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Phn tch yu cu phn mm

Bi tp 3Nhm 10: Nguyn Vn Thanh (20122401) c Minh (20122073)Nguyn Anh Tun(20122687)Nguyn Minh Tun (20122698)

1Chng 7: Qun l yu cuChng ny gii thiu v din gii mt s qun l yu cu trong thc hnh c s dng trong cc d n ln. Yu cu k thut l mt hot ng din ra lin tc, xuyn sut vng i pht trin sn phm, v phi c qun l mt cch hiu qu. Ni dung bao gm thc hnh trong truy xut ngun gc, o lng, quan thay i , tnh cht lng v tnh m rng ca qun l yu cu.227.1. Nn tngKhi m mt d n pht trin ln dn v phc tp, nhiu sn phm mi c pht hnh ti th trng vi nhiu tnh nng, s quan trng ca nhng thc hnh tt trong vic qun l yu cu cng ln dn. Yu cu phi c xc nh, phn tch, ti liu ha v cc tc t pht trin phi c truy xut n cc yu cu v mc tiu kinh doanh ban u.Mc ch ca vic qun l yu cu l qun l tt c yu cu ca mt d n hay mt sn phm v xc nh s khng ph hp gia cc yu cu ca mt k hoch d n hay sn phm cng vic.7.2. Qun l thay iThay i chc chn s xy ra v vy chng ti phi lp k hoch thay i cc yu cu trong qu trnh ca mt d n pht trin cng nh sau khi sn phm c pht hnh cho lnh vc ny. V vy chng ta phi thit lp cc quy trnh v cc cng c qun l cc yu cu thay i. Qun l yu cu bao gm s kim sot phin bn ca tt c cc tc t l ngun ca yu cu hoc cc sn phm ca qu trnh qun l yu cu. 3Cc mc ca hnh thc trong qun l thay i , v d s hnh thnh ca bt k CCB - l mt chc nng t nhin ca cc d n, hp ng hoc tng t. Cc loi phn tch ch yu c thc hin bi cc thnh vin ca CCB c a ra.Phn tch va chmMc tiu ca vic phn tch v chm l xc nh ti chnh, ti nguyn v chi ph vt cht ca cc thay i yu cu hoc tnh nng mi.Phn tch ngun gc Phn tch ngun gc l c lin quan vi vic khm ph ra ngun gc ca mt chc nng, module, vv. Phn tch bao phPhn tch bao ph o t l ca cc tnh nng xc nh vi cc tnh nng trn sn phm thc t. N c s dng xc nh xem cc yu cu v tnh nng c c thc hin trong cc sn phm hay khng. iu ny c thc hin bng cch truy tm t h thng ban u (hoc hp ng) yu cu trc tip vi cc trng hp th nghim. 47.3. Hot ng qun l yu cu thng xuynHot ng qun l yu cu thng xuyn l nhng hot ng din ra trn hu ht, nu khng phi l tt c cc d n. Chng c th khng lin quan nhiu n nhng hng dn n lc, nhng ty thuc vo tnh cht ca d n, chng c th c vai tr rt quan trng n mt kt qu tch cc.Xc nh cc yu cu bt nBin ng thng c o bng cch thu thp s liu thng k t mt h thng qun l d liu yu cu (RDMS). Mt trong nhng li th ca mt RDMS l mi khi mt yu cu c thay i, qun l phin bn c minh bch ti ngi dng. Hu ht, nu khng phi tt c, cc sn phm RDMS c th cung cp cc bo co bin ng. Nu khng, cng khng qu kh to ra mt bo co nh vy. Thit lp cc chnh sch cho cc tin trnh yu cu v h tr chng nhng cng c Workflow, Guidelines, Templates v V dMt sai lm ph bin trong cc d n ln l bt u thc hin d n m khng cn phi c xc nh r quy trnh, hng dn, biu mu, v d, hoc b cng c tch hp. u tin yu cuy l mt hot ng khng tm thng i hi cc quyt nh nh nhng g cc thut ton s c s dng, lm th no u tin s c tnh ton v lu tr, cc tc ng ph thuc vo u tin, v cc vn tuyn truyn (ln v xung).

