BI TP CHNG 6: NHM HALOGEN. A. T LUN. DNG 1: CHUI PHN NG 1. Hon thnh chui phn ng: a. MnO2 Cl2 FeCl3 Fe(OH)3 FeCl3 AgCl Cl2. b. KMnO4 Cl2 HCl CuCl2 BaCl2 BaSO4. c. NaCl HCl Cl2 FeCl3 NaCl NaOH NaCl Cl2 CaCl2 AgCl Ag. d. NaCl HCl KCl Cl2 NaCl H2 HCl Cl2 CuCl2 Cu(OH)2 CuSO4 K2SO4 KNO3. 2. Xc nh A,B,C, D,E,F,G: HCl + MnO2 (A) + (B) rn + (C) lng. (A) + Fe FeCl3. (A) + (C) (D) + (E) (D) + Ca(OH)2 (G) + (C). (F) + (E) (C) (F) + (A) (D). 3. B tc v cn bng cc pt theo s : a. HCl + ? Cl2 + ? + ? b. ? + ? CuCl2 + ? c. HCl + ? CO2 + ? + ? d. HCl + ? AgCl + ? e. KCl + ? HCl + ? + ? f. Cl2 + ? HClO + ? g. Cl2 + ? NaClO + ? + ? h. Cl2 + ? CaOCl2 + ? i. CaOCl2 + ? HClO + ? k. NaClO + NaHCO3 + ? 4. Vit cc phng trnh biu din dy bin ha sau (ghi r iu kin). a. MnO2 Cl2 nc javen NaHCO3. KCl AgCl Cl2 KClO3. CaOCl2 CaCO3 CO2 HClO NaClO. Br2 I2 AgI. b. Cl2 FeCl3 NaCl Cl2 Br2 HBrO NaBrO. c. H2 HCl Cl2 FeCl2 Fe(NO3)2 Fe(OH)2 FeSO4 FeCl2 AgNO3. DNG 2: NHN BIT 1. Nhn bit cc dung dch mt nhn bng phng php ha hc. a. NaOH, HCl, NaCl, NaNO3. b. KCl, KNO3, HCl, HNO3. c. KCl, K2SO4, KNO3. d. HCl, H2SO4, HNO3. e. Ba(OH)2, H2SO4, Na2SO4 , KCl, HNO3. f. CaCl2, Ca(OH)2, NaOH, Ca(NO3)2. g. Ba(OH)2, HCl, NaCl, Na2SO4, KOH. h. NaF, NaBr, NaI. i. Na2CO3, NaCl, NaOH, K2SO4, NaBr. j. KF, KCl, KBr, KI. k. MgCl2, NaOH, NH4Cl, BaCl2, H2SO4 khng dng thm ha cht no khc( cu k) DNG 3: VIT PHNG TRNH IU CH 1. Vit cc phng trnh iu ch nc giaven khi ch c: Na, Mangandioxit, hodroclorua. 2. T clo v cc iu kin cn thit vit cc phng trnh iu ch:1

a. Nc giaven.

b. Clorua vi. c. Kali clorat. d. axit hypoclor. 3. Nu tnh cht ha hc c trng ca axit clohidric.Vit 2 phng trnh chng minh mi tnh cht . 4. Nu tnh cht ha hc c trng ca clo. Vit phng trnh chng minh? 5. Vit 2 phng trnh chng minh clo th hin tnh oxi ha v 1 phng trnh chng minh clo va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin tnh kh. 6. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ca clo tc dng vi: Ca, K, Fe, FeCl2, ddNaOH, H2O.Gi tn sn phm. 7. Cho cc cht : KCl, CaCl2, MnO2, H2SO4c. Nu tt c cc phng php iu ch kh hidroclorua. 8. Vit cc phn ng xy ra gia cc cht(nu c): a. St tc dng vi clo. b. St tc dng vi axit clohidric. c. ng tc dng vi axit clohidric. d. ng oxit tc dng vi axit clohidric. e. St (II) hydroxyt tc dng vi axit clohidric. f. St (III) hydroxyt tc dng vi axit clohidric. g. Canxi cacbonat vi axit clohidric. h. Clo vi kali hydroxyt c(100oC). Trong cc phn ng trn, phn ng no l phn ng oxi ha kh, xc nh vai tr mi cht. 9. Cp cht no sau y khng cng tn ti trong dung dch? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra? a. NaCl + ZnBr2. b. KCl + I2. c. NaOH + KBr. d. Cl2+ KBr. e. KCl + AgNO3. f. NaI + HBr. g. Cl2 + KBr h. CuCl2 + MgI2. 10. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra: a. CuCl2 ZnCl2. b. ZnCl2 AgCl. c. Fe FeCl3. d. Fe FeCl2. e. CuCl2 KCl. f. Cu CuCl2. g. NaBr Br2. h. HCl Cl2. i. NaOH NaCl. k. Cl2 Br2. DNG 4: BI TP NH TNH Vn 1: Kim loi hoc oxit kim loi vo dd HCl 1. Cho 26,1g MnO2 tc dng ht vi 400ml dung dch axit clohidric m c.2

