‡ib| d‡j Rwg`v‡ii wel-bR‡i c‡o Zuv‡K KvMgvwi Qvo‡Z nq|

evBk eQi eq‡m Ks‡MÖm †bZv †`keÜy wPËiÄb `v‡ki Av`‡k© wZwb AbycÖvwYZ n‡q ivRbxwZ‡Z hy³ nb| Gici Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM †`b| Zuv‡K Kviviy× Kiv nq| m‡Zi gvm ci wZwb gyw³ cvb| Gici 1924 mv‡j wmivRM‡Ä GK mfvq K…lK mvavi‡Yi Ici Rwg`vi‡ì †kvlY, wbcxob I AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvwnbx Zy‡j a‡ib| GB mfvq fvl‡Yi Rb¨ Zuv‡K wb‡Ri Rb¥f‚wg Qvo‡Z nq| wZwb G evi P‡j hvb Avmv‡gi R‡jk¦‡i| G eQiB Avmv‡gi ayewo †Rjvi fvmvbP‡i evOvwj K…lK‡ì Ici AZ¨vPv‡ii weiy‡× wZwb GK wekvj cÖwZev`x mgv‡e‡ki Av‡qvRb K‡ib| GB mgv‡e‡kB mvaviY K…lKiv Zuv‡K fvmvbP‡ii gIjvbv Z_v gIjvbv fvmvbx bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ K‡i|

gIjvbv fvmvbx Zuvi GK fvl‡Y e‡j‡Qb - ÔAvwg †L‡U-LvIqv gvby‡li K_v ewj| GB gvby‡liv KvR K‡i †L‡Z-Lvgv‡i, KvR K‡i K‡j-KviLvbvq| Giv K…lK, Giv kªwgK| Avi GivB Rwg`vi, gnvRb, gvwj‡Ki Ryjy‡gi wkKvi nq|Õ g�jZ mviv Rxeb wZwb GB wbcxwoZ gvby‡li Rb¨B msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Avmv‡g ÔjvBb cÖ_viÕ weiy‡×I Av‡›`vjb K‡ib|

fviZ wefv‡Mi ci 1947 mv‡j wZwb Avmvg †_‡K c �e©evsjvq P‡j Av‡mb| wZwb cÖ_‡g c�e© cvwK¯�vb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM I c‡i AvIqvgx jxM cÖwZôv K‡ib| wZwb Uv½vB‡ji KvMgvwi‡Z emevm ïiy K‡ib| G mgq wZwb ÔmvßvwnK B‡ËdvKÕ cwÎKv cÖwZôv I cÖKvk ïiy K‡ib| 1952 mv‡j ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vj‡b RwoZ _vKvi Kvi‡Y wZwb Avevi †MÖdZvi nb|

1954 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b wZwb †k‡i evsjv G †K dRjyj nK I †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv ©xi m‡½ hy³d«›U MVb K‡ib| hy³d«›U GB wbe©vP‡b wecyj †fv‡U Rqx nq|

Avgvi evsjv eB 124

1957 mv‡j fvmvbx Uv½vB‡ji KvMgvwi‡Z GK wekvj Avš�R©vwZK mvs¯‹…wZK m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb K‡ib| G †`‡ki BwZnv‡m G m‡¤§jb KvMgvwi m‡¤§jb bv‡g weL¨vZ| G m‡¤§j‡b †`k-we‡`‡ki eû L¨vwZgvb mvwnwZ¨K, ms¯‹…wZKg©x I ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„›` †hvM †`b| G m‡¤§j‡b wZwb c�e© cvwK¯�v‡bi gvby‡li eÂbvi wPÎ Zy‡j a‡ib|

gIjvbv fvmvbx eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb cvwK¯�v‡bi cwðg As‡ki kvmKiv ag© I RvZxq msnwZi bv‡g c �e©evsjvi gvbyl‡K †kvlY Ki‡Q| ZvB Zv‡ì m‡½ GKB iv‡óªi euva‡b Ae¯’vb Kiv Avi m¤¢e bq| †m Kvi‡Y 1969 mv‡ji MYAfy Ìv‡b wZwb ¸iyZ¡cƒY© fƒwgKv cvjb K‡ib| RbMY‡K m‡½ wb‡q cvwK¯Zvwb ˆ¯ivPvix miKv‡ii weiy‡× cÖej MYAv‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡jb| 1970 mv‡ji b‡f¤‡i cëb gq`v‡b fvlY `vbKv‡j GB K_vwUB evi evi D”PviY K‡i RvwZ‡K mZK© K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| 1955, 1956 I 1957 mv‡jI wZwb †NvlYv w`‡qwQ‡jb-cvwK¯�vb miKvi c�e© cvwK¯�v‡bi RbM‡Yi Ici †h AZ¨vPvi, wbcxob Pvjv‡”Q, †h êlg¨bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡Q, Zv Pj‡Z _vK‡j c�e© cvwK¯�vb GKw`b ¯vaxb †`k n‡q hv‡e| Zuvi G K_v ev¯�e m‡Z¨ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

1971 mv‡ji 25†k gvP© †`ke¨vcx cvwK¯�vwb ˆmb¨‡ì nZ¨vhÁ ïiy n‡j e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ ïiy nq gyw³hy×| gIjvbv fvmvbxi Uv½vB‡ji Nievwo cvwK¯�vwb ˆmbïv cywo‡q †`q| gyw³hy‡× Ask †bIqvi Rb¨ wZwb fvi‡Z P‡j hvb| gyw³hy× PjvKv‡j wZwb cÖevmx evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Dc‡`óvgÊjxi m`m¨ wQ‡jb|

1971 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤i cvwK¯�vwb †mbvevwnbx AvÍmgc©Y Ki‡j wZwb ¯vaxb evsjv‡`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb| ¯vaxbZvi ciI †Kv‡bv c`gh©v`v I †gvn Zuv‡K AvK…ó Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| wZwb me mgq RbM‡Yi cv‡k †_‡K wewfbœ RbgyLx Kg©mƒwP cvjb K‡ib| †hgb - M½v b`xi Ici fviZ KZ…©K dviv°v euva wbg©v‡Yi d‡j evsjv‡`‡k giyKiY cÖwµqv ïiy nq| Gi cÖwZev‡` gvIjvbv fvmvbx 1976 mv‡ji 16B †g j¶ j¶ RbZv‡K m‡½ wb‡q XvKv †_‡K ivRkvnx ch©š— GK HwZnvwmK Ôjs gvP©Õ cwiPvjbv K‡ib|

