DAFTAR ISIKATA OENGANTAR............................................................................................................................iDAFTAR ISI.............................................................................................................. iiBAB I PENDAHULUAN............................................................................................. 1A. LATAR BELAKANG............................................................................................ 1B. RUMUSAN MASALAH........................................................................................ 1C. TUJUAN............................................................................................................ 2BAB II PEMBAHASAN............................................................................................... 3A. DEFINISI LANSIA............................................................................................... 3B. BATASAN LANSIA............................................................................................. 3C. CIRI-CIRI LANSIA................................................................................................. 4C. SIKAP PERAWAT TERHADAP LANSIA..................................................................4D. TEORI PENUAAN............................................................................................... 5E. TUGAS PERKEMBANGAN PADA LANSIA.............................................................6F. MENGKAJI KEBUTUHAN LANSIA.......................................................................91. Perubaha F!"!#$#%!"............................................................................................ 10&. Perubaha Fu%"!#a$.......................................................................................... 17'. Perubaha K#%!(!)............................................................................................. 17*. Perubaha P"!+#"#"!a$.......................................................................................... 19BAB III PENUTUP................................................................................................... 26A. KESIMPULAN.................................................................................................. 26B. KRITIK DAN SARAN........................................................................................ 26DAFTAR PUSTAKA................................................................................................. 27iiBAB I PENDAHULUANA. LATAR BELAKANGSe!r!% ,e%a ber(a-bah.a /#/u$a"! $a"!a0 +e/era1a(a %er#(#$#%! -e2a,!"e-a+!/e(!%. Bebera/a!"(!$ah/e%%a(! .a%,a/a( -e%%a-bar+ab!,a%!!a,a$ah "eba%a! ber!+u( 3Me!er ,a $ue4+e#((e0 &5567Ger!a(r!+ a,a$ah 4aba% !$-u +e,#+(era .a% -e-baha" ,!a%#"!"0 (era/! /e.a+!(0,a -a"a$ah .a% -e-e%aruh! $a"!a. Ger#(#$#%! a,a$ah "ua(u "(u,! (e(a% "e$uruha"/e+ /r#"e" /euaa ,a +#"e+#e"!.aPe!%+a(a2u-$ah$a"!a(er2a,! ba!+,! e%ara-a2u-au/u,! e%ara"e,a%ber+e-ba%. Ge2a$a-eua.a"(ru+(ur /e,u,u+3a%e!%/#/u$a(!#7 2u%a(er2a,! ,!I,#e"!a. J!+a /a,a (ahu 1885 2u-$ah $a"!a ha.a "e+!(ar 11 2u(a -a+a /a,a (ahu&5&5 2u-$ah !(u ,!/er+!ra+a a+a -e!%+a( -e2a,! "e+!(ar &8 2u(a0 ,e%a/e!%+a(a ,ar! 60'9 -e2a,! 110*9 ,ar! (#(a$ /#/u$a"!. Pr#"e" /euaa a+a ber+a!(a ,e%a /r#"e" ,e%eera(!) (ubuh ,e%a "e%a$a/e.a+!( .a% (er+a!(0 (er-a"u+ %a%%ua -#b!$!(a" ,a a$a( %era+. De%a ,e-!+!a0%#$#%a$a"!a !! a+a-e-ber!+a-a"a$ah+e"eha(a+hu"u" .a%-e-er$u+aba(ua /e$a.aa +e"eha(a (er"e,!r!. De%a u"!a $a2u( ,a "!"a +eh!,u/a .a% a,a0+eh!,u/a $a"!a (er!"! ,e%a *59 -a"a$ah +e"eha(a.B. RUMUSAN MASALAH1. De)!!"! La"!a&. Ba(a"a La"!a'. Te#r! Peuaa*. Perubaha-Perubaha Pa,a La"!a1C. TUJUAN1. Tu2ua U-u-Tu2ua u-u-/eu$!" ,a$a--e.u"u -a+a$ah !! a,a$ah u(u+ -e,u+u%+e%!a(a be$a2ar--e%a2ar 2uru"a +e/era1a(a +hu"u".a /a,a -a(a +u$!ah+e/era1a(a P"!+#$#%! (e(a% a"uha P"!+#$#%! Per+e-ba%a La"!a. &. Tu2ua Khu"u"Tu2ua+hu"u" /eu$!" ,a$a--e.u"u-a+a$ah!! a%ar -aha"!"1a-e%e(ahu!De)!!"! La"!a0 Ba(a"a La"!a0 Te#r! Peuaa ,a Perubaha-Perubaha Pa,aLa"!a.2BAB II PEMBAHASANA. DEFINISI LANSIA Pr#"e" -eua3$a"!a7a,a$ah /r#"e"a$a-! .a%,!"er(a!a,a.a/eurua +#,!"!)!"!+0 /"!+#$#%!"-au/u"#"!a$ .a%"a$!%ber!(era+"!"a(u"a-a$a!. Kea,aa!(u4e,eru% ber/#(e"! -e!-bu$+a -a"a$ah +e"eha(a "e4ara u-u- -au/u +e"eha(a2!1a "e4ara +hu"u" /a,a $a"!a.La"!a a,a$ah (aha/ a+h!r "!+$u" h!,u/ -au"!a0 -eru/a+a ba%!a ,ar! /r#"e"+eh!,u/a .a% (a+ ,a/a( ,!h!,ar+a ,a a+a ,! a$a-! #$eh "e(!a/ !,!:!,u. Pa,a (aha/!! !,!:!,u -e%a$a-! ba.a+ /erubaha ba!+ "e4ara )!"!+ -au/u -e(a$0 +hu"u".a+e-u,ura ,a$a- berba%a! )u%"! ,a +e-a-/ua .a% /erah ,!-!$!+!.a. Perubaha /ea-/!$a )!"!+ "eba%!a ,ar! /r#"e" /eua #r-a$0 "e/er(! ra-bu( .a%-u$a! -e-u(!h0 +eru(-+eru( +e(uaa,! 1a2ah0 ber+ura%.a+e(a2a-a/a4a!,era0"er(a +e-u,ura ,a.a (aha (ubuh0 -eru/a+a a4a-a ba%! !(e%r!(a" #ra% u"!a $a2u(.Be$u- $a%! -ere+a haru" berha,a/a ,e%a +eh!$a%a-+eh!$a%a /era ,!r!0+e,u,u+a "#"!a$0 "er(a /er/!"aha ,e%a #ra%-#ra% .a% ,!4!(a!. Se-ua ha$ (er"ebu(-eu(u( +e-a-/ua bera,a/(a"! .a% 4u+u/ be"ar u(u+ ,a/a( -e.!+a/! "e4ara b!2a+3S#e2##0 &5557.B. BATASAN LANSIAA,a bebera/a /e,a/a( -e%ea! ba(a"a u-ur $a2u( u"!a .a!(u; 1. Meuru( Or%a!"a"! Ke"eha(a Du!a 3WHO7 La2u( u"!a -e$!/u(! ; a. U"!a /er(e%aha 3-!,,$e a%e7 * (ahu. 4. U"!a $a2u( (ua 3O$,7 < >= "a-/a! 85 (ahu ,. u"!a "a%a( (ua 3?er. O$,7 < u"!a ,!a(a" 85 (ahu.&. Meuru( Pr#). Dr. K#e"#e-a(# Se(.#e%#r# /e%e$#-/#++a $a2u( u"!a "eba%a! ber!+u(;a. U"!a ,e1a"a -u,a 3E$,er$. a,u$(h##,7 ; 1@ a(au &5-&= (ahu. b. U"!a ,e1a"a /euh 3M!,,$e .ear"7 a(au -a(ur!(a" ; &=-65 a(au 6= (ahu. 4. La2u( u"!a 3Ger!a(r!4 A%e7 $eb!h ,ar! 6= a(au >5 (ahu. 17 A#u% #$, 3u"!a >5->= (ahu 73&7 O$,3u"!a >=-@5 (ahu7'7 ?er. O$, 3$eb!h ,ar! @5 (ahu7.'. Meuru( Hur$#4+ 3 18>870 /erbe,aa $a2u( u"!a a,a & (aha/;a. Ear$. #$, a%e 3 u"!a 65->5 (ahu7b. A,:a4e, #$, a%e 3 u"!a B >5 (ahu7C. CIRI-CIRI LANSIA1. Ke(erba(a"a )u%"! (ubuh .a% berhubu%a ,e%a -a+! -e!%+a(.a u"!a.&. A,a.a a+u-u$a"! ,ar! /e.a+!(-/e.a+!( ,e%eera(!)'. La2u( u"!a "e4ara /"!+#"#"!a$ .a% ,!.a(a+a +r!"!" b!$a ; a7 Ke(er%a(u%a /a,a#ra% $a! 3"a%a( -e-er$u+a /e$a.aa #ra% $a!70 b7 Me%!"#$a"! ,!r! a(au -ear!+ ,!r!,ar!