a. Tnh th tch kh thot ra ktc. b. Tnh nng mol HCl. c. Lng kh clo thu c c tc dng ht vi 1,12g st khng? 2. Cho 30g hn hp gm Cu v Zn tc dng ht vi 200g dung dch HCl thu c 5600ml kh (ktc). a. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi. b. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng mi kim loi theo khi lng. c. Tnh nng % HCl. 3. Cho 15g hn hp gm Fe,Ag tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl 15,6% thu c 3360ml kh thu c (ktc). a. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp. b. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng mi kim loi. c. Tnh khi lng dung dch HCl phn ng. 4. Cho 1,4g st tc dng vi 840ml kh clo (ktc). a. Tnh khi lng cc cht thu c sau phn ng. b. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,5M tc dng ht vi cc cht thu c trong phn ng trn. 5. Cho 29,8g hn hp gm Fe,Zn tc dng ht vi 600ml dung dch HCl thu dc 11,2 lt kh (ktc). a. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi. b. Tnh nng mol HCl. 6. Cho clo tc dng vi va vi Fe ri ha tan lng mui sinh ra vo nc c 100g dung dch mui c nng 16,25%. a. Tnh khi lng mui trong dung dch. b. Tnh khi lng st v clo (ktc) dung. 7. Ha tan 10,55g hn hp gm Zn v ZnO vo mt lng va dung dch HCl 10% th thu c 2,24 lt kh (ktc). a. Tnh khi lng mi cht trong hn hp u. b. Tnh khi lng dung dch HCl dng. 8. Cho 10g hn hp Al, Mg, Cu tc dng vi dung dch HCl d th thu c 7,84 lt H2(ktc). Tnh thnh phn % khi lng mi kim loi. 9. ha tan hon ton 14,9g hn hp Fe, Zn ngi ta cn va ng 250 ml dung dch HCl 2M. a. Tnh % khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp. b. Tnh th tch kh sinh ra (ktc). 10. Ha tan 7,8g hn hp Al,Mg bng dung dch HCl d. Sau phn ng khi lng dung dch axit tng thm 7g. Xc nh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u. 11. Cho Cho 78,3g MnO2 tc dng va vi dung dch HCl 20%. a. Tnh khi lng dung dch HCl phn ng v th tch kh sinh ra. b. Tnh nng dung dch mui thu c. c. Kh sinh ra cho tc dng vi 250ml dung dch NaOH nhit thng. Tnh nng mol ca NaOH phn ng v ca dung dch thu c. d. Cho kh trn tc dng vi st. Ha tan mui thu c vo 52,5g H2O. Tnh nng % ca dung dch mui. 27. Ha tan 26,6g hn hp hai mui NaCl, KCl vo nc thnh 500g dung dch A. Cho dung dch AgNO33

d vo dung dch A th c 57,4g kt ta. Tnh C% ca mi mui trong dung dch A. 29. Cho cho 500 ml dung dch cha 4,25g AgNO3 vo 500ml dung dch HCl 1M. Tnh nng cc cht thu c sau phn ng. 30. Khi in phn dung dch mui n bo ha sn xut xt, ngi ta thu c 560 lt kh clo (ktc). | Tnh khi lng mui n cha 98% NaCl dng in phn. 31. Mui n b ln cc tp cht l Na2SO4, MgCl2, CaCl2, CaSO4. Hy trnh by phng php ha hc loi b cc tp cht . 31. Cho hn hp gm Cu, Mg vo dung dch HCl d thu c 5,6 lt kh (ktc) khng mu v mt cht rn khng tan B. Dng dung dch H2SO4c nng ha tan hon ton cht rn B thu c 2,24 lt kh SO2(ktc). a. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. b. Tnh khi lng hn hp A ban u. 32. Cho 19g hn hp KF, KCl tc dng ht vi dung dch H2SO4c thu c 6,72 lt kh ktc. Xc nh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca hn hp mui. 33. Xc nh nng % ca dung dch KBr bit rng 4,48 lt kh clo ktc tc dng ht vi KBr c trong 88,81 ml dung dch KBr (D = 1,34g/ml). 34. V sao ngi ta c th iu ch Cl2, Br2, I2 bng cch cho hn hp H2SO4c v MnO2 tc dng vi mui clorua, bromua, iotua nhng khng th p dng phng php ny iu ch F2? Bng cch no c th iu ch c F2? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. 35. Cho 200g dung dch AgNO3 8,5% (D = 1,025g/ml) tc dng vi 300ml dung dch HCl. Tnh nng mol cc cht thu c sau phn ng 36. Cho lng d AgNO3 tc dng vi 100ml dung dch hn hp NaF 0,05M v NaCl 0,1 M. Khi lng kt ta thu c l bao nhiu? 37. Hn hp gm NaCl v NaBr . Cho hn hp tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3d th to ra kt ta c khi lng bng khi lng AgNO3 tham gia phn ng. Tnh thnh phn % theo s mol ca naCl trong hn hp u. 20. Cho 500ml dung dch AgNO3 0,5M tc dng vi 200g dung dch HCl 5,475%.(D = 0,5g/ml). a. Tnh khi lng cc cht thu c sau phn ng. b. Tnh nng mol cc cht thu c sau phn ng. B. TRC NGHIM: 1. Cu hnh e lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t cc nguyn t halogen l: A. ns2np4. B. ns2p5. C. ns2np3. D. ns2np6. 2. trng thi c bn cc nguyn t halogen c my e c thn? A. 1 B. 5. C. 3. D. 7. 3. Lin kt trong cc phn t n cht halogen l g? A. cng ha tr khng cc. B. cng ha tr c cc. C. lin kt ion. D. lin kt cho nhn. 4. Cht no c tnh kh mnh nht? A. HI. B. HF. C. HBr. D. HCl. 5. Trong phn ng clo vi nc, clo l cht: A. oxi ha. B. kh. C. va oxi ha, va kh. D. khng oxi ha, kh4

