Bo co bi tp tun

14

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Chng 5: Cc yu cu thuc tnh cht lng45.1.Ti sao yu cu kin trc phi khc nhau.45.2.Mt m hnh tch hp5Kch bn thuc tnh cht lng5Yu cu thuc tnh cht lng6Yu t, vn v chin lc6Kin trc sn phm65.3.Yu cu thuc tnh cht lng65.4.Xc nh cc bn lin quan c bit12Xc nh cc bn lin quan tim nng135.5. Cc phng php ca yu cu k thut kin trc15Hi tho thuc tnh cht lng (QAW)15M hnh ho mc tiu17Phn tch ton cu18Yu t: vt qu yu cu18Vn 21Chin lc22Yu t v yu cu23M hnh ha mc tiu cc yu t, vn , v chin lc24Qun l yu t, vn , v chin lc255.6. Kim th yu cu kin trc c bit (ASRs)265.7.Bi tp tnh hung: h thng t ng ho to nh28Cc tnh nng ca vic xc nh sn phm29Lc lng ca hnh dng kin trc31Nhng hn ch v kin trc32Trnh iu khin kin trc33Thit k kin trc34M hnh ha cc min36M hnh hiu nng365.8.Thc tin v kinh nghim41Tc ng ca cc mc tiu kinh doanh41Cc khi nim v cht lng42Tch hp cc yu cu chc nng, thuc tnh cht lng, v kin trc425.9.Li khuyn cho yu cu thuc tnh cht lng425.10.Kt lun435.11.Cu hi tho lun43Chng 6 : Yu cu k thut cho cc nn tng446.1 Nn tng446.2 Nhng thch thc446.3 Thc tin46Xc nh bng cu hi47Chun ha u vo cc bn lin quan49Dung ha u vo cc bn lin quan50Xc nh nn tng cho cc NFR50Rt ra cc thnh phn ca cc NFR50Kim tra tnh nht qun52Kim tra k thut chung53Hon thnh cc rng buc53iu chnh tnh kh thi ca cc NFR53Hon chnh NFRs53nh gi chnh thc ca cc bn lin quan546.4 Kinh nghim54Xc nh bng cu hi v Gi u vo ca cc bn lin quan54Thng nht thut ng55Chun ha v kt hp u vo ca cc bn lin quan55Rt ra cc NFRs cho cc phn mm nn tng57Kim tra k thut v hon thnh rng buc586.5 Li khuyn RE cho cc nn tng586.6 Tm tt596.7 Cu hi tho lun59

Chng 5: Cc yu cu thuc tnh cht lng

5.1.Ti sao yu cu kin trc phi khc nhau. Kin trc phn mm ca mt chng trnh my tnh hay mt h thng tnh ton l cu trc ca cc thnh phn trong h thng . Kin trc phn mm bao gm cc phn t phn mm, cc thuc tnh v mi quan h gia chng. Ngoi ra, thut ng "kin trc phn mm" cng cp n cc ti liu kin trc phn mm ca mt h thng, thun tin cho vic trao i thng tin gia cc thnh vin trong mt d n. Kin trc phn mm gip vic quyt nh mc cao trong thit k phn mm d dng hn v cho php ti s dng cc thnh phn v mu thit k ca cc d n. Cc yu cu kin trc ca mt sn phm thng hon ton khc vi cc yu cu xc nh chc nng ca mt sn phm Chng n t nhiu ngun ch khng phi ch t khch hng nh cc thnh phn pht trin lin quan, c quan qun l,cng ngh ng dng sn c v cc sn phm trin khai trc . Chng c nh hng lu di trn cc sn phm hn yu cu v chc nng,bi v mt kin trc tt s duy tr s n nh qua nhiu phin bn sn phm. Mt trong s chng rt kh ni r Nhiu yu cu cht lng lin tc,ngc li t yu cu chc nng hp l.Thay v vt qua hay khng t tiu chun chng thng biu din bng cc gip php hon ho cho mt h thng,p ng c s mong i ca cc i tc lin quan.Cc gii php khc nhau phi nh i vi nhau t c mt kin trc tt theo tng gii php. Chng c tng tc khng r rng vi nhau do khi quyt nh thc thi.Nhiu thnh phn lin quan khng c ngha kin trc m chng cn do vy chng c th b qua mt s thuc tnh cht lng chng yu cu tc l cho n khi mt kin trc y c a ra. D on cc thay i trong kin trc: trong cc yu cu chc nng, iu kin kinh doanh, cng ngh sn c,thnh phn pht trin trong n,etc. Yu cu kin trc c bit (ASRs) rt kh c th kim th trc khi h thng ang hot ng Thc t mt vi ASRs l th ng chng hn nh chi ph,cch s dng.Phn hi v chng c th dn dn xut hin thay v trc tip kim chng. Chng thng tc ng xuyn sut, lm cho nhng thiu st rt kh sa cha sau khi tin hnh pht trin v ri ro cao hn.5.2.Mt m hnh tch hp Nh tho lun chng 2,yu cu k thut tch hp xoay quanh mt mu m hnh tch hp.Hnh di cho thy mt mu m hnh tch hp chng ta s s dng n nh mt hng dn trong chng ny.N cho thy cc to tc v mi quan h tch hp chc nng v kin trc ngnh yu cu k thut.

Kch bn thuc tnh cht lng Kch bn thuc tnh cht lng (QASs) l mt dng cu trc c bit m t ngn ng t nhin ca mt hnh vi.Chng c dng cp li cc khi nim lin quan, bng cch minh ho tng khi nim vi mt v d c th.Mt kch bn thuc tnh cht lng c th c mt kch bn Use-Case tng ng chnh thc ho n vi mc ch yu cu v kim th chng.Yu cu thuc tnh cht lng Mt yu cu thuc tnh cht lng (QAR) l mt dng yu cu c bit cp n tnh o lng (cc thuc tnh cht lng) chng hn nh cng sut, gi c, v s p ng, lin quan n s mong i ca cc bn lin quan.Yu t, vn v chin lc Yu t, vn v chin lc l cc to tc c s dng trong k thut gi l phn tch ton cu.Yu t (yu t tc ng n kin trc) l cc cu lnh, d n hoc cc ng cnh ca sn phm c kh nng nh hng n kin trc.Yu t c th c suy ra t vn ca cu lnh hoc kinh nghim k s hay kin thc chung.Cc yu t thng khi qut QASs hoc kinh bn Use-Case.i khi mt yu t c xc nh u tin sau mt kch bn use-case c vit ra nh mt v d v yu t.i khi yu cu sn phm c gii thiu nh l v d v cc yu t. Vn c xc nh bng cch tm cc xung t gia cc yu t.Vn cu lnh t cnh cc yu t xung t v gii thch ti sao chng rt kh ho gii. Chin lc l cc quyt nh thm d v kin trc hoc k hoch d n trong c vn a ch (kin trc).Kin trc sn phm Bn to tc hin th tt c cc thnh phn ht th v giao din h thng,cc m hnh s dng tt nht.N ph hp vi cc nguyn tc trong kin trc khi phn b trch nhim cho cc yu cu sn phm c th l thnh phn v giao din.Lu phn ln cc nguyn tc kin trc ca yu cu sn phm c th l c lp. l thm hoc loi b phn ln chc nng c th dn n vic thm hoc loi b cc thnh phn giao din chu trch nhim thc hin chc nng m khng nh hng n cc nguyn tc.5.3.Yu cu thuc tnh cht lng Vic nh gi sn phm phn mm tho mn cc yu cu cht lng l mt trong nhng quy trnh trong vng i pht trin ca phn mm.Cht lng sn phm phn mm cn c nh gi bng vic o kim trn cc sn phm trung gian, hoc o cc p ng ca m lnh khi thc thi, hoc o kim cht lng cc thuc tnh s dng. ISO Std. 9126-1 thit lp mt m hnh cht lng chun cho cc sn phm phn mm: Qui trnh cht lng: a ra m hnh cht lng sn phm phn mm. Cht lng trong: cht lng trn cc sn phm trung gian. Cht lng ngoi: cht lng ca sn phm hon thnh,trc khi chuyn giao. Cht lng s dng: cht lng sn phm phn mm trong qu trnh s dng. Mt thuc tnh cht lng l mt h thng hoc quy trnh s hu ch mang tnh cht lng trong bt k lnh vc ch cht lng. Lu rng, i vi cc mc ch ca chng ti, "quy trnh" "quy trnh cht lng" khng bao gm pht trin phn mm duy nht, nhng tt c cc chc nng kinh doanh xung quanh cc sn phm, bao gm tip th, bn hng, lp k hoch, bo dng, lp t, h tr khch hng, v vic chun b pht trin phin bn tip theo. ng nhin, cht lng c s dng l khu vc quan trng nht v cht lng, nhng n cng l ci mi nht o lng, v n khng th o c n khi sn phm c giao. May mn thay, thuc tnh cht lng trong cc lnh vc ch khc cho chng ta du hiu hu ch v nhng g cht lng c s dng; tc l, chng ta ni rng cc thuc tnh cht lng nh vy l "ch mang tnh" cht lng s dng. Nh mt v d, hy xem xt mt h thng t phng ca hng hng khng t phc v da trn web. u tin chng ti s tp trung vo s hon chnh ca h thng, l mt kha cnh ca tp th s dng. i vi cht lng c s dng, y s c o lng, trong c phn ny, sau tt c, l mt mc tiu chnh ca mt h thng nh vy "t l t thc t c thc hin thnh cng m khng c s tham gia ca nhn vin hng khng.": Gim chi ph nhn s t phng. T l ny s b nh hng bi nhiu yu t, trong c li, use-case cha thc hin, d s dng, thi gian p ng, cng sut my ch, vv. N cng s b nh hng bi t l ca cc dng khch hng khc nhau t phng mun thc hin. Hnh 5.2 minh ha cc thuc tnh cht lng rt nhiu, t bn lnh vc cht lng, l biu hin ca cc phn trm t phng khng c tr cp trong thc t s dng. Trc khi h thng c trin khai, n tri qua h thng kim nghim, ni kim th, hot ng mt phn ca khch hng, c gng hon thnh nhim v t phng du lch quy nh. y , y, c th c o bng "t l phn trm cc trng hp s dng thng qua h thng kim tra," s l mt thc o cht lng bn ngoi. y r rng l ch mang tnh phn trm v t phng khng c tr cp, nhng n l khc nhau theo nhiu cch, bao gm c: N ch trng nh nhau cho mi trng hp s dng, thay v chim tn xut mi use case l cn thit bi khch hng thc t. Kim th thanh ton nhanh chng tr thnh chuyn gia trong vic s dng cc phn mm m h ang kim nghim, trong khi nhiu khch hng thc t ch cn li ngi dng bnh thng ca phn mm. V vy, mt ngi kim tra c th hon thnh mt nhim v thnh cng thng qua mt giao din ngi dng l qu bc bi cho cc khch hng tiu biu. Mt use case m khng kim tra h thng vn c th lm vic hu ht thi gian trong iu kin thc t. Trc khi h thng thm ch t n h thng th nghim, nhm nghin cu pht trin c theo di s tin b ca h hon tt m ha. o y ti mt ht tt hn so vi trng hp s dng, h m c cc yu cu lin kt vi cc trng hp s dng v o "t l phn trm cc yu cu c thng qua kim tra n v." y s l mt thc o cht lng ni b, v c hai n v kim th c th c thc hin trn cu hnh s b ca h thng v v mt s cc th nghim n v i din cho iu kin khng th c th nghim thng qua bn ngoi (h thng) th nghim.

Mc d quy trnh cht lng theo mt ngha no l mt vn hon ton khc nhau t cht lng sn phm, chng ti chc chn c th khai thc hon chnh sn phm chu nh hng bi qu trnh ny. Trc ht, qu trnh xc nh cc bin php hon thin sn phm c s dng trong ba lnh vc ch khc cho mt d n. Th hai, mc m t chc tun th cc quy trnh c xc nh s c mt tc ng ng k v tnh chnh xc v kp thi ca cc gii php y , v v kh nng ca t chc t c hon chnh. V d, qu trnh ny c th xc nh nh th no m cc trng hp s dng cho cc mc ch ca vic o t l phn trm cc trng hp s dng qua th nghim h thng ca h. Ngi qun l d n cn phi cp nht s liu thng k ny u n theo di tin .Nu khng quy trnh thc thi s khng y , bi v n khng lm tt c mi quy trnh m h xc nh. Nu qu trnh xc nh khng r lm th no xc nh xem cc thit lp ca trng hp s dng l hon chnh p ng cc bn lin quan, sau tin trnh xc nh chnh n c th c coi l khng hon chnh l tt, m c th dn n s thiu tnh y trong s dng. Khi ni n vic xc nh cc yu cu thuc tnh cht lng thc t, chng gip phn bit hai loi: Yu cu xc nh thuc tnh o lng cht lng v lm th no v khi no o lng chng. Yu cu xc nh nhng gi tr ca cc thuc tnh o lng cht lng ch ra cht lng. T nhng v d ny, bn c th thy rng cc yu cu chc nng v yu cu v thuc tnh cht lng b sung cho nhau, v khng phi l m khng c s khc bit. Khng xc nh tt c cc loi chc nng t ch (cc use-case) m cc sn phm h tr, m khng xc nh nhanh nh th no mt khch hng c th t phng; v d, n cn c nhanh hn nhiu so vi gi in thoi cho hng hng khng. Ngc li, n l khng xc nh rng mt khch hng c th t ch mt trong ba pht, m khng xc nh loi thng tin khch hng s c th kim tra, s phc tp ca hnh trnh c th c x l, v tt c cc chi tit chc nng khc. Tuy nhin, cc yu cu chc nng l nhng yu cu c bn "danh t v ng t", trong khi cc yu cu thuc tnh cht lng thng cp nht cc yu cu v cc chc nng "tnh t v trng t." Cng lu rng s hon chnh trong s dng h thng t phng hng hng khng s b nh hng bi cc thuc tnh cht lng khc, chng hn nh d s dng, bi v t gc nhn ca ngi s dng c rt t s khc bit gia mt chc nng l cha thc hin v qu kh s dng, qu chm, vv. Ni chung, cc thuc tnh cht lng s chng ln nhau trong mi lnh vc ch cht lng, v mi thuc tnh cht lng trong mt lnh vc s biu th nhiu thuc tnh cht lng trong cc lnh vc khc. Vi nhng v d ny trong tm tr, chng ti tm tt bn thut ng lin quan: Cht lng: T cch s dng mt hoc nhiu nh ngha hn Thuc tnh cht lng: Mt thuc tnh ca h thng hoc quy trnh l du hiu ca cht lng Thuc tnh o lng cht lng: Mt cch o lng mt thuc tnh cht lng cho mt h thng hoc qu trnh c th Yu cu thuc tnh cht lng: Mt yu cu th hin bng mt hoc nhiu thuc tnh o lng cht lng Bng 5.1 a ra mt mu rng cc ch thuc tnh cht lng khc bn c th mun xem xt, vi mt thc o v d lin quan n tng ch . Cc ch c rt ra t ISO/ IEC Std. 9126, nhng c rt nhiu ngun chnh ng khc cc ch c sn trn Internet. Cc thuc tnh o lng cht lng m bn s dng s rt c th cho d n ca bn, nh bn s thy khi chng ta tho lun v hi tho thuc tnh cht lng.Ch thuc tnh cht lngV d thuc tnh o lng cht lng

Tnh ph hpS lng cc trng hp s dng, trong mt tp xc nh cc trng hp s dng m cc phn mm h tr.

