Bai giang EIA

8/3/2019 Bai giang EIA

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Bin son: Trn Phc Cng 1

MC LC

()......................................................................................................................................... 411 i trng v ............................................................................................................ 412 hi nim v.............................................................................................................. 513 nh ngha ................................................................................................................. 51.4. Mc ch ca ............................................................................................................. 715 ngha ca ................................................................................................................ 71.6. Ni dung v yu cu ca M ............................................................................................ 8

1.6.1. Ni dung chnh ............................................................................................................. 8162 c yu cu ................................................................................................................... 9

1.7. Lch spht trin ............................................................................................................... 10 ............... 1221 Lc duyt (Screening) ..................................................................................................... 1222 nh gi tc ng mi trng s b (Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment) .. 1423 nh gi tc ng mi trng y (Full Environmental Impacts Assessment) ........... 15

231 c iu in thc hin ................................................................................ 15 ....................................................................................................... 15 .............................. 15 .... 16 ...................................................................................................... 16

232 hn bit gia v (nh gi mi trng chin c ) ............................. 17 ................................................................................................. 18 ............................................................................. 18 ............................................................................. 18

233 nh gi tc ng mi trng y (Full EIA) ...................................................... 19 .............................................................................................................. 19

ng ............................................................................ 20

SD O NG ................................................................................................................................. 2631 hi qut vcc phng php (E ethodoogies) ............................................. 2632 hng php it cc thng smi trng (Index methods) ........................................ 2733 hng php danh mc cc iu kin mi trng (Checklists) ........................................ 28

3.3.1. Danh mc n gin (Simple checklists) ..................................................................... 283.3.2. Danh mc m t (Descriptive checklists) ................................................................... 293.3.3. Danh mc dng cu hi (Questionnaire checklists) ................................................... 293.3.4. Danh mc c ghi mc tc ng (Scaling checklists) ............................................. 303.3.5. Danh mc c ghi trng s mc tc ng (Scaling-weighting checklists) ............. 3034 hng php ma trn mi trng (Matrices) .................................................................... 323.4.1. hng php ma trn tng tc n gin (Simple Interaction Matrices) .................. 32342 hng php ma trn nh ng (Quantified Matrices) hay ma trn nh cp(Graded Matrices) ................................................................................................................. 33

35 hng php chp bn (Overlay maps) ........................................................................ 3536 hng php s mng i (Networks) ........................................................................ 3537 hng php m hnh (odeings) .................................................................................. 3638 hng php phn tch chi ph i ch mrng (Sound Ecological Principles) ............... 38

381 i tr li nhun hin ti (Net Present Value - NPV) ................................................. 393.8.2. Sut li nhun hoc t sut li ch-chi ph (/) ....................................................... 403.8.3. H shon vn ni ti (K) (Internal Return Rate) ..................................................... 413.8.4. T s vn u t ban u so vi tng s li nhun .................................................... 41


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O () ........................................ 4341 hi nim v ri ro mi trng ......................................................................................... 4342 cu ri ro c xut cho cc dn pht trin ......................................................... 444.3. Mi nguy him v shng chc chn ............................................................................. 4544 u trnh nh gi ri ro (Risk Assessment) ..................................................................... 4645 c th ri ro (Risk Characterisation) ............................................................................... 484.6. Qun ri ro (Risk Management) .................................................................................... 48 P LN - O T D ........................................... 50 O O NG ......................................... 50MU .................................................................................................................................. 50

1.1. Xut x ca dn.......................................................................................................... 5012 n cphp ut v thut ca vic thc hin ................................................. 5013 hng php p dng trong qu trnh ................................................................. 501.4. T chc thc hin ................................................................................................ 50

1: T D .............................................................................. 5111 n dn ....................................................................................................................... 511.2. Ch dn....................................................................................................................... 511.3. Vtr a ca dn .................................................................................................... 511.4. Ni dung ch yu ca dn .......................................................................................... 51

m a d ....................................................................................... 511.4.2. Kh ng mc d ........................................................... 511.4.3. bi x a d............ 511.4.5. Danh m t b ................................................................................... 516 N t li ( o) ng loi sn ph (u ra) ca d.......................................................................................................................................... 511.4.7. Ti thc hin d .......................................................................................... 511.4.8. V .............................................................................................................. 511.4.9. Tchc qu c hin d ....................................................................... 51

2: U KIN T, -X I ................. 5221 iu kin tnhin v mi trng .................................................................................. 5222 iu kin kinh t-x hi ................................................................................................ 52

3: NG ........................................................ 5231 nh gi tc ng .......................................................................................................... 52

o on chun b ca d......................................... 52 o o x ng........................................... 52 o on v (o ng) ca d .................... 52 o o a d (o a, ci to

phc h o ng)525 o i ro, sc................................................................................. 52

3.2. Nhn xt v mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh gi ............................................. 52 4: M THI NG X, NG SC NG. .................................................................................................. 52

4.1. Bin php phng nga, gim thiu cc tc ng xu do dn gy ra .......................... 53 o on chun b ....................................................................................... 53 o o x ng ...................................................................................... 53 o on v ...................................................................................... 53 o o ( ) ......................................................................... 53

4.2. Bin php phng nga, ng ph i vi cc ri ro, s c............................................. 53 o on chun b ....................................................................................... 53 o o x ng ...................................................................................... 53 o on v ...................................................................................... 53 o o ( ) ......................................................................... 53


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5: L S NG ..................... 5351 hng trnh L ..................................................................................................... 5352 hng trnh gim st mi trng ................................................................................ 53

6: N C NG ............................................................... 5461 in ca UBND cp x .............................................................................................. 5462 in ca i din cng ng dn c (nu c) ............................................................ 5463 in ca t chc chu tc ng trc tip bi Dn (nu c) ..................................... 5464 in ca c quan ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca dn xydng c sh tng khu sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v tp trung (nu c) ........................... 5465 in phn hi v cam t ca ch dn i vi cc xut, kin ngh, yu cu cacc c quan, t chc c tham vn .................................................................................... 54

KT LUN, KIN NGH T .............................................................................. 541.1. Kt lun ......................................................................................................................... 541.2. Kin ngh ....................................................................................................................... 541.3. Cam kt .......................................................................................................................... 54

LU, DLIU THAM KHO ............................................................................. 54PH LC ................................................................................................................................. 54 LU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................ 55


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CHNG I. CC HI NI C N V NH GI TC NGI TRNG (T)

hng ny s cung cp cho ngi c cc thut ng c s dng thng xuyn

trong qu trnh thc hin mt , cc hi nim c bn v cng nh vai tr ca trong cng tc qun mi trng it am .

1.1. i trng v T

i trng tng hp cc iu kin bn ngoi c nh hng n mt vt th hoc

mt s kin no

Theo Lut BVMT Vit am 2005 th: i trng bao gm cc yu t tnhin v

yu t vt cht nhn to bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng n i sng, sn xut, s tn ti,pht trin ca con ngi v sinh vt (iu 2, Lut BVMT 2005).

i trng theo cch hiu tng i th c th rt rng (nh v tr, ri t, hng

h,) v cng c th hp (mi trng b mt nc, mi trng sng,) c yu t to

ra mi trng c gi thnh phn mi trng.

i trng c thnh phn ht sc quan trng con ngi v cc hot ng ca

con ngi k c tnhin v vn ha-x hi on ngi, trong qu trnh tn ti v pht trin d

bng ngu nhin hay ctnh cng un un tc ng vo mi trng gc li, mi trngcng un c tc ng n con ngi u trnh pht trin un m theo s dng ti nguyn

thin nhin (g, t, nc, hng h, nhin iu ha thch,) ng thi cng thi vo mi

trng cc cht ph thi (cht thi rn, h, ng t sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip, giao

thng, y t,) hng cht thi dn dn m nhim mi trng hnh v vy, ngi ta

cho rng pht trin ng hnh vi nhim.

hng ta bit rng s phn hu cht bn trong mi trng t nhin mt quy ut

c t hng vn nm. Qu trnh phn hu cht bn nh vy nh tc ng tch cc ca t,

cc S trong t, nc, bc x, nng ng mt tri, cc oi ng thc vt u trnh

gi qu trnh t m sch c qu trnh t m sch lun tun theo mt quy ut ring

ca chng v ng vi mt tc m sch xc nh.

h vy, con ngi mun tn ti v pht trin trong mi trng ca mnh th nht

thit phi xc p tt mt mi tng quan gia pht trin vi t m sch ca mi trng

m c iu ny, cn hiu c nh hng ca cc hot ng inh t x hi (X), hot

ng sn xut n cc yu t cu thnh mi trng gc i cng cn hiu c cc phn

ng ca mi trng n cc thnh phn mi trng u trnh hiu, xc nh v nh gi

c gi nh gi tc ng mi trng ()


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1.2. hi nim v T

():

L s nh gi chnh thc cc tc ng i vi mi trng c th c ca mt chnh

sch, chng trnh hay d n (sau y gi d n) ua , cc gii php, cc phng n (v thut hay qun ) c xut v chp nhn nhm gim thiu cc tc ng n mi

trng hi nim ny c p dng t hi bt u d n, trong qu trnh vn hnh cho ti

hi chm dt d n.

: th s dng t "

L hiu ng ca mt s vt, mt hot ng n mt vt th hoc mt hot ng hc

c ng c th thay i theo hng gian v thi gian trong phm vi ca hiu ng.

: ngha tng ng vi cc t " ...".

L tc ng nm ngoi gii hn chu ng, ngoi gii hn chp nhn c ca mt vt

th hay mt hot ng hc. ( o 5%).

S ng s bin ng vt qu ngng chu ng (hong 5%) ca mt vt th.

uy nhin, i vi cnh quan, qun th cc sinh vt qu him, th s ng ny h c

chp nhn m ch yu ph thuc vo ngi nh gi.

:

s phn tch mt cch c hoa hc nhng tc ng c i hoc c hi do cc

hot ng pht trin c th mang i cho ti nguyn thin nhin v cc iu in mi trng .

ua , xut cc phng n hp nhm gii quyt nhng mu thun gia hot ng pht

trin v .

-o : n xy dng mt nh my, chng trnh, cc oi hnh dch v

d: n m rng ng, xy dng mi mt nh vin, quy hoch hu dnc

- : cc gii php -, cngngh, qun , cc

chnh sch, cc cng c php ut, inh t...

1.3. nh ngha T

Munn (1979) nh ngha nh sau: c th c m t nh mt

nhm xc nh nhng hu qu c th c i vi mi trng sinh hc , a cht, hc, sc

ho con ngi v phc i x hi ca vic thc hin cc hot ng c th .


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ar v nhng ngi hc (1980) nh ngha : mt phn tch

c h thng cc tc ng c th c ca vic thc hin cc d n, cc chnh sch v cc chng

trnh c tiu chnh ca cung cp cho nhng nh ra quyt nh chng la chn

nhng phng n hthi v ti u v kinh tv thut trc hi ra quyt nh, thay i

(nu c) thit d n cui cng.

uy nhin, ti i ngh thng nh v i trng v ht trin t chc io e

Janeiro (Brazil) nm 1992 thng nht a ra uyn b: mt cng c quc gia- s

c thc hin v cc hot ng xut m c th c tc ng bt i ng n mi

trng v c cc nh chc trch s dng ra quyt nh v cc hot ng .

Nm 1998, Nick Harvey, mt chuyn gia mi trng ca ustraia nh ngha nh sau: mt xc nh v d bo cc tc ng mi trng tim tng

(bao gm mi trng sinh hc, a cht v vt hc, vn ho v inh t x hi ) ca cc hot

ng, cc chnh sch, cc chng trnh v cc d n, v thng bo nhng ni dung ny n

nhng nh ra quyt nh trc hi h ra nhng quyt nh v cc hot ng

(Harvey, N. 1998).

rong iu in ca it am, Lut o v i trng (b sung) nm 2005 c

uc hi thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 nh ngha nh sau: qu trnh phn tch,

dbo cc tc ng n mi trng ca dn u t c tha ra cc bin php bo v

mi trng khi trin khai dn (iu 3 - mc 20).