6. Thuc th ca axit clohidric v mui clorua l: A. ddAgNO3. B. dd Na2CO3. C. ddNaOH. D. phenolphthalein. 7. Hp cht no c tnh oxi ha mnh nht? A. HClO. B. HClO2. C. HClO3. D. HClO4. 8. Trng thi ng ca brom l: A. rn B. lng. C. kh. D. tt c sai. 9. Cho dy axit: HF, HCl,HBr,HI. Theo chiu t tri sang phi tnh cht axit bin i nh sau: A. gim. B. tng. C. va tng, va gim. D. Khng tng, khng gim. 10. Hy la chn phng php iu ch kh hidroclorua trong phng th nghim: A. Thy phn AlCl3. B. Tng hp t H2 v Cl2. C. clo tc dng vi H2O. D. NaCl tinh th v H2SO4c. 11.Axit khng th ng trong bnh thy tinh l: A. HNO3 B. HF. C. H2SO4. D. HCl. 12. Dung dch AgNO3khng phn ng vi dung dch no sau y? A. NaCl. B. NaBr. C. NaI. D. NaF. 13. Cho phn ng: SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O 2HCl + H2SO4. Clo l cht: A oxi ha. B. kh. C. va oxi ha, va kh. D. Khng oxi ha kh 14. c im no khng phi l c im chung ca cc halogen? A. u l cht kh iu kin thng. B. u c tnh oxi ha mnh. C. Tc dng vi hu ht cc kim loi v phi kim. D. Kh nng tc dng vi nc gim dn t F2 n I2. 15. Trong phng th nghim clo c iu ch t ha cht no sau y? A. KClO3 B. NaCl. C. MnO2. D. HClO. 16. Theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn th kh nng oxi ha ca cc halogen n cht: a. tng dn. B. gim dn. C. khng thay i. D. va tng, va gim. 17. Cc halogen c tnh cht ha hc gn ging nhau v c cng: A. cu hnh e lp ngoi cng. B. tnh oxi ha mnh. C. s e c thn. D. s lp e. 18. Khi m vi nc my, nu ch mt cht s pht hin mi l. l do nc my cn lu gi vt tch ca thuc st trng. chnh l clo v ngi ta gii thch kh nng dit khunl do: A. clo c nn c tnh st trng. B. clo c tnh oxi ha mnh. C. clo tc dn vi nc to ra HClO cht ny c tnh oxi ha mnh. D. mt nguyn nhn khc. 19. Axit clohidric c th tham gia phn ng oxi ha kh vi vai tr: A. cht kh. B. cht oxi ha. C. mi trng. D. tt c u ng. 20.Trong cc kim loi sau y, kim loi no khi t dng vi clo v axit clohidric cho cng mt loi mui? A. Zn. B. Fe. C. Cu. D. Ag 21. Cht no sau y c ng dng dung trng phim nh?5

A. NaBr. B. AgCl. C. AgBr. D. HBr. 22. Thuc th phn bit dung dch KI l. A. Qu tm. B. Clo v h tinh bt C. h tinh bt. D. dd AgNO3. 23. Dy cc cht no sau y u tc dng vi axit clohidric? A. Fe2O3, KMnO4, Cu, Fe, AgNO3. B. Fe2O3, KMnO4Fe, CuO, AgNO3. C. Fe, CuO, H2SO4, Ag, Mg(OH)2. D. KMnO4, Cu, Fe, H2SO4, Mg(OH)2. 24. Clorua vi l: A. Mui to bi kim loi lin kt vi mt gc axit. B. Mui to bi kim loi lin kt vi hai gc axit. C. Mui to bi hai kim loi lin kt vi mt gc axit. D. Clorua vi khng phi l mui. 25. Cho phn ng: Cl2+ 2 NaBr 2 NaCl + Br2. nguyn t clo: A. ch b oxi ha. B. ch b kh. C. va b oxi, va b kh. D. Khng b oxi ha, khng b kh. 26. Ti sao ngi ta iu ch c nc clo m khng iu ch c nc flo. A.V flo khng tc dng vi nc. B. V flo c th tan trong nc. C. V flo c th bc chy khi tc dng vi nc. D. V mt l do khc. 27. Cht no sau y c ta tt nht? A. AgI. B. AgCl. C. AgBr. D. AgF. 28. Thuc th nh ra iot l: A. h tinh bt. B. nc brom. C. phenolphthalein. D. Qu tm. 29 Phn ng no chng t HCl l cht kh? A. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O. B. 2HCl + Mg MgCl2+ H2 . C. MnO2+ 4 HCl MnCl2+ Cl2 + 2H2O. D. NH3+ HCl NH4Cl. Cu 2: Vit phn ng th hin s thay i s oxi ha ca nguyn t: a)S0S-2S0S+4S+6S+4S0S+6 b)Cl0Cl+1Cl0Cl+5Cl-1Cl0Cl-1 Dng 2: Nhn bit, phn bit cc cht Cu 1: Nhn bit cc l mt nhn cha: a) dung dch: Ca(OH)2, HCl, HNO3, NaCl, NaI. f) dung dch: NaOH, KCl, KNO3, K2SO4, H2SO4. b) dung dch: NaOH, KCl, NaNO3, K2SO4, HCl. g) dung dch: CaF2, NaCl, KBr, NaI. c) cht kh: O2, H2, Cl2, CO2, HCl. h) cht rn: CuO, Cu, Fe3O4, MnO2 v Fe. d) dung dch: K2SO4, KCl, KBr, KI. i) dung dch: NaNO3, KMnO4, AgNO3, HCl. e) dung dch: Na2SO4, AgNO3, KCl, KNO3 k) dung dch: Na2S, NaBr, NaI, NaF. Cu 2: Ch c dng mt thuc th nhn bit cc cht ng trong mi l mt nhn sau. a) Bn dung dch: NaOH, Na2SO4, HCl, Ba(OH)2. c) Bn dung dch: HF, HBr, HCl, HI.6