Avgvi evsjv eB 125

gIjvbv fvmvbx wb‡R cÖvwZôvwbK †jLvcov Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| wKš�y G †`‡ki gvby‡li Rb¨ wk¶v, Ávb-we¯�vi I cÖmv‡i wQj Zuvi A‡bK Ae`vb| wZwb m‡š�v‡l Bmjvwg wek¦we`¨vjq, gnxcy‡i nvRx †gvnv¤§` gnwmb K‡jR, XvKvq AveyRi wMdvwi K‡jR I Uv½vB‡j gvIjvbv †gvnv¤§` Avjx K‡jR cÖwZôv K‡ib| gIjvbv fvmvbx wQ‡jb GKRb wbinsKvi Av`k©evb gvbyl| Zuvi RxebvPiY wQj AZ¨š� mv`vgvUv I mnR mij| wZwb Uv½vB‡ji m‡š�v‡l GKUv mvaviY evwo‡Z evm Ki‡Zb| †L‡Zb mvaviY gvby‡li Lvevi| G iKg Abvo¤î Rxebhvcb Lye Kg †`Lv hvq| A_P Zuvi ivR‰bwZK Rxeb wQj êwPÎ¨cƒY©| gRjyg Rb‡bZv gIjvbv Ave yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx 1976 mv‡ji 17B b‡f¤i 96 eQi eq‡m XvKv †gwW‡Kj K‡jR nvmcvZv‡j g„ZzëiY K‡ib| GB msMÖvgx Rbìw` †bZvi g„Zz¨‡Z Avgv‡ì †`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z GKwU hy‡Mi Aemvb N‡U| Zuv‡K Uv½vBj †Rjvi m‡š�v‡l Bmjvwg wek¦we`¨vjq msjMœ cÖv½‡Y mgvwnZ Kiv nq| gIjvbv fvmvbxi Rxeb †_‡K Avgiv wk¶v cvB cÖMvp ¯‡`k‡cÖg, cÖMwZkxj Av`k© I cÖwZev`x †PZbvi| wZwb wPiKvj kª×vq I fv‡jvevmvq †eu‡P _vK‡eb G †`‡ki †KvwU †KvwU gvby‡li ü`‡q|

kwdDj Avjg

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Avgvi evsjv eB 126

jvBb cÖ_v ⎯ Awef³ fviZe‡l©i Avmvg cÖ‡`‡ki GKwU KzL¨vZ AvBb|

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1945 mv‡j GB AvBb evwZj nq|

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miKvi cÖ_g MwVZ nq|

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†gvn ⎯ †jvf-jvjmv|

Abvo¤i ⎯ Avo¤înxb, mvaviY|

Avgvi evsjv eB 127

2. wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj I wjwL K. gRjyg k‡ãi A_© Kx? Kv‡K gRjyg Rb‡bZv ejv nZ? †Kb? L. ÔfvmvbP‡ii gIjvbvÕ bvg †`q Kviv? †Kb? M. gIjvbv fvmvbx Zuvi Kg©Rxeb ïiy K‡ib †Kvb †ckvq? N. wZwb Rwg`v‡ii wel-bR‡i c‡ob †Kb? O. wZwb ZiyY eq‡m Kvi Av`‡k© AbycÖvwYZ nb? P. wZwb KLb, Kv‡ì Rb¨ Avmv‡g Av‡›`vjb ïiy K‡ib? Q. 1952 mv‡j wZwb †Kb †MÖdZvi nb? R. †Kv_vq KLb KvMgvwi m‡¤§jb nq? G m‡¤§j‡b Kviv †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb? S. gIjvbv fvmvbx KZ mv‡j MYAv‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡jb? T. gIjvbv fvmvbx c�e© cvwK¯�v‡bi gvby‡li Rb¨ ¯vaxb c„_K †`k Kivi

K_v KLb Ges †Kb e‡jb? U. gIjvbv fvmvbx †Kb js gvP© cwiPvjbv K‡ib ? V. evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× PjvKv‡j wZwb †Kv_vq †Kvb c‡` wQ‡jb? W. gIjvbv fvmvbx wk¶v we¯�v‡ii Rb¨ †Kvb †Kvb wk¶v cÖwZôvb M‡o Zy‡j‡Qb? X. Zuvi Rxeb †_‡K Avgiv Kx wk¶v cvB? 3. wb‡Pi kãy¸‡jv w`‡q evK¨ iPbv Kwi cÖwZev`, Kviviy×, msMÖvg, gRjyg, Abvo¤i, RxebvPiY| 4. †R‡b wbB †`keÜy wPËiÄb `vk- weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi GKRb gnvb †bZv| cwðg e‡½i KjKvZvq 1870 mv‡j †`keÜy wPËiÄb `vk Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcwÎK wbevm evsjv‡`‡ki XvKvi weµgcy‡ii †ZwjievM MÖv‡g| wZwb †hgb wQ‡jb weL¨vZ ivRbxwZwe`, †Zgwb wQ‡jb GKRb Kwe I m¤cv`K| G †`‡ki wn› y-gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ HK¨ I m¤cÖxwZ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ mvivRxeb KvR K‡i‡Qb wZwb| wZwb wQ‡jb evsjvi mvaviY gvby‡li AwZ wcÖq †bZv| 1925 mv‡j Zuvi g„Zy ‡Z iex› ªbv_ VvKyi I KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg KweZv wj‡L kª×v Rvbvb|

Avgvi evsjv eB 128

†`‡ki Rb¨

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Avgvi evsjv eB 129

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Avgvi evsjv eB 130

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Avgvi evsjv eB 131

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nvwZ

Avgvi evsjv eB 132

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MÊvi

Avgvi evsjv eB 133

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Avgvi evsjv eB 134

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Nwoqvj †gv‡UI gvbyl‡L‡Kv bq| Giv LyeB wbixn cÖvYx|