- hn tch, nh gi tc ng v d bo:o Xc nh tc ng: ngun gc pht sinh tc ng t cc hot ngo hn tch: theo hng gian v thi giano nh gi: theo mc (cng ), tt hay hng tt, ng hay hng

ng

o bo- xut cc gii php:

o hng trnho im soto hc phc

h vy, c th thy rng it am mc d nhng bc xc v mi trng ch mi

xut hin vo nhng nm 1990, nhng hng cn mt hi nim ring trong i ng


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cc nh hoa hc na m n chuyn vo i ng cc nh qun , hoa hc thut rng

hn, ng thi c a vo ut o v i trng (1994).

Trong ut it am 2005 cng c mt s iu quy nh rt cht ch v thc

hin i vi chcc dn, c th :

iu 19 (mc 1): Chcc dn quy nh ti iu 18 ca Lut ny c trch nhim lpbo co nh gi tc ng mi trng trnh c quan nh nc c thm quyn ph duyt.

iu 19 (mc 4): rng hp c thay i v quy trnh, ni dung, thi gian trin khai,

thc hin, hon thnh dn th ch dn c trch nhim gii trnh vi c quan ph duyt;

trng hp cn thit phi lp bo co b sung.

h vy, vic thc hin mt cho d n tr thnh yu t rt quan trng trong

hoa hc mi trng, hn th na n cng tr thnh yu t bt buc trong cng tc qun

h nc v uy nhin, do hon cnh inh t it am cha mnh nn t nhngnm 1985 n 1992 cc d n n v trung bnh ca nc ta v c bn cha c p bo

co m ch cp s b n mt s vn v mi trng c th xy ra . Sau 1992, mt

s d n quan trng c nh gi tc ng mi trng nh thu in Sn La, Sng inh,

d n nh my ma ng i Loan (hanh o), nhiu cng trnh thm do du h cng

c p bo co n y, nhiu d n trng im quc gia c p bo co

nh d n ng h inh, hu cng nghip ung ut, cng nc su i Ln, v

nhiu cng trnh hc.

1.4. Mc ch ca T

i nhng hi nim v nh ngha ca nh nu trn, chng ta c th nhn

thy rng mt trong nhng vai tr trng tm v c bn ca mt cng c t

c s pht trin bn vng- mt s pht trin m hng tn chi ph qu t (Glasson et. al.

1995).

cn mt cng c gp thm t iu hoa hc cn thit cho vic quyt nh cc

hot ng pht trin. cn gip c quan xt duyt, nhng nh ra quyt nh v trin hai cc hot ng

c c s ra mt quyt nh ng n v ton din hn v vn cn xem xt, nh gi.

1.5. ngha ca T

ai ngha n ca :

- ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic xt duyt v ra quyt nh i vi hot

ng pht trin i thi im ny cc nhn t mi trng c xem tng ng vi cc

nhn t thut, cng ngh v inh t x hi.


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- hng c ngha ph quyt i vi cc hot ng pht trin gi p bo

co v ch d n cng nh ngi ra quyt nh (c quan L) hng nn nhn nhn

s i p ca mi trng v pht trin.

1.6. Ni dung v yu cu ca T

i dung v yu cu ca cng tc ph thuc rt nhiu vo ni dung ca hot

ng pht trin iu ny c ngha rng, nu hot ng pht trin cng n, phm vi hng

gian rng v thi gian hot ng cng di th vic nh gi cng phc tp, i hi cng vic

nh gi phi nhiu mc chuyn mn hc nhau rong ti iu ny, chng ti s trnh

by nhng ni dung v yu cu chnh ca cng tc c da trn ut , cc vn

bn php quy, gh nh v hng t hng dn mi nht ca it am .

1.6.1. Ni dung chnh

1 t a im ni hot ng pht trin d in s trin hai.

hm vi rng: Lu vc, vng nh th.

hm vi hp: t hu ph, cm dn c, phn xng sn xut,...

2 Xc nh cc iu in nh gi: in hng gian v thi gian.

3 t hin trng mi trng trong phm vi nh gi ( c hiu theo ngha rng ).

- i trng t nhin:

i trng hng h: cc iu in v h hu, thi tit, cht ng mi

trng hng h...

+ Mi trng nc: nc mt, nc ngm.

+ Mi trng t

c hsinh thi t nhin.

- i trng x hi: t, gio dc, vn ho, mc sng, iu in sng,...

G :ng hp

k G

ng t c .

4 Xc nh cc tc ng n mi trng do hot ng ca d n.

Ln t cc i tng chu tc ng:

- i trng hng h.

- i trng nc.

- i trng t.

- ht thi rn.

- i trng x hi


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5 bo cc tc ng c th xy ra hi hot ng c trin khai.

6 Xem xt h nng hon nguyn hi hot ng pht trin chm dt hoc hi dn i vo

hot ng n nh.

7 c bin php phng trnh, im sot v hc phc: cc chnh sch, cc bin php thut

& cng ngh, cc chng trnh chnh sch.8 So snh cc phng n hot ng hc nhau ca d n trong trng hp d n hng

c trin hai.

9 t un v in ngh

: o , o

.

1.6.2. Cc yu cu

ng tc ni chung v bo co ni ring cn phi t c nhng yu cu

sau y:

1. hi thc s mt cng c gip cho vic a chn, ra quyt nh v thc hin

quyt nh ca c quan qun h nc v cung cp thm t iu c cn

nhc, phn tch, nh gi mt cch hoa hc v cc i ch t c cng nh cc tn hi n

mi trng, ti nguyn c quan ra quyt nh c iu in a chn phng n hnh ng

pht trin mt cch hp v chnh xc hn.

2 hi xut c cc phng n phng trnh, im sot, gim bt cc tc ng tiucc, tng cng cc mt c i m vn t c y cc mc tiu v yu cu ca pht trin .

th ni rng, hng c hot ng pht trin no c th p ng nhng i ch v yu cu

cp bch trc mt ca con ngi m hng m tn hi t nhiu n phi m

r iu , hng phi ngn cn s pht trin inh t x hi m to iu in thun i

nht cho cc hot ng pht trin vy, c trch nhim nghin cu, gp phn

xut bin php bo v, thm ch ci thin c tnh hnh hi phng n xut

hng th chp nhn c v gy tn hi qu n v th phi xut phng n hcthay th.

3 hi cng c c hiu c hc phc nhng hu qu, cc tc ng tiu cc n

mi trng ca cc hot ng c hon thnh hoc ang tin hnh. c bin php hc

phc i hi c tnh h thi cao v mt thut, cng ngh, inh t cng nh x hi, ngha

cc bin php ny phi c xem xt, cn nhc v nh gi c th rong thc t, nht ti

cc nc ang pht trin, nhiu hot ng pht trin c tin hnh hoc c hon

thnh, nhng c c cha h c o , vic hnh thnh cc tp th hoa hc c in


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thc, inh nghim v phng php un cn thit, ph hp vi ni dung v yu cu ca

trong tng trng hp c th ht sc quan trng .

4 o co phi r rng, d hiu c thut ng s dng cn n gin v ph

thng hoa hc mi trng rt phc tp, ni dung hoa hc c xem xt trong rt

phong ph uy nhin, ngi s dng t qu cui cng ca hng phi nh hoa hcm ngi qun vy, b cc phi r rng, d hiu, dng ngn ng, thut ng

ph thng, cch din t v trnh by phi c th, thit thc, c sc thuyt phc, gip cho

ngi ra quyt nh thy c vn mt cch r rng, hch quan, t quyt nh ng

n, p thi.

5 o co phi cht ch v tnh php , phi c y c s hoa hc v c s

php v n in quan n quyn i v ngha v cng nh tinh thn ca cc cng ng dn

c cc hu vc, hoc cc tng p dn c a phng.

1.7. Lch s pht trinLch s pht trin ca c th c tm tt nh sau:

- Nm 1969: ban hnh Lut v cc chnh sch mi trng quc gia, c hiu cngy 1/1/1970 Lut ny yu cu phi nh gi cc hot ng pht trin n trong

Lin bang c gy ra nhng tc ng ng n mi trng.

- m 1972: Singapore quc gia ng am u tin hnh thnh i trngnhm nh gi tc ng mi trng ca cc d n pht trin ht cng qucgia u tin ca hu thc hin cc th tc v i vi cc d n pht trin

n.

- m 1973: anada ban hnh h th v .- m 1974: nh, ustraia, ew eaand v oumbia banh hnh ut php c th

v cc mc hc nhau.

- m 1975: hi an cng gii thiu b ut v -

m 1976: Php v reand cng ban hnh Lut c th v , nhng reandth hng phi iu bt buc thi im . y c cng ban hnh Lut

v .

- m 1977: hiippines thit p h thng thng qua gh nh ca ngthng.

- m 1979: Ln t cc quc gia Lan, rung uc v i Loan ban hnh bLut v rung uc, quc hi ho thng qua Lut trong c

quy nh chi tit v cc nguyn tc i Loan th p dng cc nguyn tc

trong cc ngnh inh t hc nhau bt u nm 1979.


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- it am: m 1984 c o co thng tin ban u v r n m 1985 bt u trin hai cng tc iu tra v vic s dng n

30/12/1993, quc hi thng qua Lut v n 4/1994 bt u c hiu c.

u trnh pht trin ca trn th gii c th minh ho hnh di y .


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CHNG II. QU TRNH THC HIN V NI UNG CHI TIT CT

nh gi tc ng mi trng mt vic m rt quan trng v hu ch, c ngha

thit thc i vi cc hot ng pht trin ca mt hu vc, mt quc gia uy nhin, do

mt qu trnh nghin cu, phn tch tng hp phc tp , i hi chuyn gia c inh

nghim, tn m v thi gian, inh ph. V vy, ch cn thc hin cho mt s cc d n

pht trin quan trng. i vi mt s d n pht trin hoc cc hot ng inh t x hi hc

sau khi xem xt thy cc hnh ng ca n tc ng hng nhiu n mi trng sinh thi v

ti nguyn thin nhin th c th b qua , hoc thc hin mc s b. ic

xem xt vn ny c cc t chc, cc quc gia c cc quy nh c th i vi vic thc

hin cho tng d n. heo chng trnh mi trng Lin ip uc (E nitedations Environment rogramme) th quy trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng c thc hin

theo 3 bc n:

c 1: Lt duyt cc tc ng mi trng (Screening)

c 2: nh gi s b cc tc ng mi trng (Preliminary Assessment)

c 3: nh gi y cc tc ng mi trng (Full Assessment)

rong chng ny chng ti s gii thiu chi tit cc ni dung sinh vin nm bt

r hn v cng tc .

2.1. Lc duyt (Screening)

Lc duyt yu cu ti thiu phi thc hin i vi cc d n thuc din bt buc

phi xt n cc tc ng mi trng ca chng nguyn tc, qu trnh t duyt phi

c thc hin t hi d n bt u hnh thnh, bt u v quy m, hu vc thc hin d n,

trnh cng ngh, trnh qun v c im ring v phong tc tp qun, vn ho x hi

ca hu vc n cn.

c tiu ca t duyt gip cho vic hnh thnh, xy dng d n c tt hn, y

hn vy, cng tc t duyt phi do ch d n thc hin.

i dung chnh c duy o g:

- sot, im i cc d n tng t trc y c thc hin ti a phng hoc cc a phng hc trong v ngoi nc gy ra tc ng g?

- on theo nh tnh xem cc hot ng ca d n c tc ng nh th no nmi trng sinh thi, ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cng nh inh t x hi ti a

phng


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- ic d on ng v y s gip cho chng ta p thi iu chnh, b sunghoc thay i mt phn d n mt cch nhanh chng, trnh ng ph v ti chnh

v thi gian.

Phng php nh gi:

- So snh chi tit quan trng ca d n ang xem xt vi cc d n tng ng thc hin thng qua mt s ch tiu s b nh quy m, a im thc hin, cng

ngh.

- So snh d n ang xem xt vi 2 oi d n hc : d n hng cn m (trng hc, trm x) v d n nht thit phi m (nh my, hu cng

nghip, bn cng,) t chng ta c th xc nh c nhu cu cn hay hng

cn m .