b) Bn dung dch: HF, HI, NaBr, NaCl. d) Bn cht kh: HCl, NH3, Cl2, N2. Cu 3: Phn bit cc l mt nhn sau: 1)Dung dch : NaOH, H2SO4, HCl, BaCl2. 2)Dung dch : H2SO4, HCl, NaCl, Na2SO4. 3)Dung dch : KCl, Na2CO3, NaI, CuSO4, BaCl2. 4)Dung dch : Ca(NO3)2, K2SO4; K2CO3, NaBr. 5)Dung dch : NaCl, NaNO3, Na2CO3, Na2SO4. 6)Dung dch : Na2SO3, Na2CO3, NaCl, MgSO4, NaNO3. 7)Dung dch : I2, Na2SO4, KCl, KI, Na2S. 8)Bt : Na2CO3, CaCO3, BaSO4, Na2SO4. 9)Bt : Na2S. Na2SO3, Na2SO4, BaSO4. 10)Kh O2, SO2, Cl2, CO2. 1l)Cl2, SO2, CO2, H2S, O2, O3. 12)SO2, CO2, H2S, H2, N2, Cl2, O2. 13)O2, H2, CO2, HCl.

Dng 3: Bi ton H2S, SO2 phn ng vi kim Cu 1: Cho 5,6 lt kh H2S ( ktc) qua bnh ng 350 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, tnh khi lng mui sinh ra? Cu 2: Cho 6,72 lt CO2 ( ktc) hp th ht vo 800 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c bao nhiu gam cht rn ? Cu 3: Hp th ht 2,24 lt SO2 ( ktc) bng 250 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, c cn dung dch sau phn ng c khi lng cht rn bng bao nhiu? Dng 4: Hn hp kim loi phn ng vi HCl, H2SO4 long Cu 1: Cho m gam hn hp gm Fe2O3 v Zn tc dng V lt dung dch HCl 0,5M thu c 1,12 lt kh (ktc). C cn dung dch thu c 16,55 gam mui khan.Tnh V, m? Cu 2: Cho 8,3 g hn hp A gm 3 kim loi Cu, Al v Mg tc dng va vi dd H2SO4 20% (long).Sau phn ng cn cht khng tan B v thu c 5,6 lt kh (kc).Ho tan hon ton B trong H2SO4, nng, d thu c 1,12 lt kh SO2 (kc). Tnh % khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp?Tnh khi lng dd H2SO4 20% dng? Cu 3: Cho 11,9 gam hn hp gm nhm v km tan hon ton trong dung dch axit sunfuric long thu c 8,96 lt kh hiro iu kin chun .Cng lng hn hp trn tan hon ton trong dung dch axit sunfuric c ,nng thu c bao nhiu lt kh sunfur iu kin chun . Cu 4: Cho 35,6 gam hn hp 2 mui natrihidrosunfit v natrisunfit vo dung dch axit sunfuric 19,6% c d .Khi phn ng kt thc ngi ta thu c 6,72 lt kh iu kin chun . a-Tm khi lng mi mui trong hn hp u. b-Th tch dung dch axit ly , bit dng d 10% so vi lng phn ng .(D=1,12g/ml) Cu 5: Hn hp Al v Cu cho vo dung dch HCl d, sau khi phn ng xong thu c 3,36 lt kh ( ktc) .Cho phn khng tan vo dung dch H2SO4 98% ri un nng thu cng thu c th tch kh bng th tch kh ban u .7

Tm khi lng ca hn hp ban u . Dng 5: Kim loi phn ng vi H2SO4 c, ch c mt sn phm kh Cu 1: Cho 11g hn hp Al, Fe phn ng hon ton vi H2SO4 c nng thu c 10,08 lt SO2 sn phm kh duy nht ktc v dung dch A. Tnh % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp? Cho NaOH d vo dung dch A thu c m gam mt kt ta, nung kt ta ny ngoi khng kh ti khi lng khng i thu c a gam mt cht rn, tnh m v a? Cu 2: Cho 12g hn hp hai kim loi Cu, Fe tan hon ton trong H2SO4 c,nng, d thu c 5,6 lt SO2 sn phm kh duy nht ktc v dung dch X. Cho KOH d vo dung dch X thu c m gam kt ta, nung kt ta ngoi khng kh thu c a gam mt cht rn. Tnh % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp?Tnh gi tr ca m v ca a? Cu 3: Cho 15,2g hn hp CuO, FeO phn ng hon ton vi H2SO4 c thu c 1,12 lt SO2 sn phm kh duy nht ktc. Tnh % khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u?Cho NaOH d vo dung dch sau phn ng thu c a gam kt ta, nung cht rn ngoi khng kh ti khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Tnh gi tr ca m, a? Dng 6: Bi ton tm kim loi Cu 1: Cho 5,4g kim loi R tan hon ton trong H2SO4 c nng, phn ng kt thc thu c 6,72 lt SO2 sn phm kh duy nht ktc. Tm kim loi R v tnh khi lng mui to thnh sau phn ng? Cu 2: Cho 1,44g mt kim loi R tan hon ton trong H2SO4 c nng thu c 0,672 lt hn hp SO2, H2S c t khi so vi H2 l 27. Tm kim loi R v tnh khi lng mui to thnh trong dung dch sau phn ng? Cu 3: Cho 4,5g mt kim loi R tan hon ton trong H2SO4 c nng thu c 2,24 lt hn hp SO2, H2S c t khi so vi H2 l 24,5 v dung dch X. Tm kim loi R v tnh khi lng mui to thnh trong dd sau phn ng? Cu 4: Cho 10,8 gam kim loi M ha tr III tc dng ht Cl2 to thnh 53,4 gam mui.Xc nh kim loi M? Cu 5: Cho m gam hn hp mui cacbonat ca kim loi A v B hai chu k lin tip nhau, nhm IIA tc dng vi V ml dung dch HCl 1,25M thu c 1,792 lt kh (ktc) v dung dch D. C cn dung dch D thu c 8,08 gam.Tm hai kim loi, tnh m, V? Cu 6: Cho 8,8g mui sunfua ca mt kim loi ha tr II, III tan hon ton trong H2SO4 c nng thu c 10,08 lt SO2 ktc. Tm cng thc ca mui sunfua? Tnh s mol H2SO4 phn ng? Cu 7: Ha tan hon ton mt 3,2gam kim loi ha tr II vo dung dch axit sunfuric 98% ri un nng .Khi phn ng kt thc thu c 1,12 lt kh khng mu c mi hc ( ktc ) a- Xc nh cng thc phn t ca mui sinh ra . b-Tm th tch dung dch axit ly,bit ly d 3 ml so vi lng phn ng (D = 1,84 g/cm3) c-Dn ton b kh sinh ra vo 80ml dung dch NaOH 1M .Tm nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch thu c sau phn ng .Th tch dung dch khng i Bi tp gii nhanh ha hc Cu 1: Nung 8,4gam Fe trong khng kh , sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn X gm Fe,Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO. Ho tan m gam hn hp X vo dung dch HNO3 d thu c 2,24 lt kh NO2 (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr ca m l8