5Thit lp v cp nht cc yu cu c bnNh cp phn trn, mt khi yu cu n nh, mt ng c s c thnh lp thay i c th c theo di. Hu ht cc cng c RDMS c kh nng cho vic thit lp ng c s; tuy nhin, cu chuyn cha kt thc ti y. Ti liu bn ngoi, bn thit k, tiu chun ca chnh ph, v nh vy cng c th cn phi c to ng c s. Ti liu quyt nhCc ti liu ca cc quyt nh c yu cu cho c d n v yu cu qun l. Khi c s chng cho, n c th l cn thit c mt chin lc phi hp. i vi mt v d v nhng g c th xy ra khi cc quyt nh khng c ti liu, xem thanh bn cnh.Lp k hoch v phn phi cc yu cu pht hnhK hoch pht hnh c th l mt hot ng sn phm, d n qun l, ty thuc vo loi d n. Trong quy hoch, yu cu ny c phn b cho cc phin bn cc phin bn sn phm s c pht hnh mt cch hiu qu chi ph, ty thuc vo mc tiu kinh. Nu ph thuc yu cu v nhng du vt khng c duy tr, lp k hoch c th kh khan.67.4. Yu cu truy xut ngun gc

Yu cu truy xut ngun gc l kh nng m t v theo ui vng i ca mt yu cu, trong c hai hng v pha trc v pha sau; tc l, t ngun gc ca n, thng qua pht trin v c im k thut ca n, trin khai tip theo ca n v s dng, v qua nhng giai on sng lc lin tc v lp i lp li trong bt k cc giai on "[Gotel et al., 1994]. Truy xut ngun gc l cha kha i vi s bao ph, ngun gc, v phn tch tc ng. Mt cch tip cn ngh xc nh mt chin lc truy xut ngun gc l nhn vo cc vai tr trn cc d n v nhu cu ca h, thc hin c ch truy tm ch khi cn thit. Cc d n khc nhau s c c ch theo di khc nhau v cc l do khc nhau.

7Truy xut ngun gc da theo mc tiuTruy xut ngun gc da trn mc tiu bt u vi mc ch hay mc tiu kinh doanh, v cc du vt ny sau c s dng xc nh cc mc tiu kinh doanh c p ng. Cc loi du vtChuyn tip t yu cu phn b cho cc thnh phn h thng thit lp trch nhim v thay i tc ng h trQuay li cc yu cu xc nhn vic tun th h thng yu cu, v trnh m vngChuyn tip ti yu cu thay i trong nhu cu ca cc bn lin quan hoc gi nh rng c th yu cu nh gi li trit cc yu cu lin quanQuay li t yu cu c cu ng gp rt quan trng xc nhn yu cu

8V d v m hnh k thut truy tm da trn d nim bt u xc nh mt chin lc truy yu cu l vic to ra mt m hnh truy xut ngun gc (m hnh "V") v to ra mt m hnh siu d n.Truy xut ngun gc khng y c th dn n s km hiu quXc nh mt siu m hnh, v sau ly mt du vt chin lc t cc siu m hnh. Cc m hnh "V l phng php tip cn xc nh ngun gc thng c s dng khi c nhng lo ngi php l quan trng, v hu nh lun lun c s dng khi pht trin sn phm c thu ngoi. Cc cch tip cn siu m hnh thng c s dng ni c rt nhiu ngun khc nhau ca yu cu hoc cc tin trnh RE l tng i phc tp.97.5. Php o v s liuVic p dng cc thc tin o lng c c s liu l mt k thut qun l c hiu qu vic pht trin phn mm v bo tr tin trnh [Jones 1991], [Moeller et al. 1993]. S liu d no d n c s dng nh gi ngy qua ngy ca tnh trng d n, v xc nh tnh y ca mt vt hoc nhim v kch hot qu trnh xem xt. Quy trnh, o lng, v cc cng c cng ph thuc ln nhau. S liu cht lngS liu cht lng l nhng s liu o lng cht lng ca cc yu cu hin vt (bao gm c cc sn phm cui cng), nhng khng nht thit phi truyn t thng tin v tin d n hoc nng sut