Tnh chnh xc ln ca sai s trong mt Kh nng tng tc tnh ton xc nh s cc trng hp s dng tng tc ,trn mt nh ngha, l s h tr phn mm.

Tnh bo mtChng li cc loi mi e da bo mt m qua cc phn mm c bo v tt nht

Tnh tng tciu nng h thng (v d, thng lng) trong iu kin bt li no (v d, ph v n khi yu cu)

Tnh hon thinTn sut gin on trong cc dch v do li trong phn mm

Kh nng sa liHiu sut ca h thng (v d, thng lng) sau mt loi quy nh ca li (v d, phn mm, phn cng, hoc mi trng)

Kh nng phc hiThi gian tr v hiu nng h thng bnh thng v ton vn d liu sau khi mt loi quy nh tht bi, v cc loi d liu c th c phc hi khi b h hng trc tip do tht bi.

Tnh d hiuThi gian trung bnh cho mt ngi s dng quyt nh (chnh xc) cho d h thng ny l rt thch hp thc hin mt nhim v quy nh

Tnh d hcThi gian trung bnh cho mt ngi dng mi lm quen thc hin mt nhim v tin tin c quy nh cho ln u tin

Kh nng vn hnhTn sut m ngi s dng mc li hot ng (c gng p dng cng c vo mt vn c th khng chnh xc)

Tnh hp dnTn sut m bn mua la chn sn phm trn mt sn phm c chc nng tng t

Tit kim thi gianThi gian p ng, thng qua, v rung pha trong cc iu kin quy nh

S dng ti nguynTiu th ti nguyn (v d, b nh, thi gian CPU, d liu truyn) theo mt khi lng cng vic c ch nh

Kh nng phn tchThi gian trung bnh chn on mt lp xc nh cc li

Kh nng thay iThi gian trung bnh thit k, thc hin v t th nghim mt loi quy nh khi thay i m

Tnh cn bngTn sut lm cho mt loi quy nh thay i bt ng a ra cc tc dng ph

Kh nng kim nhThi gian trung bnh thit k, thc hin v trin khai mt loi quy nh ca th nghim

Kh nng tng hpThi gian trung bnh iu chnh h thng mt loi mi ca mi trng, trong mt phm vi nht nh ca cc loi mi trng, c quyn s dng cc phng php thch ng quy nh

Kh nng ci tN lc ci t sn phm phn mm trong mt kiu mi trng nht nh

Kh nng chung sngTn s ca khch hng bo co, li h thng xc nhn do s xut hin ca cc quy nh, cc sn phm phn mm cho php khc trong mi trng in ton tng t

Kh nng thay thDanh sch cc sn phm phn mm m mt sn phm nht nh l ph hp thay th

Tnh hiu quT l cc trng hp s dng xc nh rng cc phn mm thc hin mt cch chnh xc

Nng sutT l cng vic hon thnh cho n lc ca con ngi chi tiu, trong iu kin xc nh

S an tonD kin chi ph tin t hi cho ngi dn, doanh nghip, phn mm, ti sn hoc mi trng khi h thng c s dng trong mt bi cnh xc nh