A:11,2 gam B: 10,2 gam C:7,2 gam D:6,9 gam Cu 2: Ho tan ht m gam hn hp X gm Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO bng HNO3 c nng thu c 4,48 lt kh NO2(ktc).C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 145,2 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l A:35,7 gam B: 46,4 gam C:15,8 gam D:77,7 gam Cu 3: Ho tan hon ton 49,6gam hn hp X gm Fe,Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO bng H2SO4 c nng thu c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt kh SO2(ktc). a) Phn trm khi lng ca oxi trong hoonx hp X l A:40,24 % B: 30,7 % C: 20,97 % D: 37,5 % b) Khi lng mui trong dung dch Y l A:160 gam B: 140 gam C:120 gam D: 100 gam Cu 4: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hnn hp X gm Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO th cn 0,05 mol kh H2 .Mt khc ho tan hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng th thu c V ml kh SO2(ktc).gi tr ca V l A:224ml B: 448ml C:336ml D:112ml Cu 5: Nung m gam bt Fe trong oxi khng kh , sau phn ng thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan ht hn hp X vo dung dch HNO3 d thu c 0,56 lt kh NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr ca m l A:2,52 gam B: 2,22 gam C:2,62 gam D:2,32 gam Cu 6: Hn hp X gm Fe,Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO vi s mol moi cht l 0,1 mol . HO tan ht vo dung dch Y gm (HCl v H2SO4 long) d thu c dung dch Z .Nh t t dung dch Cu(NO3)2 1M vo dung dch Z cho ti khi ngng thot ra kh NO .Th tch dung dch Cu(NO3)2 cn dng v th tch kh thot ra ktc thuc phng n no A:25ml v 1,12 lt B: 500ml v 22,4 lt C:50ml v 2,24 lt D: 50ml v 1,12 lt Cu 7: Nung 8,96 gam Fe trong khng kh , sau phn ng thu c hn hp cht rn A gm Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO. A Ho tan va trong dung dch cha o,5 mol HNO3 thu c kh NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. S mol kh NO l A:0,01 mol B: 0,04 mol C:0,03 mol D:0,02 mol Cu 8: Cho 41,76 gam hn hp A gm FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 trong s mol FeO = s mol Fe2O3 tc dng va vi V lt dung dch cha HCl 1M v H2SO4 0,5M (long). Gi tr ca V l: A. 0,6 lt B. 0,7 lt C. 0,8 lt. D. Mt kt qu khc. Tuyt Chiu S 4 (Tuyt Chiu 3 Dng)9