Mwijv DUcvwL ev Aw÷ªP

Avgvi evsjv eB 135

c −vwUcvm ev nsmPÂz cÖvwYRM‡Zi Avi GK we¯§q| G‡ì †VuvU I cv‡qi cvZv †`L‡Z nuv‡mi g‡Zv| Giv cvwLi g‡Zv wWg cv‡o Avi Qvbviv gv‡qi `ya Lvq| cyiyl nsmPÂzi cv‡qi †Mvovq welv³ KuvUv Av‡Q| †mB KuvUv w`‡q Zviv kÎy‡K Nv‡qj Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡ì P¨vcUv I †gvUv †jR kixi †_‡K †ewi‡q µgk miy n‡q †M‡Q| cvwbi K‡qK dyU Ic‡i WvOvq Giv MZ© K‡i Ges †mB MZ© w`‡q cvwbi †fZi P‡j hvq| w`‡b Giv M‡Z© _v‡K Avi iv‡Z cvwb‡Z †f‡m †eovq| nsmPÂz Zvi P¨vcUv †VuvU w`‡q RjR †cvKvgvKo, kvgyK I ¸Mwj Lvq| A‡÷ªwjqv I Zvi KvQvKvwQ Øxc Zvmgvwbqvq nsmPÂzi †`Lv †g‡j| cÖvwYRM‡Z we¯§q m„wó K‡i‡Q Ggb RxeRš�yi msL¨v w`b w`b K‡g Avm‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k wKQy wKQy RxeRš�y cÖvq wejyß n‡q †M‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q MÊvi, ey‡bv Miy, ey‡bv †gvl, ey‡bv QvMj I ey‡bv KyKyi| Gme cÖvYx cve©Z¨ †Rjvmg�‡n, wm‡jU I gqgbwmsn AÂ‡j cvIqv †hZ| evsjv‡`k †_‡K wejyß nIqv cÖvYxi g‡a¨ Av‡iv Av‡Q nvowMjv, wgVv cvwbi Kywgi, ivR kKyb, †mvbvwj weovj, bxj MvB I nbygvb| G Qvov Av‡iv wKQy RxeRš�y wejyß n‡q hvIqvi Avk¼v †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| evN, nvwZ, nwiY, eb‡gviM, g`b‡UK, Kywgi, K”Qc, ¸Bmvc, ebiyB, Mqvj, evNWuvm, mRviy, Doš� KvVweovwj, †mvbve¨vO cÖf…wZ GLb Avi Lye †ewk †bB| Ggb wK my›ìe‡bi i‡qj †e½j UvBMviI GLb msL¨vq K‡g †M‡Q| Gme cÖvYx euvwP‡q ivLv Avgv‡ì KZ©e¨|

(1996 wk¶ve‡l©i cÂg †kªYxi Avgvi eB †_‡K M„nxZ)

c−vwUcvm Nwoqvj

Avgvi evsjv eB 136

cvV wkwL 1. kã¸‡jvi A_© wkwL I ev‡K¨ eënvi Kwi wewPÎ ⎯ bvbv e‡Y©i, bvbv ai‡bi, my›ì| ⎯ mviv ywbqvq KZ wewPÎ

cÖvYx evm K‡i|

msiw¶Z ⎯ i¶v Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb| we‡kl D‡Ï‡k¨ hLb †Kv‡bv e¯�y ev

cÖvYx ev ¯’vb‡K wbw ©ó K‡i ivLv nq | ⎯ mvgwiK Rv yNi ˆZwii Rb¨ G ¯’vbwU msiw¶Z Av‡Q|

`jcwZ ⎯ `‡ji †bZv, m ©vi| ⎯ †Ljvayjvq `jcwZi wb‡ ©k †g‡b Pj‡Z nq|

weKU ⎯ A™¢yZ| †`L‡Z ev ïb‡Z fq nq Ggb| ⎯ ivZ ycy‡i weKU AvIqvR ï‡b Avgvi Nyg †f‡O †Mj|

iMPUv ⎯ †h mn‡R †i‡M I‡V| fxlY ivMx ev †Rw`| ⎯ Kx †h iMPUv †jv‡Ki cvj−vq c‡owQ, K_vq K_vq †i‡M I‡V!

kw³ai ⎯ kw³gvb| Mv‡q †ek †Rvi Av‡Q Ggb| ⎯ my›ìe‡bi i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi kw³ai wnsmª cÖvYx|

Mnxb ⎯ Mfxi, Nb| ⎯ Mnxb Ai‡Y¨ c_ fyj n‡Z cv‡i|

ˆ`Z¨cvwL ⎯ ˆ`Zï g‡Zv weivUKvq, wekvj cvwL| ⎯ DUcvwL‡K ejv nq ˆ`Z¨cvwL|

iv¶z‡m wL‡`⎯ cÖPÊ ¶yav| ⎯ mviv w`b D‡cvm K‡i Zvi GLb iv¶y‡m wL‡` †c‡q‡Q|

2. hy³eY©¸‡jv wP‡b wbB AÂj - Â = (T& + P) cÂg, PÂz, mÂq| MÊvi - Ê = (Y& + W) KvÊ, fvÊ, cÖPÊ, cÖKvÊ|

3. wecixZ kã wkwL eb¨, WvOv, Nb, cwZ, bxie, Avb›`, wgÎ, ¶xY, kvš�|

Avgvi evsjv eB 137

4. evK¨ iPbv Kwi wbixn ⎯

evQwePvi ⎯

iMPUv ⎯

GKvKvi ⎯

gvbyl‡L‡Kv ⎯

5. GK K_vq DËi w`B K. nvwZi me‡P‡q A™¢yZ A½wU Kx ? L. wRiv‡di me‡P‡q eo kÎy †K ? M. †Kvb cvwL‡K Ôˆ`Z¨cvwLÕ ejv nq ? N. †Kvb cÖvYxi wks Nb †jv‡g ˆZwi ? O. Mwijv †Kvb gnv‡`‡k evm K‡i ? P. †Kvb cÖvYx Kywgi bq A_P Kywg‡ii g‡Zv †`L‡Z ?

6. we‡kl¨ I we‡klY c`¸‡jv wPwýZ Kwi K. nsmPÂzi †jR †ek †gvUv I P¨vc&Uv nq| L. Nwoqvj Lye wbixn cÖvYx| M. Mwijv cÖPÊ kw³ai ey‡bv Rš�y| N. DUcvwLi wWg †hb GKwU eo dyUej|

7. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjwL K. nvwZ †`L‡Z †Kgb ? ïu‡oi mvnv‡h¨ nvwZ Kx Kx KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i ? L. MÊvi‡K AvRe cÖvYx ejv n‡q‡Q †Kb ? †i‡M †M‡j †m Kx K‡i ? M. wRivd †`L‡Z †Kgb ? ebc‡_ †m Kxfv‡e I KZ gvBj †e‡M †Qv‡U? N. DU cvwL‡K ˆ`Z¨cvwL ejv nq †Kb ? O. c −vwUcvm ev nsmPÂz †Kv_vq evm K‡i ? P. Avgv‡ì †`‡k †Kvb †Kvb cÖvYx wejyß n‡q hv‡”Q? G‡ì euvwP‡q ivLvi

Rb¨ Avgiv Kx Ki‡Z cvwi ?