+e%!a(a+e-a".ara+a(a+areaberba%a!"ebab0 ,!a(ara.a"e(e$ah-ea2a$a!-a"a/e"!u0 "e(e$ah "a+!( 4u+u/ bera( ,a $a-a0 "e(e$ah +e-a(!a /a"a%a h!,u/ ,a $a!-$a!.*. Ha$-ha$ .a%,a/a( -e!-bu$+a%a%%ua+e"e!-ba%a3h#-e#"(a"!"7 "eh!%%a-e-ba1a$a"!a+earah+eru"a+aC +e-er#"#(a3,e(er!#r!"a"!7 .a%/r#%re"!) (eru(a-aa"/e+/"!+#$#%!" .a%-e,a,a+0 -!"a$.ab!%u%0 /a!+0 ,e/re"!)0 a/a(!" ,"b. Ha$ !(ub!a"a.a ber"u-ber ,ar! -u4u$.a "(re""#r /"!+#"#"!a$ .a% /a$!% bera(0 -!"a$.a+e-a(!a /a"a%a h!,u/0 +e-a(!a "aa+ +e$uar%a ,e+a(0 (er/a+"a beruru"a ,e%a/ee%a+ hu+u-0 a(au (rau-a /"!+!".C. SIKAP PERAWAT TERHADAP LANSIAPera1a( haru" -e%+a2! "!+a/ -ere+a (erha,a/ $a"!a be"er(a /euaa -ere+a0+e$uar%a0 (e-a0 ,a+$!e. S!+a/!! bera"a$ ,ar! /e%a$a-a/rba,! ,e%a$a"!a0/e,!,!+a0 /e%a$a-a +er2a0 "!+a/ re+a +er2a0 ,a !"(!(u"!. U"!a /era1a( 2u%a a+a-e-/e%aruh! "!+a/ -ere+a (erha,a/ $a"!a0 ba!+ "eba%a! )a+(#r /e%a$a-a -au/u)a+(#r .a% -e%%a-bar+a /r#"e" /euaa /era1a(. Karea 2u-$ah $a"!a .a%"e-a+! ba.a+ ,a$a- $!%+u%a /e$a.aa +e"eha(a0 -a+a /era1a( haru"-e-/r!#r!(a"+a "!+a/ /#"!(!) "er(a -e-!$!+! /e%e(ahua (e(a% /r#"e" /euaa ,a+ebu(uha /e$a.aa +e"eha(a -ere+a.S!+a//#"!(!) ,!,a"ar+a/a,a %a-bara.a(a +ara+(er!"(!+,a+ebu(uha/e$a.aa+e"eha(a$a"!a. D! -a"a$a$u0 "!+a/e%a(!) (e(a%/euaa,a$a"!aber/era ,a$a- (!-bu$.a "(ere#(!/ bah1a $a"!a !(u (!,a+ -a,!r! ,a (!,a+ -ear!+.4Pe$a.aa +e/era1a(a .a% ,!/e%aruh! "(ere#(!/ (er"ebu( b!a"a.a a+a -e-!4u "!+a/+ura%-e%h#r-a(! "er(a(!,a+-e$!ba(+a-ere+a"e4araa+(!) ,a$a-/e%a-b!$a+e/u(u"a. Ter+a,a%0 !"(!(u"! "e/er(! ru-ah"a+!( ,a/a(! 2#-/#-e-/er$a+u+a$a"!a "eba%a!#b2e+.Te$ah(!ba"aa(.aba%! /era1a(u(u+ -e%ea$! ,a -e%a(a"!a%e!"-,e%a -e%a$ah+a "(ere#(!/ ba%! $a"!a ,a -e.a+!! +e.a(aa /r#"e"/euaa "aa( -e-ber!+a /e$a.aa ba%! $a"!a ,! ,a$a- "e$uruh (a(aa /e$a.aa.D. TEORI PENUAANTer,a/a( ba.a+(e#r! .a%4#ba-e2e$a"+a/r#"e"b!#/"!+#"#"!a$ ,ar! /euaa.Na-u0 (!,a+(er,a/a( "a(u(e#r! (u%%a$ .a%,a/a( -e2e$a"+a+eru-!(a/r#"e"/euaa (er"ebu(. Pera1a( haru" -e.a,ar! u"aha ,a +#"e/ !-!ah ,a$a- -e2e$a"+a/r#"e" /euaa. Me"+!/u(e#r! (er"ebu( -e-!$!+! +e(erba(a"a0 (e(a/! (e#r! (er"ebu(,a/a( ,!%ua+a u(u+ -e-aha-! )e#-ea .a% -e-e%aruh! +e"eha(a ,a+e"e2ah(eraa $a"!a "er(a u(u+ -e-b!-b!% a"uha +e/era1a(a. 1. Te#r! b!#$#%!" (e(a% /euaa (er,!r! ,ar!; a. Te#r! S(#+a"(!+ Te#r! "(#+a"(!+-e!2au/euaa"eba%a! ha"!$ +eru"a+a"e$ a4a+.a%(er2a,!"e!r!%/er2a$aa1a+(u. A+u-u$a"! +eru"a+a-e%a+!ba(+a/erubaha)!"!+.a% ,!+ea$! "eba%a! +ara+(er!"(!+ /r#"e" /euaa. b. Te#r! N#"(#+a"(!+Te#r! N#"(#+a"(!+-e+a!"-e )!"!#$#%!" (ubuh.a%"u,ah(er/r#%ra-"e4ara%ee(!+$ah .a% a+a -e%a(ur /r#"e" /euaa.&. Te#r! P"!+#"#"!a$Te#r! /"!+#"#"!a$ -e2e$a"+a /erubaha /er!$a+u0 /era0 ,a hubu%a .a% (er2a,!/a,a/euaa.Se/er(! ha$.a(e#r! b!#$#%!"0 (!,a+(er,a/a("a(u (e#r!.a%,!(er!-a"e4ara u!:er"a$. Te#r!-(e#r! (er"ebu( 2u%a -e%%a-bar+a !$a! .a% ,!/e%a% #$eh/e.u"u (e#r! ,a -a".ara+a( /a,a "aa( !(u. T!%a (e#r! /"!+#"#"!a$ +$a"!+-e%ea!/euaa a,a$ah (e#r! /e-u(u"a hubu%a0 (e#r! a+(!:!(a"0 ,a (e#r! +#(!u!(a".a. Te#r! /e-u(u"a hubu%aTe#r! /e-u(u"a hubu%a -eru/a+a (e#r! /"!+#"#"!a$ (er(ua. Te#r! !!-e.a(a+a bah1a $a"!a a+a -ear!+ ,!r! ,ar! /era "ebe$u-.a ,a ber%a(! +ea+(!:!(a" .a% $eb!h !(r#"/e+(!) ,a ber)#+u" /a,a ,!r!.a "e,!r! 3Cu--!%" ,aHer.0 18617.5b. Te#r! a+(!:!(a"Me-!$!+! (!2aua .a% ber$a1aa ,e%a ha$ !!. Te#r! !! -e.a(a+a bah1a+e"!a-bu%a a+(!:!(a" .a% ,!$a+u+a "e$a-a u"!a /aruh ba.a a+a-e-/e%aruh! +eberha"!$a/r#"e"/euaa3Ha:!%hur"(0 Neu%ar(e0 ,aT#b!0186'7.4.Te#r! +#(!u!(a"Te#r! +#(!u!(a" a(au /er+e-ba%a 3Neu%ar(e0 186*7 -e.a(a+a bah1a "e!r!%/euaa0 +e/r!ba,!a a+a (e(a/ "a-a ,a /er!$a+u -e2a,! $eb!h -u,ah,!ra-a$+a. Ke/r!ba,!a ,a /er!$a+u .a% ,!ba%u "e$a-a h!,u/ a+a-ee(u+a (!%+a( hubu%a ,a a+(!:!(a" /a,a -a"a $a"!a.E. TUGAS PERKEMBANGAN PADA LANSIATe#r! /euaaber+a!(aera( ,e%a+#"e/(u%a"/er+e-ba%a.a%,!bu(uh+a/a,a "e(!a/ (aha/ +eh!,u/a. Wa$au/u (!,a+ a,a ,ua #ra% .a% -eua ,e%a 4ara.a% "a-a0 (e(a/! /ara /ee$!(! (e$ah -ee-u+a "ua(u +era%+a .a% -e%%a-bar+a(u%a" /er+e-ba%a /a,a $a"!a KOTAK TUGAS PERKEMBANGAN LANSIA1. Bera,a/(a"! (erha,a/ /eurua +e"eha(a ,a+e+ua(a )!"!+&. Bera,a/(a"! (erha,a/ -a"a /e"!u ,a /eurua /e,a/a(a '. Bera,a/(a"! (erha,a/ +e-a(!a /a"a%a*. Meer!-a ,!r! "eba%a! !,!:!,u .a% -eua=. Me-/er(aha+a +eh!,u/a .a% -e-ua"+a6. Mee(a/+a +e-ba$! hubu%a ,e%a aa+ .a%(e$ah ,e1a"a>. Mee-u+a 4ara -e-/er(aha+a +ua$!(a" h!,u/Tu%a" /er+e-ba%a (er"ebu( ba.a+ ,!(e-u! /a,a $a"!a ,a ,!hubu%+a ,e%a/erubaha,a/r#"e"+eh!$a%a,a$a-berba%a! (!%+a(. Keh!$a%a.a%b!a"a.a,!a$a-! a,a$ah +eh!$a%a +e"eha(a0 #ra% (er,e+a(0 /era"aa ber%ua0 "#"!a$!"a"!0/e,a/a(a0 ,a +eh!,u/a -a,!r!. Cara $a"!a bera,a/(a"! ,e%a /erubaha !! "a%a(!,!:!,ua$. Ba%! bebera/a #ra%0 a,a/(a"! !! -u,ah ,!$a+u+a. Na-u ba%! .a%$a!.a0 a,a/(a"! !! -e-bu(uh+a ba(ua +e$uar%a0 (e-a0 ,a /r#)e"!#a$ +e"eha(a.A,a haru" "e"!(!) (erha,a/ e)e+ +eh!$a%a (er"ebu( /a,a Ia"!a ,a +e$uar%a.a0 "er(a"!a/ u(u+ -e-ber!+a ,u+u%a.6La"!a haru" -e.e"ua!+a ,!r! (erha,a/ /erubaha )!"!+ .a% (er2a,! "e!r!%/euaa. Wa+(u ,a ,ura"! /erubaha !! ber:ar!a"! /a,a (!a/ !,!:!,u0 a-u "e!r!%/euaa "!"(e- (ubuh0 /erubaha /ea-/!$a ,a )u%"! (ubuh a+a (er2a,! Perubaha!! (!,a+ ,!hubu%+a ,e%a /e.a+!( ,a -eru/a+a /erubaha #r-a$. A,a.a/e.a+!( (er+a,a%-e%ubah1a+(u(!-bu$.a/erubahaa(au,a-/a+.a(erha,a/+eh!,u/a "ehar!-har!.Pa,aba%!a(e(a%/er+e-ba%a)!"!#$#%!"a+a-e2e$a"+a/erubaha"(ru+(ur,a)u%"! .a%ber+a!(a,e%a/euaa. Bebera/a$a"!a-era"a"u$!( -eer!-a+e.a(aabah1a,!r!.a(e$ah-eua. $! (er$!ha( ,ar! "!+a/$a"!a.a%-e.a(a+au-ur.a $eb!h-u,a,ar!u-ur"ebear.a"aa(,!(a.a0 -e%a,#/"!%a.aber/a+a!a.a% $eb!h -u,a0 a(au beru"aha -e.e-bu.!+a bu+(! )!"!+ /euaa ,e%a +#"-e(!+.La"!a $a!.a -e$a+u+a ha$ !! ,e%a 4ara .a% $eb!h ber-a"a$ah. Seba%a! 4#(#h0bebera/a $a"!a -e.a%+a$ /eurua )u%"! (ubuh ,a -e#$a+ ba(ua u(u+ (u%a".a%-e-baha.a+a+e"e$a-a(a-ere+a. La"!a$a!.a-e%h!,ar! a+(!:!(a".a%,!ra4a% u(u+ -e-ba(u.a0 "e/er(! /u"a( 1ar%a $a"!a ,a a+(!:!(a" /r#-#"!+e"eha(a $a"!a0 "eh!%%a -ere+a (!,a+ -eer!-a -a)aa(.a. /eer!-aa a(a" /euaa/r!ba,! (!,a+berar(! -ear!+,!r! ,ar! a+(!:!(a"0 a-u(!2aua!! haru" -e-!$!+!(!2aua +e+ua(a ,a +e(erba(a"a $a"!a .a% rea$!"(!+ a(a".La"!a .a% (e$ah /e"!u haru" berha,a/a ,e%a -a"a$ah +eh!$a%a /era +er2a.La"!a .a% be+er2a ,! ru-ah ,a /a"a%a .a% be+er2a ,! $uar ru-ah 2u%a -e%ha,a/!/erubaha/era"e!r!