* C s ca tuyt chiu s 4 (Tuyt chiu 3 dng) l: S dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t v khi lng. Nhn xt: Trong cc phng trnh phn ng ca kim loi, oxit kim loi... vi HNO3 hoc H2SO4 c nng ta lun c 2 h thc: - Nu l HNO3: S mol ca H2O = 1/2 s mol ca HNO3 phn ng. - Nu l H2SO4: S mol ca H2O = s mol ca H2SO4 phn ng. V d minh ha 1: Cho m gam bt st ra ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian ngi ta thu c 12 gam hn hp B gm Fe; FeO; Fe2O3; Fe3O4. Ho tan hn hp ny bng dung dch HNO3 ngi ta thu c dung dch A v 2,24 lt kh NO (ktc). Tnh m. Hng dn gii: S ha bng tuyt chiu s 4. Fe + O2 Cht rn B + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O. m gam 12 gam 0,1mol x mol x mol Gi x l s mol ca Fe c trong m gam. Theo nguyn l bo ton th s mol Fe c trong Fe(NO3)3 cng l x mol. Mt khc, s mol HNO3 phn ng = (3x + 0,1) s mol ca H2O = 1/2 s mol HNO3 = 1/2 (3x + 0,1) Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: 12 + 63(3x + 0,1) = 242 . x + 0,1 . 30 + 18. 1/2(3x + 0,1) x = 0,18 (mol). m = 10,08 (g). Tuyt chiu s 4 ny c tm p dng rt tng qut, c th x l ht c tt c cc bi ton thuc cc chiu 1, 2, 3. Trn y Ti ch trnh by mt kha cnh rt nh b ca tuyt chiu ny. Ti s phn tch k hn cho cc bn trn lp luyn thi ti cc trung tm. Cc bn ch theo di. Cc bi tp c th gii bng tuyt chiu ny: Bi 1: Ho tan hon ton 4,431 gam hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO3 long thu c dung dch A v 1,568 lt (ktc) hn hp hai kh u khng mu c khi lng 2,59 gam trong c mt kh b ho nu trong khng kh. 1. Tnh phn trm theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp. 2. Tnh s mol HNO3 phn ng. 3. Khi c cn dung dch A th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan. Bi 2: Cho m gam bt st ra ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian ngi ta thu c 12 gam hn hp B gm Fe; FeO; Fe2O3; Fe3O4. Ho tan hn hp ny bng dung dch HNO3 ngi ta thu c dung dch A v 2,24 lt kh NO (ktc). Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh m. Bi 3: Mt hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi R ho tr n khng i c khi lng 14,44 gam. Chia hn hp A thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Ho tan ht phn 1 trong dung dch HCl thu c 4,256 lt kh H2. Ho tan ht phn 2 trong dung dch HNO3 thu c 3,584 lt kh NO. 1. Xc nh kim loi R v thnh phn % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp A. 2. Cho 7,22 gam A tc dng vi 200ml dung dch B cha Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch C v 16,24 gam cht rn D gm 3 kim loi. Cho D tc dng vi dung dch HCl thu c 1,344 lt H2. Tnh nng mol/l ca Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3 trong B; (cc th tch o ktc, phn ng xy ra hon ton).10

Bi 4: Nung M gam bt st trong khng kh sau mt thi gian ngi ta thu c 104,8 gam hn hp rn A gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch HNO3 d thu c dung dch B v 12,096 lt hn hp kh NO v N2O ( ktc) c t khi hi so vi H2 l 20,334. 1. Tnh gi tr ca M 2. Cho dung dch B tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c kt ta C. Lc kt ta ri nung n khi lng khng i c cht rn D. Tnh khi lng ca D. Bi 5: Ho tan hon ton 24,3 gam nhm vo dung dch HNO3 long d thu c hn hp kh NO v N2O c t khi hi so vi H2 l 20,25 v dung dch B khng cha NH4NO3. Tnh th tch mi kh thot ra ktc) Bi 6: Cho 200 ml dung dch HNO3 tc dng vi 5 gam hn hp Zn v Al. Phn ng gii phng ra 0,896 lt (ktc) hn hp kh gm NO v N2O. Hn hp kh c t khi hi so vi H2 l 16,75. Sau khi kt thc phn ng bn lc, thu c 2,013 gam kim loi. Hi sau khi c cn dung dch A th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan? Tnh nng dung dch HNO3 trong dung dch ban u. Bi 7: Ho tan hon ton 2,43 gam kim loi A va vo Z ml dung dch HNO3 0,6M c dung dch B c cha A (NO3)3 ng thi to ra 672 ml hn hp kh N2O v N2 c t khi hi so vi O2 l 1,125. 1. Xc nh kim loi A v tnh gi tr ca Z 2. Cho vo dung dch B 300ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Sau khi phn ng song lc ly kt ta, ra sch, un nng n khi lng khng i c mt cht rn. Tnh khi lng ca mt cht rn . Cc V o ktc Bi 8: Cho a gam hn hp A gm 3 oxit FeO, CuO, Fe3O4 c s mol bng nhau tc dng hon ton vi lng va 250ml dung dch HNO3 khi un nng nh thu c dung dch B v 3,136 lt (ktc) hn hp kh C gm NO2 v NO c t khi so vi H2 l 20,143. Tnh a v nng mol ca dung dch HNO3 dng. Bi 9: Cho mt hn hp gm 2,8 gam Fe v 0,81 gam Al vo 200 ml dung dch C cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2. Khi cc phn ng kt thc c dung dch D v 8,12g cht rn E gm ba kim loi. Cho E tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c 0,672 lt H2 (kc). Tnh nng mol ca Ag(NO3)2 trong dung dch C Bi 10: t chy x mol Fe bi oxi thu c 5,04g hn hp A gm cc oxt st. Ho tan hon ton A trong HNO3 thu c 0,035 mol hn hp Y gm NO v NO2.T khi hi ca Y i vi H2 l 19. Tnh x. Bi 11: Nung nng 16,8g bt st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian thu c m gam hn hp X gm oxt st. Ho tan ht hn hp X bng H2SO4 c nng thu c 5,6 lt SO2 (kc). a) Vit tt c phn ng xy ra) b) Tm m. c) Nu ho tan ht X bng HNO3 c nng th th tch NO2 (kc) thu c l bao nhiu? Bi 12: Nung nng m gam bt st ngoi khng kh. Sau mt thi gian thu c 10g hn hp (X) gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4.Ho tan ht (X) bng HNO3 thu c 2,8 lt (kc) hn hp Y gm NO v NO2. cho dY/H2 = 19. Tnh m ? Bi 13: Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe2O3 nung nng mt thi gian, thu c 13,92 gam cht rn X gm Fe, Fe3O4, FeO v Fe2O3. Ho tan ht X bng HNO3 c nng thu c 5,824 lt NO2 (kc). Tnh m? Bi 14 Cho mt lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe2O3 nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp X nng 44,64g gm Fe3O4, FeO, Fe v Fe2O3 d. Ho tan ht X bng HNO3 long thu c 3,136 lt NO (kc). Tnh m ?11