Avgvi evsjv eB 138

mevi Avwg QvÎ

mywbg©j emy AvKvk Avgvq wk¶v w`j D`vi n‡Z fvB †i, Kg©x nevi gš � Avwg evqyi Kv‡Q cvB †i| cvnvo wkLvq Zvnvi mgvb - nB †hb fvB †gŠb-gnvb, †Lvjv gv‡Vi Dc‡`‡k - w`j-†Lvjv nB ZvB †i| m �h© Avgvq gš �Yv †`q Avcb †Z‡R R¡j‡Z, Puv` wkLvj nvm‡Z †gv‡i, gayi K_v ej‡Z| Bw½‡Z Zvi wkLvq mvMi - Aš�i †nvK iZœ-AvKi; b`xi Kv‡Q wk¶v †cjvg Avcb †e‡M Pj‡Z| gvwUi Kv‡Q mwnòzZv †cjvg Avwg wk¶v, Avcb Kv‡R K‡Vvi n‡Z cvlvY w`j `x¶v|

Avgvi evsjv eB 139

Sibv Zvnvi mnR Mv‡b, Mvb RvMvj Avgvi cÖv‡Y;

k¨vg ebvbx mimZv Avgvq w`j wf¶v|

wek¦‡Rvov cvVkvjv †gvi, mevi Avwg QvÎ,

bvbvb fv‡e bZzb wRwbm

wkLwQ wèvivÎ|

GB c„w_exi weivU LvZvq,

cvV¨ †h me cvZvq cvZvq

wkLwQ †m me †KŠZ‚n‡j,

†bB wØav †jkgvÎ|

cvV wkwL

1. KweZvi g �jfve †R‡b wbB gvbyl cÖK…wZi AvenvIqvq jvwjZ mš�vb| ZvB cÖK…wZi Kv‡Q Avgv‡ì

A‡bK wKQy †kLvi Av‡Q| wekvj AvKv‡ki w`‡K Avgiv hLb ZvKvB, ZLb Zvi Kv‡Q wk¶v cvB D`viZvi| †Zgwbfv‡e evqyi Kv‡Q wk¶v cvB Kg©x n‡Z, cvnv‡oi Kv‡Q wk¶v cvB †gŠb-gnvb n‡Z, †Lvjv gv‡Vi Kv‡Q w`j-†Lvjv n‡Z| m �‡h©i Kv‡Q wkwL Avcb †Z‡R `xß n‡Z, Puv‡ì Kv‡Q wkwL gayiZv I bgªZv| mvM‡ii Kv‡Q wkwL wekvj Aš�‡ii AwaKvix n‡Z, Avi b`xi Kv‡Q wkwL ªyZ †e‡M QyU‡Z| Ggwbfv‡e gvwU, cv_i, Sibv cÖf…wZi KvQ †_‡KI Avgv‡ì A‡bK †kLvi Av‡Q| ZvB G wekvj c„w_ex Avgv‡ì

Avgvi evsjv eB 140

†kLvi I Rvbvi GK weivU cvVkvjv| 2. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi A_© †R‡b wbB I e¨vL¨v wjwL D`vi ⎯ gnr, `vbkxj| ⎯ †k‡i evsjv G. †K. dRjyj nK wQ‡jb

GKRb D`vi gvbyl| †gŠb-gnvb ⎯ bxie I †kªô| †kªô n‡jI †h wb‡R‡K †kªô e‡j `vwe K‡i bv|

⎯ cvnvo I AvKvk gvbyl‡K †gŠb-gnvb nIqvi wk¶v †`q| w`j-†Lvjv ⎯ gy³cÖvY, D`viü`q| ⎯ w`j-†Lvjv gvbyl mK‡ji wcÖq| gš �Yv ⎯ civgk©, hyw³, Dc‡`k| ⎯ gnvb wk¶‡Ki Kv‡Q †h gš�Yv

jvf K‡iwQ Zv Avgvi Rxe‡b me‡P‡q eo wk¶v| Bw½Z ⎯ Bkviv, ms‡KZ| ⎯ †kªYxwk¶‡Ki Bw½Z †c‡q K¬v‡mi

mevB GK‡hv‡M uvwo‡q †Mj| †Z‡R ⎯ Av‡jv‡K, cÖfvq, DËv‡c, cÖLiZvq|⎯ m�‡h©i †Z‡R c„w_ex

DËß nq| Aš�i ⎯ gb, ü`q| ⎯ mevi Aš�i †nvK wbg©j, my›ì I D`vi| iZœ-AvKi ⎯ i‡Zœi AvKi, gwYgy³vi Lwb|⎯gnvmvM‡ii Aci bvg iZœ-AvKi| mwnòzZv ⎯ mn¨kw³, mnbkxjZv| ⎯ mwnòzZv gnr ¸Y| `x¶v ⎯ †Kv‡bv we ¨vq ev Kv‡R wKsev msKí mva‡b we‡kl Dc‡ k jvf|

⎯ Avwg wk¶‡Ki Kv‡Q †_‡K † k‡cÖ‡gi x¶v MÖnY K‡iwQ| k¨vg ⎯ k vgj, meyR| ⎯ evsjv‡ ‡ki k vg iƒc † L‡j †PvL Rywo‡q hvq| ebvbx ⎯ eo eb, AiY¨| ⎯ evsjv‡`‡ki cve©Z¨ †Rjv¸‡jvi Mfxi

ebvbx‡Z bvbv iKg RxeRš�y evm K‡i|

wèvivÎ ⎯ w`bivZ|⎯ cix¶v mvg‡b, ZvB wèvivÎ cowQ|

3. hy³eY© wP‡b wbB mwnòzZv ⎯ ò (l&+Y) : K…ò, Z…òv|

4. K_v¸‡jv ey‡S wbB

Avgvi evsjv eB 141

nB †hb fvB †gŠb-gnvb ⎯ cvnvo AvKv‡i eo n‡jI wb‡R‡K wb‡q eovB K‡i bv| Kwe ej‡Z Pvb †h, cvnvo eo n‡jI †kªôZ¡ `vwe K‡i bv| †Zgwb gvbylI bvbv ‡Yi

AwaKvix n‡e, wKš�y AvÍcÖPvi ev AnsKvi Ki‡e bv|

w`j-†Lvjv nB ZvB †i ⎯ †Lvjv gv‡V Avgiv †h w`‡K B”Qv †m w`‡K †h‡Z cvwi| g‡bi Avb‡›` Ny‡i †eov‡Z cvwi| †Lvjv gvV cÖk¯�Zvi cÖZxK| G Rb¨ ejv n‡q‡Q, †Lvjv gvV Avgv‡ì g‡bi cÖmviZv evov‡bvi wk¶v †`q| Aš�i †nvK iZœ-AvKi ⎯ mvM‡i gy³v I cÖevj cvIqv hvq| Gme wRwbm Lye g�jëvb| mvMi †hgb bvbv iKg gwYgy³v aviY K‡i, †Zgwb Avgv‡ì Aš�iI mr ¸Yvewj‡Z cwic�Y© _vKv DwPZ| k¨vg ebvbx mimZv ⎯ k¨vgj AiY¨ Avgv‡ì djg�j I bvbv cÖKvi Lv`¨ †`q| Avevi Ac �e© †mŠ›`h©I `vb K‡i| †m iƒc I im †`q e‡j Kwe Gfv‡e GB PiY mvwR‡q‡Qb| wek¦‡Rvov cvVkvjv †gvi ⎯ GB wek¦ A‡bK eo| c„w_exi cÖK…wZ QvovI P› ª I mƒh©‡K Kwe c„w_exi Ask wn‡m‡e Kíbv K‡i Zvi †_‡K wk¶v MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| ZvB c„w_ex‡K ejv nq GKwU wekvj cvVkvjv| Zvi KvQ †_‡K Avgv‡ì wk¶vi †kl †bB|

5. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gy‡L gy‡L ewj I wjwL (K) AvKvk, evqy I cvnvo Avgv‡ì Kx wk¶v †`q?