S hi lngTn sut m ngi s dng dng th ca phn mm tip tc mua phn mm trong vng 30 ngy

Bng 5.1. Thuc tnh cht lng Ngoi vic t ch, c rt nhiu "ng dng" khc ca mt h thng t phng hng hng khng. N c dng kim tin cho cc nh phn mm xy dng n. N c s dng thc hin mt h thng t phng hng hng khng tt hn sau ny. Trong thc t, mi lp ln ca cc bn lin quan s c mt tng khc nhau v nhng g "t cch s dng" c ngha l cho h. V d nh, Cc nhm doanh nghip quan tm n tc x l v hiu qu: thi gian tip th v gi tr so vi s tin chi cho s pht trin. H cng quan tm n kh nng ca sn phm v hiu sut. Cc gim c pht trin quan tm v on m d hiu v cp nht c. Cc b phn CNTT ti cc trang web khch hng quan tm n sc khng ca sn phm vi cc virus v nhng n lc xm nhp khc. La chn mt tp cc yu cu thuc tnh cht lng tt i hi mt s pha trn ng n ca cc bn lin quan trng tm v kin thc chuyn mn. Bn phi p ng cc bn lin quan trong thi gian ngn hn, gi cho d n i tip. Tuy nhin, bn cng phi lng trc nhng vn m cc bn lin quan cha ngh n.Do vy, bn nn rt ra trn kinh nghim ca bn thn v kinh nghim ca cc chuyn gia kin trc khc. Hy cn thn ng phng d liu cc yu cu ca bn vi tt c cc thuc tnh cht lng c th tng tng, nhng bn c th mun gi mt danh sch ring ca cc thuc tnh m bn ngh rng s tr nn quan trng sau ny. Chng ta tha nhn rng x l yu cu thuc tnh cht lng c hiu qu th mt phn l vn ca thi gian. Nhiu thnh vin trong nhm s cha sn sng ni nhiu v thuc tnh cht lng n khi cc yu cu chc nng rng c xc nh. Trc khi cc yu cu thuc tnh cht lng c th c xc nh, ngi ta phi xc nh cc n v o lng ca cc thuc tnh cht lng, v tp trung vo qun l cc thuc tnh nh vy. Nhiu thuc tnh cht lng cn phi c gim giao dch so vi cc thuc tnh cht lng khc. iu quan trng s lin quan ca chng s khc nhau cho cc bn lin quan khc nhau. i vi cc bn lin quan bn ngoi, s hiu bit ca cc bn lin quan cn bng vi s pht trin da trn cc s kin bn ngoi m bn c th khng nhn thc c. Thit lp mt gi tr mc tiu y tham vng cho, ni, mt yu cu hiu sut c th y cc nh thit k hng n phc tp, gii php hiu sut cao. Lnh o d n cn phi suy ngh cn thn v nhng tc ng trc khi cam kt vi cc mc tiu c th. Trong nhng trng hp ng lo ngi, c th l ng gi tho lun v nhng tc ng vi cc nhm ph b nh hng v xem nu l gi tr vn hnh th mt nghin cu i chiu xem liu mt gii php n gin c th c tt, bin minh cho vic tit kim so vi mt hiu sut cao, thit k t hn . i vi cc thuc tnh ti nguyn lin quan, chng ta phi gii quyt vi cc cu hnh ca cc ngun lc v cc yu cu thuc tnh cht lng lin quan (xem chng 6).5.4.Xc nh cc bn lin quan c bit Chng trc cp n yu cu ca cc bn lin quan nhng i vi yu cu kin trc c bit , bn cn phi suy ngh cn thn v vic xc nh tt c cc bn lin quan.Chng ti ngh vit mt ti liu phn tch cc bn lin quan v cp nht n theo thi gian.Ti liu ny c th s c mt s s thng thn v kin khng tt, nh cc bn lin quan c giao din khc nhau ca yu cu quan trng, v vy n khng c dng rng ri. Mt bn lin quan l bt k ngi no c kin, nhu cu hoc s thch c th c lin quan n s thnh cng ca d n.Mt v d r rng nu l khch hng: chng ta mun c ngi mua sn phm, kin ca ngi rt quan trng.Tuy nhin,ngay c vi v d n gin,iu quan trng cn lu s khc bit tinh t ngi mua v ngi s dng chnh.V d,i vi hnh nh y hc,cc quyt nh mua hng cho my qut CT triu la v MRI thit b ny thng c thc y bi nhng kin ca mt s lng nh c nh hng n i ng ging vin nghin cu ti cc bnh vin ging dy chnh. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi s dng chnh ca my l k thut vin y t, nhng ngi quan tm nhiu hn v tnh d s dng hn so vi cc k thut mi tin b tin b. V d v cc cc bn lin quan bao gm: Ci t: Trong mt s lnh vc nh vin thng hoc ch to, ci t phn mm v cu hnh n hot ng mt cch chnh xc vi cc thit b hin c a dng trc khi cu thnh mt nhim v y th thch tinh thn lao ng. c bit l trong cc doanh nghip s dng knh bn hng gin tip, gim bt cc ci t c th c mt tc ng rt ln n li nhun, v vy bao gm c cc trnh ci t nh cc bn lin quan l rt quan trng. Cng ngh h tr: Trong nhiu doanh nghip, cc nhn vin tr li cc cuc gi in thoi t khch hng gin d ni cn cng c chun on t xa tt p cng nh giao din ngi dng d gii thch. i th cnh tranh: Mt s bn lin quan mun xem d n tht bi.Nhng mi th tr nn phc tp hn khi cng mt cng ty va l i tc trong mt phn ca doanh nghip v i th cnh tranh. Thut ng "bn lin quan" c th c bt k ca ba ngha, ty thuc vo ng cnh. Lp bn lin quan: Mt nhm,chuyn mc, hoc kiu c nhn vi mt tp hp cc mi quan tm. C nhn bn lin quan: C th, tn ngi l thnh vin ca mt hoc nhiu lp bn lin quan. Bn c th cn tham gia vo mt vi c nhn t cng mt lp. i din bn lin quan: Mt c nhn c la chn i din cho mt lp bn lin quan cho cc mc ch ca mt d n. trong mt s trng hp, mt i din ca bn lin quan khng phi l mt thnh vin ca lp m c i din, nhng c chn lm i din cho h bi v mt l do ny hay cch khc, khng c thnh vin ca lp c th c thc hin c sn i din cho h.Xc nh cc bn lin quan tim nng N l rt quan trng cho bn ng no mt danh sch ca cc bn lin quan c kh nng quan trng trc khi quyt nh nhng g bn thc s s tham gia, bi v nu bn b mt bn lin quan quan trng, bn c kh nng b l mt yu cu quan trng. D n ca bn chc chn s gii thiu bn vi mt s c nhn bn lin quan r rng. Mt s ngun b sung c th gip xc nh cc bn lin quan quan trng l: nh ngha cc vn : iu ny s cho bn bit l do ti saod n l quan trng, s cung cp cho bn nhng manh mi m n quan trng. Cc d n v cc b phn khc trong t chc ca bn: Cc b phn khc c th, v d, cung cp h tr cc sn phm bn ang pht trin, em li cho h mt c phn trong . Danh sch kim tra: C vi danh sch tt c cng b ca cc bn lin quan cc lp tim nng, bao gm c nhng ngi t Vin Cng ngh phn mm v h thng cc bang hi i Ty Dng. Biu ng cnh use-case: Trong Chng 4, bn hc cch xc nh mc use-case t trn xung v b rng-u tin. Mc cp cao ca biu use case xc nh tt c cc loi tc nhn tng tc vi h thng bn ang xy dng. Mi loi tc nhn cho thy mt lp cc bn lin quan. Mo: Nu ng cnh biu use-case cha c khi to, cn cung cp gip son tho n. Thuc tnh cht lng: Khi bn xem xt tim nng quan trng ca cc thuc tnh cht lng, t cu hi "quan trng cho ai?" iu ny i khi s pht hin ra cc lp bn lin quan mi c gi tr xem xt. Bt u ghi li tng lp bn lin quan khi bn xc nh n. V mi lp bn lin quan quan trng c tim nng, bn c th mun m t n. Mi quan tm chnh ca lp bn lin quan Mi e do trong d n Chuyn mn v cc u vo khc m chng mang li cho d n Lm th no c nhiu thi gian m bn mong i khi cn Khi bn mong i h dnh thi gian ng k ni chuyn vi bn v d n, xem xt c khi bn cn n chng v khi h bt u nhn thy d n cp bch dnh nhiu thi gian hn. i tng i din cho cc lp ca cc bn lin quan u tin cc lp bn lin quan mt cch lin tc, c v tm quan trng v cp bch. Bn khng cn phi hon thnh vic phn tch nu bn chc chn c lp bn lin quan l khng quan trng, nhng n s gip t cp n cc lp v ti sao n khng phi l quan trng, v vy m nhng ngi khc bit bn c suy ngh v n. Tip theo, chn cc i din bn lin quan. v mi bn lin quan lp, xem xt cch ng c vin ph hp hoc khc vi phn cn li ca thnh vin lp. c bit ch n: Tm quan trng chnh ca c nhn trong t chc Sn c Tm quan trng ca d n i vi trc tip c nhn Tim nng cho s xung t chng trnh S xung t chng trnh l mt phn tt yu ca phn tch. V d, nu d n ca bn ang xy dng mt nn tng phn mm hoc th vin m s c s dng trong cc sn phm khc nhau, mi sn phm s c mt tin pht trin khc nhau v s s dng phn mm ca bn theo mt cch khc nhau. Khi bn thy rng cc ng c vin i din cho cc lp tng t c s xung t chng trnh bn c th mun lm mt trong nhng iu sau y: u tin hu ht cho cc ng vin ca d n m quan trng v/hoc khn cp Chia lp bn lin quan vo hai hay nhiu lp.5.5. Cc phng php ca yu cu k thut kin trc Trong phn ny, chng ti m t mt s phng php m cc kin trc s s dng xc nh v phn tch cc yu cu thuc tnh cht lng nh l mt phn ca bt u thit k h thng.Hi tho thuc tnh cht lng (QAW) Mt cuc hi tho thuc tnh cht lng tp hp mt tp hp a dng ca cc bn lin quan trong cuc hp mt hay hai ngy gi ra nhng mi quan tm ca h c thuc tnh cht lng v gip h hiu c mt mi quan tm ca ngi khc. Nh mt mi quan tm ang c m t, ngi iu hnh s gip cc bn lin quan vit mt kch bn thuc tnh cht lng m t nhng g anh ta mun (v ngh rng c th kh t c). Cc bn lin quan nm bt t nht hai trong s nhng mi quan tm ln nht ca mnh trong cc hnh thc QASs v trnh by chng vo nhm. Nhm ny sau s chn mt s t cc QASs khm ph mt cch chi tit hn. Ngi gip h nhn thy mt s tm quan trng kin trc ca QASs, v bt u qu trnh kinh doanh ca chng vi nhau. Mt QAS l mt on m t cu trc ca mt h thng phn ng vi mt kch thch kinh t, bao gm o lng cht lng ca cc phn ng. N c pht minh bi cc nh nghin cu kin trc phn mm ti Vin Cng ngh phn mm nh mt phng tin giao tip gia cc bn lin quan v i ng kin trc. Mt QAS thng c cu trc theo cc phn sau y: Nhng kch thch Mt ngun kch thch kinh t Mt to tc b kch thch Mt mi trng m trong cc gi kch thch xy ra Mt phn ng vi kch thch Mt bin php phn ng (nh lng xc nh mt phn ng tha ng) Lu cc thuc tnh cht lng, o lng, v yu cu ng bi kch bn ny: Cc thuc tnh cht lng l "lp cu hnh cha cc cm bin mi." Cc bin php ny l "s lng m ngun mi c vit, lng thi gian cht, v s lng thi gian theo lch mang li mt cm bin mi trc tuyn." Yu cu l "khng c m mi ngun, khng c thi gian cht thm, v t hn mt tun lch." Cng nn lu cc mng QAS gim mt s chi tit m mt kch bn phi cu trc c th m: T khi khng c m ngun mi c cho php, th phi c mt gii hn v phm vi ca cc loi cm bin mi c th c x l. Vi chng trnh, bt k loi cm bin cng x l. Tt h thng cu hnh cho n c th l khng phi l mt la chn, v c th c thi gian cht bt thng. Cu hnh s c thc hin bi mt chuyn gia, khng phi l mt ngi mi. Cc chuyn gia l mt phn ca cc t chc ci t, khng phi l t chc ca khch hng. Nhng kha cnh quan trng nht ca kch bn ny l n cho mt v d c th v cu hnh, l d dng cho c cc bn lin quan v cc nhm kin trc hiu. Khi pht hin QASs, s rt hu ch xem xt cc loi kch bn sau, nh mt cch a ra nhng vn m c th khng c xem xt: Hot ng bnh thng: y l nhng kch bn r rng nht. Kch bn h thng hng i tng: h thng l mt i tng th ng ang c ch tc bi mt lp trnh vin hoc mt trnh ci t. Kch bn tng trng: Nhng kch bn i ph vi nhng thay i c kh nng hoc hp l vi cc yu cu trong tng lai, chng hn nh tng 50 phn trm trong cc yu cu nng lc. Chng gip pht trin h thng m (mt vi iu g) tng lai chng minh. Kch bn thm d: y l kch bn khng th xy ra, chng hn nh mt in t mt "lin tc" khi cung cp in. Chng c s dng kch thch suy ngh v cc gi nh ngm lm c s cho cc kin trc, m thc t c th vn cha l s tht. Chng ti khuyn bn nn s dng QASs, khng ch trong cc cuc hi tho, m bt c khi no bn ang chp cc mi quan h bn lin quan. Bn s mun qun l chng tng t nh cch bn qun l cc yu cu cao cp khc. Tuy nhin, iu quan trng l phi nh rng: Cc QAS ch l mt v d v cc quan h.Ph thuc vo bn iu tra cc ch v xut cc bin php thuc tnh cht lng tt v cc yu cu. u tin cc bn lin quan s thay i theo thi gian. Cc cng vic u tin thc hin trong mt hi tho s gip bn bit c ni tp trung s ch ca bn u tin, nhng u tin chnh thc ca mi quan tm s cn phi c thc hin sau v c h thng hn. QASs khng thay th cc kch bn use-case. Mt QAS thng i x vi h thng nh mt hp en, vi mt kch thch v p ng, trong khi mt kch bn use-case c gn vi mt use-case c th v c th c lm cht ch v chi tit khi cn thit. Chng ti khuyn bn nn thit lp lin kt gia cc theo di QASs v cc use-case hoc cc kch bn use-case chng tng ng, ch ra rng QAS l mt phn l do cho cc yu cu thuc tnh cht lng gn lin vi cc use-case.M hnh ho mc tiu Mt trong nhng khc bit y thch thc gia yu cu chc nng v yu cu thuc tnh cht lng l yu cu chc nng thng c/khng c hng v cho chng, trong khi yu cu thuc tnh cht lng nhiu nhn vt hn th tt hn. V d, nu mt h thng t phng ca hng hng khng c yu cu hin th mt danh sch mt s chuyn bay c sn trong vng 15 giy, cc thng tin hin th trong danh sch l chnh xc hoc khng chnh xc, nhng khng c g rt xu xy ra nu danh sch c hin th trong 16 giy thay v 15 , v hin th n trong 10 giy thm ch cn tt hn so vi 15, mc d li ch b sung c th khng quan trng. Mt s khc bit y thch thc l s kt ni hp l gia cc quyt nh thit k v yu cu chc nng l bnh thng r rng, trong khi mi lin kt gia cc quyt nh thit k v cht lng thuc tnh thng vn cn ch quan trong qu trnh pht trin. V d n gin nht l thit k giao din ngi dng, ni c nhiu nh hng n cc quyt nh thit k d s dng, nhng n ch yu l phng on ci no s c mt tc ng ln, v u l cch d dng tng hp s dng cho nhu cu ca ngi dng cui. Mt cch gii quyt vi "nhiu hn l tt hn" mt cch logic l s dng cc m hnh tip cn mc tiu m chng ta tho lun trong Chng 3. Mt m hnh mc tiu l mt th ca cc nt v cc cnh, ni cc nt l cc mc tiu v cc quyt nh khc, v cc cnh c "Satisficing "cc mi quan h. Thut ng "satisfice" c ngha l "p ng y ." V vy, nu mt quyt nh thit k dng nh t c mt mc tiu cng cho cc mc ch ca mt d n c th, chng ta ni rng satisfices quyt nh mc tiu. in hnh hn, mt quyt nh n gin gp phn hng ti p ng mt s mc tiu m cn gy tr ngi cho vic t c cc mc tiu khc. Do mt s m hnh k hiu mc tiu h tr cc mi quan h tho mn c tch cc v tiu cc, v mt s thm ch cung cp cho "double-tr" lin kt "double-cng". in hnh hn, mt quyt nh n gp phn hng ti p ng mt s mc tiu m cn gy tr ngi cho vic t c cc mc tiu khc. Do mt s m hnh k hiu mc tiu h tr cc mi quan h tho mn c tch cc v tiu cc, v mt s thm ch cung cp cho "double-tr" lin kt "double-cng" v. Trong cc m hnh ny, mt cnh A B + c ngha l "A gp phn tho mn B." A - B c ngha l "Mt cn tr Satisficing B." quyt nh liu mt cho nt N l satisficed, ngi ta phi xem xt tt c cc cnh dn n n, c tch cc v tiu cc, v phn tch cc nh hng kt hp ca nhng quyt nh v mc tiu. Trong khi i din ny c th hu ch trong trc quan, s ca th ln c th l trong thc t kh kh hiu. Gi tr ca h n nhiu hn t vic s dng chng trong mt c s d liu lin kt theo di, khi phn tch cc tc ng ca vic thay i mt quyt nh (xem sau Hnh 5.4).Phn tch ton cu Phn tch ton cu l mt phng php t chc mt lot rng ri cc phn mm, thng tin khng chc chn thu c trong giai on u ca yu cu kin trc phn tch [Hofmeister et al. 1999], [Paulish 2002]. l "ton cu" trong c hai cm gic n nhn vo h thng t mi hng (tt c cc giao din bn ngoi, tt c nhng vn cc bn lin quan, cng vi bt k loi ch khc, cho d t cc t chc, th trng, cng ngh thc hin c sn, th trng vic lm, hoc bt c iu g), v cc ch gii quyt thng xuyn c mt nh hng su rng trn h thng nh mt ton th, ct ngang qua nhiu h thng con v nhiu quan im kin trc. Phn tch ton cu phn loi cc thng tin ny thnh ba loi mc: cc yu t, cc vn , v chin lc. Cc yu t nh hng n kin trc c (b co buc) nhng s kin m c th c nh hng ng k khi kin trc Cc yu t nh hng n kin trc c (b co buc) nhng s kin m c th c nh hng ng k khi cc kin trc. Cc vn mu thun tim nng hoc cn bng gia cc yu t. Cc chin lc c xut cc quyt nh gii quyt cc vn . Tt c ba loi mc c thu thp ng thi, khi c thng tin mi, c hi t cu hi pht sinh, v tm n nhng tng. Phn loi chng theo cch ny s gip cc nh phn tch khng nhm ln vi cc rng buc t bn ngoi khi cc gii php c xut, gip h tp trung vo cc vn kh khn u tin, v gip h xy dng l do ca h cho cc kin trc mi ni.Yu t: vt qu yu cu Bt k yu cu hoc cc bn lin quan quan tm c th l mt yu t, nhng c nhiu yu t nhng khng phi l yu cu v cng khng quan tm cc bn lin quan theo ngha thng thng. Chng ti vn thng mong i cc yu cu c tnh trng thi ca sn phm, trong khi mt yu t c th m t mt ci g khc hn bn thn sn phm, v d, "lp trnh vin ca chng ti khng bit nh cung cp dch v cng ngh ng dng (ASP)." Thay v pht sinh t mt mi quan tm lin quan, mt yu t c th pht sinh t cc kin thc chung, t kinh nghim kin trc, t cc sn phm mang tnh k tha, t lch s ca cc t chc pht trin, hoc t bt k ngun no khc. Cui cng, phn tch tnh ton cu cng mt lc vi cc yu cu, kin trc v qun l d n, v vy mt s cc yu t ch c th mang v nhng sn phm gin tip. Di y l mt s v d yu t, minh ha s a dng ca chng: "Cc nh pht trin sn phm ang ly lan trn ba a im." "L ph giy php cha cho cho mt thnh phn phn mm ca bn th ba c th s l khong $ 1500 mi my ch." "C nhu cu th trng quan trng cho c hai mn hnh ln v cc phin bn in thoi di ng ca loi sn phm ny. " Cc yu t c th n t bt c u. thun tin chng ta nhm li thnh ba loi: cc yu t sn phm (thng bt ngun t tnh nng); yu t cng ngh, trong lin quan n cc cng ngh c sn thc hin cc sn phm; v cc yu t t chc, m lin quan n ti sn ca cc cng ty hay t chc khc pht trin sn phm. Cc loi ny c tip tc phn nhm thnh cc tiu th loi, chng hn nh hiu sut sn phm, dch v cung cp, cc cng c lp trnh, tiu chun k thut, k nng cn b v cc rng buc k hoch. Cc loi ny v cc tiu th khng nn c coi l y ; bt k yu t quan trng cn c nm bt v gii quyt, hay khng ph hp gn gng vo mt trong cc loi. Chng ti c gng nm bt cc thng tin sau y m t cc yu t: Danh mc v mc con: l nhng c th cho d n v ch c s dng gip t chc cc yu t khi bn thu thp chng. Tn: y l mt cm t ngn gip bn d dng tham kho cc yu t trong nhm v trong cc ti liu khc. Trnh by ngn gn vn : Pht biu ny thng bao gm mt cu duy nht, nh trong v d trc. C th lu ng c (tu chn): y l "phng n d phng" trong cc yu t ngy hm nay. V d, trong trng hp ca ba a im pht trin, mt trong nhng trang web c th c ty chn, ty thuc vo nhu cu nhn s tng th v kt hp k nng cn thit. Thay i theo thi gian (tu chn): iu ny m t cch cc yu t c th thay i trong tng lai. V d, nhu cu v cc sn phm trn in thoi di ng c th khng ng k cho hai nm na. C th lu ng c v hay thay i khng nn nhm ln vi tnh n nh, mt thuc tnh ch ra cch mnh m s nht tr cho cc t ng hin ti ca mt yu cu. Tc ng: iu ny gii thch lm th no cc yu t c kh nng nh hng n kin trc. y quyn: y l l gii cho vic bao gm cc yu t trong phn tch. V d, n c th l tn ca mt bn lin quan hoc mt thnh vin nhm nghin cu, ti liu tham kho yu cu, yu cu cc bn lin quan, hoc cc ti liu khc ca d n, hoc mt cm t nh "kin thc chung" hay "kinh nghim trc y." y quyn bn ngoi ni chung l tt hn so vi ch nim yt mt thnh vin trong nhm, nhng k t khi bn l kin trc s, nhng ngi khc mong bn iu khin thi gian ca mnh. Ngoi ra, s c trng hp bn xc nh mt yu t m bn mong i s tr nn quan trng cc bn lin quan chp thun sau ny. Bn c th lit k cho mnh nh uy quyn tm thi, v nhn xt v ngi no khc c th tr thnh quan tm. Chuyn vin: y l cc chuyn gia v vn cho cc yu t. Ngoi ra, mi yu t c thuc tnh khc tng ng vi nhng ngi thng gn lin vi yu cu, chng hn nh ID duy nht, ch s hu, trng thi hoc n nh. Mt m t v d vn bn ca mt yu t c a ra trong hnh 5.3 (FIGURE 5.3. Textual presentation of a factor) Mc d lu tr cc yu t, vn v chin lc trong mt ti liu vn bn bnh thng c th c y cho nhng n lc nh, chng ti s khuyn bn nn qun l chng vi mt cng c c mc ch chung yu cu qun l, chng hn nh Teamcenter, Doors, hoc Requisite Pro, nu t chc ca bn c s dng nh mt. u im chnh ca vic s dng mt cng c l c th nhn vo cng mt vn bn, hoc nh l mt ti liu tng thut hay nh mt danh mc yu cu.