107.6. Kh nng m rngQuy trnh a ra vo lc bt u ca mt d n c th khng i vo xem xt s lng yu cu m c th cn phi c qun l nh yu cu nh ngha ti gn hon thnh. 7.7. To mt quy trnh qun l yu cuN rt d dng nh gi thp nhng n lc cn thit qun l ng yu cu v mt d n. Tht khng may, vn quy trnh c xu hng khng xut hin cho n khi n l mun trong d n, v n c th rt kh khn v nhiu tc ng thay i trong qu trnh din ra. Do , iu quan trng l ln k hoch sm x l mt lng ln d liu, yu cu cho s thay i, v nng sut cao thng qua vic t ng ha. 7.8. Tit kim o lng vi cc tin trnh REKhi ta ci thin cc yu cu trong mt t chc, n c th khng th nh lng tit kim vi cch tm kim cc RE khi lm sn phm ci thin hiu sut sn phm. Thc t, tit kim c th ch c xc nh bng cch tm kim trong dn mt cch ton din. Tuy nhin, c th phi thay i cch t duy.

117.9. Cc vn v t chc qun l nh hng n cc yu cuMt k hoch qun l cc yu cu k thut (REMP) khng nn c to ra m khng c ly mt ci nhn tng th v qu trnh khc gn lin vi pht trin h thng; v d, sn xut, pht trin phn cng, pht trin phn mm, kim th v bo tr. Mt sai lm in hnh khi thit lp mt REMP l b qua thng ngun v h lu cc qu trnh.Chng rt cn thit hiu c bi cnh ca bt k qu trnh RM a ra.To mt c s d liu cc yu cui vi cc d n nh, yu cu c th c qun l bng cch s dng bng tnh. Tuy nhin, nh mt d n t n mt kch thc ti hn, ni 100 yu cu hoc hn, n tr nn cn thit s dng mt c s d liu lu gi thng tin. Cc hot ng nh qun l cu hnh, qun l truy xut ngun gc, to ra thng s k thut, v gii nn s liu c thc hin vi n lc t hn nhiu bng cch s dng mt trong nhng c s d liu qun l cc yu cu k thut thng mi c sn.Qun l cc yu cu i vi dng sn phm Cc yu cu hoc cha m ca n c nh du l n ni m n thuc v, mt nn tng, mt ti sn ct li ca cc dng sn phm, hoc mt hoc nhiu hn cc sn phm trong dng sn phm. iu ny c th c thc hin vi mt thuc tnh yu cu. Cc kha cnh thch thc nht trong vic qun l cc yu cu dng sn phm l tnh cht a chiu ca mt s cc thuc tnh yu cu. 127.10. Tm tt

Trong chng ny chng ta gii thiu v mt vi phng php thc hnh s dng qun l cc yu cu. Mt vi phng php rt quan trong trong nhng d n ln. Yu cu v RE phi c iu chnh v lu li. Khi thay i mc ch, qu trnh x l phi s dng phn tch tc ng thay i.

13Chng ny cp n h thng kim tra m da trn cc yu cu. N gii thiu cc khi nim v tho lun v k thut c th c s dng thnh cng to ra cc trng hp th nghim bng cch s dng mt s cc hin vt RE. N tho lun th nghim da trn m hnh (MBT) tp trung vo cc loi m hnh RE v thng s k thut hu ch cho cc k s th nghim.

14Chng 8: Kim th h thng hng yu cu8.1. Nn tngKim th phn mm l qu trnh thc hin phn mm vi mc ch tm kim cc li [Myers 1979], v v c bn h tr cc hot ng xc thc v xc nhn. Vai tr ca kim tra yu cu xc nhn c th c nhn thy trong cc m hnh vng i khc nhau nh m hnh "V". Th nghim c thc hin xc nhn hin vt vng i c to ra bi cc yu cu k thut v thit k. H thng kim tra l mt qu trnh cng nghip c xc nh r; trong nhiu trng hp. Tuy nhin, n vn cn l mt qu trnh th cng. Khi th nghim h thng l tng i t tin v xy ra trong thi gian tr li vo cui ca qu trnh pht trin, cc i kim tra thng l ln v lm vic qu sc.

158.2. u vo yu cu k thut kim thMt yu cu c gi l "tt" phi c kim chng nh cc sn phm hon thin c th c kim tra m bo rng n p ng cc yu cu. iu ny c ngha rng cc yu cu phi c nh lng v d dng kim tra.Cc yu cu m t nh l m hnh s lm cho cng vic ca tester d dng hn.Khi cc tester c quyn truy cp vo cc yu cu thng s k thut c th kim chng c, y , r rng, v.v. (xem Phn 1.7), h s c th hiu c nhng g m h thng d nh nn lm g v lm th no cn c thc hin. Vi mt s hiu bit r rng v cc chc nng v hiu sut ca h thng d nh, h s c th vit "tt" cc trng hp th nghim.Ngoi cc yu cu hoc thng s k thut h thng, hin vt khc m c ch cc k s th nghim bao gm hng dn s dng v nguyn mu.