%/euaa. Karea(e$ah-e%a(!"!/a"! -a"a/e"!u0 $a"!ab!a"a.a -e-!$!+! re4aa )!a"!a$ ,a -e-/er(!-ba%+a a+(!:!(a" /e%%a(!. Ba.a+$a"!a -e.a-bu( -a"a /e"!u "eba%a! 1a+(u u(u+ -e$a+u+a -!a( ,a h#b!0ber/ar(!"!/a"! ,a$a-+e%!a(are$a1a0 -eeru"+a/e,!,!+a0 a(au-e-u$a! +ar!erb!"!" .a% baru. Re4aa /e"!u ba%! bebera/a $a"!a ,a/a( beru/a /er/!,aha (e-/a((!%%a$ +e +#(a a(au e%ara ba%!a $a! a(au /er/!,aha +e ru-ah 2e!" $a! ,! area .a%"a-a. Se$a!-a"a/e"!u0 (er,a/a( a$a"a$a!u(u+/er/!,aharu-ah. Seba%a!4#(#h0 %a%%ua )!"!+ -e-bua( $a"!a haru" /!,ah +e ru-ah .a% $eb!h +e4!$ ,a (!,a+ber(!%+a(. Ma"a$ah +e"eha(a .a% $eb!h "er!u" -e-bua($a"!aharu"h!,u/ber"a-a+e$uar%aa(au(e-a. /erubaha+eh!,u/aba%! $a"!au-u-.a-e-bu(uh+a-a"a/e.e"ua!a .a% /a2a% ,a -e-bu(uh+a ba(ua /r#)e"!#a$ ,ar! /e$a.aa+e"eha(a0 (e-a0 ,a a%%#(a +e$uar%a.Seba%!a be"ar $a"!a berha,a/a ,e%a +e-a(!a /a"a%a. Pa,a (ahu &55* "e+!(ar*'9 1a!(a $a"!a -eru/a+a 2a,a0 ,a $*9 /r!a $a"!a -eru/a+a ,u,a 3AOA0 &55=7.7Bebera/a $a"!a haru" berha,a/a ,e%a +e-a(!a aa+ a(au 4u4u .a% (e$ah ,e1a"a.Se-ua $a"!a-e%ha,a/!+e-a(!a(e-a.Ke-a(!a !!-eru/a+a "ua(u+eh!$a%a"e+a$!%u" /e%!%a( a+a a2a$ -ere+a "e,!r!. /e.e"ua!a (erha,a/ ha$ !! b!a"a.a "u$!(,!$a+u+a. De%a -e-ba(u -ere+a -e$e1a(! /r#"e" ,u+a4!(a0 /era1a( a+a-e-ba(u$a"!a-e-e4ah+a-a"a$ah.a%,!(!-bu$+aa+!ba( /er!"(!1a+e-a(!a(er"ebu(.Pee(ua u$a% hubu%a ,e%a aa+ "e!r!% /er(u-buha ,a /er/!,aha-ere+a ,ar! ru-ah (eru" ber$a%"u% "aa( $a"!a -e%a$a-! /euaa. Berba%a! ha$ ,a/a((er2a,!0 "e/er(!/er%a(!a/era0 +#(r#$a(a"/e%a-b!$a+e/u(u"a0 +e(er%a(u%a0+#)$!+0 ra"aber"a$ah0 ,a+eh!$a%a. Cara-u4u$.a-a"a$ah,a/e.e$e"a!a.a(er%a(u% /a,a hubu%a a(ara $a"!a ,a aa+ "ebe$u-.a. Se-ua /!ha+ .a% (er$!ba(-e-!$!+! /e%a$a-a-a"a$a$u,ae-#"! .a%+ua(. Saa( aa+.a%(e$ah,e1a"a-e-ba(u $a"!a ,! +e$uar%a.a0 -ere+a 2u%a haru" -e4ar! 4ara u(u+-e.e!-ba%+a a(ara (u(u(a +ar!er ,e%a (u(u(a aa+. Aa+ .a% (e$ah ,e1a"a2u%a ber,eba( (e(a% "e2auh -aa ba(ua ,a/a( ,!"e,!a+a ,a "ebera/a be"ar+e1ea%a/e%a-b!$a +e/u(u"a .a% haru" ,!e-ba. Saa( aa+ ,a #ra% (ua $a"!abere%#"!a"! (e(a% a"/e+ /erubaha /era0 -a+a "aa( !(u$ah /era1a( ,a/a( ber(!,a+"eba%a! +#"e$#r -ere+a. /era1a( -e-ba(u "! aa+ ,e%a -e,e%ar+a ,a-e-ba(u-ere+a-e-be,a+aa(ara/erubahaa+!ba( /e.a+!(0 /erubaha#r-a$a+!ba(/euaa0/#$a /er!$a+u0,a/!$!ha #ra% (ua -ere+a"e/a2a% h!,u/.Se!r!%/erubaha .a% (er!a,! /a,a /euaa0 $a"!a haru" -e4ar! 4ara u(u+ -e-/er(aha+a+ua$!(a"h!,u/. De)!!"! +ua$!(a"h!,u/berbe,a/a,a(!a/#ra%0 -a+a/era1a( haru"-e,e%ar+a ha$ .a% ,!a%%a/ /e(!% ba%! $a"!a ,a (!,a+ -e-bua( a"u-"! (e(a%(e(a% ha$ (er"ebu(. Pera1a( ,a $a"!a be+er2a "a-a u(u+ -e-/er(aha+a ,a-e!%+a(+a+ua$(!a"h!,u/. La"!a-e%hara/+a/era1a( ,a/a( -e-ba(u-ere+a,a$a- /e-e$!haraa hubu%a "#"!a$0 -e$a2u(+a +eh!,u/a -a,!r! a(au -e$a2u(+aa+(!:!(a" "e/er(! -e.e(!r a(au ber+ebu.F. MENGKAJI KEBUTUHAN LANSIAU(u+ -e-a+"!-a$+a /#(e"! $a"!a0 +e/era1a(a %er#(#$#%! haru" -e%%ua+a/e,e+a(a/e,e+a(a.a%+rea(!). De%a/e%+a2!a.a%+#-/rehe"!) (e(a%+e+ua(a0 +e(erba(a"a0 ,a "u-ber ,a.a .a% ,!-!$!+! $a"!a0 /era1a( ,a $a"!a ,a/a(-e%!,e(!)!+a"! +ebu(uha ,a -a"a$ah. Ber"a-a-"a-a ,e%a /era1a(0 +$!e -e-!$!h(!,a+a u(u+ -e-e$!hara +e-a-/ua )!"!+ "er(a -e4!/(a+a $!%+u%a .a% ,a/a(8-e,u+u%+e"e2ah(eraa/"!+#"#"!a$,a"/!r!(ua$ -ere+a.A,aharu"berhubu%aa+(!) ,e%a $a"!a ,a -e-ber!+a 1a+(u a%ar -ere+a ,a/a( berba%! !)#r-a"! (e(a%+e"eha(a.a. Ka2! /erubaha )!"!#$#%!"0 +#%!(!)0 ,a /er!$a+u /"!+#"#"!a$.a. Pe%+a2!a +e/era1a(a -e%%ua+a $!-a /#! u(a-a u(u+ -e-a"(!+a/e,e+a(a .a% "e"ua! ,e%a u"!a0 .a!(u; 317 hubu%a a(ara a"/e+ )!"!+ ,a/"!+#"#"!a$ /euaa0 3&7 e)e+/e.a+!( ,a+e(!,a+-a-/ua/a,a)u%"! (ubuh0 3'7/euruae)!"!e"! -e+a!"-eh#-e#"(a(!"0 3*7 (!,a+a,a.a"(a,ar +e"eha(a,a/e.a+!(0 ,a 3=7 /erubaha (a-/!$a ,a re"/#" (erha,a/ /e.a+!( (er(e(u 3Me!er ,aLue4+e#((e0 &5567. Pe%+a2!aK#-/rehe"!) /a,a $a"!a -e-bu(uh+a1a+(u.a%$eb!h$a-a0 +area r!1a.a(h!,u/.a%$eb!h/a2a%,aru-!(. Re4aa+a1a+(u(a-bahau(u+-e$a+u+a/e%+a2!a. Se$a-a/e-er!+"aa)!"!+0 ber!+a1a+(u!"(!raha( "e"ua! +ebu(uha0 a(au$a+u+a /e-er!+"aa ,a$a- bebera/a (aha/ +area $a"!a -e-!$!+! eer%! ,a +e(ahaa.a% $eb!h re,ah. Perubaha "e"#r! 2u%a a+a -e-e%aruh! /r#"e" /e%u-/u$a ,a(a. P!$!ha (e+!++#-u!+a"! .a% A,a %ua+a (er%a(u%/a,a (!%+a( %a%%ua /e%$!ha(a ,a/e,e%ara $a"!a. J!+a -ere+a (!,a+ ,a/a( -eer!-a /e(u2u+ au,!# a(au :!"ua$0 -a+a,a(a .a% ,!,a/a(+a a,a$ah ,a(a .a% (!,a+ a+ura( a(au -e.e"a(+a. Seba%a! 4#(#h02!+a$a"!a"u$!( -e,e%ar/er(a.aa.a%,!a2u+a0 -a+a/era1a( ,a/a( bera"u-"!bah1a $a"!a -e%a$a-! +eb!%u%a. Te+!+ +#-u!+a"! /a,a $a"!a ,e%a %a%%ua/e%$!ha(a a,a$ah "eba%a! ber!+u(.1. Du,u+ a(au ber,!r! "e2a2ar -a(a0 ,! ,e/a +$!e0 ,a ,a$a- $a/a%a /a,a%.a.&. Berha,a/a ,e%a $a"!a "aa( berb!4araD 2a%a (u(u/! -u$u( A,a.'. Ber!+a /e4aha.aa .a% -e.ebar0 (era%0,a (!,a+ -e.!$au+a.*. D#r#% $a"!a u(u+ -e%%ua+a a$a( ba(u "e/er(! +a4a-a(a a(au +a4a /e-be"ar.Te+!+ +#-u!+a"! /a,a $a"!a ,e%a %a%%ua /e,e%ara a,a$ah "eba%a! ber!+u(.1. Berb!4ara $a%"u% ,e%a +$!eD 2a%a (u(u/! -u$u( A,a.&. Berb!4ara ,e%a a,a "uara .a% re,ah ,a 2e$a"0 ,e%a +e4e/a(a ,a :#$u-e"e,a%.'. Kura%! +eb!"!%aD /!,ah +e rua%a .a% (ea% ,a /r!:a(.*. Ta.a+a +$!e a/a+ah a,a (e$!%a .a% ber)u%"! $eb!h ba!+ ,a berb!4ara$ah +e arah(e$!%a (er"ebu(. =. D#r#%+$!eu(u+-e%%ua+aa$a( ba(u,e%ar a(aua$a( E-!+r#)#,e%aear/h#eE.6. Pa"(!+a a$a(ba(u ,e%arbe+er2a,e%a ba!+34e+ ba(era!0 a$a((e$ah ,!h!,u/+a0"e"ua!+a +#(r#$ :#$u-e7.>. Per!+"a "a$ura (e$!%a a+a a,a.a /eu-/u+a "eru-e.9De)!"!( -e-#r! 2u%a ,a/a( -e-e%aruh! +e(e/a(a ,a +e$e%+a/a ,a(a. Ter+a,a%,!bu(uh+a !)#r-a"! ,ar! a%%#(a +e$uar%a a(au /e-ber! $a.aa Ia! u(u+ -e$e%+a/!!)#r-a"! +hu"u" "e/er(! a$er%! ,a !-u!"a"!. Gua+a 4ara .a% b!2a+"aa "aa(-e$!ba(+a /!ha+ $a! ,a$a- 1a1a4ara /e%+a2!a ,e%a $a"!a. P!ha+ (er"ebu( a+a-e$e%+a/! 2a1aba ,e%a /er"e(u2ua $a"!a0 (e(a/! $a"!a (e(a/ -e2a,! )#+u" u(a-a1a1a4ara.1. Perubaha F!"!#$#%!"Per"e/"! (e(a%+e"e2ah(eraa,a/a( -e-e%aruh! +ua$!(a" h!,u/. Pe-aha-a(e(a%/er"e/"!$a"!aa(a""(a(u"+e"eha(a"a%a(/e(!%u(u+/e%+a2!a.a%a+ura( ,a /e.u"ua (!,a+a .a% re$e:a. K#"e/ +e"eha(a /a,a $a"!au-u-.a ber%a(u% /a,a/er"e/"! /r!ba,! a(a"+e-a-/ua)u%"! (ubuh.a. O$eh+area!(u0 /ara$a"!a.a% (er$!ba( ,a$a-+e%!a(a har!a b!a"a.a a+a -e%a%%a/ ,!r!.a "eha(0"e,a%+a $a"!a .a% -e-!$!+! %a%%ua )!"!+0 e-#"!0 a(au "#"!a$ .a% -e%ha-ba(+e%!a(a a+a -e%a%%a/ ,!r!.a "a+!