-

on bng suy un da trn c s hoa hc cng ngh, inh nghim thc tinv cc tc ng m d n s gy ra cho mi trng v nh gi h nng chu

ng ca mi trng t nhin i vi cc tc ng (phng php ni suy).

- hn tch ton din v chi tit v cc ch tiu inh t, chi ph v i nhun trn cs cc ch tiu inh t - x hi (ch y cc d iu sn c).

h trn cp, t duyt phi do ch d n thc hin vi s t vn ca chuyn

gia (nu cn thit), v c quan qun h nc v mi trng thm nh.

hu vc ng am , Singapore c xem quc gia c cu trc t chc v inh

nghim hng u trong cng tc o tip cn vi sm nht ng am (1972)

nn Singapore sm c c quan qun mi trng, c quan im sot nhim mi trng

c c quan ny c nhim v v quyn hn rt n, thm ch h c php ra quyt nh thay

i phng n, thay i cng ngh v ngay c nh ch hot ng ca d n hoc nh ch

hot ng ca mt c s gy nhim mi trng vt qu mc cho php.

it am, mc d cng tc mi pht trin nhng cp rung ng chng ta

c c o v i trng, thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng cp a

phng, chng ta c cc S c c quan ny tham mu cho hnh ph cng nh

cc thnh ph/tnh hon chnh cc quy nh, chnh sch qun mi trng chng

ta c th thc hin tt cng tc ni ring v ni chung.

t qu ca qu trnh t duyt mt vn bn quyt nh cui cng ca c quan

qun h nc v mi trng (c thm quyn quyt nh) n bn ny a ra t un:


14/55


n ny hng c cc tc ng ng n mi trng nn hng cn thc hin , v

n cn tip tc thc hin .

u trnh t duyt c tm tt nh sau:

2.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng s b (Preliminary Environmental ImpactAssessment)

nh gi tc ng mi trng s b (PEI) cn c gi nh gi tc ng mi

trng ban u (nitia Environmenta Examination EE) hay nh gi nhanh cc tc ng

mi trng (apid Environmenta mpacts ssessment E) ny i hi s phn

tch, xem xt v nh gi vi trnh chuyn mn cao hn.

i dung chnh c T s :

- Xc nh cc tc ng chnh ca d n i vi mi trng ti a im d inthc hin d n.

n pht trin

c im tra danh mc ca d n- heo Lut nh- heo quy nh

c 2 im tra a im thc hin d n vng cn thc hin hng?

c 3: ham ho sch, ti iu, vn bnphp ut v hng dn

c 4: hu thp thng tin (tham vn innh hoa hc, c quan L,)

c 5: Lp danh mc cc cu hi t duyt

c 6: a ra vn bn quyt nh cui cng


15/55


- t chung cc tc ng mi trng, d bo phm vi v mc ca cc tc ng.

- rnh by r tnh cht v tm quan trng ca cc tc ng n mi trng trcngi ra quyt nh (c quan ra quyt nh) h c th ra quyt nh ph hp .

s b c thc hin ngay trong giai on u p un chng inh t thuts b (nghin cu tin h thi) nh gi ny gip chng ta thu hp nhng tranh ci v mt s

vn quan trng nh v tr, quy m ca d n. u m tt nh gi s b, p thi iu

chnh v hi nim d n th c th hng cn thc hin y na.

s b do c quan ch tr d n thc hin theo cc hng dn trong cc quy nh

ca cc quc gia hoc cc t chc quc t.

Phng php nh gi:

hng php thng c s dng trong s b phng php ma trn

(matrices) v phng php danh mc (checklists) tc ng mi trng.

ic thm nh s b do c quan qun mi trng thc hin v c th dn

n 2 t un: cn thit m chi tit v hng cn thit m chi tit.

So vi qu trnh t duyt th qu trnh s b tng i h hn v phc tp

hn vy, hi thc hin s b (hay nhanh) th chng ta nn a chn mt nhm

chuyn gia c trnh cao hn, nhiu inh nghim hn v ng phm vi chuyn mn m d

n ang xem xt c in quan n.

2.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng y (Full Environmental Impacts Assessment)

nh gi tc ng mi trng y hung c bn ca y bc thc

hin sau hi t duyt v s b c t un phi m chi tit.

2 Cc iu in hc hin T

2.3.2.1.

Lut , cc vn bn di ut nh gh nh, hng t, uy nh, h th, ng

c quc t, tho thun,

2.3.2.2

c b iu chun, quy chun thut quc gia v mi trng hng h, nc (mt,

ngm, bin ven b), t, v sinh an ton thc phm, tiu chun ca t,


16/55


2.3.2.3

- i trng vt , ho hc:

a hnh, a cht

ht ng mi trng hng h ht ng mi trng nc

iu in h tng thu vn

- i trng sinh hc (ti nguyn thin nhin):

c h sinh thi

un th ng thc vt

+ Sinh vt qu him

- i trng vn ho-x hi (iu in inh t-x hi):

n s, dn tc, c s h tng

in trng s dng t

t cng ng

gnh ngh

hu nhp ngi dn

n ho gio dc, dn tr

c ch tiu c trng ring ca hu vc

2.3.2.4

ng ngh c s dng trong d n, trnh cng ngh, h nng tip cn tnh hin

i trong tng ai, cc tc ng c th ca d n trc mt v u di.

m i, mun c mt bo co y th vic chun b cc iu in cn thit

nh nu trn v hiu c ni dung ca d n vic rt quan trng uy nhin, vic tp

hp c i ng chuyn gia c trnh chuyn mn bao qut v cc vn in quan n d

n pht trin cng iu ht sc quan trng cho vic hon chnh mt bo co y

y phi tun th theo quy nh gh nh 80/2006/- v gh nh s

21/2008/-CP (b sung cho gh nh 80) ngy 28/02/2008 ca hnh ph v hng t

05/2008/ ngy 08/12/2008 ca &MT.


17/55


i y xin gii thiu trnh t thc hin mt bo co y nh sau:

2.3.2. Phn i gi T C nh gi i ng chin c)

hn trn chng ta nm r v hi nim, nh ngha v cc quy trnh thc hin

uy nhin, cn phn bit gia v i vi cc d n pht trin trong tin

trnh pht trin ca it am.

n ut

t duyt cc tc ngmi trng

n t duythng cn

nh gi tc ng mitrng s b

Chun b cho T y

n c nh gi c ng hngng

n chun b cho

hng cn y

- Lp nhm nh gi- Xc nh phm vi nh gi (Scoping)- Xc nh cc ni cn in h- Xc nh ni v thi gian np bo co- Lp cng nh gi

Thc hin p T y

- Xc nh cc hnh ng quan trng ca d n (Activities)- Xc nh cc bin i v mi trng (Environmental changes)- Xc nh cc tc ng n mi trng (Identifications)- bo cc tc ng tim n (Forecast)- nh gi cc tc ng n (Evaluation)- xut cc bin php gim thiu hoc x (Mitigation remedies)- xut chng trnh quan trc, theo di (Monitoring)- o co v thng tin t qu (Communication)

S dng t qu ca T


18/55


2.3.2.1

heo herive v cng s, 1992 th qu trnh nh gi cc tc ng mi

trng ca mt chnh sch, mt hoch, quy hoch hoc mt chng trnh pht trin v cc

phng n thay th mt cch c h thng v ton din, vic chun b mt bo co v tqu nh gi v s dng chng cho vic ra quyt nh mt cch c trch nhim.

Lut it am 2005 (iu 3, mc 19) nh ngha nh sau: qu

trnh phn tch, dbo cc tc ng n MT ca cc chi c, quy hoch, kho

trintrc hi ph duyt nhm bo m PTBV.

2.3.2.2

c cc mc tiu v ngha sau y:

- to nn c s chn lc cc phng n thay th ca dn- mc hoch cung cp cc chin c chc chn la chn cc phng

n thay ththch hp, xc nh nhng d liu thiu v tin hnh xem xt nh gi

tc ng mi trng mc dn mt cch tit im hn, nhanh hn v thit thc

hn qu trnh tip cn th bc trong nh gi tc ng mi trng.

- theo vng cung cp tm tt cc tc ng ca ton thcc hot ng ca midn c thc hin trong vng, iu gip cho thng li hn trong

mc k hoch.

- TM mc dn h c thpht hin cc tc ng tch u nh gi tch utin hnh phn tch cc hu qumi trng khi mt vng no chu sc p ca

cc tc ng qu h, hin ti v nhn thy tc ng ctrong tng ai do cc d

n to nn rong trng hp ny MC sgip nng cao hiu qu ca cc bin

php gim thiu ca cc tc ng loi nh vy.

2.3.2.3.

S hc nhau gia v c trnh by bng di y:

T C

i tng t d n c th hin c, quy hoch, hoch,

chng trnh

c tiu Xc nh, d bo, phn tch v

nh gi tc ng mi trng 01

dn c th

Xc nh, d bo, phn tch v

nh gi tng hp hu qu mi

trng ca Chin c, quy hoch,


19/55


k hoch, chng trnh pht trin

vng, ngnh

uy trnh Xem xt, nh gi mi trng 01

dn c xc nh

Tin hnh song song vi qutrnh

xy dng chin c, quy hoch,

chng trnh v ng ghp vo btcqu trnhno ca chng

nh cht Chi tit hn v mang tnh i ph

vi tc ng tiu cc ca dn

Tng hp hn v mang tnh ch

ng (ngn nga)

hng php

nh gi

S dng cc phng php thng

thng, t quan tm n tc ng

tch hp, tng h, gin tip

S dng cc phng php tng

hp, quan tm n cc tc ng

tng hp, tch hp, tng h

h th nh gi iu chun mi trng iu ch pht trin bn vngSn phm a ra bin php gim thiu

nhim, cng ngh x, quan trc

mi trng m bo t TCMT

a ra cc xut nh hng,

lng ghp cc quan tm mi

trng trong chin c, k hach,

chng trnhm bo PTBV.

Mc nh

hng

ng cc b, cc bn in quan ng rng ln, ton x hi

2.3.3.nh gi c ng i ng y (Full EIA)

2

Sau hi qu trnh t duyt v s b xt thy cn thit thc hin chi tit,

chng ta cn bt tay vo cng tc chun b ng tc chun b bao gm cc vic sau:

hm chuyn gia ny phi:- m bo s chuyn gia c chuyn mn v v cc nh vc hot ng ca

d n.

- t cch c p (ndependent ssessment eam) v c quyn c c p vinhm xy dng d n.

- nhm trng chu trch nhim ch o v iu phi cc hot ng cho dn.

- cn b in c (iu phi vin) chu trch nhim cu ni thng tin gianhm chuyn gia v cc c quan c in quan n d n.


20/55


( ,

)

- hm nh gi cn i vo nhng vn trng im, m r cc vn gay cnnht da trn c s hoa hc v p ng c yu cu ca c quan qun .

- hi xc nh vn , nhm chuyn gia cn da trn yu cu t ra v thi gianthc hin , v iu in ti chnh cho php.

c. o

()

.

d. o .

e. o o :

- ii thiu v d n cn (tn d n), mc ch c th ca vic nh gi (nhm

gii quyt vn g?).

- c phng php, vn bn hng dn c s dng trong qu trnh nh gi .

- c ti iu, t iu tham ho (s iu, bo co,) dng trong qu trnh nh gi .

- in v chng trnh quan trc mi trng (monitoring).

- in chng trnh m vic ca nhm nh gi (cc vic cn phi m , k hoch

v chng trnh m vic, k hoch hi tho, trao i in chuyn gia, in n, thi

gian np hs v bo vbo co, thi gian biu,).

- inh ph thc hin bo co, vin trcn xin.

- cc cng vic hc

Cn u rng, cng ca cc dnquan trng phi c c quan qun

mi trng cp Trung ng, cp a phng tng ng vi mc , phm vi ca d n, xt

duyt v nht tr trc hi chnh thc tin hnh.n hn ch, trnh cc bt ng v ni dung,

mc , phm vi v phng php nh gi.