(L) †Lvjv gvV Kx Dc‡`k †`q?

(M) m�h© I Puv` Avgv‡ì Kx †kLvq?

(N) gvwU Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì mwnòzZv wk¶v †`q?

(O) Ôwek¦‡Rvov cvVkvjv †gviÕ - G K_vi A_© Kx?

(P) mvMi I b`xi wk¶v Kx?

6. wecixZ kã¸‡jv wgwj‡q wjwL

D`vi ⎯ †bfv

†gŠb ⎯ AmwnòzZv

†Lvjv ⎯ †Kvgj

Avgvi evsjv eB 142

R¡jv ⎯ Aby vi

mwnòzZv ⎯ eÜ

K‡Vvi ⎯ gyLi 7. GKB A_© nq Ggb kã¸‡jv †R‡b wbB AvKvk ⎯ MMb, A¤i, b‡fvgÊj evqy ⎯ evZvm, nvIqv, ceb, mgxiY cvnvo ⎯ ce©Z, ˆkj, wMwi m �h© ⎯ iwe, Zcb, wèvKi, cÖfvKi Puv` ⎯ P›`ª, kkx, weay, B› y, kkv¼ b`x ⎯ ZwUbx, wbS©wiYx, cÖevwnYx, †mªvZ¯Zx, †mªvZw¯bx gvwU ⎯ f‚wg, g„wËKv c„w_ex ⎯ aiYx, aiv, awiÎx, emyÜiv 8. Wvb w`K †_‡K kã G‡b k�b¨¯’vb c �iY Kwi m �h© Avgvq ⎯ †`q gayi Avcb ⎯ R¡j‡Z, †gv‡i Puv` wkLvj nvm‡Z ⎯ †Z‡R ⎯ K_v ej‡Z| gš�Yv

9. Kwe cwiwPwZ Kwe I wkï mvwnwZ¨K mywbg©j emy fvi‡Zi eZ©gvb SvoLÊ iv‡Rï wMwiwW‡Z

1902 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcZ…K wbevm XvKvi weµgcy‡ii gvjLvbMi MÖv‡g| wkï-wK‡kvi‡ì Rb¨ Zuvi ARmª Qov, KweZv, Mí, Kvwnbx, iƒcK_v, ågY Kvwnbx, nvwmi bvUK I Dcb¨vm i‡q‡Q| Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš’¸‡jv nj : ÔQvbveovÕ, Ô†e‡o gRvÕ, Ô†nu‡UÕ, Ôûj¯’‚jÕ, ÔcvZZvwoÕ, Ôkû‡i gvgvÕ, ÔQ‡›ì UysUvsÕ BZ¨vw`| wZwb 1957 wLªóv‡ã g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

Avgvi evsjv eB 143

mvB‡K¬vb kvgmyi ivngvb

Pvj Do‡Q, Wvj Do‡Q Do‡Q Miy, Do‡Q †gvl| LB Do‡Q, eB Do‡Q

Do‡Q cuvwR, wek¦‡Kvl|

gqjv Pvì, dimv Rvgv Do‡Q †L‡Zi k‡l©, he|

j²xcu vPv, c¶xQvbv Nyi‡Q, †hb PiwK me|

gvQ Do‡Q, MvQ Do‡Q N �wY© nvIqv Nyi‡Q †Rvi| Lvj dyj‡Q, cvj wQuo‡Q iyL‡e Kviv cvwbi †Zvo?

nvivb gvwS, civb †kL

evZvm dyu‡o w`‡”Q WvK| AvKvk †f‡O Kv‡Pi u‡ov DVj AvRvb, evRj kuvL|

P¤úveZxi †Kk fvm‡Q

fvm‡Q †mªv‡Z L‡oi Ni| †kqvj KzKzi KzuK‡ov kvwjK

Wyej mwe, Wyej Pi|

Avgvi evsjv eB 144

cvV wkwL 1. KweZvi g�jfve †R‡b wbB mvB‡K¬vb ev N�wY©So Avgv‡ì AwZ cwiwPZ kã| cÖvq cÖwZeQiB Avgiv GB

cÖvK…wZK wech©‡qi m¤§yLxb nB| êkvL gv‡m †Zv N‡UB, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gv‡mI cÖK„wZi †LqvjLywk g‡Zv N�wY©So nq| N�wY©S‡oi GB iƒc GZB cÖPÊ †h, evB‡ii MvQcvjv I Nievwoi Pv‡ji m‡½ N‡ii †fZ‡ii AvmevecËi I eB ZQbQ n‡q hvq| Ggb wK S‡oi d‡j b`x-mgy‡ ªi RjI dyu‡m I‡V| gvbyl cÖgv` ¸‡b gmwR‡` gmwR‡` AvRvb †`q, gw›`‡i †e‡R I‡V kuvL| Nievwo cïcvwL me †hb S‡oi †Zv‡o †f‡m hvq| G KweZvq Kwe N�wY©S‡oi fq¼i wPÎ Zy‡j a‡i‡Qb|

2. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi †R‡b wbB cuvwR ⎯ cwÄKv| ⎯ cuvwR †`‡L Iiv evB‡i hvevi w`b w¯’i Kij| wek¦‡Kvl ⎯ Ávb-weÁv‡bi wewfbœ welq wb‡q eY©µg Abyhvqx iwPZ MÖš’|

wek¦‡Kvl GKvwaK L‡Ê iwPZ nq| ⎯ wek¦‡Kvl I Awfavb GK ai‡bi MÖš’ bq|

k‡l© ⎯ mwilv| ⎯ njy k‡l© dz‡j gvV †Q‡q Av‡Q| PiwK ⎯ hv PµvKv‡i NyicvK Lvq| GK ai‡bi gRvi hš� hv †Ljvi

Rb¨ eëüZ nq| ⎯ AvR K w`b a‡i KvRwUi Rb¨ Zvi wc‡Q wc‡Q PiwKi g‡Zv NyiwQ|

iyL‡e ⎯ evav †`‡e| ⎯ eo n‡q †ZvgivB G Ab¨vq iyL‡e| †Zvo ⎯ †eM, †mªvZ|⎯ eb vi cÖej cvwbi †Zv‡o KZ Nievwo †f‡m †Mj| AvKvk †f‡O Kv‡Pi u‡ov ⎯ e„wói †duvUv‡K Kv‡Pi u‡ovi g‡Zv g‡b nq| kuvL ⎯ k�L| ⎯ gw›`‡i kuvL evR‡Q| P¤úveZxi †Kk fvm‡Q ⎯ S‡ov e„wó‡Z iƒcK_vi ivRKb¨vi PzjI †hb fvm‡Q| KzuK‡ov ⎯ †gviM, Kz°zU|⎯ †fvi n‡j MÖv‡g KuyK‡ov Wv‡K| 3. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi g‡Zv wgj †i‡L AviI kã wjwL Pvj ⎯ Wvj : gB ⎯ `B