(. Tabe$ Perubaha F!"!#$#%!" .a% U-u- D!(e-u+a Pa,a La!"aS!"(e-Perubaha .a% u-u- ,!(e-u+aKu$!( H!$a%.a e$a"(!"!(a" +u$!( 3 +eru(0 +e,ur0 +er!%0 -u,ah$u+a70/erubaha /!%-e(a"!0 a(r#/! +e$e2ar 3 -!.a+0 +e$-ba/a0+e$e2ar +er!%a(70 /e!/!"ara-bu( 3 ra-bu( 1a2ah; ber+ura%/a,a /er!a0 -e!%+a( /a,a 1a!(a0 /er(u-buha +u+u $a-ba(0a(r#/! ar(er!#r e/!,er-!"Re"/!ra"! Peuruare)$e+ba(u+D /e%e$uara$e,!r0,ebu0 er!(a"a$uraa)a" ber+ura%0 3/eurua 2u-$ah "!$!a7D /eurua +a/a"!(a":!(a$ /aru 3/e$ebara ,!a-e(er ,a,a a(er#-/#"(er!#r7D /e!%+a(a+e+a+ua ,!,!% ,a,aD a$:eu$u $eb!h "e,!+!(0 /e!%+a(a re"!"(e"!"a$ura a)a"D /e!%+a(a !)e+"! "a$ura a)a"Kar,!#:a"+u$arPeeba$a ,!,!% /e-bu$uh ,arahD /e.e-/!(a $u-e/e-bu$uh ,arahD /eurua e$a"(!"!(a" /e-bu$uh ,arahD/eurua 4urah 2a(u% 34ar,!a4 #u(/u(7D /eurua 2u-$ah "era(#(#( 2a(u%D /euruae$a"(!"!(a" ,a+a$"!)!+a"! +a(u/-+a(u/2a(u%D/eurua"e"!(!)!(a"bar#re"e/(#rD /euruae)!"!e"!+a(u/ :eaD /e!%+a(a (e+aa /a"+u$er /aruD /e!%+a(a10(e+aa ,arah "!"(#$!+D /eurua "er+u$a"! :er!/er Ga"(r#!(e"(!a$ Pe.a+!( :er!#,#(a$D /eurua "a$!:a0 "e+re"! $a-bu%0 ,aeF!- /a%rea"D /erubaha #(#( /#$#" ,e%a /eurua/er!"(a$(!+ e"#/a%u" ,a /eurua -#(!$!(a" u"u" ha$u"Mu"+u$#"+e$(a$ Peurua -a"a ,a +e+a+ua #(#(0 ,e+a$"!)!+a"! (u$a%0/erubaha "e,! ,e%eera(!) ,eh!,ra"! /a,a ,!"+u" !(er:er(ebra$!"3/eurua /a2a%7Neur#$#%!""e"#r!De%eera"! ".ara)0 /eurua eur#(ra"-!(er0 /eurua+#,u+"! !-/u$"Ma(a Peurua ,a.a a+u-u,a"! -a(a 3/re"b!#/!a$70 /euruaa,a/(a"! (era%-%e$a/0 $e"a -a(a -e%u!%0 /erubaha /er"e/"!1ara0 /e!%+a(a "e"!(!/!(a" (erha,a/ ebra"! 4aha.a /u/!$ $eb!h+e4!$Te$!%a Keh!$a%a +e,e%ara u(u+ /re+ue"! a,a (!%%! 3/re"b!+u"!"70/eeba$a -e-bra (!-/a!0 "+e$er#"!" (e$!%a ba%!a ,a$a-0/eu-/u+a "eru-e L!,ahKe-a-/ua -e%e4a/ b!a"a.a -euru0 /a/!$ /era"a ber+ura%H!,u% Ke-a-/ua -e%h!,u b!a"a.a -euru Se(uhaPeurua 2u-$ah re"e/(#r +u$!(Pr#/r!#"e/"! Peurua )u%"! "e"a"! a+a /#"!"! (ubuhUr#%e!(a$ Ne)r# ber+ura%0/eurua =59a$!ra ,arah %!2a$ /a,a u"!a@5 (ahu0 /eurua +a/a"!(a" +a(u% +e-!hPr!a Pe-be"ara /r#"(a(Wa!(a Peurua (#u" ")!(erRe/r#,u+"! Pr!aPeurua 2u-$ah "/er-a0 (e"(!" -e%e4!$0 ere+"! ber+ura% ,a-e$a-ba(Wa!(a Peurua/r#,u+"! e"(r#%e0,e%eera"!#:ar!u-a(r#/! :a%!a0u(eru" ,a /a.u,ara E,#+r!U-u- Perubaha /r#,u+"! ,e%a /eurua +e-a-/ua re"/#"(erha,a/ "(re"T!r#!, Peurua "e+re"! T!-u"I:#$u"! +e$2ar (!-u" K#r(!"#$0%$u+#+#r(!+#!,Pe!%+a(a h#r-# a(! ra,a% Pa+rea" Pe!%+a(a )!br#"!"0 /eurua "e+re"! eF!- ,a h#r-#Perubaha!! (!,a+ber"!)a( /a(#$#%!"0 (e(a/! ,a/a( -e-bua( $a"!a$eb!hre(a(erha,a/ bebera/a /e.a+!(. Bebera/a $a"!a -e%a$a-! "e-ua /erubaha )!"!#$#%!"11(er"ebu(0 "e,a%+a .a% $a!.a ha.a -e%a$a-! bebera/a. Perubaha (ubuh (eru"--eeru" (er2a,! "e!r!%u"!a. Perubaha"/e"!)!+/a,a $a"!a ,!/e%aruh! +#,!"!+e"eha(a0 %a.ah!,u/0 "(re"#r0 ,a$!%+u%a. Pera1a( haru" -e%e(ahu! /r#"e"/erubaha #r-a$ (er"ebu( "eh!%%a ,a/a( -e-ber!+a /e$a.aa (e/a( ,a-e-ba(u a,a/(a"! $a"!a (erha,a/ /erubaha. a. Sur:e! U-u-. Sur:e! u-u- 3%eera$ "ur:e.7 ,!-u$a! /a,a a1a$ /er(e-ua /era1a( ,a +$!e.a%,!$a+u+a-e$a$u! /e-!,a!a.a%4e/a( ,a4er-a(0 $a$u,!(u$!",e%a,e"+r!/"! "!%+a(. I"/e+"! a1a$ b!a"a.a -e-/er$!ha(+a +#(a+ -a(a ,ae+"/re"! 1a2ah .a% "e"ua! "!(ua"! "er(a /erubaha (er+a!( u"!a .a% u-u-0 "e/er(!+eru(a 1a2ah0 uba0 h!$a%.a -a""a /a,a ba%!a e+"(re!!(a"0 ,a /e!%+a(a-a""a (ubuh.b. S!"(e- I(e%u-e. Se!r!%/r#"e"/euaa0 +u$!(a+a+eh!$a%ae$a"(!"!(a",a+e$e-baba.a.La/!"ae/!(e$ -e!/!"0 "era( +#$a%ee$a"(!" 2u%a-e%e4!$ ,a-e2a,! +a+u.Keru(a ,! 1a2ah ,a $eher -e-/er$!ha(+a /#$a a+(!:!(a" #(#( ,a e+"/re"! 1a2ah"e/a2a% u"!a h!,u/0 (ar!+a %ra:!(a"!0 ,a /eurua e$a"(!"!(a". Ter,a/a( ba.a+b!(!+,a$e"! /a,a+u$!(. B!(!+,e%abe(u+(!,a+(era(ur 3!re%u$er70 ha$u"01ara4#+e$a( 3$e(!%#"e!$!"7a1a$.aa+a(!-bu$ /a,a/u%%u%(a%a,a$e%aba%!aba1ah. A%!#-a+e4!$0 bu$a(0 -erah0 a(au+e4#+e$a(ab!a"a.a-u4u$ /a,a (ubuh. Le"! "eb#rrhe!4 a(au +era(#"!" -u4u$ ,a$a- be(u+ !re%u$er0bu$a(0 4#+e$a(0 ,a bera!r. Pa2aa (erha,a/ -a(ahar! "e$a-a ber(ahu-(ahuber/era (erha,a/ /euaa +u$!( ,a ,a/a( -e!-bu$+a $e"! /re-a$!%a a(au/u-a$!%a. Saa( -e%+a2! $e"! +u$!(0 A,a haru" -e-/erha(!+a a,a.a (!%a/e.a+!( +e%aa"a +u$!(0 .a!(u; -e$a#-a0 +ar"!#-a "e$ ba"a$0 ,a +ar"!#-a "e$"+ua-#"a 3Beer"0 &5557 4. Ke/a$a ,a LeherTa-/!$a 1a2ah $a"!a a+a (a-/a+ "e-a+! -e#2#$ +area h!$a%.a $e-a+"ub+u(a,ae$a"(!"!(a"+u$!(. Wa2ah(a-/a+a"!-e(r!"+areaa,a.a%!%! .a%h!$a% a(au "u"ua %!%! .a% (!,a+ (era(ur. Se$a! !(u0 /erubaha /a,a "uara .a%u-u-(er2a,! a,a$ah /e!%+a(a (!%%! a,a "er(a h!$a%.a :#$u-e ,a2a%+aua a,a "uara.Ke(a2a-a /e%$!ha(a a+a -euru "e!r!% /euaa. I! ,!a+!ba(+a+eru"a+are(!a0 /e%e4!$a/u/!$0 +e+eruha$e"a0 a(auh!$a%.a e$a"(!"!(a"12$e"a. Peurua a+#-#,a"! u(u+ /e%$!ha(a ,e+a( 3/re"b!#/!a70 "er!%,!(e-u+a. Ke-a-/ua /e%$!ha(a ,a$a- %e$a/ ,a a,a/(a"! (erha,a/ /erubaha%e$a/-(era%.a%-e,a,a+2u%a(er2a,!. D!bu(uh+a/e4aha.aa"e+!(ar.a%$eb!hba!+u(u++e%!a(a-e-ba4a,a+e%!a(ahar!a$a!.a. Na-u0 $a"!a2u%a -e2a,! $eb!h "e"!(!) (erha,a/ abera"! 4aha.a.Ja,!0 /a"(!+a (!,a+-e!%+a(+aabera"! 4aha.a"aa( (!,a+au(u+-e!%+a(+a4aha.a"e+!(ar.Perubaha /e%$!ha(a 1ara ,a 1ara $e"a -e.ebab+a +e"u$!(a-e-be,a+a1arab!ru,ah!2au,a%ra,a"! 1ara/a"(e$.Wara.a%%e$a/2u%a a+a (a-/a+ "a-a. Perubaha /e,e%ara $eb!h "u$!( ,!,e(e+"!. La"!a "er!%-e%aba!+a (a,a-(a,a +eh!$a%a /e,e%ara "a-/a! a,a /e-ber!(ahua ,ar!(e-a ,a a%%#(a +e$uar%a bah1a +$!e -e$a+u+a (!,a+a .a% -eu2u++a(a,a-(a,a +eh!$a%a/e,e%ara"e/er(! -e%era"+a:#$u-e (e$e:!"! a(aura,!#. Perubaha .a% u-u- ,!(e-u+a a,a$ah /re"b!+u"!" 3/re"b.4u"!"7.Pre"b!+u"!" a+a -e-e%aruh! +e-a-/ua $a"!a u(u+ -e,e%ar "uara bera,a(!%%! ,a +#"#a "e/er(! "0 "h0 ,a 4h. Sebe$u-bera"u-"! bah1a +$!e-e%a$a-! /re"b!+u"!"0 /era1a( haru"-e-er!+"a+#,!"! "a$ura(e$!%au(u+-e$!ha(a,a.a"eru-e. Peu-/u+a"eru-e-eru/a+a/e.ebab/eurua/e,e%ara .a% u-u- ,!(e-u+a ,a -u,ah ,!(a%a!. Pa,a !,ra /e%e4a/0"e+re"! "a$!:a -e2a,! ber+ura%0 /a/!$ /era"a -e%a$a-! a(r#)!0 ,a (er2a,!/eurua"e"!(!:!(a". La"!a-e2a,! +ura%-a-/u-e-be,a+aa(arara"aa"!0 -a!"0 a"a-0 ,a/ah!(. Se"a"! /e%h!,u2u%a ber+ura%"eh!%%a !+u(-euru+a "e"a"! ra"a. ,. T#ra+" ,a Paru-Paru. Perubaha (#ra+" 3r#%%a,a,a7(er2a,!+area a,a.a /erubaha/a,a"!"(e--u"+u$#"+e$e(a$. Se(e$ahu"!a==(ahu0 +e+ua(a#(#(re"/!ra"!-u$a!ber+ura%3Beer"0 &5557. D!a-e(er r#%%a ,a,a a(er#/#"(er!#r a+a ber(a-bah. Perubaha(u$a%be$a+a%a+!ba(#"(e#/#r#"!"