Phng php gii bi tp Ho Hc - THPT ( t lun & trc nghim). A. Phng php bo ton. 1. Bo ton in tch: - Nguyn tc : Tng in tch dng lun bng tng in tch m v gi tr tuyt di. Dung dch lun trung ha v in. - Cc v d: V d 1: Dung dch A cha cc ion: Na+ (a mol), HCO3 (b mol), CO32- (c mol), SO42- (d mol). to ra kt ta ln nht ngi ta dng 100 ml Ba(OH)2 x mol/l. Tnh X theo a, b. Gii HCO3- + OH- ---> CO32- + H2O b --> b Ba2+ + CO32- ---> BaCO3 Ba2+ + SO42- ---> BaSO4 Dung dch sau PU ch c Na+ (ban u) l a mol. Vy dung dch trung ha v in th cn a mol OH-, trong khi tiu tn b mol OH- trn. Vy nOH- = a + b mol ---> x = (a + b)/0,2. 2. Bo ton khi lng: - Nguyn tc: + Trong PUHH th tng khi lng cc sn phm bng tng khi lng cc cht tham gia PU. + Khi c cn dung dch th khi lng hn hp mui thu c bng tng khi lng cc cation kim loi v anion gc axit. - Cc v d: V d 2: Cho t t mt lung kh CO qua ng s ng m gam hn hp Fe v cc oxit ca Fe un nng thu c 64 gam Fe, khi i ra sau PU to 40 gam kt ta vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Tnh m. Gii Ta c: nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 40/100 = 0,4 mol mCO + m = mFe + mCO2 m nCO pu = nCO2 = 0,4 nn: m = mFe + mCO2 - mCO = 64 + 0,4.44 - 0,4.28 = 70,4 g12

V d 3: Mt dung dch cha 0,1 mol Fe2+ , 0,2 mol Al3+, x mol Cl- v y mol SO4 2-Tnh x,y bit rng c cn dung dch thu c 46,9 gam cht rn khan. Gii Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: 56.0,1 + 27.0,2 + 35,5x + 96y = 46,9 Theo nh lut bo ton in tch: 0,1.2 + 0,2.3 = x + 2y Gii h phng trnh ---> x = 0,2 y = 0,3 V d 4: un 132,8 gam hn hp 3 ru no, n chc vi H2SO4 c thu dc 111,2 g hn hp 6 ete c s mol bng nhau. Tnh s mol mi ete. Gii Theo LBT khi lng: mru = mete + mH2O ---> mH2O = mru - mete = 132,5 - 111,2 = 21,6 g trong PU ete ha th: nete = nH2O = 21,6/18 = 1,2 mol ---> S mol mi ete l 1,2/6 = 0,2 mol V d 5: Ha tan hon ton 23,8 gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat ca kim loi ha tr I v II vo dung dch HCl thu c 0,2 mol CO2. Tnh khi lng mui mi thu dc. Gii Trong cc PU ca HCl vi mui cacbonat th nCO2 = nH2O = nHCl/2 m nCO2 = 0,2 mol ---> nH2O = 0,2 mol v nHCl = 0,4 mol theo LBT khi lng: 23,8 + 0,4.36,5 = m + 44.0,2 + 18.0,2 ---> m = 26 g 3. Bo ton electron: - Nguyn tc: y l trng hp ring ca bo ton in tch, ch p dng cho cc PU oxi ha kh. Khi ne cho = ne nhn. - Cc v d: V d 6: Trn 60 gam bt Fe vi 30 gam bt S ri un nng trong iu kin khng c khng kh thu c cht rn A. Ha tan A bng HCl d thu c hn hp kh B. t chy hon ton B cn bao nhiu lit ktc. Gii Ta thy nFe = 60/56 > nS = 30/32 nn Fe d, S ht. Kh B l hn hp H2, H2S. t B thu c SO2, H2O Phn tch: - S nhn mt phn e ca Fe to S2- (FeS) v khng thay i trong PU vi HCl (vn l S2- trong H2S), cui cng n nhng li ton b e do Fe cho v e do n vn c to SO2 trong PU vi O2. - Fe nhng mt phn e cho S to Fe2+ (FeS) v cui cng lng e ny li y sang cho O2 (theo trn). Phn Fe d cn li nhng e cho H+ to H2, sau H2 li tr s e ny cho O2 trong PU chy to H2O ---> Nh vy, mt cch gin tip th ton b e do Fe nhng v S nhng c O2 thu nhn. Vy: ne cho = 2nFe + 4nS = 5,89 mol. ---> nO2 = 5,89/4 = 1,47 mol V O2 = 1,47.22,4 = 32,928 lit. V d 7: Hn hp X gm hai kim loi A,B c ha tr khng i, chng u khng PU vi nc v mnh hn Cu. Ch X tc dng hon ton vi CuSO4 d, ly Cu thu c cho PU hon ton vi HNO3 d thy thot ra 1,12 lit NO ktc. Nu cho lng X trn PU hon ton vi HNO3 th thu c bao nhiu lit N2 ktc. Gii Phn tch: Cu2+ nhn a mol e ca A,B to Cu, Cu li nhng li a mol e cho N5+ to NO.13