2 ng

1. nh kh ng ca d

Bc 1:Xc nh cc hot ng quan trng (key actions) ca dn


21/55


Mt dn thng c cc hot ng quan trng cn c m r tgiai on xy dng

dn v hi dn i vo hot ng c hot ng ny ngun gy tc ng chnh n mi

trng sinh thi v ngun ti nguyn thin nhin

d 1: ca mt Dn xy dng h my ch bin thu sn 1000 tn sn phm/nm

c hot ng bao gm:1 iai on trc khi Dn i vo hot ng

- ng tc gii to mt bng: p ph, pht quang hu vc gy nn bi, ting n.

- San lp mt bng: gy bi, tc ng n nc ngm, nc cp, nc mt.

- hi cng xy dng:

+ Tp trung nguyn vt liu, thit bthi cng, cng nhn,

hi cng xy dng: bi, n, nc thi, h thi giao thng, ,

+ Lp t thit b: bi, n, ,2 iai on dn i vo hot ng

- h thi

-c thi

- CTR

-

Bc 2:Xc nh cc bin i mi trng tnhin, kinh t-x hi do cc hot dng

ca dn gy nn.

c bin i mi trng (environmenta changes) ny thng vt , ho hc, sinh

hc, tng ng vi mi mt hot ng ca dn nn

d 2: Hot ng ca dn nh my giy sgy nhim hng h do mi hi mercaptan

dn n cht ng hng h b thay i c thi cha nhiu bt giy, lignin, NaOH s

gy bin i cht ng nc mt, nc ngm, hot ng hai thc cy m ngun nguyn

liu cho sn xut giy gy nn mt cn bng sinh thi,

Bc 3: Xc nh mc tc ng ca dn n v cht ng mi trng

sng ca con ngi.

c bin i mi trng ni trn (bin i bc 1) sc tc ng n ti nguyn thin

nhin, cc S, sc ho v cc iu in sng ca con ngicc mc hc nhau tu

theo tnh cht v quy mi dn (bin i bc 2). d: tcc bin i bc 1 nu trn th cc

bin i bc 2 s sc kho cng ng bnh hng do nhim hng h, t bthoi ho

do ignin, xt, gia sc b bnh dch, c cht hoc nhim c vy, mc tiu ca

phi xc nh ng v cc hot ng ca dn, xem xt nh gi ton din c bin i mi

trng tnhin ng thi bin i v kinh t - vn ho- x hi. Cn phi un un so snh,


22/55


i chiu c c sho hp gia hot ng pht trin (dn) vi khnng chu ng ca

mi trng.

Bc 4: Dbo din bin ca cc tc ng mi trng

Dn pht trin thng xuyn hot ng trong mt thi gian, trong qu trnh sccc din bin ca cc tc ng mi trng. Dbo din bin mi trng mt qu trnh d

on theo thi gian (5 nm, 10 nm hoc 20 nm), theo hng gian (tc ng cc m rng

phm vi a gii hng), v theo cng tc ng (tng hay gim). D liu dbo cc d

iu dng trong vic xc nh cc tc ng hoc t inh nghim hoc t cc d n tng t.

c phng php s dng trong dbo gm:

- hng php chuyn gia da trn cc t qu quan trc mi trng nh gi-

hng php m hnh ho, ma trn hoc GIS.- Cn phi nh gi tin cy ca kt qu dbo

Bc 5:nh gi tm quan trng ca cc tc ng.

rong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng, dbo din bin ca cc tc ng n

mi trng v ti nguyn thin nhin, chng ta cn xc nh r cc tc ng, mc tc ng

v mc quan trng ca cc tc ng n mi trng tnhin v cht ng mi trng

sng rn c schng ta c th lp danh mc theo th tu tin cc oi tc ng no

cn c kim sot, hnh ng no theo thi gian trin khai ca dn trong hng gian xem

xt Sau , trn c s tham kho in ca cc nh qun , cng ng dn c ni dn

c thc hin tin hnh so snh, i chiu vi cc yu cu, quy nh ca lut php, nghnh,

quy chun v cc tiu chun.

h vy, qua trnh tcc bc nh trn, vic m r c cc ni dung sau:

- Dn sgy nn nhng tc ng g n mi trng tnhin, ti nguyn thin nhin

v cht ng mi trng sng?

- Nhng tc ng no c nh hng tch cc nht, tiu cc nht n cht ng mi

trng, v tc ng no u tin cn phi c bin php im sot thch hp?

xu m thi ng

Mc tiu ca cc bin php gim thiu tc ng :

- rnh cho mi trng chu nhiu tc ng nhng dn vn phi hot ng c hiuqu.

- Xc p sph hp gia cc tc ng v mc chu ng ca mi trng.


23/55


- m bo chi ph hc phc mc m cng ng v ch dn c th chpnhn c so vi li nhun.

Sau hi xc nh c cc tc ng v mc tc ng, trn c scc hiu bit v

hoa hc, cng ngh v qun mi trng xut cc bin phpc bn gim thiu cctc ng tiu cc n mi trng c bin php bao gm:

3. . . u t a dhay i a im, tuyn ng vn chuyn, nhin iu, nguyn iu, quy trnh cng

ngh, t chc sn xut, qun sn xut

V d: thay i ngun nhin iu sy gch men tt bng du O thnh gas.

b. Sd thu ngc phng php, cc qu trnh cng ngh im sot nhim, x cc cht thi, sn

xut sch hn...

V d: s dng vi nc p c cao vsinh nh xng trong nh my ch bin thu

sn nhm tit kim nc cp v gim ng nc thi.

t hi

y gii php thng t c cng ng, chu t cng nh cc nh qun mi

trng s dng n uy nhin, gii php ny cng c th xy ra trong chu t dn c

thn b thit hi bng tin, hoc thc hin cc dn u t hc m i ch ca n c th

b p c nhng thit hi m dn gy ra

hc t cho thy hng c mt bin php no c th gim thiu c tt c cc tc

ng do dn gy ra. iu cn thit phi xem xt mt hoch ng b cc bin php,

ngi nh gi cn xut nhiu phng n hc nhau, mi phng n xut cn phn tch

nh gi u im, nhc im ngi ra quyt nh c th a chn c phng n thch

hp i vi iu in ca a phng.

hng thng cc phng php s dng trong vic a chnphng n gm:

- hn tch chi ph-i ch.

- hng php ma trn: thit p ma trn so snh.

- i chiu cc phng n: so snh hiu qu ca chng vi nhau.

xu u quan tr ng

Mc d dn thc hin xong trong thc t, nhng cc dbo, cc php o

c, cc phng php so snh v nh gi hng bao gihng c sai s. Mc hc, mi

trng tnhin, inh t-x hi un c bin ng do chu nh hng ca nhiu tc nhnbn


24/55


trong cng nhbn ngoi vy, cng tc quan trc mitrng rt cn thit nhm kim

sot mi trng ngy cng tt hn ng thi, n cng cng c nhm hiu chnh cc vng

mc trn v xut cc bin php hc phc p thi, gip ch cho c quan qun theo di

c cc xu th bin i ca mi trng.

u cu ca chng trnh quan trc :- Xc nh a im, vtr thc hin quan trc.- Xc nh cc phng php, cng c cn thc hin.- Xc nh thi gian v cc bc quan trc ph hp.- So snh, i chiu vi kt qu m

i dung quan trc, tn sut quan trc, vtr quan trc tu thuc vo mc tc ng

v tnh cht ca mi d n pht trin.

o t quMt chc gi trv pht huy c tc dng nu thng bo n c quan c thm

quyn kp thi v y . Nhng thng tin ny c gi i trong mt hung quy nh ca bo

co uy theo quy nh, bo co c gi v STNMT, cc BVMT, V thm

nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng thm nh.

c ni dung chnh ca cn thng bo n cc c quan thm nh bao gm:

- m tt t qu nh gi.

- t hi qut d n.

- c tc ng chnh ca d n pht trin.

- c bin i ti nguyn, mi trng do hot ng ca d n gy nn.

- c phng n, cc bin php thut im sot, gim thiu tc ng .

- hn xt v tin cy ca t qu nh gi .

- c yu cu v ni dung quan trc.

- in ca cng ng dn c trn a bn d n .

- t un v in ngh.

5. Sdng kt qu

o co c s dng nh sau:

- i n c quan c thm quyn xt duyt, qua chuyn vin hoc hi ng thm

nh tu theo quy m, phm vi nh hng ca d n.

- Sau hi ph duyt s t iu chnh thc ca h s d n .

- i n cc c quan, cc t chc v cc c nhn hi c cc yu cu chnh thc.

ic xt duyt c th a n cc t qu sau:

:


25/55


- t yu cu, thc hin d n theo cc d n nh trnh by trong , hoc thc

hin vi cc iu chnh b sung cn thit (nu c).

- hc hin nhng cn tip tc quan trc, nh gi cht ng mi trng nh k.

- in ngh c quan chu trch nhim quan trc, nh gi .

o o

ic xem xt, nh gi i cc d n, cc tc ng thng sau hong thi gian t 5 -

10 nm tu theo quy m v oi hnh ca d n.


26/55


CHNG III. CC PHNG PHP S NG TRONG NH GITC NG I TRNG

Mc tiu ca chng cung cp cc phng php (cng c) tin hnh thc

hin c phng php ny c th nghim v tng kt qua rt nhiu cng trnh

cho cc oi dn pht trin hc nhau uy nhin, vic s dng cc phng php ny

cng ph thuc rt nhiu vo trnh ca i ng chuyn gia o , cc bc thc hin

rt quan trng, n c nhim v m bo cht ng v im tra cht ng (QA/QC) cho

tin hnh mt , ngi ta thng s dng 7 phng php, bao gm:

hng php it k s liu vthng smi trng (index methods). hng php danh mc cc iu kin mi trng (checklists). hng php ma trn mi trng (matrices). hng php chng ghp bn mi trng (overlay maps). hng php s mng i (networks). hng php m hnh (simulation modelling). hng php phn tch chi ph li ch mrng (sound ecological principles).

3.1. Khi qut v cc phng php TM (EIA Methodologies)

Phn oi:c phng php c hnh thnh v s dng theo thi gian v c

chia thnhcc giai on nh sau:

G o 97 70:giai on ny ch s dng cc

thut n gin c phng php s dng ph bin bao g m phng php it cc s iu

mi trng (index), phng php danh mc cc iu in mi trng (checklists), ma trn

mi trng (matrices) v mng i (networks).

G o 8 : S dng cc thut phc tp hn vi s h tr cacc i cng c my tnh in t v cc oi m hnh ton hc nh phng php m hnh

(modellings), phng php chp bn mi trng (overlay maps) Sau ny, hi xt n cc

kha cnh inh t th phng php phn tch chi ph i ch m rng (sound ecological

principles) c s dng nhiu hn nhm gn t vi cc d n pht trin.

heo mc phc tp ca thut nh gi: chia m hai oi n gin v phc tp.

heo i tng nh gi: phn oi nhm d n pht trin: xy dng c s h tng,

nng m ng nghip v giao thng thu i...


27/55


heo quan im v mi quan h qua i gia con ngi v mi trng: xem xt n

mi quan h ngc tr i ca cc vn mi trng n con ngi.

3.2. Phng php it cc thng s mi trng (Index methods)

heo phng php ny, hi phn tch nh gi ca mt hot ng pht trin,ngi nh gi chchn ra mt s cc thng s c in quan n mi trng, it ra v cho

cc s iu c in quan n cc thng s , chuyn n ngi ra quyt nh xem xt.

n thn ngi nh gi hng c cc in, nhn xt v nh gi g c gi ra

quyt nh s a chn phng n m theo cm tnh sau hi c bn it cc s iu ny.

d:

thng cng trnh hai thc ti nguyn nc trn u vc sng c th c thc hin

theo cc phng n hc nhau c phng n bao gm , v hng n phngn hng thc hin d n.

heo inh nghim v cm tnh, ngi thc hin a ra 11 thng s m theo h

cc thng s thc s c in quan n ti nguyn mi trng trn u vc . c thng s

ny c lit trong bng 1.

ng . it cc s iu v thng s mi trng ca h thng thu i

TT Thng sPhng n

A B C

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

S h cha nc trong h thngin tch mt ncng ven hin tch tiin tch t b thu hpi tch b ngpn ch s xi mnng mc hai thc thu snhng tto nn cc dch bnh

in ch qun cn thit

4

8500

190

40000

10000

11

4cp4 cp

ttcp 4

1000

1

1300

65

12000

2000

13

1cp1cpva

1 cp

200

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

u im:

- n gin, s c v rt c ch trong cc nh gi mang tnh cht s b ban u hoc

hng c cc iu in v chuyn gia, s iu hoc inh ph thc hin vic mt

cch y .