-e.ebab+a+!)#"!"/u%%u%.a%"er!%,!"ebu( E ,#1a%erG" hu-/H0Ka$"!)!+a"! 2ar!%a +ar(!$a%# (u$a% !%a -e.ebab+a-euru.a/er%era+a(u$a%!%a. D!,!%,a,a-e2a,! $eb!h+a+u. E+"/a"!/aru-/aruber+ura%. J!+a(er,a/a( +!)#"!" a(au/e.a+!( #b"(ru+(!) /aru0 "uara/era/a"a a+a (er,e%ar 2auh.e. Ja(u% ,a S!"(e- ?a"+u$ar.Peurua +e+ua(a +#(ra+"! -!#+ar,!u--e.ebab+a /eurua 4urah2a(u% 34ar,!a4 #u(/u(7. Peurua !! -e2a,! $eb!h bera( 2!+a $a"!a -e%a$a-!13+e%e$!"aha0 !r!(ab!$!(a"0 /e.a+!(0 a(au +e"u$!(a bera+(!:!(a". Tubuh beru"aha-e$a+u+a +#-/e"a"! ,e%a -e!%+a(+a )re+ue"! ,e.u( 2a(u% "aa(ber#$ahra%a. Na-u0 "e(e$ah#$ahra%a0 ,!bu(uh+a1a+(u.a%$eb!h$a-au(u++e-ba$! +e )re+ue"! a1a$. Te+aa "!"(#$!+ ,aCa(au ,!a"(#$!+ /a,a $a"!a (er+a,a% -e2a,! (er$a$u (!%%!.Se"!(!:!(a" bar#re"e/(#r ber+ura% "eh!%%a +e-a-/ua +#-/e"a"! ,a$a--ere"/#" "(!-u$u" h!/#(e"! a(au h!/er(e"! -e2a,! ber+ura% 3Eber"#$e0 He""0,a Lu%%e0 &55*7. Leb!h ,ar! =59$a"!a -e-!$!+! h!/er(e"! "!"(#$!+ a(au,!a"(#$!+ 3"!"(#$!+ B 1*5 --H%0 ,!a"(#$!+ B 85 --H%7 3Beer"0 &5557. H!/er(e"!u-u-,!(e-u+a0 (e(a/! +#,!"! !! bu+a$ah "ua(u /erubaha .a% #r-a$.H!/er(e"! -ee-/a(+a$a"!a/a,ar!"!+#%a%a$ 2a(u%0%a%a$%!2a$0/e.a+!(2a(u%+#r#er0,a/e.a+!( :a"+u$ar/er!)er.De.u( a,! /er!)er$a"!aa+a$eb!h $e-ah /a,a e+"(re-!(a" ba1ah. Seh!%%a $a"!a (er+a,a% -e%e$uh +a+!.a(era"a,!%!0 (eru(a-a/a,a-a$a-har!. Perubaha/a,ae+"(re-!(a"a(a"$eb!h2ara% ,!(e-u+a. ). Pa.u,ara.Pa.u,ara .a% -e%e4!$ /a,a $a"!a ,!"ebab+a #$eh /eurua -a""a0 (#u"0,ae$a"(!"!(a" #(#(. Se$a!!(u0 /a.u,ara-e2a,! $eb!h+e,ur. A(r#)! 2ar!%a+e$e2ar ,a,e/#"!( $e-a+.a%ber(a-bah-e.ebab+a/a.u,ara.a%$eb!h+e4!$0 +ura% /a,a(0 ,a (!,a+ ber#,u$. G!e+#-a"(!a0 .a!(u /e-be"ara /a.u,ara/a,a/r!a0 "er!%,!"ebab+a#$ehe)e+"a-/!%#ba(0 /erubahah#r-#0 a(au#be"!(a". La"!a 1a!(a ,a /r!a ber!"!+# -e,er!(a +a+er /a.u,ara.%. S!"(e- Ga"(r#!(e"(!a( ,a Ab,#-e. Peuaa -e%a+!ba(+a /e!%+a(a 2ar!%a $e-a+ ,! (ubuh. O$eh +area !(u0a+a(er2a,! /ea-bahau+uraab,#-e. Karea-euru.a(#u"#(#( ,ae$a"(!"!(a"0 ab,#-e 2u%a -e2a,! $eb!h -e#2#$. Perubaha )u%"!%a"(r#!(e"(!a$ -e$!/u(! /er$a-ba(a /er!"(a$(!+ ,a /erubaha "e+re"!. A+!ba(.a0$a"!aa+a-e%a$a-! !(#$era"! /a,a-a+aa(er(e(u,a%a%%uaa+!ba(/e%#"#%a $a-bu% .a% $a-ba(. Perubaha /a,a 2a$ur %a"(r#!(e"(!a$ ba1aha,a/a( -e.ebab+a +#"(!/a"!0 ,!"(e"! $a-bu% ,a !(e"(!a$ +area %a"3)$a(u$e"70 a(au ,!are.h. S!"(e- Re/r#,u+"!. Perubaha "!"(e- re/r#,u+"! ,!"ebab+a #$eh /erubaha h#r-#a$. Me#/au"eberhubu%a ,e%a -euru.a re"/#" #:ar!u- (erha,a/ h#r-# h!/#)!"e ,a14-euru.a+a,ar e"(r#%e,a/r#%e"(er#. Pr!a(!,a+-e%a$a-! (erhe(!.a)er(!$!(a" a+!ba( /euaa .a% -u($a+. "/er-a(#%ee"!" ,!-u$a! /a,a ,e+a,e +e-*,a (eru" ber2a$a "a-/a! ,e+a,e +e-8. Perubaha "!"(e-re/r#,u+"! (!,a+-e-e%aruh! $!b!,#. Peurua a+(!:!(a" "e+"ua$ b!a"a.a ,!"ebab+a #$eh/e.a+!(0 +e-a(!a/a"a%a"e+"ua$0 ber+ura%.a "#"!a$!"a"!0 a(auh!$a%.a-!a( "e+"ua$.!. S!"(e- Per+e-!ha. H!/er(r#)! +e$e2ar /r#"(a( (er+a,a% (!-bu$ /a,a /r!a $a"!a. Pe-be"ara/r#"(a( (er"ebu( a+a-ee+a$eher +a,u%+e-!h. A+!ba(.a(er2a,! re(e"!ur!e0 )re+ue"!0 !+#(!e"!a0 ,a!)e+"! "a$ura+e-!h. Se$a!!(u0 h!/er(r#)!/r#"(a( -e.ebab+a+e"u$!(a-eaha,a-e%a(ur a$!raur!e. H!/er(r#)!/r#"(a$ 2!a+3be!%/r#"(a(!4h./er(r#/h.7 berbe,a,ar! +a+er /r#"(a(. Ka+er/r#"(a( -eru/a+a/e.ebab(erba.a++e-&+e-a(!aa+!ba( +a+er /a,a/r!aberu"!a ,! a(a" =5 (ahu. Se+!(ar >=9+a+er /r#"(a( (er,!a%#"!" /a,a /r!a beru"!a,! a(a" 6= (ahu ,a "ebe"ar 859 +e-a(!a +a+er /r#"(a( (er2a,! /a,a +e$#-/#+u"!a $a"!a !! 3A-er!4a Ca4er S#4!e(.0 &5567. I+#(!e"!a ur!e a,a$ah +#,!"! .a% ab#r-a$ ,a $eb!h ba.a+-e-e%aruh! 1a!(a 3/erba,!%a &;17 "a-/a! u"!a @5 (ahu. Se$a2u(.a+e2a,!a !! -e-!$!+! )re+ue"! .a% "a-a /a,a 1a!(a ,a /r!a 3F$aher(.0 Fu$-er0,aMeFe.0&55'7. Wa!(a$a"!a0 (eru(a-a.a%(e$ah-e-!$!+! aa+0 b!a"a.a-e%a$a-! !+#(!e"!a"(re""0 .a!(u/e%e$uaraur!e!:#$u(er.a%(er2a,!"aa( -ere+a ba(u+0 ber"!0 a(au -e%a%+a( be,a. I! (er2a,! a+!ba( -e$e-ah.a#(#( /er!eu- ,a +a,u% +e-!h. Je!" !+#(!e"!a ur!e $a! a,a$ah!+#(!e"!a ur%e0 #:er)$#10 )u%"!#a$0 ,a 4a-/ura. Fa+(#r r!"!+#!+#(!e"!aur!ea,a$ahu"!a0 -e#/au"e0 ,!abe(e"0 h!"(ere+(#-!0 "(r#+e0 ,a#be"!(a".2. S!"(e- Mu"+u$#"+e$e(a$.Se!r!%/euaa0 "era( #(#( a+a-e%e4!$. Ke+ua(a#(#( ber+ura%"e"ua!"e!r!% ber+ura%.a -a""a #(#(. Ma""a (u$a% 2u%a ber+ura%. La"!a .a%ber#$ahra%a(era(ur (!,a+-e%a$a-! +eh!$a%a.a%"a-a,e%a$a"!a.a%(!,a+ a+(!). O"(e#/#r#"!" -eru/a+a a4a-a +e"eha(a u(a-a ba%! ** 2u(a 1ar%aA-er!a Ser!+a(0 a(au ==9 !,!:!,u u"!a =5 (ahu +e a(a". D!/er+!ra+a bah1a 152u(a !,!:!,u (e$ah -e,er!(a /e.a+!( !! ,a @ 2u(a ,! a(ara.a a,a$ah 1a!(a.S!"a '* 2u(a $a!.a -e-!$!+! -a""a #(#( .a% re,ah "eh!%%a ber!"!+# -e,er!(a15#"(e#/#r#"!" 3Na(!#a$ O"(e#/#r#"!" F#u,a(!#0 &5567. Wa!(a /a"4a -e#/au"e-e%a$a-! ,e-!era$!"a"! (u$a% .a% $eb!h be"ar ,!ba,!%+a /r!a $a"!a. Wa!(a.a% -e-/er(aha+a a"u/a +a$"!u- "e$a-a +eh!,u/a.a -e-!$!+!,e-!era$!"a"! (u$a% .a% $eb!h re,ah ,a "eba$!+.a. Pr!a $a"!a ,e%a %!F!buru+ ,a /eurua -#b!$!(a" 2u%a ber!"!+# -e%a$a-! ,e-!era$!"a"! (u$a%. &. S!"(e- Neur#$#%!". Pa,a /er(e%aha ,e+a,e +e,ua0 (er2a,! /eurua 2u-$ah ,a u+ura eur#/a,a "!"(e- "ara). A+!ba( /eurua 2u-$ah eur# !!0 )u%"! eur#(ra"-!(er 2u%aber+ura%. Re)$e+":#$u(er -e2a,! $eb!h$a-ba( ,a!,!:!,u-e2a,! +ura%-a-/u -ere"/#" "(!-u$u" -u$(!/e$. Se$a! !(u0 $a"!a "er!% -e$a/#r+a/erubaha +ua$!(a" ,a +ua(!(a" (!,ur. Ke$uha -e$!/u(! +e"u$!(a (!,ur0 +e"u$!(au(u+ (e(a/ (er2a%a0 +e"u$!(a u(u+ +e-ba$! (!,ur "e(e$ah (erba%u ,! -a$a- har!0(er2a%a (er$a$u 4e/a(0 ,a (!,ur "!a% .a% ber$eb!ha. Ma"a$ah !! ,!a+!ba(+a #$eh/erubaha (er+a!( u"!a ,a$a- "!+$u" (!,ur-(er2a%a 3"$ee/-1a+e 4.4$e7.'. Perubaha Fu%"!#a$Fu%"! /a,a $a"!a -e$!/u(! b!,a% )!"!+0 /"!+#"#"!a$0 +#%!(!)0 ,a "#"!a$.Peurua )u%"! .a% (er2a,! /a,a $a"!a b!a"a.a berhubu%a ,e%a /e.a+!( ,a(!%+a( +e/araha.a. Na-u /a,a a+h!r.a hubu%a a(ara berba%a! )a+(#r ,! a(a".a% a+a -e-e%aruh! +e-a-/ua)u%"!#a$ ,a +e"e2ah(eraa "e#ra% $a"!a.I%a($ah bah1a $a"!a -era"a "u$!( u(u+ -eer!-a /erubaha .a% (er2a,! /a,a"e$uruha"/e++eh!,u/a.a. Bebera/a,ar! -ere+a-e.a%+a$ a,a.a/erubaha,a (eru" -e%hara/+a /ea-/!$a .a% "a-a (a/a -e-/e,u$!+a u"!a.a.Seba$!+.a0 bebera/a$a"!a-e$eb!h-$eb!h+a+#,!"! ,a-e-ba(a"! +e%!a(a.a.La"!a 2u%a -era"a (a+u( -e2a,! (er%a(u% ,e%a a,a.a /eurua )u%"!.La+u+a e,u+a"! u(u+ -e-be(u+ /e-aha-a (e(a% /erubaha .a% (er+a!