" mm" l mt du hiu ca cc yu t tc ng n kin trc. mm l khng th trnh khi bi v nhiu phn tch phi c thc hin trc khi cc s kin kh khn c bit. Chng ti thy rng yu t ny thng cn phi nm bt bn loi hnh mm: phm vi, thay i theo thi gian, s khng chc chn, v c th lu ng c. Tt c u c th xut hin trong mt yu t duy nht. V d nh,"Cc mng ca khch hng hin c 100 n 100.000 nt. S kt thc trn ca phm vi ny s tng ln mi hai nm mt yu t ca 1,5 n 3. Kin trc ca chng ti c th khng c trang tri mc thp cui cng ca dy ni ny, nu doanh s bn d kin khng bin minh cho cc chi ph. " Yu t ny cho thy phm vi (100 n 100.000 nt), s tin ha theo thi gian (s tng ln mi hai nm), xc sut (h s 1,5-3), v c th lu ng c (doanh s d kin so vi chi ph). Mc d v d ny th hin xc sut vi s lng, mt yu t c cho php s dng t tnh nh "c l", "c kh nng", "c th", v "c th" by t s khng chc chn. Lin kt c th lu ng c t yu t ny n cc yu t khc, a ra mt s tng v cch bin i trong mt tc ng khc. Mc d n c th b li ra chia mt yu t thnh bn yu t khc nhau, mi gii quyt mt loi mm, khng lm cho s phn chia, tr khi bn t tin rng cc yu t khc nhau l tng i c lp vi nhau. Cho php mm trong mt yu t kin trc do cho php cc kin trc s ghi vo l mt yu t v thc hin cc k hoch lin quan n n trc khi s bt n c gii quyt. Khng ging nh danh mc cc yu cu, cc thu thp ca cc yu t kin trc khng phi l hon tt. Phn tch ton cu u tin chng, tm thy xung t v s cn bng gia chng, v cui cng lm gim thiu mt lot cc vn quan trng nh hnh kin trc. Cc yu t t quan trng c kh nng s b b qua, i vi hu ht cc mc ch, do thiu mt vi th trong s chng l c.Vn Mc ch ca vic ghi li vn l xc nh cc kha cnh ca d n m kh c th thc hin. Mt vn phn tch ton cu l mt cuc xung t tim nng hoc s cn bng gia hai hoc nhiu yu t, thng l nhiu hn na! V d, vn "lch tn cng" c th c m t nh l "D n c l khng th c hon thnh trong 14 thng vi ngn sch hin c nu chng ta phi o to lp trnh vin s dng Java, thm cng c mi pht trin mi trng ca chng ti, v thc hin tt c 75 tnh nng ln, s dng mt khi nim giao din ngi dng mi. "Tim n trong cu lnh l nhng yu t. Pht trin trong 14 thng theo lch Cc lp trnh vin khng bit g v Java By mi lm tnh nng chnh Khi nim giao din ngi dng mi l ghi mt vn , ghi li: Tn: Mt cm t ngn gn M t tm tt: Mt hoc hai cu Cc yu t lin quan: Tn, v cc lin kt n cc yu t xung t vi nhau to ra vn ny. Ti sao n kh: Nhng thch thc phi i mt vi cc nhm d n; v d, p ng hn ch chc nng, tin , ngn sch, tin , cht lng, hiu qu. Chuyn gia: Cc chuyn gia v vn Ch s hu, trng thi u tin, v.v: Qun l cc yu cu thuc tnh thng thng Tho lun: Thng tin b sung n khi vn c pht hin. iu ny c th bao gm cc chin lc tim nng gii quyt vn ny, trc khi cc chin lc c ghi nhn mt cch ring bit. i khi, mt vn c xc nh m khng c v phn nh mt cuc xung t gia cc yu t. l n. Ti liu l u tin, v tm ra cc yu t xung t sau ny. Nu bn may mn, suy ngh v nhng g lm cho cc vn kh khn s ngh mt yu t mi. i khi cuc xung t yu t s khng tr nn r rng cho n khi bn xem xt cc gii php thay th kin trc xung quanh vn ny. Nu khng c g khc, tuy nhin ch c mt cuc xung t vi chi ph v/hoc lch trnh. Hoc, n c th m ra iu g dng nh kh khn cha thc s to mt s khc bit cho cc kin trc sau tt c.Chin lc Mt chin lc l mt quyt nh c xut nhm gii quyt mt hoc nhiu vn quan trng. Nhiu chin lc ch n gin l quyt nh thit k kin trc, chng hn nh quyt nh thc hin truyn thng khng ng b s dng cc knh s kin lng lo thay v cc nh xut bn kim sot cht ch hn cc thu bao. Tuy nhin, trong phn tch ton cu, mt vn c th lin quan n c yu t k thut v qun l, v do , chin lc ny phi c k thut, qun l, hoc kt hp. V d, nu vn l "lp trnh ASP c thc hin tt nht trong Java cho sn phm ny, nhng cc lp trnh vin ca chng ti ch bit C ++," kin trc s v cc nh qun l d n c th chn "o to li cc lp trnh vin ca chng ti trong JSP", "mua mt mi trng pht trin ASP cho C ++, "hoc" s dng mt s lp trnh vin C++ vit ng dng C++,v o to li nhng ngi khc vit JSP. " ghi mt chin lc, ghi li: Tn: Mt cm t ngn gn M t tm tt: Mt hoc hai cu Cc vn v cc yu t nh hng: Tn, v cc lin kt, cc vn v cc yu t c gii quyt bng chin lc ny Gii thch: Mt m t di hn ca chin lc Ti sao n hot ng: L do ca chin lc satisfices ca cc yu t-mc tiu v vn -mc tiu Chuyn gia: Cc chuyn gia v vn ID duy nht, ch s hu, trng thi, u tin, v.v: Qun l cc yu cu thuc tnh thng thng Tho lun: B sung thng tin v chin lc, bao gm c ti liu tham kho c thmYu t v yu cu Mc d yu t cng tng t nh mt yu cu, nhng c nhng khc bit quan trng, c tm tt trong bng 5.2. Chng ti hy vng c hai yu t ny v yu cu c chnh xc. Tuy nhin, mt yu cu c coi l mt tuyn b c tht v mt b sn phm, trong khi mt yu t l mt tuyn b ng lin quan n kin trc ca mt h sn phm. "Lin quan n" l quan trng bi v mt kin trc b hn ch bi nhiu bn lin quan, khng ch l yu cu th trng. "H sn phm" ng rng cc kin trc phi phn nh "k hoch gia nh," li ch cho cc thnh vin gia nh sng v cho nhng ngi mi c b sung . Mc d chng phi c r rng, yu t c coi l mt bin r rng. tng l yu t th hin mt khu vc a chiu ca cc gi tr trong mt s kt hp cc yu cu v sn phm s gim.Yu cuYu t

ng sn phm (s)Chnh xc v kin trc lin quan ca mt h sn phm

R rng Bin s r rng

Kim chng Tranh ci

Thay ic c

Nht qun Mu thun

Hon chnh Quan trng

C th theo diSau cng

Bng 5.2. Yu cu v Yu t Thay v kim chng, yu t ny c d on c th gy tranh ci, c ngha l mt ngi no c th cho mt bng chng thuyt phc rng cc yu t l ng. Th gin ca tnh chnh xc l rt quan trng nm bt nhng gi nh trc khi "d kin ng" c bit n. Cp nht l t quan trng hn so vi kh nng c, v s lng cc yu t quan trng vn cn nh (di 100), lm cho chng tng i d dng duy tr trong mi trng hp. Trong v d mng li khch hng a ra trc di "Cc yu t: Vt ra ngoi yu cu" quan nim cp nht thng thng s khuyn bn nn ph v cc yu t thnh ba hay bn nhn t ring bit, nhng s tht n l mt yu t duy nht thay i trong bn chiu. Chng ti cng khng mun hn ch cc cu cu trc ca cc yu t (nh mt s cc tiu chun yu cu thc hin), ng h ca cc pht biu hn. V d, n r rng hn vit, "Cc kin trc s to thun li cho vic pht trin cc khun kh v cc sn phm bng cch s dng cc lp trnh vin c kinh nghim trc khng bao gm cng ngh ASP" hay "lp trnh vin ca chng ti khng bit ASP"? Vic thay th u tin l tit, m h, v thc s c th l khng chnh xc, nu c mt la chn thu mt vi nh pht trin ASP. Vic thay th th hai ngn gn nm bt mt thc t l rnh buc kin trc. Chng ti mong i ghi cc yu t mu thun, c hai bi v chng c th i din cho quan im khc nhau v v mt mc ch ca phn tch ton cu l khm ph cc yu t xung t v tm cch ha gii chng. V d, mt trong cc bn lin quan c th yu cu cho mt h thng nhanh chng, mnh m, trong khi ngi khc yu cu cho mt chi ph thp, h thng bn nh. Ch sau khi phn tch s xc nh xem mt trong nhng yu cu cc bn lin quan l b t chi, mt s tha hip tt c tm thy, hoc hai thnh vin trong gia nh h thng c sn xut, trong mt l nhanh chng v mnh m v khc l r v nh. Vic thu thp cc yu t s khng y v ch nhng ci quan trng nht c th c gii quyt. Kinh nghim cho thy rng, trong thc t, cc kin trc s gii quyt ch trong 5-10 mi quan tm hng u khi xc nh cc nguyn tc kin trc. V vy, qu trnh thu thp cc yu t cn phi c h thng nhng gii hn trong thi gian, kt thc khi nhm nghin cu l hp l tin chc rng h t n mt im gim dn tr v (hoc thi gian ht).y c mt ngha th hai y cng nh: mt s m t yu t s b b li khng y nu chng c xem l khng quan trng kt thc, nhng s khng b xa h c th c xem xt li sau. Cui cng, truy tm ngun gc ca yu t rt quan trng, c v pha sau v pha trc. Mi yu t c coi l quan trng thm ch phi c tm li mt ngun tin, m thng l mt chuyn gia hoc mt bn lin quan. Nu khng c mt du vt nh vy, cc yu t khng c thm quyn i vi d n, hoc l bi v n khng phi l s tht hay khng v cc bn lin quan cho rng n c lin quan.M hnh ha mc tiu cc yu t, vn , v chin lc M hnh ha mc tiu l mt cch hu ch m t mi quan h gia cc yu t, cc vn , v chin lc. Mi yu t i din cho cc mc tiu pht trin mt sn phm tng thch vi cc yu t . Mi vn i din cho mt mc tiu c ngun gc, c th l pht trin mt sn phm m tho mn mt s kt hp c bit ca cc yu t-mc tiu, mc d chng c v mu thun vi nhau. Mi chin lc, nu c thng qua, i din cho mt quyt nh thit k gp phn tho mn mt s vn , mc tiu v mt s yu t, mc tiu v lm gim gi tr tho mn nhng ngi khc. Cui cng, cc yu cu k thut c ti tr bi i ng kin trc phi tho mn cc mi quan h vi cc chin lc c la chn. Hnh 5.4 (FIGURE 5.4. Goal modeling) s dng m hnh mc tiu miu t mi quan h gia cc yu t, cc vn , v chin lc.Qun l yu t, vn , v chin lc Cng nh yu cu chc nng, iu quan trng l phi c mt th tc xc nh cc yu t qun l, vn , v chin lc. Chng ti cp rng n rt hu ch t chng trong mt danh mc nhng yu cu, nu mt cng c thch hp c s dng trong t chc. Tuy nhin, khng ging nh cc yu cu qun l thng thng, ton b mc ch ca phn tch ton cu l xc nh mt s lng nh cc vn u tin cao v cc chin lc tng ng nh hnh kin trc. Nu bn khng qun l hng ti mc tiu ny, phn tch ton cu c th pht trin rt rng, nhng n lc kh s dng d b t lit phn tch. V vy, chng ti ngh cc phng php: ng no xc nh cc yu t, cc vn , v cc chin lc, nhng khng nhn mnh vo ti liu hon ton mi tng hin ra. S dng u tin v trng thi thuc tnh nh du cc mc nht nh nh tr hon (chng ti quyt nh khng lm vic trn n ngay by gi), v / hoc u tin thp. S dng cc cuc hp u tin phi i mt-i-mt trong i ng phn tch thu hp danh sch cc vn u tin cao n di 20. Cui cng, cc kin trc s c th tp trung vo t hn 10 vn nhng cn c mt danh sch di la chn . Biu quyt n gin c th gip bn tp trung s ch ca cuc hp, nhng sau bn nn tho lun v ranh gii cc trng hp tm kim s ng thun v vic c nn bao gm chng hoc loi tr chng khi danh sch u tin cao. S dng lp lch trnh theo thi gian ng hp (v d, chy nc rt trong thut ng nhanh nhn) hn ch s lng thi gian bn chi tiu vo vic phn tch ton cu; sau gom li nhng g bn bit v nh gi xem liu thi gian b sung c l cn thit, v lm th no n phi c chi tiu. Trnh iu khin phn tch i vi cc ti liu trong n s c cng b xem xt bn ngoi. Mc ch ca ti liu ny thng s c ginh mua trong cc khi nim kin trc ban u bn chn, bng cch hin th nh th no m h gii quyt nhng mi quan tm lin quan v nguy him khc m bn pht hin ra. Ti liu ny ch cn bao gm cc yu t v cc vn m bin minh cho chin lc c la chn v cc khi nim kin trc quan trng c thng qua. N phi l mt ti liu c sc thuyt phc vi s trn thut tri chy, ch khng ch l danh mc cc yu t, cc vn chin lc, v khi nim kin trc.

5.6. Kim th yu cu kin trc c bit (ASRs) Mc d chng ti lp lun rng yu cu kin trc c bit (ASRs) mang theo nguy c cao v chng khng th c kim tra y cho n tn khi mun pht trin, hin nay chng ti lp lun hu nh ngc li: ASRs quan trng cn c kim tra phn u trong pht trin v th nghim thng xuyn nh tin trnh pht trin. Vn khng kim tra ASRs l bt c iu g ang khng c th nghim c xu hng b qua. V vy, mt khi bn u tin cc ASRs trn mt d n, bn cn phi tm ra mt cch kim tra nhng ci quan trng nht, gi s ch ca nhm nghin cu tp trung vo chng. Tuy nhin, cc ASRs quan trng nht thng c da trn cht lng trong s dng cc thuc tnh, m theo nh ngha khng th c o cho n khi h thng c a vo s dng. May mn thay, nh bn thy trong v d trc y ca chng ti, ngi ta c th thng thy thuc tnh cht lng ni b m l du hiu ca cht lng trong s dng cc thuc tnh. Phn o lng ASRs c th c thc hin bng cch chn thuc tnh cht lng ch nh, bn trong v hoc bn ngoi, c th o c sm, v o lng chng. Khi kt qu ca cc php o thay i ng k, l thi gian xem xt v quyt nh xem ASRs chnh no m ang gp rc ri. V d, trong mt d n gn y, chng ti thy rng vic thc hin y cc c s h tng tin nhn s l mt thuc tnh cht lng quan trng v l mt thch thc kh khn. Tp trung s ch ca d n trn l c bit kh khnbi v d n c phn phi trn ton cu v phn chia cho. Do , chng ti t ra to ra mt chin lc th nghim ban u cho kch bn thuc tnh cht lng c lin quan. u tin, chng ti pht hin ra rng khi lng c vit v chc nng phc tp m khng th c kim tra cho n cui d n. Nhng k t khi chng ti thc s quan tm trong vic thc hin c s h tng, chng ti chn chc nng n gin hn nhiu kim tra,c hiu qu biu th cc chc nng phc tp thc hin cui cng. Chng ti cng gii hn s ch ca chng ti ch bn kch bn use case. Chng ti sau xc nh ba bin c lp m t khng gian ca cc bi kim tra hiu sut, vi s la chn mt trong s t cc gi tr th t trn tng kha cnh (xem bng 5.3)Bin c lpGi tr