Nhc im:

- c s iu vn cn mang tnh cht rt s si, cm tnh , chung chung, cha phn nh

c bn cht ca s tc ngn mi trng ca cc hot ng pht trin dn.


28/55


3.3. Phng php danh mc cc iu in mi trng (Checklists)

y phng php c s dng h ph bin trong v n c vai tr rt ln

trong vic m r cc tc ng xy ra hng php danh mc thng da trn c scc danh

mc c trng v cc danh mc c phn chia theo mc phc tp.guyn tc chung it thnh mt danh mc tt c cc nhn t mi trng c in

quan n hot ng pht trin ca dn m cn nh gi. anh mc ny s c gi n tt

c cc chuyn gia nh gi tng ngi cho in ring ca mnh in c th ca mt

nhm chuyn gia, tp th in ngnh tho un i n nh gi chung.

nhiu loi danh mc gm: danh mc n gin, danh mc m t, danh mc dng

cu hi, danh mc c ghi mc tc ng, danh mc c ghi trng s mc tc ng.

3 Dnh c n gin (Simple checklists)

L oi danh mc ch cn lit cc nhn tmi trng cn c xem xt tng ng

vi tng giai on hot ng pht trin chhng phi tng hot ng c th ca dn pht

trin.

d: Danh mc n gin ca cc tc ng mi trng tim tng i vi mt dn pht trin

bn cng nh sau:

Cc tc ng mi trng tim tngGiai on y

dng dn

Giai on dn

i vo hot ng

Sn chng g

No vt (sng, bin)

Lm xo trn ni tr n ca chim bin

Hot ng du lch n mi trng vng ven bin

sh tng

S bi lng ph sa

Mt c bin

Ting n

Khai thc m chn sng

c ng x hi

iao thng

Mt thm thc vt trn cn (san lp mt bng)

Cht ng nc

Ngun: (Harvey 1998, p.13)


29/55


32 Dnh c Descriptive checklists)

ng vi vic lit cc nhn tmi trng danh mc m tc thuyt minh thm v

s la chn cc nhn tmi trng , phng php thu thp s liu, o c cc s liu

ghi vo trong danh mc.

3 Dnh c dng cu hi Questionnaire checklists)

hng php ny c s dng bng cch xy dng cc cu hi in quan n tng

ha cnh mi trng cn nh gi, phiu tr li s nhn c tchuyn gia v ccng

ng, t phn tch v nh gi

d 1: rch dn danh mc ca cng trnh ti nc cho sn xut nng nghip (theo

gn hng ht trin hu 1987)

Tc ng ca dn (dovtr cng trnh)

Tn hi n TNMTBin php bo v

TNMT

nh gi mctc ng

Mt rng Mt TNTN h hi thit k

gn cn s i i ca

ngi, ng vt

Lm xo trn i sng

ngi dn, ni c tr

ca ng vt

h hi thit k

Xung t quyn li v

ngun nc

Bt bnh ng trong

x hi

h hi thit k

v qun

(Ngun: Nguyn 2005)

G : : ng : hng ng


30/55


d 2: anh mc tc ng n mi trng ca mt d n giao thng

TT i tng chu tc ngTc ng tch cc Tc ng tiu cc

NH DH L BT NH DH P RL

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910

11

12

13

14

15

Hsinh thi nc ngt

NghcRng

ng vt trn cn

Sinh vt qu him

c mt

Cht ng nc mt

ph ca t

c ngmCht ng hng h

Vn ti ng thu

Vn ti ng b

ng nghip

X hi

M quan, phong cnh

*

*

*

*

* *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

(Ngun: Trn 2008)Ghi : NH: gn hn DH: i hn L: Ln : ng

BT: nh thng P: a phng RL: Rng n

34 Dnh c c ghi c c ng Scaling checklists)

Danh mc ny cung cp mt phm vi chquan chung i vi tng nhn tmi trng

(v d -3 n +3) nhm xc nh mc tc ng ca hot ng pht trin i vi tng nhn

tmi trng.

35 Dnh c c ghi ng s c c ng(Scaling-weighting checklists)

Danh mc ny c xem tng i phc tp hn so vi cc danh mc khc v s

kt hp vi danh mc ghi mc tc ng. Trong danh mc ny, ngoi vic ghi mc tc

ng cn phi c thm trng s(weighting), hay cn gi mc quan trng ca tng yu

tmi trng chu tc ng vo y, ta tin hnh cho im v cht ng v mc quan

trng ca cc yu t. Tip theo, c th tng hp mi yu t li thnh ch s(hay n vnh

gi) nh gi tc ng.


31/55


Ch s(n vnh gi) E =

m

i

m

i

iiii WVWV1 1

21 *)(*)(

y: E tc ng mi trng

(Vi)1: i tr cht ng thng smi trng th i hi c dn

(Vi)2: i tr cht ng thng smi trng th i hi cha c dnWi: Trng s hay mc quan trng (gi trtng i) ca yu t th i

m: Tng scc thng smi trng c xem xt

d: nh gi chi tit ch tiu cht ng nc ca mt h cha nc cho sn xut nng

nghip (theo 5 phng n)

Cc thng smi trngPhng n nc ng h cha hi thi cng

PA1 PA2 PA3 PA4 PA5

1. pH2. Fe tng, Mg tng3. cng tng s

5

5

2

2

2

5

3

3

3

4

4

3

1

1

1

Ghi ch: PA1 5: 5 phng n x ng h cha hi thi cng

Kt lun: hng n 1 chu tc ng ln nht, phng n 5 t chu tc ng nht.

h vy, phng php danh mc cc iu kin mi trng c cc u im v nhc

im sau:

u im:

- rng, d hiu nu ngi nh gi am hiu v ni dung ca hot ng pht trin

(ni dung dn), v iu in t nhin v cc iu in x hi ti ni thc hin d n.

- a ra t qu tt cho vic quyt nh.

Nhc im:

- Cha ng nhiu nhn t ch quan ca ngi nh gi.

- h thuc nhiu vo nhng quy c c tnh cht cm tnh v tm quan trng, cc cp

bc v cc im s ca tng thng s.

- n ch trong vic tng hp cc tc ng, i chiu, so snh vi cc phng n hc

nhau.


32/55


3.4. Phng php ma trn mi trng (Matrices)

y phng php phi hp lit cc hnh ng ca hot ng pht trin (hay hot

ng ca dn) v it cc yu tmi trng (chtiu mi trng) c th btc ng vo

mt ma trn (bng) tin hnh nh girong ma trn, cc nhn t chu tc ng c it vo trc tung (ct ng) v cc

hot ng pht trin c it vo trc honh (ct ngang) hoc ngc i.

ch m ny c th cho chng ta thy c mi quan h nhn-qu gia cc tc ng

hc nhau n mt nhn t mi trng mt cch ng thi c dng ma trn mi trng

thng c s dng bao gm cc oi sau:

3.4.1. Phng php n ng c n gin Sipe Inecion ices)

y cn gi phng php ma trn nh tnh v bn nh ng. Trong ma trn ny,

trc tung cc hot ng (hnh ng) ca dn v trc honh cc yu tmi trng. Tu

theo mc c thm c ngi ta thng s dng du () biu thhnh ng c tc

ng n yu tmi trng, i hi r hn ngi ta cn chia cc tc ng theo mc (v

d ++, +, 0, -).

hng php ny mt dng danh mc cc iu in mi trng ci tin uy nhin,

n c u im hn c th cho chng ta thy ng thi tc ng c a mt hnh ng pht

trin n nhiu nhn t mi trng v ngc i, mt hc cho chng ta thy ton cnh bc

tranh tng tc ca nhiu yu t.

d: cho mt n ci to mt thnh phtheo phng php ma trn nh sau:

c nhn tmi trng

c hnh ng c tc ng n mi trngiai on thi cng Chuyn

tipSau khi dn i vo hot ng (a vo s dng)

Chuynch

Chuynchmvic

hsammi

hdngtm

s

dchv

mi

h

mi

Cahngmi

ixe

ngvin

Di

tchvnho

ngph

Yu tv a cht thnhngCng rnh v sinhCp ncy xanhng vtCht ng hng hS dng t n cnhot nc mang phiao thng cng cngBhnh

Khong trng

Kr

Kr

Kr

KrKr

Kr

Kr

Kr

Kr

Kr

-

Kr

Kr

Kr

Kr

KrKr

Kr

Kr

Kr

-

Kr

-

Kr

Kr

-

-

-Kr

-

-

-

-

-

-

Kr

Kr

-

-

-Kr

Kr

-

-

-

-

-

-

Kr

+

++

KrKr

Kr

Kr

++

+

+

Kr

++

Kr

+

+

++Kr

-

++

+

+

0

++

-

Kr

+

+

+Kr

-

Kr

+

+

++

-

Kr

Kr

Kr

KrKr

-

Kr

Kr

++

0

+

++

++

Kr

Kr

++-

+

++

+

Kr

Kr

++

0

Kr

Kr

Kr

KrKr

+

++

Kr

Kr

0

0

0

Kr

+

+

KrKr

Kr

0

+

+

0

0

Yu tx i trrng hc

- - - -


33/55


MquanCnh pi tch ch s

Kr

Kr

Kr

Kr

-

-

-

-

Kr

+

+

Kr

+

Kr

-

0

++

+

-

++

Kr

Kr

(Ngun: Nguyn 2005)

Ghi ch:r: hng r tc ng 0 = hng tc ng : tc ng tch cc

-: tc ng tiu cc --: tc ng rt tiu cc : tc ng rt tch cc

3 42 Phng php n nh ng Qunified ices) hy n nh cp(Graded Matrices)

hng php ny nh ng ho phng php ma trn tng tc n gin. Trong ma

trn ny, ct ng cng ghi cc hnh ng pht trin ca dn ang c xem xt, ct ngang

ghi cc yu tmi trng c th chu tc ng do cc hnh ng gy ra uy nhin, trong mi

ca ma trn hng chghi c hoc hng tc ng m cn nh ng theo im h

vy, ma trn ny hng nhng cho php tm ra c tc ng c hay hng, m cn cho thy

mc tc ng do hnh ng no ca dn gy ra i vi yu tmi trng no

thphn chia mc tc ng t1 n 5, hoc chn khong no ph hp vi

yu cu uy nhin, theo quy c ca Leopod (ngi u tin nghphng php ny vo

nm 1971) th mc tc ng c chia thnh 10 cp (thang im 10) rong , tc ng

thp nht 1 im, tc ng cao nht 10 im, c thnh sau:

1-3: Mc tc ng nh, nhn tmi trng t quan trng.

4-7: Mc tc ng v tm quan trng ca nhn tmi trng va phi.

8-10: Mc tc ng rt ln, nhn tmi trng rt quan trng.

Trong mi ca ma trn, ngi ta thng trnh by c2 i ng mc ca tc

ng v tm quan trng ca tc ng

- Tm quan trng ca tc ng c ghi i ca ma trn.- Mc tc ng c ghi ca ma trn.Tm quan trng ca tc ng nh gi vai tr, vtr ca tc ng n yu tmi

trng trng thi no ca dn hng thng trng thi thc hin dn v trng thidn ang vn hnh (ti thi im 5 nm, 10 nm hay 20 nm) c tc ng cho thy

khnng nh ng ca tc ng n mi trng.

ic quy c mc tc ng ph thuc vo ngi nh gi, tm quan trng ca cc

nhn t mi trng ph thuc vo cm tnh ca ngi nh gi hoc ca cng mt nhm

chuyn gia nh gi ic a chn nhn t no quan trng thng c quyt nh sau hi x

cc s iu iu tra v x hi hc i vi cng ng dn c v tham ho in cc nh

chuyn mn


34/55


d: Ma trn tc ng mi trng nh ng ca dn nh my bt giy nh sau

c hot ngca DA

hnh phn MT

Xydng

S dngthuc

BVTV

Cpnc

c thi cthi

h thi Tng

Cht ng nc mt4 2 6

4 8 12

Cht ng hng h3 4 7

6 5 11

Thu sn2 2 4

5 7 12

MT sng ca sinh vt nc2 2 4

8 5 13

Sinh vt cn2 2

5 5

Cung cp nc3 2 5

6 7 13

Thuvn nc mt1 1

7 7

Sc kho

3 2 2 7

5 8 6 19

Tng5 7 1 7 10 6 36

11 19 7 9 35 11 92

(Ngun: Nguyn 2005)

u im:

- hng php ma trn mi trng tng i n gin .