( u"!a0/e.e"ua!a %a.a h!,u/0,a a,a/(a"! .a% e)e+(!). Fa+(#r .a% -e,u+u% )u%"!(er(!%%! /a,a "e$uruh b!,a% a,a$ah ,!e( "eha( ,a "e!-ba%D +e%!a(a .a% "e"ua!,a ,e%a +e4e/a(a (e/a(D +u2u%a (era(ur +e /e.e,!a $a.aa +e"eha(aD/ar(!"!/a"! (era(ur ,a$a- +e%!a(a ber-a)aa(D /e-a)aa(a (e+!+ -aa2e-e "(re"D,a /e%h!,ara a$+#h#$0 (e-ba+au0 ,a ar+#ba. S(a(u" )u%"!#a$ $a"!a b!a"a.a-eru2u+ +e/a,a +e-a-/ua ,a /er!$a+u .a% a-a ,a$a- a+(!:!(a" har!a 3ADL7.I! 2u%a -eru/a+a !,!+a(#r .a% "e"!(!) ba%! +e"eha(a a(au /e.a+!( /a,a $a"!a.ADL"a%a( /e(!%u(u+-ee(u+a+e-a,!r!a0 #$eh+area !(u/e%+a2!a164er-a( (e(a% 4ara /e$a+"aaa "ua(u (u%a" "a%a( /e(!%. Perubaha .a%-e,a,a+,a$a-ADL-eru/a+a(a,a /e.a+!( a+u( a(au/erburu+a-a"a$ah+r#!"3Kre"e:!4,aMeFe.0 &55'7. Peu-#!a0 !)e+"! "a$ura+e-!h0 ,eh!,ra"!0%a%%ua e$e+(r#$!(0 ,a ,e$!r!u- a,a$ah 4#(#h/e.a+!( a+u( ,e%a%e2a$a/erubaha)u%"!. C#(#h/e.a+!( +r#!",e%a/erubaha)u%"!a,a$ah,!abe(e"0/e.a+!(+ar,!#:a"+u$ar0 a(au/e.a+!( /aru-/aru+r#!".(. Perubaha K#%!)!*K#"e/ bah1a %a%%ua +#%!(!)(er2a,! /a,a ba.a+ $a"!a -eru/a+a /e,a/a(.a% "a$ah. A+!ba( +#"e/ !!0 ba.a+ $a"!a .a% +ha1a(!r +e-a-/ua +#%!"!.aa+a(er%a%%u. Ora%,e1a"a-u,a-e%a%%a/bah1a$a"!a"er!%-e%a$a-!+eb!%u%a ,a (!,a+ -a-/u $a%! -ea%a! -a"a$ah.a. A,a haru" -e-aha-!bah1a/!+u"eba%a! +#"e+ue"! /euaa-eru/a+a-!(#". Bebera/a/erubaha"(ru+(ur ,a )!"!#$#%!" #(a+.a% ,!hubu%+a ,e%a %a%%ua +#%!(!) 3/eurua2u-$ah "e$0 ,e/#"!"! $!/#)u"! ,a a-!$#!, /a,a "e$0 ,a /erubaha +a,areur#(ra"-!(er7 (er2a,! /a,a $a"!a .a% -e%a$a-!%a%%ua+#%!(!) -au/u(!,a+. Ge2a$a%a%%ua+#%!(!) "e/er(! ,!"#r!e(a"!0+eh!$a%a +e(era-/!$a berbaha"a ,a berh!(u%0 "er(a /e!$a!a .a% buru+ bu+a-eru/a+a /r#"e" /euaa .a% #r-a$ "eh!%%a haru" ,!"e$!,!+! /e.ebab.a.T!%a +#,!"! u(a-a .a% -e-e%aruh! +#%!"! Ia"!a a,a$ah ,e$!r!u-0 ,e-e"!a0,a ,e/re"!. a. De$!r!u- De$!r!u-a(au +ea,aa b!%u% a+u( a,a$ah %a%%ua +#%!(!) .a% re:er"!be$,a b!a"a.a ,!"ebab+a #$eh )a+(#r )!"!#$#%!". Pe.ebab.a a(ara $a!; %a%%uae$e+(r#$!(0 a#re+"!a "erebra$0 h!/#%$!+e-!a /e%#ba(a0 e)e+ #ba(0 (u-#r0he-a(#-a "ub,ura$ !)e+"! "erebr#:a"+u$ar0 !)ar+0 a(au/u /er,araha"erebr#:a"+u$ar. De$!r!u- /a,a $a"!a (er+a,a% ,!"er(a! !)e+"! "!"(e-!+ ,a "er!%-eru/a+a %e2a$a /a,a /eu-#!a a(au !)e+"! "a$ura +e-!h. De$!r!u- 2u%a ,a/a(,!"ebab+a #$eh )a+(#r $!%+u%a0 "e/er(! ,e)!"!( "e"#r!+0 $!%+u%a .a% a"!%0a(au)a+(#r/"!+#"#"!a$"e/er(!"(re"e-#"!#a$,a.er!. De$!r!u-(er2a,!/a,aberba%a! (a(aa0 (e(a/! $a"!a /a,a (a(aa /e$a.aa a+u( $eb!h ber!"!+# +area17a,a.a )a+(#r /re,!"/#"!"! 3)!"!#$#%!"0 /"!+#"#"!a$0 $!%+u%a7 ,a +#,!"! -e,!".De-e"!a -eru/a+a )a+(#r r!"!+# (er2a,!.a ,e$!r!u-.Pe%+a2!a ,a (!,a+a "e%era haru" ,!$a+u+a "aa( ,!(e-u+a +ea,aa,e$!r!u-. Ga%%ua +#%!(!) .a% ,!a+!ba(+a ,e$!r!u- a+a h!$a% "e(e$ah (ea%a+e"eha(a -e-ber!+a (!,a+a0 +e4ua$! (e$ah (er2a,! +eru"a+a #(a+ /er-ae.b. De-e"!a.De-e"!a -eru/a+a %a%%ua !(e$e+(ua$ .a% -e%ha-ba( )u%"! +er2a ,a"#"!a$. Perubaha +#%!(!) a+a -euru+a +e-a-/ua $a"!a u(u+ -e$a+u+a+e%!a(ahar!a. Berbe,a,ar! ,e$!r!u-0 ,e-e"!a-eru/a+a,!")u%"! "erebra$.a%(!,a+re:er"!be$ ,aber"!)a( /r#%re"!) /er$aha. Karea (a-/!$a a(ara,e$!r!u- ,a ,e-e"!a ha-/!r "a-a0 -a+a A,a haru" -e.!%+!r+a /er+!raa,e$!r!u- "aa( A,a -e4ur!%a! ,e-e"!a. B#$$a ,a )!$$e 3&5557 -e,e"+r!/"!+ae-/a( 2e!" ,e-e"!a0 .a!(u; /e.a+!( A$Fhe!-er 3=597 /e.a+!( Le1! B#,.3DLBD731=970,e-e"!a)r#(a$-(e-/#ra$31=970 ,a,e-e"!a:a"+u$ar31597.Pe.ebab $a! "e/er(! !)e+"! a(au (rau-a -a"u+ 159 +a"u" $a!.a.Maa2e-e +e/era1a(a /a,a $a"!a ,e%a ,e-e"!a haru"-e-/er(!-ba%+a+ebu(uha$a"!a,a+e$uar%a.a. Kebu(uhaa+aberubah"e!r!%/erburu+a,e-e"!a. Se$a!!(u0 A,a 2u%a haru" -e-/er(!-ba%+a+ebu(uha)!"!+0 +ea-aa,a/"!+#"#"!a$ /a,a$a"!a. Ke$uar%a-e-bu(uh+a!)#r-a"! ,a,u+u%a. U(u+-e-euh! +ebu(uha$a"!a0 "e"ua!+aa"uha+e/era1a(a.a%ber(u2ua-e!%+a(+a+ua$!(a" h!,u/,a-e-a+"!-a$+a+e-a-/ua )u%"!#a$ ,e%a +e%!a(a u(u+ -e!%+a(+a +#%!"!0 -##,0 ,a/er!$a+u. Pr!"!/ a"uha +e/era1a(a ba%! $a"!a .a% -e%a$a-! /erubaha+#%!"! "e4ara u-u- ,a/a( ,!$!ha( 4. De/re"!.Pa,a /e%hu2u% +eh!,u/a.a0 $a"!a b!"a -e%a$a-! ,e/re"!. I! bu+a-eru/a+a/r#"e"/euaa.a%#r-a$0 -e$a!+a/e.a+!( -e,!".a%,a/a(,!(a%a!. Pre:a$e"!.a ber+!"ar a(ara $5-1=9 /a,a $a"!a ,! +#-u!(a"D $$-*=9/a,a $a"!a .Ia% -e-bu(uh+a ra1a( !a/D ,a "a-/a! =59 /a,a re"!,e /a(!2#-/# 3F$aher(. e( a$.0 &55'7. La"!a ,e%a ,e-e"!a b!a"a.a 2u%a -e%a$a-!,e/re"!.Saa( ,e-e"!a ,a ,e/re"! (er2a,! ber"a-aa0 "(re" /a,a $a"!a ,a +e$uar%a.a2u%a a+a ber(a-bah. 18+. Perubaha P"!"#"!a$Perubaha/"!+#"#"!a$ "e$a-a /r#"e" Peuaaa+a-e$!ba(+a/r#"e" (ra"!"!+eh!,u/a,a+eh!$a%a0 Se-a+!/a2a%u"!a"e"e#ra%0 -a+aa+a"e-a+!ba.a+ /u$a (ra"!"! ,a +eh!$a%a .a% haru" ,!ha,a/!0 Tra"!"! h!,u/0 .a%-a.#r!(a" ,!"u"u #$eh /e%a$a-a+eh!$a%a0 -e$!/u(! -a"a/e"!u,a/erubaha+ea,aa)!a"!a$0 /erubaha/era,ahubu%a0 /erubaha+e"eha(a,a+e-a-/ua)u%"!#a$0 /erubaha2ar!%a "#"!a$0,are$#+a"!.Keh!$a%a .a%u-u- ba%!$a"!ab!a"a.aber+!"ar/a,a +eh!$a%a "ua(u hubu%a a+!ba( /r#"e" +e-a(!a.a. Ma"a Pe"!u Ba.a+ #ra% -e%hubu%+a -a"a /e"!u ,e%a +ea,aa /a"!) ,a/ear!+a ,!r!. Ke.a(aa.a0 -a"a !! -eru/a+a (aha/ +eh!,u/a .a% ,!(a,a!(ra"!"! ,a /erubaha /era. S(re" /"!+#"#"!a$ /a,a -a"a /e"!u b!a"a.aberhubu%a ,e%a /erubaha /era /a,a /a"a%a a(au ,! ,a$a- +e$uar%a ,ah!$a%.a/era+er2a. Ter+a,a%(!-bu$ -a"a$ah.a%ber+a!(a,e%a!"#$a"!"#"!a$,a+eua%a. U"!a-a"a/e"!uber:ar!a"!0 a-u-a"a!!-eru/a+a"ua(u (!(!+ ba$!+ u(a-a ,a$a- +eh!,u/a.Pere4aaa/ra/e"!u-eru/a+a(u%a"/e(!%ba%! !,!:!,u/aruhba.a.Mere+a.a%-e$a+u+a.ab!a"a.a-e-!$!+!(ra"!"!.a%$eb!h$a4ar,a$a--eu2u -a"a /e"!u. Pere4aaa !! (!,a+ ha.a -e-/er(!-ba%+a "e%!)!a"!a$0 1a$au/uha$ !! /e(!%. Pere4aaa,!-u$a! ,e%a/er(!-ba%aI%a.aI /e"!u .a% ,!!%!+a -e$!/u(! -!a(0 +e(era-/!$a "aa( !!0 ,a +e"eha(a+e"e$uruha. Pere4aaa/e"!u.a%ber-a+a"a%a( /e(!%+area-a"a/e"!u ,a/a( ber$a%"u% "a-/a! '5 (ahu a(au $eb!h. Ma"a /e"!u (!,a+ ha.a -e-e%aruh! "a%$a"!a0 (e(a/! 2u%a /a"a%a0 aa+.a% (e$ah ,e1a"a0 ,a 4u4u. J!+a /a"a%a -a"!h be+er2a0 $a"!a a+a bera,a ,!ru-ah"e,!r!. Seba%a! 4#(#h0 /a"a%a.a%-a"!hbe+er2a-e-!$!+!!,ebaru(e(a%+a,ar/ar(!"!/a"! ,a$a-/e+er2aaru-ah(a%%a. Ma"a$ah,a/a( -u4u$2!+are4aa(er"ebu( ber$a1aa,e%a(a%%u%2a1ab+er2a/a"a%a.a%-a"!h be+er2a. Pa"a%a (er"ebu( 2u%a -e-!$!+! hara/a .a% haru",!+$ar!)!+a"!.Kua$!(a" +#-u!+a"!0 /r#"e" /e%a-b!$a +e/u(u"a (e(a% ua% a(aua+(!:!(a"0 +e(aa(a/a,a#r!e(a"! /era(ra,!"