Lu lng tiNormal, Peak , Burst , Max

Kch thc cm bin mngEmbedded, Small, Medium, Large

Kch bn chc nngScenario A, Scenario B, Scenario C,Scenario D

Bng 5.3. Bin c lp Sau chng ti xc nh gii php thuc tnh cht lng cho bn thuc tnh hiu sut: Thi gian thc tiu th b nh c s d liu. Thng lng tin tr tin Thi gian p ng lnh Chng ti xc nh cc gi tr tham s cho mi s ca cc bin c lp v t ng ha cc kch bn kim th vit thc hin tng kch bn chc nng theo mi s kt hp hp l cc lu lng ti v kch thc cm bin mng. Cui cng, chng ti xc nh ngng thnh cng hp l cho tng tham s hiu sut theo mi s kt hp ca cc bin c lp. Ngay sau khi cc chc nng kch bn c thc hin, chng ta c th bt u thc hin cc bi kim tra hiu sut. Chng ti tm thy hai cm im quan st: trong mt cm kim tra tht bi, tiu th b nh l qu nhiu; trong cm khc, tr v thi gian phn ng qu chm. Lc u, cc kt qu kim tra ch vo qu treo thp: l hng thit k r rng l khc phc tm thi. Mt khi chng c c chm sc, cc bi kim tra tip tc cho thy s thiu ht, nhng nhng nguyn nhn t nhiu r rng. Do , chng ti c hnh thnh v triu tp Hi tho nh gi thuc tnh cht lng, chng ti a cc i vi nhau cho chc nng ca cc kin trc s, ngi thc hin v kim tra vin, o su hn vo cc vn hiu sut, vi cc gii php cho cc vn nguyn mu, v xc nh cc php o ngun lc ni b s tt hn nh lng nhng g mt gii php thnh cng nh th no. c trang b vi nhng kt qu xt nghim, chn on, v cc gii php to nguyn mu, sau chng ti tin hnh cht lng thuc tnh Thit k Nh xng, ni m chng ti thit k cc gii php c th, bao gm c tm kim cc vn th cp tip xc bng cc gii php cho cc vn chnh. Tm li, chin lc th nghim ASR ca chng ti s l: S dng thuc tnh cht lng trong s dng xc nh cc thuc tnh cht lng ni b tng ng. Kim tra cc bn trong QAS bng cch o cc kch bn n gin c xy dng sm nht. Gi s lng cc kch bn th nghim ASR nh, nhng nhiu s kt hp ca cc thng s ti nguyn (hoc cc bin c lp khc). T ng kim tra sm, v vy m n c tnh lp li v gi r. S dng cc bi kim tra vo d liu Hi tho nghim QA v Thit k Hi tho nng cao cht lng. tip cn tinh vi hn th nghim cht lng h thng quan trng, xem [Cleland-Huang et al. 2008].5.7.Bi tp tnh hung: h thng t ng ho to nh Vi mc ch minh ha, hy xem xt mt cng ty sn xut thit b cho lnh vc xy dng t ng ha v cc phn mm ng dng qun l mt mng li cc thit b ny. Vi cc phn cng c thnh hng ho, li nhun ca n c thu hp li. Cc chi ph pht trin ni b cho cc ng dng phn mm qun l thit b khc nhau cng c tng ln. duy tr kinh doanh lu di ca h, cng ty quyt nh to ra mt h thng t ng ho to nh mi c tch hp. Cc h thng chuyn dng ni chung s thc hin cc chc nng sau: Qun l thit b ca lnh vc hin ang c s dng cho vic kim sot chc nng to nh. Xc nh cc nguyn tc da trn cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh thit b cho lnh vc kch hot cc phn ng. Pht lnh, thit lp gi tr ca thuc tnh thit b cho lnh vc. i vi trng hp i sng quan trng, kch hot h thng bo ng thng bo cho ngi dng thch hp. Cch tip cn ny s cho php cc cng ty gim chi ph pht trin ni b, k t khi mt s ng dng hin ti s c thay th bng h thng mi. Cng ty cng c th t c m rng th trng bng cch nhp mi v ang ni ln th trng a l v m cc knh bn hng mi di hnh thc i l bn l gi tr gia tng (VAR). R rng l mt s trong nhng mc tiu kinh doanh s c mt tc ng ng k vo s pht trin ca cc h thng t ng ho to nh; v d, cc thit b phn cng t nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau s cn c h tr; xem xt s phi c thc hin a cc ngn ng, vn ha v cc quy nh ca cc th trng khc vo ti khon; cn bng s cn phi c thc hin v ri ro c nh gi xc nh mc m sn phm s h tr cc mc tiu ny; v ty thuc vo mc tin nghi ca cng ty vi s tng xng v ri ro, nhng mc tiu ny c th cn phi c tinh ch, v d, nhn rng tr li trn th trng d nh. V vy, n l rt ph hp s dng nh l mt im khi u cho pht sinh khng ch l tnh nng m cc h thng t ng ha to nh cn h tr m cn l lc lng (trnh iu khin kin trc) s nh hnh kin trc ca n. Bng 5.4 cho thy cc mc tiu kinh doanh v s tinh t ca h.Cc tnh nng ca vic xc nh sn phm Mc tiu kinh doanh ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh cc tnh nng quan trng m mt sn phm phi h tr. V d, tch hp ng rng cc tnh nng ca cc ng dng hin c c tch hp phi c h tr trong h thng mi. iu ny c th i hi nhng cch sng to hin th thng tin trong giao din ngi dng v cung cp kim sot quyn truy cp c ht nh ai l ngi c php tng tc vi nhng g mt phn ca h thng. H tr ngn ng quc t ng kh nng c nhn ha. Chnh sch php l cho cc b phn an ton quan trng ca h thng s yu cu kh nng bo ng x l cc tnh hung c th gy ra thit hi v ngi. H tr cc thit b phn cng t cc nh sn xut khc nhau s i hi kh nng cu hnh ng. Bng 5.5 cho thy mt bn cc mc tiu kinh doanh cc tnh nng ca h thng t ng ho to nh.

Nhng tnh nng ny c th c tinh ch thnh cc use-case Nhng tnh nng ny c th c tinh ch thnh cc trng hp s dng c th da trn cc tc nhn bn ngoi th hin trong s ng cnh trong hnh 5.5 c nh s dng h thng. V d, cc k s cng trng d nh qun l h thng lnh vc v t ng cu hnh li chng. Vic qun l cc c s c nh qun l h thng bo ng c to ra bi h thng lnh vc gim st mt ta nh. Bo ng lin quan n cc s kin m c th gy ra thit hi v ngi cng dn n thng bo vi h thng an ton cng cng. Ngi qun tr h thng c nh qun l ngi s dng ca h thng t ng ha ta nh.

Mt s Use-case lin quan n cc mc tiu ca cc tc nhn trong h thng t ng ha ta c th hin trong hnh 5.6. Nhng Use-case c nhm theo tnh nng sn phm h nhn ra v cung cp mt bi cnh rng chc nng ca h thng c pht trin. Lc lng ca hnh dng kin trc Mc tiu doanh nghip cng tng ng vi thuc tnh cht lng h thng ny phi trin lm. h tr nhiu thit b phn cng v xem xt ngn ng v cc nn vn ha khc nhau, h thng phi c sa i. h tr cc quy nh khc nhau trong th trng a l khc nhau, h thng phi p ng vi cc s kin e da tnh mng mt cch kp thi. y l, do , quan trng l mc tiu kinh doanh v mi quan tm cht lng ng ca h c hiu y . Mt cch lm iu ny l p dng hi tho thuc tnh cht lng ca SEI (QAW) [Bachmann et al. 2002], [Barbacci et al. 2000]. Nh chng ta tho lun, y l mt k thut gi cc yu cu thuc tnh cht lng c nh x ti cc mc tiu kinh doanh.

Thng qua hi tho, cc mc tiu kinh doanh c cung cp bi qun l v k thut bn lin quan c s dng gi ra cc kch bn c th cho cc thuc tnh cht lng tng ng vi cc mc tiu ny. Cc kch bn ny phi m bo c th m mt h thng c th c nh gi xc nh xem n tha mn mt kch bn nht nh. Bng 5.6 cho thy mt bn ca cc mc tiu kinh doanh vi cc kch bn thuc tnh cht lng cho cc h thng t ng ha ta nh.Nhng hn ch v kin trc Trong khi cc tnh nng xc nh mt sn phm v cc thuc tnh cht lng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic nh hnh kin trc ca n, c nhng yu t b sung m c th hn ch th no thit k kin trc. V d, n c th l trng hp h thng c xem xt phi c pht trin trn nn tng Microsoft .NET v cn phi s dng Oracle DBMS. y mt u tin la chn cng ngh s hn ch kh nng ca mt kin trc s quyt nh thit k nh th no h thng c phn chia thnh cc lp; cc c ch giao tip trn cc tng; v cc chin lc v an ninh,d phng li,v qun l giao dch. Nh tho lun trc , phn tch ton cu l mt k thut phn tch mt lot cc yu t c th tr nn kh khn cho vic to ra cc kin trc. Bng 5.7 lit k mt vi yu t nh vy cho cc h thng t ng ha ta nh.

Trnh iu khin kin trc T nhng c im, thuc tnh cht lng v cc yu t c lit k u phn, chng ti cht lc mt danh sch cc trnh iu khin kin trc ng k. Mt danh sch u tin ca trnh iu khin nh vy cho cc h thng t ng ha ta nh l th hin trong Bng 5.8. Trnh iu khin kin trc 1-5 lin quan n cc tnh hung thuc tnh cht lng c lit k trong Bng 5.6. Ngoi ra, trnh iu khin kin trc 1 v 3 cng tng ng vi ti cu hnh nng ng, 2 tng ng vi c nhn ha, 4 tng ng vi qun l s kin, v 5, qun l cnh bo cc tnh nng tng ng c lit k trong Bng 5.3. Hu ht cc trnh iu khin kin trc lin quan n cc yu t xc nh trong Bng 5.7. V d, cc yu t t chc lin quan n phn on th trng mi c phn nh trong trnh iu khin kin trc 1-5. Cc trnh iu khin a vo ti khon linh hot cn thit cha cc thit b mi v cc lnh vc hiu chun, ngn ng, v cc kha cnh vn ha, cng nh mi quan tm quy nh lin quan n p ng ca h thng vi cc s kin an ton quan trng. Cc yu t cng ngh lin quan n kh nng m rng v p ng v cc yu t sn phm lin quan n hiu sut v kh nng m rng c gii quyt thng qua trnh iu khin kin trc 4, 5 v 6.Thit k kin trc a ra danh sch u tin ca cc trnh iu khin kin trc, chng ta c th bt u to ra mt kin trc phn nh ca h. thc hin iu ny, chng ta c th s dng thit k thuc tnh nh hng (ADD) [Bass et al. 2003].

Bt u thm bng cch u tin cc trnh iu khin kin trc. iu ny c thc hin bng cch thu ht u vo t c doanh nghip v cc bn lin quan k thut. Cc bn lin quan kinh doanh u tin kch bn da trn gi tr kinh doanh ca h (High - H, Medium - M, Low - L), trong khi cc bn lin quan v k thut lm nh vy da trn kh khn nh th no n s t c mt kch bn nht nh trong vic thit k h thng, dn n 9 kt hp khc nhau theo th t u tin sau y: HH, HM, HL, MH, MM, ML, LH, LM, v LL. Bng 5.8 cho thy cc trnh iu khin u tin cho cc h thng t ng ha ta nh. T y, chng ti phn r h thng bng cch p dng mt lot cc chin thut kin trc tng ng vi mi trnh iu khin kin trc. Hnh 5.7 cho thy kt qu ca vic p dng cc chin thut ny cho h thng t ng ha ta nh. Trnh t phn r phn nh th t u tin ca cc trnh iu khin thuc tnh cht lng trong Bng 5.8.

Bt u vi mt h thng nguyn khi trong hnh 5.7 (a), p dng thm cc chin thut cp nht hn ch tc ng ca s thay i v gim thiu s lng ph thuc vo cc phn ca h thng chu trch nhim cho vic tch hp cc thit b phn cng mi. iu ny c th hin trong hnh 5.7 (b), ni mt b chuyn i c gii thiu cho mi h thng lnh vc (d on nhng thay i chin thut) vi mi b chuyn i phi by mt giao din tiu chun (duy tr chin thut giao din hin c) v mt h thng lnh vc o c gii thiu hn ch s gn sng nh hng khi loi b hoc thm h thng lnh vc (che giu thng tin chin thut). Cc chin thut hiu sut (ng thi), th hin trong hnh 5.7 (c), c p dng tip theo h tr thm cho h thng quan trng h hot ng trong ch tr c th v c th x l cc iu kin ti trng quy nh. Cc b phn chu trch nhim thm nh cc quy tc v to ra cc bo ng cho cc tnh hung e da tnh mng c tch ra thnh mt m-un bo ng. M-un ny by gi c th c di chuyn n mt nt chuyn dng thc hin, gim tr, v hiu qu ca n c th c tng cng hn na bng cch gii thiu a lung trong m-un. Chng ti cng c th thm cc nt thc hin cho kh nng m rng theo chiu ngang. Cc chin thut cp nht (d on nhng thay i) c p dng trong hnh 5.7 (d), v mt m-un trnh by ring bit c to ra h tr mt s ngn ng quc t. Cn lu rng trnh iu khin ch t Bng 5.8 m khng xut hin c gii quyt l mt i ph vi chuyn i cc n v khng tiu chun c s dng bi cc thit b khc nhau. Chng ti s dng cc b iu hp hin th trong hnh 5.7 (b) lm cc vic chuyn i thnh cc n v tiu chun (chin thut cp nht trung gian).M hnh ha cc min Hnh 5.8 cho thy mt m hnh min cho cc h thng t ng ha ta nh. Trong m t to tc khc nhau lin quan n h thng, vic s dng ca mt t vng tiu chun ca min ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic a ra cc m t t m h hn. Cng gn t vng tiu chun l cc vn tn min, nh hn l khong cch gia i din cc bn lin quan lm th no cho h thng cm nhn th gii ca h v lm th no cc k s phn mm m t h thng theo thit k.M hnh hiu nng Trong trng hp d liu t cc h thng lnh vc bt u cho thy kh nng ca mt bo ng, ngi qun l c s vt cht (v c th, cc quan chc an ton cng cng) cn phi bit v kh nng ny trong vng mt pht xut hin ca n. Di iu kin hot ng bnh thng, mt h thng lnh vc duy nht to ra mi d liu mu / giy trong trng hp xu nht. C mu l khong mi byte. Mt ta nh in hnh trong trng hp xu nht c th c 100 h thng lnh vc. Phn ny s to ra mt m hnh hiu sut cho cc kin trc xut cho xy dng h thng t ng ha da kch bn u cui n cui va m t. Sau khi m hnh c to ra, cc nhu cu tnh ton ca cc phn mm v cc ti nguyn phn cng c xc nh. Cui cng, m hnh ny c nh gi theo cc mc tiu thc hin quy nh. Mc ch ca nghin cu ny l m bo kin trc xut p ng cc mc tiu thc hin theo quy nh v khm ph gii php thay th nu c li trong thit k nghim trng c pht hin. Trong mt s trng hp, mt m phng ca hiu sut h thng c to ra, thm vo hoc thay v mt m hnh hiu qu; v d, cho mt l phn ng ht nhn, m phng c th l cch duy nht xc minh rng cc thit k p ng cc yu cu trc khi xy dng.