- c s dng mt cch h ph bin, hng i hi qu nhiu cc s iu v mi

trng, sinh thi.

- ho php chng ta xem xt mt cch tng th v ng thi cc tc ng ca hotng pht trin n tng cc nhn t mi trng, cng nh nhn t mi trng no s chu tc

ng nhiu nht hi d n pht trin c trin hai.

Nhc im:

- ha xem xt cc mi quan h gia cc tc ng vi nhau.

- ha xt c s din bin ca cc tc ng theo hng gian v thi gian.

- ha phn bit c cc tc ng trc mt, cng nh u di i vi tng nhn tmi trng.

- ic xc nh tm quan trng ca nhn tmi trng, ch tiu cht ng mi trng

cn mang tnh cht ch quan.

- ic quy tng tc ng ca mt phng n vo mt con s hng gip g thit thc

cho vic ra quyt nh.

- S phn bit hu vc chu tc ng, h nng trnh, gim cc tc ng cha th hin

trn ma trn.


35/55


3.5. Phng php chp bn (Overlay maps)

y phng php c tnh h thi rt cao do c s kt hp vi cng c hin i GIS

(h thng thng tin a ), vin thm v cc phn mm c trng

- S dng cc bn v cc c trng c bn v mi trng ti cc hu vc nghin

cu c bn ny thng c s dng dng trong sut.

- i mt bn din t tng i ng c trng mi trng c xc nh qua

cc s iu, d iu iu tra c bn hay thu thp c c c trng c bn c th hin qua

m nht ca mu sc.

- hp cc bn ny i vi nhau theo cc vn cn quan tm ic nh gi da

trn c s m nht ca t hp cc mu sc a ra cc nh gi v nhn nh theo

cc phng n hc nhau.

u im:

- hng php ny n gin, r rng, d hiu v c tnh thuyt phc cao do t qu

c hin th bng trc gic qua cc hnh v.

- Trong nhng nm gn y, phng php ny bt u c p dng mnh m vi s

pht trin ca thut GIS.

- hch hp i vi cc d n quy hoch chi tit, quy hoch s dng tnng m

nghip, thv giao thng cho cc mc ch inh t hc nhau.Nhc im:

- hi ph tng i cao nn t c p dng rng ri.

- c yu t mi trng, t nhin ch c thc hin trng thi tnh.

- o cc yu t mi trng ch c tnh hi qut, cc nh gi cui cng v tc

ng ph thuc rt nhiu vo ch quan ca ngi nh gi.

3.6. Phng php s mng i (Networks)

hng php ny da trn nguyn ca vic nghin cu cc dng nng ng, dng

tun hon vt cht trong mng i, cc chui thc n trong cc h thng t nhin (h sinh

thi).

Ni dung:

- hn tch cc tc ng song song v ni tip do cc hnh ng ca hot ng pht

trin gy ra.


36/55


- Lit ton b cc hnh ng (actions) trong cc hot ng (activities) v xc nh

cc mi quan h nhn qu trong cc hnh ng . T, ta c c s mng i cc mi

quan htrc tip thng v cc mi quan h ngang ca mi hnh ngtng ng.

- rn mng i ta c th phn bit cc tc ng bc (do hnh ng trc tip gy ra)

v cc tc ng bc do cc tc ng bc gy ra ip tc xem xt cc tc ng bc ,IV... v cc tc ng cui cng trong phm vi hng gian v trong hong thi gian m chng

ta cn xem xt v nh gi.

ic xem xt, nh gi cc tc ng trn c s cc tc ng c i hoc hng c i

n cc nhn t mi trng.

u im:

- ho chng ta bit c cc nguyn nhn, con ng dn n cc tc ng bt i nmi trng xut cc bin php phng trnh ngay t cc hu quy hoch, thit v

t chc cc hnh ng pht trin.

Nhc im:

- h tp trung vo cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng. Nu tp trung n ha cnh

tch cc th hng th so snh c ci c v ci mt hi hot ng pht trin c trin

khai.

- hng xem xt c s thay i theo hng gian v thi gian, trc mt cng nh

u di.

Phm vi ng dng:

hn tch cc tc ng n mi trng sinh thi, h s dng i vi cc tc ng x

hi, cc vn v thm m v cnh quan .

3.7. Phng php m hnh (Modellings)

y phng php dng cc m hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng rong cc

nm gn y, phng php ny c s dng tng i rng ri, c bit trong nh vc d

bo. hng php ny thch hp cho cc m t v hot ng pht trin, xc nh nhng hnh

ng ch yu ca hot ng.

Tnh din in c ho ng:

- hnh p cc mi quan h nh ng gia cc hnh ng ca hot ng pht trin

vi cc nhn t mi trng vi nhau, cng nh mi quan h gia cc nhn t vi

nhau.

- Xy dng m hnh ton hc bng cc phng trnh ton hc chung cho ton b s

hot ng, phn nh mt cch y cu trc v cc mi quan h trong m hnh.


37/55


h vy, m hnh cho php chng ta d bo c cc din bin c th xy ra ca mi

trng , chng ta c th a chn cc phng n ti u (cc ch bn hc nhau) a

mi trng vo trng thi ti u v d bo mi trng trong cc thi im hc nhau cng

nh cc iu in hc nhau.

T chc hc hin:- n c thc hin bi cc nhm chuyn gia in ngnh cng xy dng m hnh

Xc nh cc mi in quan, cc mi quan h gia cc thnh phn trong m hnh Xc nh

cc iu in bin, iu in ban u v gi nh cc chin c, chin thut hc nhau

iu hin hot ng. Chy m hnh on nhn cc t qu mong mun n tin hnh,

hiu chnh nhiu n c c cc t qu nh mong mun.

- hng php ny c s dng rt rng ri v thch hp trong cc cng tc quy

hoch v quan trc mi trng.

ghin cu in hnh:

:- Xy dng m hnh vt m phng a bn thc hin d n c th a chn

tu theo iu in v h nng cho php.

- in hnh hiu chnh v chy m hnh vi cc iu in tng t nh t nhin, xem

xt xu th thay i theo hng gian v thi gian.

- hy m hnh trong cc iu in gi nh hc nhau, cc bin php hc phc v

bo v hc nhau, t rt ra phng n ti u la chn.

o :hng php nh gi thch nghi (Adaptic Enviromenta ssessment) E do oing

thc hin, 1987

1 hnh p tp th nghin cu: bao gm cc nh sinh hc, inh t, chuyn gia

thut v cc nh qun .

2 Xc nh ranh gii hng gian v thi gian nghin cu.

3 im tra cc s iu, xy dng cc hot ng nghin cu, xc p m hnh v cc

thnh phn ca n.

4 iu chnh m hnh, xc nh cc h s ca cc thng s, qu trnh c in quan.

5 hn tch cc tc ng c th xy ra theo cc phng n hc nhau, cc ch bn gi

nh hc nhau.

6 hnh i theo cc ti iu, cc phng n hng ch , khc phc v a ra cc t

qu cui cng trnh n c quan qun mi trng.


38/55


u i:

- c s dng rt ph bin (i vi m hnh ton hc)- Xem xt c cc tc ng theo hng gian v thi gian.- Chophp thc hin cc ginh hc nhau la chn phng n ti u nht.

hc im:- hng php ny i hi inh ph cao, tin hnh o c v quan trc mi trng

xc nh cc h s ca cc qu trnh xy ra trong h thng i hi nhiu nh chuyn gia v

cc tp th cc nh hoa hc chuyn ngnh.

- hi gian o di, inh ph cao (i vi m hnh vt ).

3.8. Phng php phn tch chi ph i ch m rng (Sound Ecological Principles)

c phng php trnh by trc y c s dng tutheo yu cu ca v tutheo cc yu tmi trng c chn lc xem xt tc ng n n uy vy, cc phng

php thng c thc hin tt vi yu tti nguyn, mi trng tnhin hi cn nh

gi tc ng ca cc hnh ng dn n cc thnh phn kinh t, x hi th rt h rong

trng hp ny ngi ta s dng phng php phn tch chi ph-li ch mrng. Li ch v

chi ph y cn hiu theo ngha rng bao gm tt ccc chi ph i ch vmi trng v

ti nguyn thin nhin vy, phng php ny cn c gi phng php cc nguyn tc

thn thin vi sinh thi (sound ecoogica principes)

guyn c chung:

hng php phn tch chi ph-li ch c thc hin trn cc nguyn tc chnh sau:

1. c hot ng pht trin u c thc hin trong cc h t nhin (natural systems),

v vy, trong quy hoch pht trin v cc d n in quan phi c nhng hiu bit y

v cc h tnhin

t nhin y bao gm:

c nhn t v mi trng ti nguyn (hiu theo ngha rng). i nguyn thin nhin hu hn, ch p ng c yu cu trong phm vi ca

nhng quy ut iu hin ca h thng o , cn to thm cc dng nng ng v

nhng quy ut i vo h thng.

ng i vo cc dng pht trin hng thay i vh t nhin s thay i do chunhng tc ng ca cc hot ng pht trin.

rong phng php phn tch chi ph-i ch cn nm c nhngthng tin trc tip

v gin tip c th xem xt v nh gi mt cch ton din .

s tin hnh suy un v phn tch nhng in thc chuyn mn thuc ngnh

ca cc hot ng pht trin, cc in thc v inh t, mi trng v sinh thi.


39/55


Theophng php ny th ngi nh gi d c thuc chuyn mn no i chng na

cng phi nm c nhng in thc c bn v sinh thi hc, v cc dng nng ng, dng

tun hon vt cht trong cc h sinh thi, chui thc n, mt xch thc n, cc chu trnh sinh -

a-ho, chu trnh trao i cht nh cc chu trnh carbon, nit, pht pho... v cc din bin ca

h sinh thi.2 n nm vng c nhng c im c bn ca cc h sinh thi trn cn, di

nc, cc u vc ca dng chy c h sinh thi t nhin cng nh nhn to c iu

hin bi con ngi n ch cc yu t ca h sinh thi nhn vn, sinh thi x hi c in

quan trc tip hoc gin tip n cc mc tiu c bn ca pht trin -XH.

3 n s dng hp ti nguyn thin nhin v vn bo v mi trng cn ch

trc ht n nhng vn bo v rng, bo v t cng nh bo v ngun nc, cc h

sinh thi c hu nh ca sng, cc vng ca sng, ven bin, cc vng t ngp nc , vngm, vn bo v mi trng hng h, nc, t, bo v cc danh am thng cnh v cc

di tch vn ho v ch s...

Tnh thc hin:

- Lit tt ccc ti nguyn c chi dng trong mi hot ng ca dn, cti nguyn con ngi. Lit tt ccc sn phm thu c, k c ph thi c gi

trhon nguyn

- Xc nh tt c mi hnh ng tiu th, hnh ng m suy gim ti nguyn, ccc hot ng gy nhim.

- Lit nhng ha cnh c i cho ti nguyn, nhng cha c xt n trong n hot ng, cc h nng nng cao hiu qu s dng ti nguyn.

- Lit vo n hot ng nhng vn cn b sung cho dn s dng hp v pht huy c ti a cc h nng ca ngun ti nguyn.

- Din t cc t qu nu trn vo bo co S dng phng php trnh bykiu bng so snh chi ph li ch (tng t nh trong cc bo co inh t thun

tu).