!#a$0 "er(a(!%+a( /erha(!a,a+e,e+a(a a+a -e-e%aruh! /e.e"ua!a /a"a%a /a,a -a"a /e"!u 3Eber"#$e19e( a1.0&55*7. Aa+.a%(e$ah,e1a"a"er!%-e%hara/+a$a"!a .a%(e$ah/e"!u u(u+ -e2a,! /e%a"uh 4u4u.a. Keh!$a%a/era+er2a"er!%-e-!$!+! ,a-/a+be"arba%! #ra%.a%(e$ah/e"!u. I,e(!(a" /r!ba,! b!a"a.abera"a$ ,ar! /era+er2a0 "eh!%%a!,!:!,uharu" -e-ba%u !,e(!(a" baru /a,a "aa( /e"!u. Mere+a 2u%a +eh!$a%a"(ru+(ur /a,a +eh!,u/ahar!a"aa( -ere+a (!,a+$a%! -e-!$!+! 2a,1a$ +er2a.I(era+"! "#"!a$ ,a!(er/er"#a$ .a%(er2a,! /a,a$!%+u%a+er2a2u%a(e$ahh!$a%. Seba%a! /e.e"ua!a0 $a"!aharu"-e.u"u2a,1a$.a%ber-a+a,a2ar!%a "#"!a$ /e,u+u%. Fa+(#r (er/e(!% .a% -e-e%aruh! +e/ua"a "e#ra%$a"!a .a%(e$ah/e"!ua,a$ah"(a(u" +e"eha(a0 a,a.a /!$!hau(u+(eru"be+er2a0 ,a /e,a/a(a .a% 4u+u/ 3Eber"#$e0 e( a1.0&55*7.Hara/a /ra/e"!u .a% /#"!(!) 2u%a ber/era (erha,a/ +e/ua"a !!. A,a b!"a-e-ba(u $a"!a ,ab+e$uar%a u(u+ -e-/er"!a/+a ,!r! -e%ha,a/!-a"ab/e"!u ,e%a -e,!"+u"!+a bebera/a ha$0 "e/er(!; hubu%a ,e%a/a"a%a ,a aa+0 a+(!:!(a" /e(!% u(u+ -e%%a(!+a /era +er2a0 /e.e"ua$aa(au /e.u"ua u$a% 2ar!%a "#"!a$0 -a"a$ah /e,a/a(a0 /r#-#"! ,a/e-e$!haraa +e"eha(a0 ,a /ere4aaa 2a%+a /a2a% "e/er(! "ura( 1a"!a(.b. I"#$a"! S#"!a$. Ba.a+$a"!a-e%a$a-! !"#$a"! "#"!a$ T!%+a( !"#$a"! !! -e!%+a( "e!r!%u"!a.Ter,ar,a/a( ,uabe(u+!"#$a"!. I"#$a"! (er+a,a%-eru/a+a"ua(u/!$!ha0.a!(u+e!%!au(u+(!,a+berhubu%a,e%a#ra%$a!. I"#$a"! 2u%a,a/a(-e2a,!re"/#"(erha,a/+#,!"! .a% -e%ha-ba( !(era+"! ,e%a /!ha+ $a!3Eber"#$e e( a1.0&55*7. Bebera/a $a"!a -e-!$!h !"#$a"!0 $a"!a $a!.a (!,a+0a-u -ere+a re(a (erha,a/ +#"e+ue"! .a.Kere(aa $a"!a (erha,a/ !"#$a"! a+a ber(a-bah 2!+a (!,a+ a,a ,u+u%a /ara,e1a"a$a!0 "e/er(! .a%(er2a,! /a,a+eh!$a%a/era+er2aa(aure$#+a"! +e$!%+u%a .a% a"!%. Ga%%ua /e,e%ara. /e%$!ha(a0 ,a -#b!$!(a"3-!"a$.a; %a%%ua a-bu$a"!0 (!,a+ -a-/u -e%%ua+a a$a( ba(u "e,!r!0 a(au+e(!,a+-a-/ua ber+e,ara7 ber/era (erha,a/ -euru.a !(era+"! ,e%a#ra% $a! "eh!%%a $a"!a ber!"!+# -e%a$a-! !"#$a"! "#"!a$0 Keh!$a%a+e-a-/ua ber+e,ara 2u%a -e-ba(a"! +e-a-/ua $a"!a u(u+ h!,u/ -a,!r!,a ber/era (erha,a/ (!-bu$.a !"#$a"!.Bebera/a$a"!a-ear!+,!r! +area-era"a,!(#$a+3Eber"#$ee( a$.0 &55*7.S!+a/-a".ara+a( .a%-e%a%%a/$a"!a(!,a+-ear!+-e.ebab+a$a"!a20-era"a ,!(#$a+. Mere+a -era"a ,!r!.a (!,a+ -ear!+ ,a ,!(#$a+ +area /erubaha/ea-/!$aa+!ba( /r#"e" /euaa.a%#r-a$0 a(au/erubahabe(u+(ubuha+!ba( /e.a+!( a(au #/era"!. Ma".ara+a(0 (er-a"u+ (ea%a +e"eha(a /r#)e"!#a$02u%a -e%a%%a/ bebera/a /er!$a+u ,a "!(ua"! (!,a+ ,a/a( ,!(er!-a. La"!a .a%-e%a$a-! +eb!%u%a a(au !+#(!e"!a0 (!,a+ -a-/u ber+#-u!+a"!0 ,!ra1a(,! !"(!(u"!0 a(au (!,a+ -e-!$!+! ru-ah -eru/a+a 4#(#h $a"!a .a% -e%a$a-!!"#$a"! ,ar! -a".ara+a(. Ke4e,eru%a -a".ara+a( u(u+ -e-!$!+! (e-/a( (!%%a$.a% ber2auha -euru+a +e"e-/a(a !(era+"! a(ara a%%#(a +e$uar%a.Bebera/a $a"!a 2u%a -e%a%%a/ ,!r!.a ,!(#$a+ #$eh +e$uar%a.A,a ,a/a( -e-ba(u$a"!a .a%+e"e/!a,e%a-e-ba%u+e-ba$!2ar!%a"#"!a$ ,a-e-ba$!++a/#$a !"#$a"! 3Eber"#$e e( a$.0 &55*7. Ba.a++#-u!(a" -e-!$!+! /r#%ra- .a% ,!ra4a% u(u+ -e$a%"u%+a +#(a+ ,e%a$a"!a.a%(er!"#$a"!. Pr#%ra-"e/er(! !! (er+a,a%2u%a-e-euh! +ebu(uhau(r!"! "e/er(! /r#%ra- Mea$" # Whee$". Pr#%ra- 2a%+aua !! 2u%a -e-euh!+ebu(uha "#"!a$!"a"! "e/er(! re+rea"!. Pe-ber! $a.aa "#"!a$ ,! bebera/a+#-u!(a" b!a"a.a -eer!-a $a"!a "eba%a! re$a1a ,a -e-ber!+a +e"e-/a(aba%!$a"!a u(u+ -e$a.a! "a-b!$ -e-euh! +ebu(uha "#"!a$ -ere+a. Or%a!"a"!$a!.a%a,a,a$a-+#-u!(a"a,a$ah%ere2a0 u!:er"!(a"0 /u"a( +#-u!(a"0 ,a/er/u"(a+aa. Mere+a -ea1ar+a berba%a! /r#%ra-u(u+ $a"!a ra% a+a-e!%+a(+a +e"e-/a(a ber(e-u #ra% $a! ,e%a +e%!a(a0 -!a(0 ,a+ebu(uha .a% "a-a.4. Se+"ua$!(a".Se+"ua$!(a" "e-a+! ,!+ea$ "eba%a! )a+(#r /e(!% ,a$a- a"uha ba%! $a"!a.Se-ua $a"!a0 ba!+ "eha( -au/u "a+!(0 -era"a+a +ebu(uha u(u+-e%e+"/re"!+a /era"aa "e+"ua$. Se+"ua$!(a" -e$!ba(+a 4!(a0 +eha%a(a0"a$!%berba%!0 ,a"e(uha. Ha$!!(!,a+ha.aber/u(ar/a,ahubu%a"e+".Se+"ua$!(a" ,!hubu%+a ,e%a !,e(!(a" ,a -e%a+u! a%%a/a bah1a !,!:!,u-a-/u -e-ber! +e/a,a #ra% $a! ,a -e,a/a( /e%har%aa a(a" /e-ber!a.a(er"ebu(. Ma"a/e"!ub!a"a.a-e-e%aruh!+e/er4a.aa,!r!0 ,a"e+"ua$!(a"ber/era /e(!% ,a$a--e-ba(u $a"!a -e-/er(aha+a +e/er4a.aa ,!r!.Pe-e$!haraa +e"eha(a "e+"ua$ -e-bu(uh+a !(e%ra"! ,ar! "e+"ua$ "#-a(!+0e-#"!#a$0 !(e$e+(ua$0dansosial.U(u+ -e-ba(u $a"!a -era!h ,a-e-/er(aha+a+e"eha(a"e+"ua$0 /era1a( haru" -e-aha-! /erubaha)!"!+,a$a- re"/#" "e+"ua$ 3$!ha( Bab &@7. A,a haru" -e-ber!+a ,!"+u"! "e+"ua$!(a"21.a%ber"!)a( /r!:a"! ,aber"!+a/(!,a+-e%ha+!-!. Per(a.aa(erbu+aa+a-e-bua( $a"!a -e2e$a"+a a+(!:!(a" "e+"ua$ a(au -a"a$ah.a ,!ba,!%+a"e+a,ar /er(a.aa (er(u(u/ (e(a% +e%!a(a a(au %e2a$a. La"!a -e%har%a!!)#r-a"! (e(a%/erubaha"e+"ua$!(a"(er+a!( u"!a. Ser(a+a!)#r-a"! (e(a%/e4e%aha /e.a+!( -eu$ar "e+"ua$ /a,a "aa( .a% (e/a(.L!b!,# /a,a $a"!a (!,a+ ber+ura% 1a$au/u (er2a,! /eurua )re+ue"!a+(!:!(a" "e+"ua$. Se#ra%1a!(a$a"!a.a%(!,a+-e-aha-! /erubaha)!"!+.a%-e-e%aruh! a+(!:!(a" "e+"ua$ ,a/a( -e2a,! +ha1a(!r ,a-e%a%%a/+eh!,u/a"e+"ua$.a (e$ahbera+h!r ,e%a,a(a%.a -a"a -e#/au"e. Pr!a$a"!a ,a/a( -e-!+!r+aha$ .a%"a-a "aa( !a -era"a+a /erubaha ere+"!0/eurua+ebu(uhae2a+u$a"! /a,a(!a/#r%a"-e0 a(au1a+(u/e-u$!ha.a%$eb!h /a2a% a(are/!"#,e hubu%a "e+".Se$a! /erubaha )!"!+0 ba.a+ $a"!a -e%%ua+a #ba( .a% -ee+aa+(!:!(a" "e+"ua$ "e/er(! a(!h!/er(e"!0 a(!,e/re"a0 "e,a(!) a(au h!/#(!+.Bebera/a #ba( a+a -e!%+a(+a $!b!,# /a,a $a"!a. Seba%a! 4#(#h0 )e#(!aF!-e!%+a(+aha"ra( "e+"ua$ /a,a1a!(a. Le:#,#/a-e-!$!+! e)e+.a%"a-a/a,a /r!a.Saa( -e-/er(!-ba%+a +ebu(uha e+"/re"! "e+"ua$ /a,a $a"!a0 2a%aa4uh+a +ebu(uha -ere+a u(u+ ,!"e(uh ,a -e.e(uh. Se(uha a,a$ahe+"/re"! (erbu+a ,e%a ba.a+ ar(! ,a -eru/a+a ba%!a ,ar! +e!(!-a.Se(uha ,a/a( -e$e%+a/! -e(#,e "e+"ua$ (ra,!"!#a$ a(au ber/era "eba%a!e+"/re"! "e+"ua$ a$(era(!) "aa(. $a"!a (!,a+ -e%!%!+a !(era+"! )!"!+. Se(uhaber/era"eba%a! -e(#,e/e(!%u(u+/e4a/a!a+e!(!-a3A(+!"#0 &5567.Kea$!bah1a/e%e(ahua,a+e.a-aa-e%ea!+ebu(uha"e+"ua$$a"!aa+a -e!%+a( "e!r!% /e%a$a-a /r#)e"!. Pe%a$a-a ,a$a- /e$a.aa $a"!a.a% ,!+#-b!a"!+a ,e%a +e-a-/ua -e-ba%u hubu%a (era/eu(!+ a+a-e-ba(u A,a -e-/e$a2ar! -a"a$ah "e+"ua$ +$!e. Pe%e(ahua (e(a% !! haru",!"er(a+a ,a$a- re4aa a"uha +e/era1a(a.P!$!ha "e+"ua$ /a,a $a"!a "a-a ba.a+.a ,e%a #ra% -u,a. Leb!h2e$a".a0 -e"+!/u (!,a+ "e-ua $a"!a -eru/a+a he(er#"e+"ua$0 +e(erba(a"a!)