Hnh 5.9 cho thy kch bn chnh u cui n-cui hoc trnh x l cho h thng t ng ha ta nh. Nhiu h thng lnh vc ng thi truyn d liu ti h thng trng o. H thng trng o x l cc d liu th v vn tn ti cho mt c s d liu sau khi c tip cn an ton thng qua cc thnh phn iu khin truy cp. Nhng thng tin ny sau c lm sn phn tch bng cc h thng ph bo ng, v khi bo ng c pht hin, h c bo co cho khch hng gim st cho cc nh qun l thit b v h thng an ton cng cng cho cc quan chc an ton cng cng. nh chp thc hin ny c th c s dng nh mt c s cho vic to ra mt m hnh hiu sut khi y thng tin c sn trn khi lng d liu, tc d liu n, v cc yu cu ch bin ca cc yu t phn mm c nhn th hin trong hnh ny.

Hnh 5.10 hin th biu thc thi cho cc h thng t ng ha ta tng ng vi cc kch bn trong hnh 5.9. Mi mu d liu t cc h thng lnh vc khc nhau ln u tin c thu thp bi cc h thng ph cho lnh vc o. Trn cc h thng ph trng o, d liu t tt c cc h thng trng bn trong mt ta nh c lu tr vo mt c s d liu v thc hin c sn phn tch bng cc h thng con bo ng. Nu mt bo ng c pht hin, h thng con bo ng to ra mt thng bo cho hnh ng cn thit.

Bng 5.9 ch ra cc yu cu ti nguyn phn mm cho tng bc x l th hin trong biu thc thi. n v cng tc i din cho mc tiu th CPU, phm vi l t 1 n 5. y, 1 i din cho mt nhim v n gin, trong khi 5 i din cho mt nhim v phc tp. C s d liu truy cp i din s kin tr d liu hoc truy vn. Chng ti gi nh d liu c lu kho trong cc khi tng ng vi khong 1.000 mu ca bn byte nhn c t tt c cc h thng trng th hai trong mt ta nh. V d, cc nhim v lu tr d liu cn truy cp mt trong c s d liu lu d liu t tt c cc h thng trng bn trong mt ta nh c a ra. Tin nhn mng i din cho cc th gi i t mt nhim v x l. Chng ti gi nh lu tr d liu v phn tch d liu nhim v gi gi tin mang 10KB d liu. V vy, truyn ti d liu t mi ta nh cn khong mt tin nhn mng. Bng 5.10 cho thy chi ph x l hoc yu cu ti nguyn my tnh cho tng yu cu v ti nguyn phn mm. Trong phn u ca bng, tn ca thit b trong mt my ch thng thng (v d, mt my ch ng dng) xut hin hng u tin, s lng hng th hai, v cc n v dch v c cung cp bi cc thit b ny trong hng th ba. Cc gi tr trong phn trung tm ca bng xc nh cc kt ni gia cc ti nguyn phn mm v s dng thit b my tnh. V d, mt truy cp c s d liu i hi ch dn 500K CPU, hai cng I/O, v 0 tin nhn mng. Phn cui cng xc nh thi gian phc v cho cc thit b. V d, mt CPU s dng 10 micro giy thc hin mt ngn hng dn.

Bng ph x l ny c th c s dng tnh tng s yu cu ti nguyn my tnh cho th thc hin pht hin bo ng trong hnh 5.10. Chng ti thy iu ny trong Bng 5.11. Thi gian tri qua ph hp nht cho th thc pht hin bo ng, do , l (61.690 0,00001) + (2404 0,02) + (1101 0,01) = 59,7 giyDo 59,7 giy l thi gian tri qua ph hp nht v khng a vo tnh bt k tr mng, khng sn c, hoc tr hng i. Bt k s gia tng v s lng cc thit b hin trng v t l xut hin ca cc mu d liu cng c th nh hng n hiu sut h thng. Do thi gian ph hp nht l rt gn n vic thc hin d kin, mt s quyt nh thit k khc c th cn phi c thc hin t c ci thin hn na. Chng bao gm nhng khng gii hn X l ng thi mi bc x l trnh tc nghn Lc v tin x l d liu no trnh truyn tt c cc d liu th ti h thng bo ng5.8.Thc tin v kinh nghim Kinh nghim ca chng ti trong vic p dng cc phng php ny cho thy li ch trong mt s lnh.Tc ng ca cc mc tiu kinh doanh Mi h thng u c mt l do cho s sng to ca mnh. L do ny c dng cc mc tiu kinh doanh c quy nh bi cc t chc to ra cc h thng v c nh hng mnh m v kin trc ca h thng ang xem xt.Cc khi nim v cht lng Yu cu thuc tnh cht lng l quan trng c v s hi lng ca khch hng v li trong cc thit k ca mt h thng phn mm. Tuy nhin, khng nh tm quan trng ca cc yu cu thuc tnh cht lng ch l mt m u cho nhiu cu hi khc.Tch hp cc yu cu chc nng, thuc tnh cht lng, v kin trc Trong s cc phng php thit k ch o, phn tch hng i tng v thit k (OOAD) a ra mt giai on trung k t u nhng nm 1980, v gn nh tt c cc ngn ng lp trnh c pht trin t nhng nm 1990 c cc tnh nng hng i tng. OOAD lm cho Use-Case v m hnh ha min im khi u ca n v ch yu s dng chc nng phn hy li kin trc ca mt h thng.Tuy nhin, mt nhu cu cho vic tch hp cc hot ng ny vi cc phng php tip cn kin trc trung tm t c mt s hiu bit v cc yu cu thuc tnh cht lng c s dng trong vic xy dng cc kin trc cho mt h thng thm canh phn mm. Kinh nghim ca chng ti vi cc phng php tip cn tch hp l nh mt s kt hp gia cc OOAD v cch tip cn kin trc trung tm cng cung cp mt lin kt t cc m hnh thit k cao cp vi cc m hnh thit k chi tit l quan trng i vi vic bo tn tnh ton vn ca thit k kin trc, h thng tin ha.5.9.Li khuyn cho yu cu thuc tnh cht lng Li khuyn cho vic x l c hiu qu cc yu cu thuc tnh cht lng c a ra di y. Trao quyn cho cc kin trc s trng l ngi lnh o k thut v quyt nh cho nhm d n. Thit lp ngun gc t cc mc tiu mm thng qua ASRs v Use-Case kim tra cc trng hp, kim th cc kin trc c th tr thnh mt phn tng i thng xuyn trong qu trnh pht trin phn mm. Vit mt ti liu phn tch cc bn lin quan v cp nht n nh k xc nh cc bn lin quan.u tin cho cc bn lin quan m d n cho rng l quan trng nht v hoc khn cp. Hy cn thn khng phng ln c s d liu yu cu ca bn vi tt c cc thuc tnh cht lng c th tng tng, nhng bn c th mun gi mt danh sch ring ca cc thuc tnh m bn ngh rng s tr nn quan trng sau ny. S dng kch bn thuc tnh cht lng khng ch trong cc cuc hi tho,m trong c khi no bn ang chp nhng mi quan tm lin quan. Khi tin hnh QAWs, hy yu cu cc bn lin quan nm bt QASs ca h trn my tnh xch tay ca mnh v e-mail cho ngi iu hnh hi tho. Trong mt QAW, cc bn lin quan cn c khuyn khch tm kim lm r v QASs, nhng bt k vn khc tho lun nn c chp v e-mail n ngi iu hnh. Trnh cc cuc tho lun bn trn QASs trong mt QAW. Qun l cc yu t, cc vn , v cc chin lc s dng mt cng c qun l cc yu cu c mc ch chung, nu t chc ca bn l mt. Ghi a ch 5-10 mi quan tm hng u khi xc nh cc nguyn tc kin trc.5.10.Kt lun Cch tip cn tch hp vi cc yu cu k thut v thit k kin trc cung cp cc li ch ch yu sau y:1. Nhn thc chung v chia s hiu bit, trong s tt c cc bn lin quan, trong bi cnh h thng v min vn ca n, cng vi mt tm nhn bao qut ca h thng phi c thit k, gip nh hnh ng cc quyt nh2. Dn dp ngun gc ca cc yu cu c im k thut vthit k kin trc m bo mc tiu kinh doanh t xc sut cao hn ca vic cung cp "ng" cc h thng.3. Vic chia s bi cnh d n s trnh c trng lp tn km trn cc yu cu k thut v kin trc ngnh thit k.4. Mt trng tm r rng v mc tiu kinh doanh lm cho n d dng hn giao tip, tt c cc bn lin quan, tm nhn ca h thng c pht trin, cc yu cu c im k thut ca n, v thit k kin trc ca n.5.11.Cu hi tho lun1. Nhng yu cu k thut to tc no c kh nng c s dng bi c hai yu cu k s v kin trc s h thng phn mm?2. Nhng trng hp thc tin no c th c s dng khai thc trc yu cu kin c bit t cc bn lin quan?3. Lm th no phn tch mt s nh i thit k v cc ri ro lin quan n vic thc hin mt h thng p ng tt nht yu cu?

Chng 6 : Yu cu k thut cho cc nn tng

Chng ny cp n vic lm th no thc hin cc yu cu k thut khi pht trin nn tng phn mm. N m t mt trong nhng thch thc ny sinh khi pht trin cc nn tng. gii quyt vn ny, mt cch tip cn thc t c trnh by nh th no thng nht, chun ha, v i chiu cc yu cu phi chc nng trong pht trin nn tng6.1 Nn tng Cc dng sn phm phn mm l mt lnh vc nng ng ca cc h thng phn mm k thut trong vi nm qua. Xy dng mt dng sn phm trn mt nn tng ph bin vi cc dch v chia s thng c thc hin trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip. V d vic s dng cc nn tng c p dng rng ri trong ngnh cng nghip t, ni o to li xe tiu chun v c ch c s dng cho nhiu m hnh cc bin th ca t. Mt ngi c th c cc nhn xt m hnh t nh : Mt ES 350 mi s n cc dng Lexus cho model nm 2007, chia s nn tng ca n vi Toyota Camry. D nhin, Lexus khng mun bn ngh ES 350 l mt Camry cao cp nhng nh mt chic xe hi sang trng y quy m. Siemens khi xng mt s d n pht trin bng cch s dng khi nim dng sn phm phn mm c gi l "platform initiatives" . Trong trng hp ny, mt nn tng dng ch mt tp hp chung ca cc dch v phn mm cp thp hn nh h thng iu hnh v middleware. Cc ng dng c vit trn u trang ca nn tng to ra sn phm trong vng mt hoc nhiu dng sn phm cho cc n v kinh doanh c kh nng khc nhau. V d, cc h thng t ng xy dng (BAS) d n c m t trong [Sangwan et al. 2007] yu cu m nhiu lnh vc ng dng c tch hp chy trn mt nn tng my trm. Cc ng dng c pht trin bi cc t chc kinh doanh khc nhau, ti cc a im pht trin khc nhau, vi cc k nng khc nhau, v cho cc lnh vc khc nhau.6.2 Nhng thch thc Yu cu cc k s lm vic trn d n nn tng chp nhn yu cu ca cc bn lin quan-cc bn t cc t chc khc nhau quan tm trong vic pht trin cc sn phm trong lnh vc ng dng khc nhau. Trong mt d n nn tng nh vy, rt c kh nng l cc yu cu cc bn lin quan s c th khc nhau v i khi mu thun vi nhau. Khi mi n v kinh doanh l mong mun nhn c cc sn phm mi ca h mt cch nhanh chng vo th trng, thit lp cc u tin cho cc tnh nng nn tng s kh khn. Hn na, c nhiu kh nng s c nhiu tnh nng nh yu cu cc bn lin quan t cc n v kinh doanh khc nhau c thc y a cng nhiu chc nng cng tt (t quan im ca h) vo nn tng ny. Mc d cc nh pht trin nn tng c kh nng s y li v yu cu chc nng n t cc bn lin quan, h s cn phi c nim tin rng nn tng nh s c th h tr mt lot cc ng dng. Khi cc ng dng trong tng lai c th s c xc nh mt cch m h, cc dch v m nn tng ny s cung cp cng s m h. Yu cu chc nng s thc y cc nh ngha ca cc thnh phn to nn cu trc h thng phn mm. Yu cu phi chc nng y nh ngha cht lng ca nn tng m trn cc thnh phn s thc hin. V vy, yu cu cc k s s cn phi gii quyt c hai yu cu chc nng v phi chc nng v phn tch cc yu cu ngun cp d liu trc tip vo thit k kin trc h thng phn mm Yu cu cc k s v kin trc s phn mm lm vic trn d n nn tng thit s tp trung vo cc yu cu phi chc nng m nn tng ny s c thit k p ng. Nh bn thy trong Chng 5, pht trin v thc hin cc yu cu phi chc nng (NFRs) c l l mt trong nhng nhim v kh khn nht trong pht trin h thng phn mm ln. Cc hnh vi phi chc nng ca h thng phn mm rt kh khai thc, m t v nh lng. Nhiu nghin cu v tiu chun cng nghip n lc c thc hin cho php s pht trin NFR tr thnh h thng hn v thng nht cc thng s k thut NFR [ISO 2001, ISO 2007]. Tuy nhin, do tnh phc tp cao v quy m ln pht trin phn mm cng nghip, cc hc vin phn mm vn ang gp kh khn trong vic pht trin v thc hin cc NFRs. Mt s v d v thch thc nh: Cc NFRs (cht lng cc yu cu thuc tnh) c xc nh trong cc tiu chun c th khng y , v mi sn phm phn mm c nhu cu c o ca ring mnh. V vy, cc k s phn mm phi ty chnh cc nh ngha chun NFR nhu cu ca h v lm cho h hiu qu hn phn loi c th ca h NFRs. V d, thuc tnh cht lng testability c th n gin khi cc phn mm ang hot ng ch ti mt v tr trung tm, nhng n c th pht trin phc tp khi cc phn mm ang hot ng trn mt s a im dch v cung cp dch v nhanh chng cho nhiu khch hng c phn phi rng ri. iu ny l c trng cho tnh cht (v d, i vi mt ASP [ng dng cung cp dch v]) ca cc phn mm ang c chuyn giao. V d, kh nng m rng l kh nng cho mt h thng vi quy m cng sut ca n c th ln hoc xung ph hp vi mt lot cc thit b my tnh. Tuy nhin, mt s ng dng phn mm c th hot ng trn ch c mt hoc hai loi thit b my tnh. La chn v ty bin NFRs thng cn phi c thc hin lp i lp li trong sut qu trnh pht trin NFR, da trn u vo lin tc t cc bn lin quan. Cc nn tng phn mm n t mt h thng cng ty phn mm ln c xu hng h tr mt lng ln cc khch hng vi cc tnh hung ng dng khc nhau. Cc tnh hung khch hng l khc nhau v ti chnh v hot ng. Cc doanh nghip khch hng c kh nng da trn c s h tng phn cng khc nhau v cc m hnh dch v h tr. gim chi ph pht trin v bo tr, tuy nhin, n l cch tt nht cho cc cng ty phn mm h thng c mt s nn tng phn mm h tr tt c nhng tnh hung ng dng v nhu cu bo tr. Lm th no dung ha v t chc NFRs cho cc nn tng h tr nh mt lot cc tnh hung ng dng v nhu cu bo tr thng xuyn l rt kh khn6.3 Thc tin Da trn kinh nghim ca chng ti trong vic pht trin phn mm cho cc h thng NFRs ln, chng ti pht trin mt qu trnh phn mm gip chng ta pht trin h thng hn NFRs cho cc nn tng. Qu trnh ny c gi l the Platform NFR Development (PND) process. N b sung phng php pht trin NFR hin c bng cch nhn mnh s pht trin lp i lp li, tng tc vi cc hot ng pht trin khc (v d, to mu, th nghim, v pht hnh qun l), v ha gii cc yu t u vo ca cc bn lin quan. N cung cp m t chi tit v cch thc u vo NFR ca cc bn lin quan c th c thu thp, v lm th no u vo nh vy c th c t chc to thun li cho hot ng ha gii l cn thit cho d n nn tng. Qu trnh ny nhm n s pht trin ca h thng phn mm NFR s c ci t trn mt mi trng tnh ton phn tn m s dng mt lot cc thit b my tnh cho cc mc ch khc nhau (v d, c s d liu, giao din ngi dng, thu thp d liu). Cc h thng n gin, chng hn nh phn mm trn ngi dng my tnh bn, khng phi l mc tiu ca qu trnh pht trin NFR ny. Qu trnh PND c s dng xc nh hng trm NFRs cho mt h thng phn mm ln; do , cc k thut c m t y l kh nng qun l NFRs cho cc h thng phn mm cng nghip quy m trung bnh n ln. Hnh 6.1 Minh ha qu trnh CVD, v mi hot ng ca qu trnh ny c m t trong cc phn tip theo