Cn u rng: S dng phng php phn tch chi ph-li ch mrng phi tnh ton

thc hin cho ton b dn sau ny si vo hot ng (v d sau 30-50 nm) t nht nn

tnh ton cho tng giai on, sau tin hnh tng hp cho ton b.

c i ng thng c s dng trong phn tch chi ph-li ch :

38 Gi i nhun hin i e Pesen Vue - NPV)

i tr li nhun hin ti (sau y gi i nhun) cn c gi i rng, hiu

NPV.


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ng thc xc nh li nhun nh sau:

NPV =

n

tt

tO

n

tt

t

r

CC

r

B

11 )1()1((1)

rong :r: s chit hu theo thi gian

n: S nm ca thi gian hot ng c i ch

Co: hi ph ban u ca dn (ti nm th nht)

Ct: hi ph ti nm t

Bt: Li nhun ti nm t

t: thi gian tnh ton

i tr chnh gi tr li nhun tch u, n ph thuc nhiu vo yu t binng, c bit h s chit khu (r) v thi gian (n) hng thng, tng dn tgi tr

m n hng (0), ri n mt gi trno

Khi tin hnh so snh vic thc hin ca mt s dn cng oi th s dng

NPV ca dn so snh u nh nhau, ta chn phng n c u t ban u (C0) b,

ngha chhon ton da vo yu t kinh t rong trng hp nh vy, ta tip tc tham

kho ma trn mi trng xem xt y cc ha cnh hc

382 Su i nhun hoc su i ch-chi ph B/C)

i ng nh trnh by trn cho thy c i rng tc ng i (tnh

theo tin) trong khong thi gian hot ng no i trny c th cao hay thp, song cha

phn nh c hiu qu ca hot ng dn so vi ng vn u t hiu r hn vn

ny, chng ta s dng i ng sut li nhun (/), c tnh bi:

B/C =

n

t

tt

o

n

t

tt

r

CC

r

B

Chiphi

Loinhuan

1

1

)1(

)1(

(2)

ngha ca cc i ng B, C0, t, r, Ct ging nh biu thc (1) mc III.8.1

T(2) th ta thy rng, theo thi gian hot ng, theo yu cu tip cn thtrng, trnh

sn xut v cc yu thc th gi tr/ tng dn nLc u c th cht B/C


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38 H s hon n ni i K) Inen Reun Re)

H shon vn ni ti () c tnh theo cng thc sau:

0)1()1( 1

0

1

n

tt

tn

tt

t

K

CC

K

B(3)

Mt dn nu c n th thng c chn.

384 T s n u n u so i ng s i nhun

i ng ny cho thy t l vn u t so vi li nhun ca ton b dn hoc so

vi mt giai on ca dn c tranh ny cho php cc nh qun thc thi cc nhim v

thu hi vn, quyt nh thi gian dn hon thnh giai on thi cng, thi gian dn c

php hot ng cng cho php cc nh qun xy dng quy hoch sn xut hp , tng

hoc gim thi gian sn xut ca dn v cc ha cnh hc

T s vn u t ban u so vi tng s li nhun c tnh theo cng thc sau:

T s vn u t/li nhun =

n

t

t

tt rCB

C

1

0

))1/()((

(4)

y cn u rng gi tr Btv thng c ngha nh chnh bn thn n biu

thc (1) v (2), m cn phi hiu chi ph v i nhun t khi dn vn hnh cho n

nm th t.hng php phn tch chi ph-li ch mrng ch yu xem xt trn ha cnh kinh t

v inh tti nguyn mi trng. Trong mt strng hp, cc dn quan trng cn c

thc hin theo mt viphng php t hp.

c thphn tch y v ng vchi ph-li ch ca mt dn pht trin hoc

mt hot ng KTXH, chng ta cn hiu bit hn na vcc vn sau:

hn tch chi ph-li ch hn tch inh tng dng hn tch inh tmi trng hn tch mi trng iu ch mi trng v phng php tip cn hn tch bin ng theo thi gian S gim thu nhp theo thi gian Ri ro nh ton chi ph phng nga hn tch nh gi ri ro hn tch tc ng x hi ca dn pht trin


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goi nhng vn trn, chng ta un un cp nht nhng vn sau y:

Lut, uy nh, Nghnh, hng t, ng c mi c tiu chun, quy chun quc gia mi nht c cng ngh mi c s dng trong quan trc, o c mi trng hng thc qun cht ng h thng (/) v cc tiu ch tin hnh cc d

n, cc hot ng KTXH.


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CHNG IV. NH GI RI RO I TRNG (GRRT)

4.1. Khi nim v ri ro mi trng

Ri ro mi trng nhng tn hi bt nghng ng trc c xy ra gy tn hi

n c svt cht (nh ca, cng xng, ng s, hp, sn bay, bn cng,) hoc sc

kho cng ng (bnh dch, h c, nc bn,) hoc n ngun ti nguyn thin nhin

(rng, sng h, ngun nc, hong sn v a dng sinh hc).

tin hnh nh gi ri ro, chng ta c ththeo hng dn sau.

Hnh 4.. Cc bc trong nh gi ri ro c sdng M (Ngun: Nguyn 2005)

- Xc nh khu vc i hi phi c snng cp, bsung (c bit i vi cc nh my

mi xy dng v c sthay i cng ngh).

- rnh by c rng: hot ng ca cng trnh an ton

- Bo m c gi tr tin t vic cung cp an ton bn cht nh gi ri c

s dng xc nh u tin i vi chi ph cc bin php m gim thiu ri ro.

- Hi ng nghin cu quc gia M(1983) xut v pht trin mt c cu nhgi ri ro, v c cu c c quan bo vmi trng M (USEPA) s dng tnm 1986,

ghin cu nh gi ri ro Qun ri ro

hng th nghim vquan st thc a vnh hng xu ivi sc khov tipxc i vi tngcht c.

hng tin v cc phng php ngoi

suy v liu ngcao, thp i vingi v sinh vt.

o c ngoi thca, tnh ton hnng tip xc, cim dn c

Xc nh him hoc t c gy rahim ha xuhng?

nh gi s phnng li liu ng(mi quan h gialiu ng v phmvi nh hng ivi ngi gi?

nh gi tip xcno thng b vbit trc ctrong nhng iukin hc nhauno?

c imri ro, phmvi nhhng xu g trongphm vi mtnhm dn s bit

ht trin ccbin php achn iuchnh

nh gi huqu sc kho,kinh t, x hi,chnh tr ca cc phng n achn iu chnh

quan quytnh v hnhng


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nhng ng tic n cn c nhiu hn chi vi ADB. s hnh 4.1 c m t h thng v

thi gian, bc ny rt cn thit xc nh nhng im quan trng xy ra cc him ha v

cc cht c hi.

4.2. C cu ri ro c ut cho cc d n pht trin

m 1983, i ng nghin cu quc gia M trnh by cc bc nh gi ri ro

trong mt c cu thch hp v n c c quan bo vmi trng M (USEPA) s dng t

nm 1986

rung tm ng y, Smith v cng s(1988) a ra c cu nh gi ri ro nh

sau (hnh 4.2).

Hnh 4.2. C cu nh gi ri ro do Smith v cng s xut 1998

nh 43 di y m r c mi quan h ca hi nim c bn vnh gi ri ro

vi cc qu trnh nh gi ri ro v cc bc hot ng (bc hng dn).

Xc nh mi nguy him

nh ton, phn tch him ho(nh nghavchu trnh dng, h thng gii hn, quytrnh chit xut, vn chuyn v phn tn)

nh gi ng truyn mi trng (nhgi ny c in quan n cc nh hng xu

nh hm ng, tip xc, iu ng)

c tnh ri ro

Qun ri ro


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Hnh 4.3. Mi quan hhi nim nhgi ri ro (Ngun: Nguyn 2005)

rong , ngi ra thng s dng mt b3 cu hi sau:

x i vi d?

nh hng g c th xy ra v tc ng n sc kho ca con ngi? nh hng ny

c th lan truyn qua mi trng (nc, hng h, t, thc phm)?

c hu qum cht ngi, tai nn c th xy ra?

2. Ph quan trng c u qu x ?

Sng ngi bnh hng, sng tin tiu ph, ca ci bh hi, vng a b

tn ph?

3. Hu qu xu ra sao?

Vi tn sut no gy ra cc hu qu xu , bng chng lch sv thc t kinh nghim

no c xem xt hnng ri ro c th xy ra?

4.3. Mi nguy him v s hng chc chn

Mi nguy him c in quan n cc dn pht trin kinh t bao gm:

- o cht c hi i vi ngi v ng thc vt.- Vt cht dchy, d n.- c thit bc hc bh hng s rt nguy him i vi ngi v ca ci.

Xc nh him ha

Kim ton him ha

nh gi ngtruyn mi trng

c tnh ri ro

Qun ri ro

(hi nim c bnv) u trnh (ng dn)

i g c th dn

n sai?

Mc khc nghitca hu qu xu?

Hu qu xu nh thno xy ra?

i g cn phi m gim ri ro?

im qua

Gii hn

S thc hin


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- c cng trnh v, h hng (p nc).- hin tai m tng mc h hi k thut.- n ph hsinh thi (ph dng ho, xi mn t)

hng tin vcc him hotrn nu hng chc chn th c th cn n

- Tim nng gy ra cc ho cht c hi. T lv sng.- Ho hon v gy n.- Vn chuyn v s hu hoi ca cht gy nhim c trong mi trng.- o tan, phn tn mt cch c hc.- Tip xc vi c t, ai tip xc, bao nhiu ngi, bao u- Don iu ng xm nhp vo ngi da trn th nghim ng vt.- T lh hng cc trm thit b, nh my c h, in trc-

c phong m vic ca con ngi, thiu st ca cng nhn, phn ng ca x hi.- Tai bin thin nhin (ng t, bo, sng thn).- Sphn b h thng thot nc, mc nc, thc vt v vi h hu.

Nhng shng chc chn ny sinh t:

- Thiu hiu bit v tm quan trng ca mi quan h: nhn-qu, thiu kin thckhoa hc ( thuyt) d v stch t sinh hc ca cc ho cht c hi trong

chui thc n, phn ng ca cy trng i vi nhim hng h

- S liu m do y mu, o c v x- Thiu s liu, s liu hng ng bv hi o c hng tun thcc nguyn tc

v iu kin mi trng ca dn

- T ti iu vc tsinh thi c ngoi suy tng vt sang ngi v t liung cao trong th nghim n liu ng thp khi tip xc

- Tng thnh phn mi trng thin nhin c s bin ng (bin ng thi tit, hhu, ch thuvn,)

- c gi thit tnh ton, nh gi chnh xc, nhy bn ca gi thit v t quthc t, sn hp gia xt on v t qu thc t xy ra.

- im mi l ca dn (p dng cng ngh, ho cht, sthay i a im, thiukinh nghim, lch s s liu)

4.4. Qutrnh nh gi ri ro (Risk Assessment)

nh gi ri ro bao gm 5 giai on chnh sau y: xc nh him ho, phn tch him

ho, nh gi ng truyn mi trng, c th ri ro v qun ri ro.


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Xc inh him ho it nhng khnng c th xy ra ca cc ngun gy nguy

him y bc nh gi u tin c ch ngay cho ngi qun hi nh gi dn Xc

nh ri ro phc v cho dbo nh ng cc nh hng ca dn m cp.

Nhng ngun thng tin hc nhau, hs v tai nn v cc thut hc c thc

s dng xc nh cc s vic xy ra c thgy nguy him. Nhng ngun thng tin ti iu :

- Hs v tai nn trong cng oi nh my hay c th s dng hs cng loi tng

t.

- Tho lun vi cc s tham gia thit kcng trnh

- ham quan nghin cu hin trng (nh my)

- Nu c nghin cu vmi nguy him hay hot ng ca nh my theo thit kth

c th s dng n xc nh tim tng nguy hi. Nu hng c nghin cu loi ny th cnthit phi tin hnh nghin cu xc nh u im cn khc phc trong thit k hay trong

hot ng hin nay cha tht ph hp ngn nga cc tai nn.