#r-a"! ,a/e$a.aa+e"eha(a,!(e-u+a/a,aIa"!a.a%he(er#"e+"ua$.Kaa/auJ 3&55'7 -e$a/#r+a ha-ba(a .a% haru" ,!a(a"! /era1a( "aa( -ea%a!+$!e $e"b!a ,a h#-#. Mere+a (a+u( bah1a 2ar!%a /e$a.aa +e"eha(a (!,a+a+a -e#$era"! +ea,aa -ere+a. D!"+r!-!a"! (erha,a/ +au-h#-#"e+"ua$22-e.ebab+a -ere+a (!,a+ -e-ber!(ahu+a #r!e(a"! "e+"ua$ -ere+a .a%"ebear.a. U(u+ -e2a,! /e-ber! $a.aa .a% e)e+(!) ba%! $a"!a h#-#"e+"ua$0"a,ar! a%%a/a ,!r! A,a (e(a% "e+"ua$!(a" ,a ,a-/a+.a (erha,a/ /e$a.aa.a% A,a ber!+a. U(u+ -e,u+u% /r#"e" /euaa .a% "eha( ,a "u+"e" /a,a/#/u$a"! .a% "e-a+! ber(a-bah !!0 /e!%+a(+a +#-u!+a"! "er(a -e4!/(a+a$!%+u%a (erbu+a ,a "u/#r(!)"a%a( ,!bu(uh+a .Pera1a( "er!% ,!-!(a u(u+ -e-ba(u /r#)e"!#a$ +e"eha(a $a! ,a$a--e-aha-! +ebu(uha"e+"ua$ $a"!a,a-e-ber!+a"araba%! -ere+a.T!,a+"e-ua/era1a( -era"a.a-au(u+-e-ber!+a+#"e$!%(e(a%+e"eha(a"e+"ua$ ,a+e!(!-a/a,a$a"!a.A,aharu""!a/u(u+-eru2u+$a"!a/a,a+#"e$#r /r#)e"!#a$ .a% (e/a(.Ru-ah,aL!%+u%a. Ja%+aua+e-a-/ua$a"!a u(u+h!,u/-a,!r!"a%a( -ee(u+a /!$!ha (e-/a( (!%%a$. Perubaha /era "#"!a$0 (a%%u% 2a1ab+e$uar%a0 ,a "(a(u" +e"eha(a a+a -e-e%aruh! "u"ua h!,u/ $a"!a. Bebera/a,ar! -ere+a-e-!$!hu(u+(!%%a$ ,e%a+e$uar%a0 bebera/a$a!.a-e-!$!hu(u+h!,u/"e,!r! a(au,! ru-ah.a%,e+a( ,e%a+e$uar%a.a. K#-u!(a"/e"!ua a(au re+rea"! a+a -e-ber!+a +e"e-/a(a /a,a $a"!a u(u+ "#"!a$!"a"!,e%a %eera"! .a% "a-a. Ru-ah .a% ,!"ub"!,! /e-er!(ah -ea1ar+aa/ar(er-e ,e%a $a.aa -a".ara+a(0 "#"!a$0 ,a -a+aa.Saa( -e-ba(u $a"!a (e(a% +ebu(uha (e-/a( (!%%a$0 $a+u+a /e%+a2!a(e(a% (!%+a( a+(!:!(a -ere+a0 "(a(u" )!a"!a$0 a+"e" +e (ra"/#r(a"! u-u-+e%!a(a+#-u!(a"0 baha.a$!%+u%a0 ,a"!"(e-/e,u+u%. Saa( -e-ba(u+$!e-e-/er(!-ba%+a /!$!ha(e-/a( (!%%a$0a(!"!/a"!+ebu(uha -ere+a ,!-a"a -e,a(a%. Seba%a! 4#(#h0 ru-ah "a(u (!%+a( (a/a (a%%a $uar -eru/a+a/!$!ha (e/a( ba%! $a"!a ,e%a ar(hr!(!" bera( .a% (e$ah -e2a$a! #/era"!/e%%a(!a "e,! u(u+ -e%a(!"!/a"! #/era"! ,! -a"a ,e/a.Te-/a( (!%%a$ ,a $!%+u%a -e-!$!+ ,a-/a+ be"ar ba%! +e"eha(a $a"!a.L!%+u%a ,a/a( -e,u+u% a(au -e%ha-ba( )u%"! )!"!+ ,a "#"!a$0-e!%+a(+aa(au-e%#"u-"! eer%!0 ,a-e!%+a(+aa(au-e-/erburu+/erubaha )!"!+0 "e/er(! /e%$!ha(a ,a /e,e%ara. Seba%a! 4#(#h 1ara-erah0 #ra.e0 ,a +u!% /a$!% -u,ah u(u+ ,!$!ha( ba%! $a"!a. Mere+a+e"u$!(a-e-be,a+a1ara h!2au0 b!ru0 ,a/a"(e$. U(u+-e-ba(u$a"!a-ee-u+a rua%a.a0 %ua+a %a-bar a(au ,e+#ra"! $a! ,! ,e+a( /!(u "eba%a!(a,a. B!%+a! /!(u.a%+#(ra",e%a,!,!%,a/a( -e!%+a(+a/er"e/"!23a(a" rua%a. T0a"!a "u$!( -e#$era"! abera"! 4aha.a ,ar! $a(a! .a% -e%+!$a(0$a/!"a -e(a$0 ,a 2e,e$a.Perab#( haru" .a-a ,a ,!ra4a% "e"ua! /erubaha -u"+u$#"+e$e(a$ $a"!a.I,!:!,u ,e1a"a haru" -e-er!+"a u+ura0 +e.a-aa0 ,a )u%"! /erab#("ebe$u- -e-be$!.a. Se$a! !(u0 /erab#(a haru" -u,ah ,!-a"u++a ,a,!+e$uar+a "er(a -e-ber!+a ,u+u%a ba%! /u%%u%. Se$a-a -a+a0 u2!+e.a-aa +ur"! -a+a -a+a ,a ba,!%+a (!%%!.a ,e%a -e2a. Bebera/a$a"!a -e-!$!h u(u+ /!,ah ,ar! +ur"! r#,a +e +ur"! -a+a +area bebera/a +ur"!r#,a (!,a+ ,a/a( ,!(e-/a(+a 4u+u/ ,e+a( +e -e2a -a+a. Mea!++a -e2a a+a-e-bua( /#"!"!.a(er$a$u(!%%! u(u+,a/a( ,!%ua+a,e%a.a-a. A%ar$a"!a ,a/a( a!+ ,a (uru ,ar! (e-/a( (!,ur ,e%a .a-a0 (!%%! (e-/a( (!,urharu" ,!"e"ua!+a. T!%%! .a% (e/a( a,a$ah 2!+a $a"!a ,a/a( -e-!2a++a "e$uruh(e$a/a+ +a+!.a "aa( !a ,u,u+ ,! (e/! (e-/a( (!,ur.Tu2ua /e%+a2!a +e/era1a(a a(a" $!%+u%a a,a$ah /r#-#"! +e-a,!r!a,a +e-a-/ua )u%"!#a$. Pe%+a2!a +ea-aa -e$!/u(! r!"!+# ,a$a-$!%+u%a "er(a +e-a-/ua $a"!a u(u+ -e%ea$! ,a -ere"/#" r!"!+# 3$!ha(Bab '@7. R!"!+# +ea-aa -e$!/u(! )a+(#r /e.ebab 4e,era ,a$a- ru-ah0 "e/er(!;/e%ha%a( a!r ,e%a "uhu ber$eb!ha0 +ar/e( .a% ,a/a( -e.ebab+a+e4e$a+aa 2a(uh0 a(au )a+(#r ,! $uar ru-ah "e/er(! (r#(#ar .a% (e$ah ha4ur ,a+r!-!a$!(a" 2a$aa.,. Ke-a(!a. Pe%a$a-a +eh!$a%a -e$a$u! +e-a(!a +eraba( ,a (e-a -eru/a+a ba%!a"e2arah +eh!,u/a .a% ,!a$a-! $a"!a 3$!ha( Bab '57. Ter-a"u+/e%a$a-a+eh!$a%a +e$uar%a .a% $eb!h (ua ,a (er+a,a% +eh!$a%a aa+. Na-u0+e-a(!a/a"a%a-eru/a+a+eh!$a%a.a%/a$!%ber/e%aruh/a,a$a"!a.Ke-a(!a/a"a%a$eb!hba.a+,!a$a-! 1a!(a$a"!a,!ba,!%+a/r!a,a+e4e,eru%a !! -a"!h a+a (eru" ber$a%"u%. Me"+!/u a,a /e,a/a( "e/er(!!(u0 a%%a/a bah1a $a"!a (e$ah -eer!-a /!+!ra (e(a% +e-a(!a -eru/a+aa%%a/a .a% "a$ah. Pera /e(!% /era1a( a,a$ah -e,u+u% $a"!a -e%ha,a/!+eh!$a%a (er"ebu( ,a -e-)a"!$!(a"! /erubaha h!,u/ .a% (er2a,!.La"!a -e-!$!+! berba%a! "!+a/ ,a a%%a/a (e(a% +e-a(!a0 (e(a/! -ere+a2ara% -e-!$!+! /era"aa (a+u( (erha,a/ +e-a(!a ,!r!.a "e,!r! 3Fr!e,-a0&5567. Ke(a+u(a (e(a% +e-a(!a .a% u(a-a /a,a $a"!a a,a$ah -era"a -e2a,!beba0 -e%a$a-! /e,er!(aa0 -e2a,! +e"e/!a0 ,a haru" ,!$a+u+a.a24(!,a+a-(!,a+a u(u+ -e-/er/a2a% h!,u/. S(ere#(!/ bah1a +e-a(!a-eru/a+a au%erah ba%! $a"!a (!,a+ ,a/a( ,!(era/+a ba%! "e-ua #ra%.Wa$au/u +e-a(!a (e$ah ,e+a(0 (e(a/! ba.a+$a"!a -a"!h -e-!$!+! uru"a.a%be$u-"e$e"a!,a(!,a+-era"a"!a/u(u+-a(!. Ke$uar%a,a(e-a(!,a+"e$a$u "!a/ u(u+ -e$e/a"+a $a"!a. Pera1a( "er!% -e2a,! /!ha++#"u$(a"! ba%!$a"!a,a+e$uar%a.a(e(a%/e.e"ua!a(erha,a/+e-a(!a,a+eh!$a%a.Pe%e(ahua (e(a% /r#"e" +e,u+aa0 +e(era-/!$a +#-u!+a"! .a% ba!+0/e-aha-a-a"a$ahhu+u-0 /e%ea$a"u-ber,a.a+#-u!(a",a+e"a,araa+a /era"aa0 +e(erba(a"a0 ,a +e+ua(a "e"e#ra% "a%a( /e(!% ,a$a--e%ha,a/! +e-a(!a.BAB III PENUTUPA. KESIMPULANPr#"e" -eua 3$a"!a7 a,a$ah /r#"e" a$a-! .a% ,!"er(a! a,a.a /eurua +#,!"! )!"!+0/"!+#$#%!" -au/u "#"!a$ .a% "a$!% ber!(era+"! "a(u "a-a $a!. Kea,aa !(u 4e,eru%ber/#(e"! -e!-bu$+a -a"a$ah +e"eha(a "e4ara u-u- -au/u +e"eha(a 2!1a "e4ara+hu"u" /a,a $a"!a. A,a bebera/a /e,a/a( -e%ea! ba(a"a u-ur $a2u(u"!a.a!(u;Meuru( Or%a!"a"! Ke"eha(a Du!a0Meuru( U,a%-u,a%#-#r 1'(ahu 188@. Meuru( Pr#). Dr. K#e"#e-a(# Se(.#e%#r#. A,a bebera/a /erubaha /a,a$a!"a /er(a-a )!"!#$#%!"0 )u%"!#a$0 +#%!(!)0 /"!+#"#"!a$.B. KRITIK DAN SARANKarea -eua ,a$ah /r#"e" .a% a$a-! 2a,! "e(!a/ !,!:!,u haru" "!a/ ,e%a/erubaha-/erubaha .a% a+a (er2a,! ,a -ere4aa+a "e%a$a "e"ua(u ,a$a- /r#"e"$a"!a "e/er(! /e"!u. Da a,a bebera/a +#,!"! .a% haru" b!"a ,! "e"ua!+a #$eh $a"!a25,!-aa !! -eru/a+a /era1a( ,a$a--e-ba(u $a"!a ,a$a--e.e"ua!+a ,a-e%a(a"! -a"a$ah .a% ,! (!-bu$+a #$eh /r#"e" /euaa. DAFTAR PUSTAKAPa(r!4!a A. P#((er0 Ae G. Perr.. &558. Funadamental Keperawatan Edisi 7. Ja+ar(a; Sa$e-ba Me,!+ah((/;CC111."$!,e"hare.e(CAaR!:erC/erubaha-/"!+#$#%!26