Avgvi evsjv eB 145

LB ⎯ eB ⎯ ⎯ j¶¥x ⎯ c¶x ⎯ ⎯ Lvj ⎯ cvj ⎯ ⎯ Ni ⎯ Pi ⎯ ⎯ 4. G KweZvq P› ªwe›`yhy³ kã¸‡jv wP‡b wbB cuvwR, cu vPv, wQuo‡Q, duy‡o, u‡ov, kuvL, KzuK‡ov| G iKg P› ªwe› yhy³ Av‡iv kã wjwL nuvm, duvm, KuvUv, nuvUv ................................ ................................. 5. wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gy‡L gy‡L ewj I wjwL K. mvB‡K¬v‡b Kx Kx DowQj? wb‡Pi k�b¨¯’v‡b †m¸‡jv wjwL| ⎯⎯ Do‡Q, ⎯⎯ Do‡Q Do‡Q Miy, Do‡Q ⎯⎯ | LB Do‡Q, ⎯⎯ Do‡Q| Do‡Q ⎯⎯ , ⎯⎯ | L. N �wY©S‡o b`x‡Z Kx „k¨ †`Lv hvq? M. nvivb gvwS Avi civb †kL WvK w`w”Qj †Kb? N. N �wY©S‡oi mgq Kx‡mi kã †f‡m Av‡m? O. N �wY©S‡o cïcvwLi Kx Ae¯’v nq? 6. KweZvwU gyL¯’ ewj I cÖ_g AvU PiY bv †`‡L wjwL| 7. Avgvi †`Lv mvB‡K¬vb m¤ú‡K© GKwU Aby‡”Q` wjwL| 8. Kwe cwiwPwZ Kwe kvgmyi ivngvb 1929 wLªóv‡ãi 23†k A‡±vei cyi‡bv XvKvi

gvûZUzwj‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcZ„K wbevm biwms`x †Rjvi cvovZjx MÖv‡g| wZwb `xN©w`b mvsevw`KZv †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki GKRb cÖavb Kwe| †QvU‡ì Rb¨ wZwb A‡bK Qov, KweZv I ¯§„wZK_v wj‡L‡Qb| ÔGjvwUs †ejvwUsÕ, Ôavb fvb‡j Kzu‡ov †`‡evÕ, Ô¯§„wZi

Avgvi evsjv eB 146

kni XvKvÕ BZ¨vw` †QvU‡ì Rb¨ †jLv Zuvi weL¨vZ eB| wZwb 17B AvMó 2006 Zvwi‡L XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

A‡c¶v †mwjbv †nv‡mb

i“gv Avi i“ev yB †evb| I‡ì fxlY fve| GKm‡½ ¯‹z‡j hvq| GKm‡½ †L‡j|

Lye KgB SMov nq I‡ì|

i“gvi eqm ev‡iv| Avi i“evi eqm `k|

Avgvi evsjv eB 147

yÕR‡bi Rb¥w b wb‡q I‡ì evev-gv‡qi GK GKwU Mí Av‡Q| I‡ì gv iv‡njv e‡j,

†hw b i“gvi Rb¥ nq †mw b evwoi D‡Vv‡bi wkDwj MvQUv dz‡j dz‡j f‡i wQj| GZ dzj

bvwK Avi KL‡bv †`‡Lwb iv‡njv evby| Lykey Qwo‡q wM‡qwQj Pviw`‡K| i“ev D`MÖxe n‡q e‡j, gv Avgvi MíUv ej| †Zvi MíUv Avwg eje gv| G K_v e‡j Rmxg wgqv †g‡q‡K Rwo‡q a‡i| e‡j, †hw`b ZzB nwj †mw`b Avwg evwoi evB‡ii AvgMvQUvi wb‡P e‡m AvwQ| nVvr gv_vi Ic‡i ZvwK‡q †`wL Av‡gi †ev‡j f‡i Av‡Q MvQUv| GZ †evj Avm‡Z †`wLwb Av‡M| †ev‡ji M‡Ü Pviw`K f‡i Av‡Q| yÕ‡evb evev-gv‡qi Av`‡ii Qvqvq eo nq| ¯‹z‡j hvIqvi c‡_ ey‡bvdzj wQu‡o

†eYxi m‡½ †Mu‡_ iv‡L| dwos a‡i| Avevi AvKv‡k Dwo‡q †`q| dz‡ji cvcwo wQu‡o LvZvi †fZi Pvcv w`‡q iv‡L| ïwK‡q †M‡j evevi Kcv‡j jvwM‡q w`‡q e‡j, evev †Zvgvi nvRvi eQi Avqy †nvK| gv‡qi Kcv‡j jvwM‡q w`‡q e‡j, gv †Zvgvi fv‡Zi nuvwo fiv _vKzK| Rmxg wgqv I‡ì Kcv‡j Pzgy w`‡q e‡j, Avgvi †g‡q¸‡jvi A‡bK eyw×| A‡bK eo n gv| PvB‡j †jLvcovi Rb¨ †Zv‡ì Avwg XvKv cvVve| `y'†evb Lywk‡Z nvZZvwj †`q| evev-gv I‡ì Drdzj − gy‡Li w`‡K ZvwK‡q _v‡K| GKw`b Rmxg wgqv evRvi †_‡K `yÕ †KwR Pvj-Wvj wK‡b evwo wd‡i eviv›`vq acvm K‡i e‡m c‡o| Qz‡U Av‡m iv‡njv evby|

⎯ Kx n‡q‡Q ?