- Cn phi quan tm thm cc nh hng hc, chng hn nh thi tit khc nghit,

ng t,

ghin cu v mi nguy him v hnng hot ng ca mt cng trnh ng vai tr

quan trng trong vic xc nh mi nguy him tim tng ghin cu ny nghin cu kim

tra chi tit v thit k ca nh my c ch ca n m bo nhng nt c bn c kt

hp vi nhau c c san ton, hot ng c inh nghim ca nh my v trnh c

nhng im m dn c thgy ra nhng tc ng xu. Mt nhm nhchuyn gia c inh

nghim s tin hnh nghin cu ny, nhm ny bao gm:

hm trng

+ Tr nhm

gi phn tch ri ro

+ Ks phtrch qu trnh thit kt

+ Ks im tra

n b qun vn hnh hot ng ca nh my

n b phtrch bo dng

rong cng tc xc nh mi nguy hi c shng chc chn. Shng chc chn

ch yu hnng ca ngi nh gi m bo rng tt c vt cht nguy him v s

kin nguy him c xc nh.


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4.5. c th ri ro (Risk Characterisation)

c th ri ro s biu hin ri ro i vi tng cc th, cc cng ng hay cc i

tng btc ng hc S biu hin ny c nh ng ho c im ny thng a v

nhng gi tr nh ng cao hn mc trung bnh d: s ngi b cht, b au m, b

thng tt, n v thi gian,

2 mc ch chnh trong vic thc hin rc ht cn bit ri ro, sau

m gim n ic m u tin v xem xt hnng chp nhn ri ro. S

biu hin ca ri ro i vi ngi thng tvong im cui v s biu hin bao gm

cc thnh phn sau:

Chi i gian:

- Tui th- Tui ao ng tip xc cht c ca cng nhn- Hng nm- Nhng thi gian c bit hc c th la chn c in quan n tip xc

S i:

- th- Mt nhm ngi c xc nh la chn, a phng, ngh nghip- n strn mt a bn chnh tr, hnh chnh hay a

Ngu i ro:

- u c ch s hay kinh nghim v ri ro- i no c m hnh dbo v ri ro c s dng

rong hi xem xt c th ri ro, ngi ta tin hnh so snh ri ro c th xy ra do

vic thc hin dn ny vi mt dn thc hin c nhng nt tng t. Da vo cc

thnh phn ca s biu hin ri ro m ta c th tin hnh vic so snh gay trong mt dn

ta c th so snh (v d t l t vong) ca cng on ny vi cng on hc, gia phn

xng ny vi phn xng hc,

4.6. Qun ri ro (Risk Management)

Mc ch cui cng ca qun ri ro a chn v thc hin cc hot ng m

gim ri ro. Qun ri ro cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho cc nh qun dn nng

cao qu trnh ra quyt nh cho cc dn pht trin cn vay vn.

Quyt nh ny hng phi hon ton mt bn tng trnh thnh cng hay hng

thnh cng vcng ca mt dn, bi v rng c quan cp inh ph thng xuyn in h

vi dn trong hu xy dng. y v thng a ra cc yu cu d nhng gy ra tn tht vmi trng.


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Qun ri ro snh gi cc phng n, cc bin php gim nh ri ro v vic

thc hin cc phng n c bin php phi t c hiu qu(chi ph hu hiu).

uy nhin, trong mt vi trng hp, t c mt s li ch nht nh nh phi

chp nhn s ri ro c th xy ra.


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I TP N - T CHOT N CHUN NGNH

Trong phn ny, chng ti trnh by cu trc v yu cu v ni dung ca bo coM

c da trn 26/2011/TT- BN 18/7/2011 ca B i nguyn v i

trng vhng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng chin c (), nh gi tc ng mi

trng () v cam t bo vmi trng.

T TT O CO NH GI TC NG I TRNGCn nu r cc ni dung chnh ca Dn, cc tc ng n mi trng tnhin, inh

t- x hi, cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu v chng trnh qun mi trng. Bn

tm tt cn c trnhby sc tch vi vn phong d hiu, hng nng tnh thut v c

dung lng hng qu 10% tng s trang ca bo co .

U

1.. Xut ca d n

-u tm tt v xut x, hon cnh ra i ca dn

- quan c thm quyn ph duyt dn u t (bo co h thi)

- Mi quan h ca dn vi quy hoch pht trin

-u r dn c nm trong khu kinh t, hu cng ngh cao, KCN hay khu ch xut hng

1.2. Cn c php ut v thut ca vic thc hin T

- Lit vn bn php ut v thut m cn c cho vic lp bo co

- Lit cc quy chun, tiu chun p dng trong bo co

- Lit cc ngun ti iu, d liu s dng trong bo co (ngun ti iu tham kho v ngun

ti iu do ch dn p).

1.3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh T

Lit y cc phng php s dng trong qu trnh v p bo co ,

bao gm cc phng php , cc phng php iu tra, kho st, nghin cu, th nghim

v cc phng php hc

1.4. T chc thc hin T

-u tm tt v vic t chc thc hin v p bo co ca ch dn- anh sch nhng ngi trc tip tham gia lp bo co (hc v, chuyn ngnh o to).


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CHNG T T TT N

1.1. Tn d nu chnh xc tn nh trong bo co h thi/bo co u t

1.2. Ch d nu y tn c quan ch dn, a chin c, ngi ng u (nu r chc danh).

1.3. V tr a ca d n

tr rng v tr a ca dn theo to tngng vi i tng tnhin (h

thng giao thng, sng sui, i ni,), cc i tng KT-X (hu dn c, th, dch v,

cng trnh vn ho, tn gio, di tch ch s), v cc i tng xung quanh hc

1.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n

1.4.1. M m a d1.4.2. Kh ng mc d

- Lit y , m t chi tit v khi ng v quy m ca tt ccc hng mc cng trnh

ca dn c cng trnh c chia m 2 oi:

ng trnh chnh: phc v cho sn xut kinh doanh

ng trnh ph tr: h trcho hot ng nh giao thng, cp in, nc,

1 bi x a d

1.4.4. Cng ngh sn xut, vn hnh

- t chi tit vquy m cng ngh, cng ngh vn hnh, hot ng ca dn c m theo

ngun pht sinh cht thi.

1.4.5. Danh m , thit b- Lit y cc oi my mc, thit b ca dn (xut x, nm sn xut,)

1.4.6.N t li ( o) ng loi sn ph (u ra) ca d- Lit y cc thnh phn chnh, ph ca nguyn nhin vt liu (u vo), sn phm

(u ra) ca dnm theo ch dn vtn thng hiu v cng thc ha hc (nu c)

1.4.7. Ti thc hin d-u r tin thc hin cc hng mc cng trnh t khi dn bt u n hi i vo vn

hnh(c th th hin di dng biu ).

1.4.8. V -u r tng vn u t, trong c vn dnh cho

1.4.9. Tchc qu c hin d- T chc qun v thc hin dn


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CHNG 2 IU IN T NHIN, I TRNG V INH T-X HI

2.. iu in t nhin v mi trng- iu kin va , a cht

- iu kin vh tng

- iu kin thuvn/hi vn- Hin trng mi trng: hng h, nc, t,So snh vi tiu chun, quy chun v nhn

xt, nh gi v mc nhim.

- Hin trng ti nguyn sinh hc

2.2. iu in inh t- hi- iu kin v kinh t khu vc thc hin dn

- iu kin vx hi khu vc thc hin dn

CHNG 3 NH GI TC NG I TRNG

3.1. nh gi tc ng

3.1.1. o on chun b ca d o o x ng o on v (o ng) ca d o o a d (o a, ci tophc hi o ng)

nh gi tc ng phi theo tng giai on ca dn (xy dng, vn hnh) v c th

cho tng ngun tc ng n mi trng.

- Ngun gy tc ng c in quan n cht thi: rn, lng, h v cc ngun hc

- Ngun gy tc ng hng in quan n cht thi: xi mn, trt l, st l, n t,

thay i mc nc, suy thoi mi trng, bin i a dng sinh hc,

- i tng btc ng: tt ccc i tng tnhin, X, vng n cn btc ng

bi dn trong cgiai on xy dng v vn hnh

5 o i ro, sc

3.2. Nhn t v mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh giNhn xt hch quan v mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh gi vcc tc ng MT.

CHNG 4 IN PHP GI THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NG V NGPH S C I TRNG.c bin php phi xut trong cgiai on xy dng v vn hnh dn


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4.. in php phng nga, gim thiucc tc ng u do d n gy ra

o on chun b o o x ng o on v o o ( )

4.2. in php phng nga, ng ph i vi cc ri ro, s c4.2.1. Trong giai on chun b o o x ng o on v o o ( )

CHNG 5 CHNG TRNH QUN V GI ST I TRNG

5.. Chng trnh QT

hng trnh L c xy dng da trn chng 1, 3, 4 di dng bng nhm

ra mt chng trnh qun cc vn v trong qu trnh chun b, xy dng cc

cng trnh ca dn v hi dn i vo vn hnh

5.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng

ra chng trnh nhm gim st cc cht thi pht sinh trong sut qu trnh chun b,

xy dng v vn hnh dn

5 G t thi:gim st u ng/tng ng thi v cc thng sc trng cho

cht thi ca mi dn theo tiu chun, quy chun hin hnh n sut ti thiu 03 thng/n.

5 G ng xung quanh: Chgim st nhng thng sc trng cho mi d

n theo tiu chun, quy chun hin hnh n sut ti thiu 06 thng/n.

5 G :gim st xi mn, t, sc l, xm nhp mn,


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CHNG 6 TH VN IN CNG NG

6.. in ca UN cp

6.2. in ca i din cng ng dn c(nu c)

6.3. in ca t chc chu tc ng trc tip bi n (nu c)

6.4. in ca c quan ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n ydng c s h tng hu sn ut, inh doanh, dch v tp trung (nu c)

6.5. in phn hi v cam t ca ch d n i vi cc ut, in ngh, yu cuca ccc quan, t chc c tham vn

T UN, IN NGH V C T

1.1. t unPhi kt lun nhng vn nhn dng c, nh gi c ht tc ng cha, vn g cn

cha dbo c, nh gi c,

1.2. in nghKin ngh vi cc cp, ngnh in quan gip gii quyt nhng vn vt khnng gii

quyt ca dn

1.3. Cam tCam kt ca ch d n v chng trnh qun , gim st mi trng nh nu trong

chng 5 hc hin cc cam t nh nu mc 6.3 ca chng 6

CC TI IU, IU TH HOLit cc ngun ti iu, d liu tham kho (hng phi do ch dn t to lp) trong qu

trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng (tn gi, xut x, thi gian, tc gi, ni pht hnh ca ti

liu, d liu)

PH C

c ph lc cn m theo bo co :

- Bn sao cc vn bn php in quan n dn

- c s , bn , bn vin quan n dn

- c phiu kt quphn tch cc thnh phn mi trng ni dn thc hin.

- Bn sao cc vn bn in quan n tham vn in cng ng.

- c hnh nh in quan n dn (nu c)

- c ti iu hc in quan (nu c)


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TI IU TH HO

1. Bi nguyn v i trng 2009, Quy chun kthut quc gia v ng, Ni.

2. Bi nguyn v i trng 2008, Tuyn t ng Vit Nam, i.

3. rn gc hn 2001 x , tp 3, X hoa hc v thut, i.

4. Economopoulos, A.P. 1993, Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, and Land Pollution A Guide to Rapid Source Inventory Techniques and Their Use in Formulating

Environmental Control Strategies Part II, World Health Organisation (WHO),

Geneva.

5. Glasson, J., Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A. 1995, Introduction to EnvironmentalImpact Assessment, UCL Press, London.

6. Harvey, N. 1998, Environmental Impact Assessment: procedures, practice andprospects in Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

7. hm gc , ong Xun 2001, , X i.

8. Lohani, B. N., Evans, J. W., Everitt, R. R., Ludwig, H., Carpenter, R. A. and Tu, S. L.,1997, Environmental Impact Assessement for developing countries in Asia, vol 1-

Overview, Asian Development Bank.

9. guyn nh nh 2005, , sch rng 1 i.

10.rn n hn, g h ga 1997, x , sch xanh rng i.

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