Hnh 6.1 tin trnh PNDXc nh bng cu hi Hot ng ny nh ngha cc bng cu hi s c gi n cc bn lin quan i vi nguyn liu u vo ca h. Yu cu cc k s cng s s dng n trong cc cuc hp yu cu s khm ph ti ch thu thp cc yu t u vo cc bn lin quan. Mt vt chnh c s dng trong hot ng ny c minh ha trong Bng 6.1. Cc bng y cha y , nhng n cung cp y thng tin cho thy lm th no chng ta c th c cu trc t chc u vo ca cc bn lin quan. Cc s liu in vo Bng 6.1 l dnh cho mc ch minh ha v c th khng hon ton ph hp v thc t. Mt hng v d c th ch i din cho mt nhm m nh

Bng 6.1 : V d bng cu hi NFRngha mt tp hp cc hng (vn bn in m ch ra mt nhm). Kinh nghim ca chng ti cho thy mt bng nh vy trong thc t c th c hn 200 hng lin quan n NFRs (v d, tin cy, tnh sn c). V vy, cc tiu chun ISO [ISO 2001, 2007] cho cc thuc tnh cht lng l mt ngun tt bt u xc nh cc cu hi, nhng nhiu chi tit cn phi c b sung thu thp u vo ca cc bn lin quan.Gi u vo ca cc bn lin quan Hot ng ny thu thp u vo t cc bn lin quan. Yu cu cc k s s t chc hi tho vi cc bn lin quan t mi t chc s s dng nn tng phn mm trong tng lai cho cc sn phm ca h. Mc ch l hon thnh cc cu tr li cho cc cu hi v trnh bt k s hiu lm bi c cc cuc tho lun trong cc hi tho ti ch. Bng 6.1 khng bao gm bt k li gii thch cho mi hng, do , n l quan trng nht cho cc k s yu cu thu thp u vo ca cc bn lin quan khi h trn cng mt trang web.Thng nht thut ng Hot ng ny nhm thng nht cc thut ng s dng trong cc u vo ca cc bn lin quan.Sau ny, ch c cc thut ng thng nht s c s dng trong cc NFRs thay th mt tp hp cc thut ng tng t. T mt nn tng phn mm c th nhm mc ch h tr ngi s dng cc tnh hung ng dng khc nhau v cc t chc, cc bn lin quan c th s dng thut ng khc nhau trong vic m t cc ng dng kinh doanh ca h. V d, cc iu khon nh bo ng, in tn, cc s kin, cc yu cu, thng bo, thay i gi tr (COV) s kin, vv, c th c ngha tng t, ty thuc vo ng dng. V vy, chng ti c th ch s dng mt thng nht thut ng "thng bo" i din cho tt c cc iu khon cho tt c cc ng dng ca cc sn phm nn tng. Vi hot ng ny, cc ngn ng m rng Lexicon (LEL) yu cu phn tch da trn cch tip cn [Cysneiros et al. 2004], [et al.1996 Boehm] nn rt hu ch cho vic xc nh cc iu khon. K s yu cu c th thng nht / khi nim thut ng hiu qu bng cch phn tch cc mi quan h ca h (v d, mt loi-ca, mt-phn-trong, vv).Ty thuc vo phc tp ca phn tch l, ngi dng c th chn s dng cc k hiu n gin m hnh (v d, cu trc Table) v k hiu m hnh trc quan (v d, Entity-Relation)Chun ha u vo cc bn lin quan Hot ng ny nhm mc ch lm cho u vo ca cc bn lin quan c th so snh vi nhau v cc iu kin quy m v iu hnh tng t. V d, i vi yu cu thc hin, cc bn lin quan c th l u vo 50 cnh bo/10 giy trong khi mt bn tham gia u vo c th l 20 cnh bo/1 giy. S khc bit nh vy thng c gy ra bi cc cht khc nhau (v d, thng xuyn nh th no mt bo ng thng s n v lm th no nhanh chng h thng phi p ng vi n) trong lnh vc ng dng ca h hoc sn phm hin c m t cc yu cu thc hin c ngun gc. i khi, nhu cu hiu sut nh vy l da trn thng s k thut sn phm ca i th cnh tranh m bo mt li th hn i th cnh tranh (v d, cc yu t u vo c so snh vi cc i th cnh tranh yu cu thuc tnh cht lng gi tr). lm cho u vo nhng bn lin quan trc tip so snh vi mt NFR cho nn tng ny, yu cu cc k s phi chuyn i chng thnh cc m tng t (v d, s cnh bo mi giy). i khi, s bnh thng ha ny thay i nh ban u ca cc bn lin quan. V d, "X l 50 cnh bo mi 10 giy" l mt nhu cu hiu sut cho cc ng dng nht nh phn nh chnh xc hn nhu cu thc t ca cc bn lin quan hn so vi tc x l bo ng (camhr bo / giy). Vic bnh thng ha cn phi "x l 5 cnh bo mi giy " s lm cho mt yu cu c th hn v i hi hn nhu cu ca cc bn lin quan gc. Tuy nhin, dung ha cc yu t u vo cc bn lin quan, s bnh thng ha nh vy l cn thitDung ha u vo cc bn lin quan Hot ng ny xc nh v nhm u vo ging nhau ca cc bn lin quan, v sau yu cu cc k s c th xc nh mt NFR duy nht gii quyt nhm ny ca cc bn lin quan c u vo ging nhau. Bng cch ny, yu cu cc k s cng c th xc nh mt lot cc bin th trn cc yu cu tng t. Ty thuc vo h khc nhau bao nhiu, mt s kh khn c th c b sung m bo tnh kh thi NFRs thc hin. V d, cc yu cu v hiu sut trong mt phm vi hp tr c th c nhm li vi nhau. Nu mt trong cc bn lin quan c yu cu t hn 2 giy truyn mt cnh bo trong khi cc bn lin quan khc yu cu t hn 4 giy (gi s h c th d dng t c vi phn cng cp thp), sau yu cu cc k s c th xc nh rng mt cp thp, trin khai nh ca h thng nc h tr mt tr bo ng l t hn 2 giy. Tuy nhin, nu cc bn lin quan khc yu cu mt tr 0,5 giy bo ng l xa i hi nhiu hn, mt hn ch c th c thm vo m bo rng mt tr ngn nh vy c th c thc hin v chp nhn c i vi tnh hnh ng dng nhm mc tiu. V d, cc rng buc c th l mt s thit b kt ni mng tc cao nn c s dng khi t c tr bo ngn ny. Bng cch ny, chng ta c th gii quyt nhu cu ca cc bn lin quan vi NFRs tng t bng cch xc nh nhng hn ch khc nhau.Xc nh nn tng cho cc NFR Hot ng ny xc nh nn tng cho cc NFR t u vo ca cc bn lin quan nhm gii quyt cc nhu cu ca ngi dng cui. u vo cc bn lin quan ha gii s c s dng xc nh cc NFRs. Cc NFRs s s dng cc gi tr c th t cc ha gii. Cc bng c s dng trong vic ho gii phi c a vo cc c im k thut NFR, c th l mt ph lc, gii thiu t cc bi cnh chnh ca cc c im k thut NFR.Rt ra cc thnh phn ca cc NFR Hot ng ny phn b NFRs n cc yu cu chc nng lin quan, m thng c xc nh trong cc iu khon ca dch v trong mt nn tng hng dch v. u vo cc bn lin quan thng m t cc chc nng cn thit trong cc sn phm ca h. Cc nn tng phn mm s phi cung cp mt dch v hoc chng trnh c th c gi hay mt ngi dng cui cp (cp ng dng) phc v h tr vic thc hin cc chc nng nh vy. Hot ng ny bt ngun nhng g NFRs dch v nht nh phi p ng. V d, mt NFR c th l dch v cho ng k mt s kin thay i gi tr phi c mt tr l t hn 0,1 giy. NFRs ny c th ph thuc vo cc thit k kin trc cp cao n mc no . Tuy nhin, v s pht trin ca NFRs s c thc hin song song hoc an xen vi cc thit k kin trc, cc NFRs c th c iu chnh theo nhng thay i thit k kin trc Hot ng ny nn ghi chp cc du tch ca NFRs cho cc u vo ban u ca cc bn lin quan nhn xt NFR (thng l mt bn lin quan) c th hiu, cho php nhp vo cc NFRs c ngun gc. Cc kt qu NFRs t hai hot ng trn c nhm thnh cc loi NFR. i vi mi loi, cc cu trc sau y c s dng xc nh NFRs ca n.Cc loi NFR ( v d.. hiu sut ) Chng ti cho mt v d v lm th no mt m hnh NFR mc nn tng c th xc nh cc m hnh NFR mc thp hn M hnh NFR mc nn tng Platform-level NFRs [Perf-PLATFORM-1] [Perf-PLATFORM-2] . . . [Perf-PLATFORM-N] Component-level NFRs cho thnh phn 1 The component-level NFR model [Perf-COMP1-1] [Perf-COMP1-2] . . . Component-level NFRs cho thnh phn 2 The component-level NFR model [Perf-COMP2-1] . . . Hnh 6.2 : V d v m hnh platform-level NFR Cc m hnh NFR mc nn tng ghi li lm th no cc platform-level NFR c tinh ch thnh cc thnh phn v cc mi quan h ca n. Cc mi quan h chnh "h tr" cho thy NFRs thnh phn cp h tr nn tng m NFRs cp. i vi mt v d, xem hnh 6.2 Cc m hnh NFR cp thnh phn cho thy mi quan h gia cc NFRs cp thnh phn. Cc mi quan h chnh l "tham chiu", "thay th", v "phn i". N cng cho thy nhng g NFRs cp nn tng h tr l tt. Cc mi quan h tham chiu ch ra rng mt NFR c xy dng trn mt NFR. V d, mt trong nhng yu cu thc hin c th l mt t l cn c nhanh hn so vi mc quy nh bi mt NFR hai ln. Cc mi quan h thay th cho thy mt NFR c thay th bi mt NFR. Mt NFR cng c th c thay th bi nhiu hn mt NFR, nh th hin trong hnh 6.3.Kim tra tnh nht qun Hot ng ny s kim tra tnh nht qun gia cc NFR cp nn tng vi nhng ngi cp thnh phn. Cc NFRs cp nn tng c quan tm v cht lng ca cc dch v m c th c s dng trc tip bi ngi dng cui cung cp cc chc nng ca sn phm (v d, nhng ngi x l cnh bo trong mt sn phm gim st) hoc cht lng ca nn tng ny nh mt ton th (v d, d ci t nn tng ny). Cc NFRs cp thnh phn l dnh cho nhng dch v m ch c th c s dng nh mt phn ca vic thc hin cc chc nng cho sn phm. V d, mt bo ng chuyn tip yu cu tr phi ph hp vi cc hot ng ca cc h thng tin nhn mc thp, v tr ca vic chuyn tip bo ng (nh l mt chc nng nn tng cp) ph thuc vo hiu sut ca h thng tin nhn (v d, thng ip truyn tr).