⎯ hy×|

⎯ hy×? iv‡njv evby AevK n‡q e‡j|

⎯ Rmxg wKQz ejvi Av‡MB ïb‡Z cvq evB‡i nBPB| I yÕ †g‡qi nvZ a‡i evB‡i Av‡m| †`‡L †jvKRb AvgMv‡Qi wb‡P †Mvj n‡q e‡m †iwWI‡Z Lei ïb‡Q| wewewmi Lei| ej‡Q, XvKv kn‡i MZ gaïv‡Z MYnZ¨v ïi“ K‡i‡Q cvwK¯Zvb †mbvevwnbx| Rmx‡gi g‡b c‡o wKQzw`b Avv‡M Iiv e½eÜzi 7B gv‡P©i fvlY ï‡bwQj- ÔGev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡ì gyw³i msMÖvg| Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯vaxbZvi msMÖvg|Õ

Avgvi evsjv eB 148

†jvKRb Lei ï‡b D‡ËwRZ n‡q e‡j, Avgv‡ì mevB‡K hy× Ki‡Z n‡e| i“gv-i“ev evevi nvZ Qvwo‡q Ab¨ †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì Kv‡Q hy‡×i K_v ejvi Rb¨ QzU †`q| wPrKvi K‡i e‡j, ⎯ hy× Ki‡Z n‡e †i| hy× hy×| K‡qK gvm c‡i Muv‡q wgwjUvwi Av‡m| Rmxg kni †_‡K Avmv †Q‡j‡ì KvQ †_‡K ivB‡dj Pvjv‡bv wk‡L †bq| Zvici M‡o †Zv‡j gyw³evwnbx| iv‡njv †g‡q‡ì wb‡q evwo‡Z _vK‡e| Rmxg †P‡qwQj iv‡njv Ii evevi evwo P‡j hvK, wKš‘ iv‡njv †h‡Z ivwR nqwb| b`xi av‡iB evRvi| †mw`b we‡K‡j evRv‡i †M‡j cvwK¯Zvwb wgwjUvwii mvg‡b c‡o hvq Rmxg| Iiv evRv‡ii †`vKvb Avi Ni-evwo‡Z Av¸b jvwM‡q †`q| ¸wj Quyo‡Z Quyo‡Z Av‡m| GKwU ey‡jU G‡m jv‡M Rmx‡gi ey‡K| b`xi av‡i gyL _ye‡o c‡o hvq I| i‡³ †f‡m hvq gvwU| wb‡RiB i‡³ gvLvgvwL n‡q hvq Ii kixi| wgwjUvwiiv P‡j †M‡j hviv cvwj‡q wM‡qwQj Zviv N‡i wd‡i Av‡m| iv‡njvI †g‡q‡ì wb‡q evwo‡Z Av‡m| A‡bK evwo cy‡o †M‡jI I‡ì evwo‡Z Av¸b jv‡Mwb| eo AvgMvQUv N‡ii Pvj Avovj K‡i †i‡L‡Q e‡j Av¸b GLv‡b Avm‡Z cv‡iwb| iv‡njv mvivivZ Rmx‡gi Rb¨ A‡c¶v K‡i| wKš‘ Rmxg evwo †d‡i bv| i“gv-i“ev Kuv`‡Z Kuv`‡Z Nywg‡q hvq| ciw`b Muv‡qi †jv‡Kiv Rmx‡gi jvk wb‡q Av‡m evwo‡Z| i“gv-i“ev wKQz¶Y evev‡K †`‡L wbðzc n‡q hvq| †hb Iiv K_v ejv fy‡j †M‡Q| iv‡njv †Zv evievi Ávb nviv‡”Q| Muv‡qi †g‡qiv I‡ì gv‡K †`Lv‡kvbv Ki‡Q| yÕ†evb ivbœvN‡ii ìRvq Pzc K‡i e‡m _v‡K| i“ev i“gvi nvZ a‡i SuvwK‡q e‡j, hy× gv‡b Kx eye“? i“gv yÕnv‡Z †PvL gy‡Q e‡j, evevi g‡i hvIqv| yÕR‡b AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvKvq| A‡bK `~‡i Kv‡jv †auvqvi g‡Zv wKQz GKUv

AvKv‡ki w`‡K DV‡Q| DV‡Q †Zv DV‡QB| Iiv eyS‡Z cv‡i cv‡ki MÖv‡g Av¸b w`‡q‡Q wgwjUvwi| `yÕ†evb nv K‡i AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvwK‡q _v‡K| yR‡bB eyS‡Z cv‡i hy× gv‡b Kx| †Nvi el©v|

Avgvi evsjv eB 149

e„wói †Zv‡o Wy‡e hvq gvVNvU| iv‡njv evby ïK‡bv gy‡L eviv›`vq e‡m _v‡K| `yÕ†evb avb‡L‡Zi Av‡ji cvk w`‡q Mwo‡q hvIqv cvwb †_‡K Kuy‡Pv wPswo a‡i Av‡b| I‡ì gv A‡bï evwo †_‡K Avbv Pv‡j fvZ ivbœv K‡i| yÕgy‡Vv Pvj gvwUi Kjwm‡Z Rwg‡q iv‡L iv‡njv evby| iv‡Z †Kv‡bv gyw³‡hv×v

G‡j Zvi Rb¨ fvZ ivbœv Ki‡e| `yÕ†evb ïK‡bv jvKwo Kzwo‡q G‡b ivbœvN‡i Rwg‡q iv‡L| hw` jvKwoi ìKvi nq ZLb Kx w`‡q fvZ ivbœv Ki‡e gv| yÕ†evb Aaxi A‡c¶vq _vv‡K| †m iv‡Z e„wó wQj bv| giv †R¨vrmœvq fiv wQj D‡Vvb| Mfxi iv‡Z yÕRb gyw³‡hv×v Av‡m I‡ì evwo‡Z| PzwcPzwc Wv‡K gv, ìRv †Lv‡jv gv‡Mv- aogwo‡q I‡V i“gv-‡K Wv‡K?-I †V‡j gv‡K RvMvq| ⎯ gv I‡Vv| †kvb, †KD G‡m‡Q| iv‡njv evby UzKUzK kã ï‡b ìRvi Kv‡Q †M‡j Avevi ïb‡Z cvq †m WvK, gv ìRv †Lvj| iv‡njv Kuvcv nv‡Z ìRv Lyj‡j yÕRb gyw³‡hv×v ª“Z N‡i Xy‡K ìRv eÜ †`q| I‡ì GKRb e‡j, †Uªwbs‡qi mgq Rmxg KvKz Avgv‡ì e‡jwQ‡jb ìKvi n‡j †hb Avcbvi Kv‡Q Avwm| gv, Avcwb Avgv‡ì wPb‡eb bv| Avgv‡ì wL‡` †c‡q‡Q| fvZ †L‡qB P‡j hve| ⎯ †Kv_vq hv‡e ? i“gv wR‡Ám K‡i| ⎯ b`xi Icv‡i| ILv‡b gyw³‡hv×v‡ì K¨v¤c Av‡Q| ⎯ †Zvgiv hy× Ki‡e? i“ev Rvb‡Z Pvq| ⎯ nu v, Avgiv cvwK¯Zvwb wgwjUvwii K¨v¤c AvµgY Kie| ⎯ †Zvgv‡ì ivB‡dj¸‡jv Quy‡q †`wL? i“gv Mfxi Av‡e‡M e‡j| ⎯ nu v, †`L| `yR‡b `yÕ†ev‡bi †Kv‡j ivB‡dj `y‡Uv w`‡q †`q| ivB‡dj y‡Uv Iiv †Kv‡j wb‡q e‡m _v‡K| gv ivbœv Povq| wKQz¶Y ci iv‡njv Mig fvZ wb‡q Av‡m Mvgjv f‡i| m‡½ wWg-Avjyi ZiKvwi| †hv×v yÕRb McMwc‡q Lvq| †`wi Kivi mgq †bB| b`xi Nv‡U I‡ì Rb¨ †bŠKv wb‡q e‡m Av‡Q Abïv| †`wi Kiv Pj‡e bv| LvIqv †kl n‡j iv‡njv e‡j, ⎯ †Zvgiv Avevi Avm‡e †Zv?