168.3. M hnh c bn kim thTh nghim da trn m hnh c gng ly c cc trng hp kim tra t mt m hnh cho cc h thng theo th nghim (SUT) bng cch s dng mt lot cc tiu ch la chn th nghim. Mt m hnh l mt ci nhn tru tng ca h thng v xc nh thng l (mt phn) cc hnh vi ca h thng trong iu khon ca kim sot dng chy ca n v hoc lu lng d liu. Ba loi khc nhau ca cc m hnh in hnh c th c to raYu cu cc m hnh xc nh hnh vi d nh ca h thngM hnh s dng cc phn nh hnh vi ca mt ngi s dng tim nngM hnh c xy dng t m ngun trc tip (trong h thng c th nghim cho chng ta mt sn phm phn mm)Cc phng php kim tra ngun gc p dng trn cc loi m hnh khc nhau i khi c phn loi thnh cc th nghim da trn c im (hoc kim tra hp en) nu chng c da trn yu cu ca m hnh, v th nghim theo chng trnh (hoc kim tra hp trng) nu m ngun c s dng l m hnh c bn.178.4. Kim tra hiu sut v kh nng m rng cc yu cuM t y l mt cch tip cn xy dng hiu qu m hnh m phng ti u ha bng cch s dng s UML [Avritzer et at.2008] m c th c s dng h tr vic thc hin th nghim v kh nng m rng cc yu cu. Ch thch cc m hnh s trin khai v cc m hnh s trnh t vi li xut v gi khi hnh, v t ng to ra cc kch bn m hnh hiu sut t cc s ny. S dng cc m hnh UML c to ra bi cc k s yu cu xc nh s hot ng phc tp c tim nng to ra m hnh hiu sut khng c ti u ha cho gii php, v cc quan im ca cc yu cu k s v k s thc hin l khc nhau ng k.S hot ng c s dng xc nh hnh vi hon ton h thng mc m hnh UML. Cc s hot ng UML tip cn c thit k c s dng bi cc yu cu k s v rt ph hp vi cng vic yu cu k thut.

188.5. Cc quy tc ngn tay ci/ thc tin tt nhtXem xt li cc m hnhChng ta tm thy n d dng hn cho cc chuyn gia v cc bn lin quan min khc xem xt cc m hnh nh s use case hn xem xt thng s k thut kim tra. Cc s hot ng m t cc kch bn ch nh cc xt nghim mong mun trong cng mt cch nh l mt b kim tra.Ci thin phm vi th nghimTo bi kim tra t s hot ng cho php chng ta xc nh mt c s cho vic kim tra bo him. Ln theo yu cuCc xt nghim h thng c yu cu c ngc tr li cc yu cu chng minh vic xc minh cc yu cu.19Bt u sm trong vng i pht trini vi hu ht cc d n chng ti lm vic trn, m hnh use-case cho kim tra t ng c pht trin trong giai on th nghim h thng ca d n. Tuy nhin, li khuyn bn nn bt u t s pht trin ca cc m hnh use case cng sm cng tt trong d n cc nhm th nghim c th thc hin vic nh ngha cc yu cu sm trong tin trnh m bo rng cc yu cu c th kim chng c quy nh.Ci thin hiu sutTrong th nghim truyn thng, thch thc l lm th no to ra hiu qu cc bi kim tra. Trong th nghim da trn m hnh, ngc li, cc vn thng l lm th no khng to ra qu nhiu xt nghim.

208.6. Tm ttTrong chng ny, chng ti tho lun v mi quan h gia cc yu cu k thut v th nghim h thng. Yu cu cc k s to ra cc trng hp s dng l c s cho cc m hnh c s dng bi cc k s kim tra to ra cc trng hp th nghim. Yu cu tt l cn thit cho vic p dng cc phng php th nghim da trn m hnh. C k s th nghim pht trin cc m hnh v cc xt nghim sm trong d n pht trin gip xem xt v lm r cc yu cu

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