Hnh 6.3 : Mt NFR [Perf-COMP-1-3] c thay th bi 2 NFRs, [Perf-COMP1-2] v [Per f-COMP2-1]Kim tra k thut chung Hot ng ny s kim tra nu NFRs c pht trin ni chung l kim chng hay khng. Cc k s yu cu s ng vai tr ca mt ngi kim tra v kim tra nu NFRs cung cp y thng tin rng cc th tc kim tra (bao gm c cc mi trng th nghim) c th c ch nh kim tra cc NFRs. Hot ng ny c tch hp vi cc tnh nng qun l pht hnh tp trung vo cc tnh nng s c pht hnh sm (v d, thi gian giao nn tng quan trng tip theo). l, i vi cc tnh nng s c pht hnh, cc NFRs lin quan phi c kim chng r rng. Chin lc ny trnh yu cu tt c NFRs c kim chng, v mt s trong s h vn cn c th khng n nh v c th khng c thc hin tt c. Mt phng php gia tng ny c th c tch hp tt vi cc phng php pht trin nhanh [Schwaber 2004].Hon thnh cc rng buc Hot ng ny xc nh nhng hn ch cn thiu (v d, iu kin hot ng, iu kin trin khai h thng phn mm iu kin tin quyt), theo cc NFRs cn c xc nh. Cc hot ng kim tra cho testability" s cung cp u vo cho vic hon thnh nhng hn ch, v n gip xc nh cc iu kin khng xc nh, theo cc bi kim tra phi c thc hin. V d, th nghim cc nn tng khi ng tr, mt iu kin cn thit l liu h iu hnh c bt u hay khng. Nu khng c iu kin ny quy nh, tr nn tng khi ng khng th c kim tra xc minh xem cc yu cu tr c thc hin hay khngiu chnh tnh kh thi ca cc NFR Hot ng ny nhm m bo rng cc NFRs thc hin c; tc l, cc NFRs c th hi lng vi nhng cng ngh m nn tng ny s c da trn. V d, hot ng ny s kim tra xem cc yu cu hiu sut c th t c bng cch phn tch cc kt qu th nghim c sn t cc nguyn mu nn tng hoc cc thnh phn kt thc. Nu phn tch cho thy rng NFRs c th khng t c, nhng hn ch c th phi c b sung hoc sa i lm cho cc NFRs c th hn h s c tha mn ch trong iu kin nht nh. V d, nhng hn ch trin khai c th c sa i s dng mt c s h tng in ton mnh m hn h tr cc yu cu hiu sut cao. iu ny chc chn c th dn n nhng thay i kin trc, hoc vic s dng cc cng ngh thc hin khcHon chnh NFRs Hot ng ny hon tt cc nh ngha NFR v lm cho n sn sng xem xt bn ngoi ca cc bn lin quan. Hot ng ny bao gm tin hnh nh gi ni b ca NFRs bi cc k s yu cu, kin trc s phn mm, phn mm kim tra, v ng u d n. c bit, hot ng ny nn kim tra xem nu mi NFR c mt du vt n u vo ban u ca cc bn lin quan v nu cc du vt c ghi li trong NFRsnh gi chnh thc ca cc bn lin quan Hot ng ny nhm thu thp kin phn hi v nhn c s chp thun t cc bn lin quan. Kt qu r sot hoc c th dn n nhng bin i ca NFRs hoc to ra cc bng cu hi mi cho cc bn lin quan. V d, nu nhn xt ca cc bn lin quan l mt s NFR c th b mt, mt bng cu hi v kh nng ny c th c xc nh v gi n tt c cc bn lin quan trong cc phin bn k tip ca qu trnh nh ngha NFR. T kinh nghim ca chng ti, chng ti hy vng rng t nht ba ln lp li c lin quan n ngi nhn xt bn ngoi l cn thit hon thnh mt ti liu NFR.6.4 Kinh nghim Chng ti p dng quy trnh PND pht trin mt nn tng phn mm c h tr cc hot ng v thc hin cc h thng a dng cc phn mm cng nghip (v d, kim sot nh my, t ng ha, giao thng vn ti). i vi v d ny, mi bn lin quan i din hoc mt cng ty Siemens hoc mt b phn ca mt cng ty nh vy. Trong cc phn sau, chng ti m t kinh nghim ca chng ti trong vic thc hin cc hot ng ca qu trnh PNDXc nh bng cu hi v Gi u vo ca cc bn lin quan Xc nh cc cu hi gi m cho cc NFR l rt nhiu hot ng lp i lp li, v nhiu gi m thng l cn thit. Vo lc bt u ca s pht trin NFR, cc cu hi c th c son tho da trn cc tiu chun cht lng thuc tnh yu cu theo quy nh ca tiu chun ISO-9126 hoc tiu chun khc lin quan n trnh iu khin kinh doanh ch cht ca nn tng phn mm c pht trin. Mt v d nh ngi li xe kinh doanh c th c ti s dng cc phn mm tng gim chi ph pht trin phn mm. Da trn tiu chun ISO-9126, cc cu hi c th bao gm cc cu hi lin quan n chc nng phn mm (v d, chnh xc, kh nng tng tc, tun th, v an ninh), tin cy, kh nng s dng,hiu qu, bo tr, v tnh di ng. Cc cu hi xoay quanh nhng c tnh s gip gi ra nhng tp u tin ca nguyn liu u vo ca cc bn lin quan. Phn tch cc cu tr li cho nhng cu hi thng gip xc nh cc nhu cu nm ngoi phm vi bao ph bi nhng cu hi. Ngoi ra, mt s cu tr li c th khng y khi cung cp thng tin chi tit nh nhng m t mi trng hot ng c lin quan. iu ny thng cn phi c sa cha bng cch thc hin cc vng tip theo ca s khm ph cc bn lin quan. Trong s khm ph ny, cc bng cu hi NFR nh minh ha trong Bng 6.1 c th s c s dng. Bng ny l chnh xc v c cu trc c xy dng trong cc cng thc ton hc tnh ton t ng (ly) u vo ca cc bn lin quan. Mt s thuc tnh cht lng m khng c bao ph bi cc tiu chun ny s c b sung vo bng cu hi l tt. V d, tiu chun ISO khng c s an ton v localizability (tc l, nh ngha cch d dng cc phn mm c th c a phng ho) thuc tnh. i vi mt thi gian thc, h thng nhng iu khin thit b vt l, an ton thng l rt quan trng, v th cn phi c b sung. i vi mt h thng cng ty phn mm ln, cc sn phm ca n thng cn phi c a phng ho th trng khu vc trn ton th gii. V vy, cu hi localizability lin quan c th c b sung vo bng cu hi. Lu rng mc d kinh nghim ca chng ti bo co trong ti liu ny nhn mnh vic s dng cc bng cu hi NFR , n khng th thay th cho cc cuc hp mt gi m, chng ti m t trong Chng 3. s hiu bit y cc yu cu chc nng v phi chc nng i hi nhiu tho lun v thng tin lin lc gia cc bn lin quan v yu cu cc k s.Thng nht thut ngHot ng ny l c bit quan trng i vi pht trin NFRs cho mt nn tng phn mm c kh nng c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc ng dng. V d, mt nn tng phn mm c th h tr cc ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc ng dng hoc cc ng dng khc nhau (v d, phn tch hnh nh cho cc mc ch khc nhau) trong cng mt min ng dng (v d, lnh vc hnh nh y t). Khng thng nht v phn bit nhng iu khon quan trng trong u vo ca cc bn lin quan s lm cho nhiu cuc tho lun lin quan n NFR rt kh khn. Kinh nghim ca chng ti cho thy rng thc hin hot ng ny l thc s khng kh nu n cng c h tr bi cc bn lin quan. Trong thc t, chng ti ch s dng t hai n nm bng c cu trc m hnh ha cc mi quan h gia cc iu khon tng t. Bng c th c s dng ch ra mi quan h gia cc iu khon v lit k s khc bit v tng ng. Mt s trong nhng bng c ghi vo cc yu cu NFR nh cc nh ngha hn. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh pht trin ti liu NFR, chng ta phi x l k lut rt t s dng cc thut ng thng nht m bo vic s dng thch hp. iu ny i hi cc tc gi NFR hiu r s khc bit gia cc iu khon v quyt nh nu n l thch hp s dng cc thut ng thng nht ch khng phi l cc iu khon m n trc tip t cc bn lin quan. Mc d cc iu khon khc nhau c s dng bi cc bn lin quan l rt tng t, h thc s c th khc nhau, ty thuc vo ni nhng thut ng ny c s dng trong cc NFRs. V d, i vi mt NFR xc nh t l ca d liu truyn ti, mt s thay i gi tr nh d liu ang c truyn cng ging nh mt bo ng. Tuy nhin, i vi mt NFR xc nh cc gii hn v kch thc d liu c th, hai thut ng ny khc nhau v thi hn thng nht (v d nh tin nhn) s khng c s dng. Khi NFRs ang b rng buc vi cc dch v c th nn tng, nhiu iu khon hng dch v (v d, bo ng), v khng phi l thut ng thng nht (v d nh, tin nhn), s c s dng, v iu ny s lm cho cc NFR d c hn v c th.Chun ha v kt hp u vo ca cc bn lin quanN l iu cn thit chun ha cc u vo ca cc bn lin quan trc khi chng ta c th kt hp cc yu cu ca h. Thc tin ca chng ti ch ra rng bnh thng u vo cc bn lin quan thng l chp nhn c vi cc bn lin quan, nh mt du vt r rng i vi cc yu cu ca cc bn lin quan ban u c duy tr. Du vt nh vy gip tr li cc cu hi ca cc bn lin quan lin quan n ngun gc ca s chun ha u vo cc bn lin quan. Nu khng c du vt nh vy, c th c rt nhiu nhm ln khi cc bn lin quan xem xt cc NFRs Trong thc t ca chng ta, cc bng tnh Excel c s dng thc hin chun ha v ha gii, k t khi bng tnh gip xy dng cc lin kt v cho php tnh ton t ng t cc yu t u vo ca cc bn lin quan ban u 'vi kt qu bnh thng. Hn na, cc bng tnh gip xc nh v qun l cc phm vi gi tr i din trong u vo ca cc bn lin quan. V d, mt yu cu thc hin "bo ng x l mi 10 giy" t mt trong cc bn lin quan c chun ha x l bo ng mi giy (APS). Sau , cc nhu cu APS c thu thp t tt c cc bn lin quan c lit k trong bng tnh. C th hn, mi bn lin quan cung cp cc APS dao cho cc cu hnh khc nhau trin khai (ngha l nhng ngi c xc nh trc cng thng qua vic chun ha v qu trnh ha gii). Cc bng tnh t ng tnh ton phm vi kt hp (xem Bng 6.3: 40-120 bo ng mi giy). Trong hu ht cc trng hp, n gin, tnh ton t ng nh vy c th lm vic tt, v d, khi cc phm vi khng qu rng cung cp thng tin y c th cho thit k quyt nh. Tuy nhin, n l cn thit xem xt cc kt qu tnh ton t ng. i khi, trong thc t ca chng ta, chng ti ghi ln cc kt qu m bo rng phm vi khng qu rng. Nu cc gi tr ca dy kt hp c th chp nhn (v d, c ph duyt bi cc kin trc s), chng ti t t h vo trong phm vi ha gii, c tip tc tr thnh mt NFR. i khi, trong thc t ca chng ta, chng ti kim tra vi cc bn lin quan l ti sao h cung cp hoc mt s nh khc thng hay ln bt thng, m bo cc nhu cu thc hin l cho tnh trng qu ti v cu hnh trin khai tng t. C th l mt trong cc bn lin quan c mt s tnh hung ng dng c bit dn n mt phm vi rt rng ca d liu u vo trong cc bn lin quan Cc v d c cung cp trong bng 6.2, 6.3, v 6.4 l mt phn rt nh ca nhng g chng ti pht trin trong thc t. Mi u vo ca cc bn lin quan trn FRS hoc cc tm chiu c hng trm bng m bt cc u vo ca cc bn lin quan cho mt lot cc tnh hung; v d, iu kin ti, iu kin trin khai h thng. Cc yu t u vo t mt bn lin quan thng l mt tp hp cc tp th / u vo kt hp trong cng mt b phn kinh doanh ca Siemens m ln k hoch s dng nn tng pht trin cc sn phm ca h. Phn tch bn t ng nh vy l rt hu ch v ci thin ng k nng sut ca chng ta cho c vic to ra v duy tr cc NFRs.

Hnh 6.2 : u vo cc bn lin quan A Hnh 6.3 : u vo cc bn lin quan

Hnh 6.4: V d v i chiu bng tnhRt ra cc NFRs cho cc phn mm nn tng Cc chit khu l xc nh v khi nim ho NFRs cho cc dch v nn tng da trn u vo ca cc bn lin quan. V d, mt trong nhng u vo cc bn lin quan s l, "Nu mt ngi dng c gng truy cp tri php cc sn phm X, nn tng ny s pht hin cc n lc v ct t cc my tnh truy cp t mng.". u vo khc c th l, "Nu mt n lc s dng tri php truy cp vo cc sn phm Y, phn mm s pht hin nhng n lc v gy ra mt bo ng. Cc yu cu nn tng c th c, "Phn mm ny s cung cp mt dch v cho pht hin cc truy cp tri php, v khi pht hin, thc hin mt hnh ng x l c xc nh trc "Kinh nghim ca chng ti cho thy rng hot ng ny thc s thc hin hai nhim v:. mt l xc nh mt dch v cn thit (v d, mt dch v bo v nn tng) h tr nn tng an ninh cp ny yu cu; mt s khc l ha gii / kt hp cc yu t u vo ca cc bn lin quan. Nhng hot ng ny c nh hng n kin trc v dch v phn mm nn tng phn mm s cung cp (v d, yu cu chc nng).Kim tra k thut v hon thnh rng buc Hai hot ng ny c nh gi cao c lin quan trong vic pht trin cc h thng phn mm. Nh cc sn phm chng ti pht trin thng h tr mt lot cc tnh hung ng dng (v d, iu kin ti v cu hnh trin khai), khng c y m t nhng tnh hung, cc NFRs s khng th kim chng. Cc kim th s khng bit lm th no thit lp mi trng th nghim thc hin th nghim NFR. Vic xem xt th nghim ca NFRs thng cung cp nhiu u vo hon thnh nhng hn ch NFRS dng cc mu c cu trc l mt cch m bo rng buc c hon chnh hn. V d, chng ta c th nhp mt s thuc tnh (v d, iu kin ti, cu hnh trin khai, tnh trng d tha) cho mi yu cu. Kinh nghim ca chng ti, tuy nhin, iu ny l qu nhiu cng vic xc nh NFRs cho tt c cc kt hp thuc tnh. Cc bn lin quan s khng c kh nng cung cp tt c cc yu t u vo cho tt c cc kt hp. iu ny l bi v mt s nhng s kt hp rt him trong cc ng dng d nh (v d, cu hnh trin khai nh vi kh nng d phng). V vy, n khng phi l cn thit cung cp cho tt c cc kt hp NFRs6.5 Li khuyn RE cho cc nn tng Cc loi sau y c th hu ch khi pht trin v phn tch yu cu nn tng: S dng mt b tiu chun yu cu thuc tnh cht lng c cu cc phin bn u tin ca bng cu hi NFR. Thng nht cc thut ng c s dng bi cc bn lin quan khc nhau xc nh yu cu nn tng. Thm cc rng buc m bo rng cc NFRs c tnh kh thi thc hin. M t NFRs vi y thng tin cc th tc kim tra (bao gm c cc mi trng th nghim) c th c ch nh kim tra cc NFRs. Xc nh NFRs v ch c cc t hp thuc tnh c th s c trin khai cho cc dng sn phm. S dng cc mu c cu trc m bo rng nhng hn ch l hon tt. Sau khi NFRs l n nh hp l, to ra bn d tho ti liu tip th cho cc nn tng (nh th n l mt sn phm thng mi c lp) v s dng nh l mt s tr gip khi tin hnh nh gi cc yu cu vi cc bn lin quan.6.6 Tm tt Chng ny gii thiu mt cch tip cn : Pht trin NFRs cho h thng phn mm ln m c th c trin khai trong mt lot cc c s h tng in ton v hot ng theo mt lot cc tnh hung ng dng. Chng ti ku gi cc phn mm ph bin mc thp hn (v d, h thng iu hnh, middleware) mt nn tng. Chng ti m t mt qu trnh chi tit (gi l PND) v hin vt lin quan c th c s dng gip ha gii u vo ca cc bn lin quan. Qu trnh NPD b sung cc phng php tip cn NFR hin bng cch kt hp s pht trin NFR vi quy trnh k thut phn mm khc. N m t cch thc kim tra v qun l pht hnh c th c tch hp vi cc qu trnh PND.6.7 Cu hi tho lun1. Mt vi s khc bit gia mt dng sn phm phn mm v cc nn tng2. Lm th no ngi ta c th xc nh cc chc nng cn c thc hin trong phn mm ng dng v t nn tng ny?3. Khi no tiu chun ISO nn c s dng trong cc tin trnh PND xc nh mt danh sch ca cc NFR