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The Tide Turns

The Roman Conquest of Spain

Scipio goes to Africa

Battle of Zama

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Panic after Cannae

Rome braces for a siege that never comes

Hannibal winters in Capua; northern and

southern Italy are his

Rome returns to Fabian Tactics: refusing battle

to Hannibal, in an attempt weaken his forces by

desertion (fickle Gauls/unpaid mercenaries)Her central Italian allies remain loyal

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Return to Fabian Tactics

Publius Cornelius Scipio the Elder and his brotherGnaeus C. Scipio (both consuls) the war to Spain.

To deprive Hannibal of any reinforcements and silver

212, Romans take Syracuse (had gone over toCarthage after the death of Hiero II)

Stubborn defense by Archimedes

Archimedian crane/Death Ray?

Killed by a Roman soldier as he finished a mathproblem

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Archimedes of

SyracuseBorn 287 -- Died 212 BC

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The Siege of Syracuse

Marcellus, the

Roman commander,

lays siege toSyracuse in 213 BC.

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Archimedes Burning Mirror

When the beams were reflected in the mirror, a fearful

kindling of fire was raised in the ships, and at the distance of a

bow-shot he turned them into ashes. In this way did the old

man prevail over Marcellus with his weapons.

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Archimedes Claw

Version 2

Version 3

http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Claw/trebuchet/claw_trebuchet.gifhttp://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Claw/claw_animation.gifhttp://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Claw/claw_animation.gifhttp://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Claw/trebuchet/claw_trebuchet.gif

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Death of Archimedes

Archimedes was killed in

212 BC during the capture of

Syracuse by the Romans in

the Second Punic War after

all his efforts to keep the

Romans at bay with his

machines of war had failed.

Plutarch recounts the story of

his killing-

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Death, continued

Archimedes ... was ..., as fate would have it, intent upon working

out some problem by a diagram, and having fixed his mind alike

and his eyes upon the subject of his speculation, he never noticedthe incursion of the Romans, nor that the city was taken. In this

transport of study and contemplation, a soldier, unexpectedly

coming up to him, commanded him to follow to Marcellus; which

he declining to do before he had worked out his problem to ademonstration, the soldier, enraged, drew his sword and ran him

through.

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Death of the Brothers Scipiones

211 BC Hasdrubal (brother to Hannibal)

bribes allied Celts to desert the Roman

army. Roman armies got separated, Gnaeus

ambushed and killed.

Publius retreats to hilltop (wagon circle) anddies fighting.

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Scipios (Africanus) Life

Age 17, saved his father at Ticinus

Survived Trebbia and Cannae

Against tradition, Scipio, 25, becomes proconsuland sets sail for Spain.Nobody else wanted the command/vengeance for

Scipio

Mago (having returned) and Hasdrubal defeated by late209.

Hasdrubal esapes Spain with small army to the Alps tojoin his army (destroyed in Italy in 207).

206, Battle of Ilipa: Scipio secures Spain from Carthage

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Scipio in Sicily

205 Scipio becomes consul, is given Sicily

Fabius denies him Africa

Gets Cannae survivors trained for invasion

Hannibal restricted to the toe of Italy

(Bruttium)

Scipio sets sail for Africa in 204

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Invasion

Scipio has the Numidians on his side:

Masinissa

Hannibal is recalled for the defense; Scipio

took nearby city of Utica and nears

Carthage.

The two armies meet at the Battle of Zamaon October 19, 202 BC.

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Battle of Zama

Hannibal and Scipio meet face to face

before the battle

Discuss terms? Wish to meet each other?

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Forces

Carthage (Hannibal)

50,000 infantry

4,000 cavalry 80 elephants

3 lines; rear all Italian

veterans Elephants front row

Roman (Scipio)

34,000 infantry

9,000 cavalry 6,000 Numidian

Special elephant tactic

Open rows in lines

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The Battle Itself

The elephants charge, the 3 Roman lines open up

and let them charge through.

Picked off by skirmishers in the rear Roman cavalry chases Hannibals off the field.

Both the first and second lines are thrown in,

leaving the third lines of each to finish.

Triarii vs. Carthaginian veterans

Carthage starts to win, then Roman cavalry shows up at their

rear; rout ensues.

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Hannibals Escape

Hannibal escapes to Carthage and sues for

peace.

He sets Carthage on a path to prosperity again No large army; get back to merchant business

Hannibal escapes an assassination attempt and

flees east, never to return.He flees east, as a general for hire, against any

power against Rome.