Avgvi evsjv eB 150

ìKvi n‡j Avm‡Z cvwi| bB‡j A‡bïv Avm‡e| †KD bv †KD Avm‡e| iv‡njv evby‡K mvjvg K‡i yÕ†ev‡bi gv_vq nvZ eywj‡q P‡j hvq gyw³‡hv×viv| el©v †kl| Avwk¦‡bi wkDwj †dvUvi w`b ïi“ n‡q‡Q| GKw`b ìRvq UzK&UzK& kã nq| ⎯ LyKzgwYiv ìRv †Lvj| `yÕ†evb jvd w`‡q D‡V ìRv †Lv‡j| gyw³‡hv×viv Av‡m| fvZ Lvq| bq‡Zv GKUz Nywg‡q †bq| iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i Avevi P‡j hvq| †NviZi hy× Pj‡Q Pviw`‡K| i“gv Avi i“ev iv‡Z wVKg‡Zv Nygv‡Z cv‡i bv| Iiv Avevi A‡c¶v K‡i GKwU WvK †kvbvi Rb¨, ⎯ LyKzgwYiv ìRv †Lvj, Avgiv gyw³‡hv×v|

cvV wkwL

1. kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi †R‡b wbB Lykey ⎯ myMÜ|

D`MÖxe ⎯ Lye AvMÖnx| e¨MÖ|

wewewm ⎯ hy³iv‡Rï †eZvi †K› ª we‡kl|

MYnZ¨v ⎯ A‡bK †jvK‡K webv Aciv‡a †g‡i †djv|

e½eÜz ⎯ RvwZi RbK †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Dcvwa|

†Uªwbs ⎯ †Kv‡bv we‡kl wel‡q wk¶v †Ìqv ev †bIqv| cÖwk¶Y|

gyw³evwnbx ⎯ kÎ“i Lj †_‡K † k‡K i¶v Kivi Rb jovB K‡i Ggb †mbv j|

wgwjUvwi ⎯ mvgwiK evwnbx| M‡í cvwK¯Zvwb nvbv vi evwnbx‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

gyw³‡hv×v ⎯ whwb ¯^vaxbZv I gyw³i Rb¨ hy× K‡ib|

K¨v¤c ⎯ ˆmwbK ev †hv×v‡ì A¯’vqx NuvwU| †mbv QvDwb|

McMwc‡q ⎯ McMc K‡i|

Avgvi evsjv eB 151

2. wb‡Pi evK¨vsk I evK¨¸‡jv cwo acvm K‡i cov ⎯ nVvr ac& kã K‡i cov- GKUv Avg acvm& K‡i gvwU‡Z coj|

gyL _ye‡o cov ⎯ Dcyo n‡q ev ûgwo †L‡q cov- †Q‡jUv †nuvPU †L‡q gyL _ye‡o c‡o †Mj|

A‡c¶vq _vKv ⎯ Kv‡iv ev †Kv‡bv wKQzi R‡b¨ A‡c¶v Kiv- Ii A‡c¶vq Avi e‡m _vK‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q bv|

McMwc‡q LvIqv ⎯ GKm‡½ †ewk Lvevi gy‡L cy‡o LvIqv- †m McMwc‡q meUv fvZ †L‡q †djj|

3. Wvbcvk †_‡K kã G‡b we‡kl¨ I we‡klY c‡ì mvwi‡Z mvRvB we‡kl¨ we‡klY kã kã ......... ......... MvQ fvZ ......... ......... ïK‡bv fxlY .......... .......... nuvwo Kuvcv .......... .......... ìRv ivB‡dj ......... .......... Mig ª“Z ......... ........... b`x Mfxi 4. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv w`‡q evK¨ iPbv Kwi Rb¥w`b, Avq~, A‡c¶v, gyw³‡hv×v| 5. wecixZ kã wjwL Rb¥, Kvbœv, fiv, hy×, `~i, ïK‡bv| †hgb : 6. e½eÜzi 7B gv‡P©i fvlY †_‡K `yÕwU jvBb cwo I wjwL- ÔGev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡ì gyw³i msMÖvg| Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯vaxbZvi msMÖvg|Õ

kã wecixZ kã Rb¥ g„Zz¨

Avgvi evsjv eB 152

7. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj I wjwL K. i“gvi Rb¥w`‡bi MíwU Kx? L. i“evi Rb¥w`‡bi MíwU Kx? M. iv‡njv evby yÕgy‡Vv Pvj Kjwm‡Z Rwg‡q iv‡L †Kb? N. †jvKRb †Mvj n‡q e‡m Kx K‡iwQj? Zviv Kx ïb‡Z †cj? O. Rmxg †K? Kviv, Kxfv‡e Zv‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj? P. Mfxi iv‡Z i“gv-i“ev‡ì evwo‡Z Kviv AvmZ? Zviv Kv‡ì m‡½ jovB

KiwQj? Q. i“gv I i“ev iv‡Z wVKg‡Zv Nygv‡Z cv‡i bv †Kb? †jLK cwiwPZ †mwjbv †nv‡mb evsjv‡`‡ki wewkó Jcb¨wmK I †QvU MíKvi| wZwb 14B

Ryb 1947 wLªóv‡ã ivRkvnx‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb `xN©Kvj evsjv GKv‡Wgx‡Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c‡` PvKwi K‡i‡Qb| GKv‡Wgxi cwiPvjK c‡` _vKv Ae¯’vq Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb eû †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm I cÖe‡Üi iPwqZv| ÔmvMiÕ, ÔM‡í eY©gvjvÕ, ÔKvKZvWyqvÕ, Ô†gq‡ii MvwoÕ, ÔPuv‡ì eywoi cvš—v BwjkÕ, Ôwgwni“‡bi eÜzivÕ BZ¨vw` Zuvi †jLv wkï-wK‡kvi Dc‡hvMx eB| wZwb mvwnZ¨K‡g© Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, AvjvIj mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi, wdwjcm mvwnZ¨ cyi“ ‹vimn eû cyi¯‹v‡i m¤§vwbZ n‡q‡Qb|

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Avgvi evsjv eB 1 - supriyosen.net · Avgvi evsjv eB 1 MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv ... Avgvi evsjv eB 4 RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ZK †evW© 69-70, gwZwSj evwYwR¨K GjvKv,