N5+ + 3e ---> N2+--->nNO = a/3 = 1,12/22,4 = 0,05 mol --> a = 0,15 mol th nghim sau, A,B nhng a mol e cho N5+ to N2: 2N5+ 2.5e ---> N2 ---> nN2 = 0,15/10 = 0,015 mol --> V N2 = 0,015.22.4 = 0,336 lit V d 8. Cho 1,35 gam hn hp Cu,Mg,Al tc dng ht vi HNO3 thu c 0,01 mol NO v 0,04 mol NO2. Tnh khi lng mui to ra? Gii t s mol Mg, Al, Cu ln lt l a, b, c ---> S mol e nhng = 2a + 3b + 2c = nNO3- trong mui. S mol e nhn = 3nNO + nNO2 = 0,07 mol = 2a + 3b + 2c Vy: m = 1,35 + 0,07.62 = 5,69 gam Ch : S mol HNO3 lm mi trng = s mol HNO3 to mui = s mol e cho = s mol e nhn. S mol HNO3 oxi ha tnh c theo s mol cc SP kh, t ta tnh c s mol HNO3 phn ng. B. Phng php i s: + Vit phng trnh PU. + t n s cho cc i lng cn tm sao cho n gin. + Tnh theo PTPU v bi cho lp cc PT ton hc. + Gii cc PT hay h PT ny v bin lun kt qu nu cn. Nhn xt: y l mt cch khng hay nhng li c p dng nhiu do thi quen, cn hn ch lm theo cch ny v: - Mt s bi c h PT rt phc tp, khng gii c v mt ton hc (s PT t hn n), rt kh bin lun tm ra i lng cn tm. - Tnh cht ton hc ca bi ton ln t tnh cht ha hc, lm tnh cht ha hc b lu m --> khng c tc dng khc su kin thc ha hc, lm gim tc dng ca bi tp. V d: m gam bt Fe ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian thu c 12 gam hn hp A gm Fe v cc oxit Fe. Cho hn hp tan hon ton trong HNO3 thu c 2,24 l NO duy nht. Tnh m. Gii 1. Phng php i s: Fe + 4HNO3 ---> Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O (I) 3FeO + 10HNO3 ---> 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O 3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3 ---> 9Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 14H2O Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 ---> 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O t s mol Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 ln lt l a, b, c, d. Ta c cc PT sau: mA = 56a + 72b + 232c + 160d = 12 (1) nFe = a + b + 3c + 2d = m/56 (2) nO trong oxit = b + 4c + 3d = (12 - m)/16 (3) nNO = a + b/3 + c/3 = 0,1 (4) C 4 phng trnh 5 n s nn phi bin lun, khng yu cu tnh a,b,c,d nn ta tnh v tri ca 2 hoc 3 --> m. lm iu ta c th t hp 1,4 c v tri ca 2 hoc kh a ca 1,4 thu c v tri ca 3 Kt qu: m = 10,08 g14

2.Phng php bo ton khi lng: nFe(NO3)3 = nFe = m/56 nHNO3 = nNO + 3nFe = 0,1 + 3m/56 nH2O = 1/2 nHNO3 Thay cc gi tr vo PT: mA + mHNO3 = mFe(NO3)3 + mNO + mH2O ---> m = 10,08 g 3. Phng php bo ton e: ne Fe nhng = ne do O2 thu + ne do N5+ thu 3m/56 = (12 - m).4/32 + 0,1.3 ---> m = 10,08 g 4. Suy bin ca PP bo ton e: Gi s hn hp ch gm c Fe v Fe2O3 PU: 4Fe + 3O2 ---> 2Fe2O3 ---> nFe = 4/3nO2 = 4/3 . (12 - m)/32 S mol Fe trong A: = m/56 - 4/3 . (12 - m)/32 Theo PU (I) --> nFe = nNO ---> m/56 - 4/3 . (12 - m)/32 = 0,1 ---> m = 10,08 Ta c th qui hn hp A gm c Fe v mt trong s cc oxit kia ca Fe nhng phc tp hn do cc oxit ny PU vi HNO3 c to NO. C. Phng php trung bnh - Phng php trung bnh ch p dng cho bi ton hn hp cc cht, cc cht ny phi PU hon ton hay c hiu sut nh nhau. - T gi tr trung bnh ta bin lun tm ra: nguyn t khi, phn t khi , s nguyn t trong phn t. Cc v d: V d 1. Ha tan 4,68 gam hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi A, B k tip nhau trong nhm II A vo dung dch HCl d thu c 1,12 l CO2 (ktc). Xc nh A, B. Gii t M l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca A, B: MCO3 + 2HCl ---> MCl2 + CO2 + H2O ---> nMCO3 = nCO2 = 1,12/22,4 = 0,05 mol --->MCO3 = 4,68/0,05 = 93,6 --> M = 33,6 Bin lun A < M = 33,6 < B --> A = 24, B = 40 : Mg, Ca V d 2. t chy hon ton a gam hn hp 2 ru no, n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng thu c 3,584 l CO2 v 3,96 g H2O. Tnh a v CTPT ca hai ru. Gii Gi n l s C trung bnh v x l tng s mol. T PU t chy : nCO2 = nx = 3,584/22,4 = 0,16 mol nH2O = (n + 1)x = 3,96/18 = 0,22 mol ---> x = 0,06 v n = 2,67 ---> a = (14n + 18).x = 3,32 g Hai ru l:C2H5OH v C3H7OH V d 3. Hn hp 3 ru n chc A, B, C c tng s mol l 0,08, tng khi lng l 3,387 g. Xc nh CTPT ca A, B, C bit B, C c cng s C v nA = 5/3(nB + nC).15

Gii Gi tr trung bnh: M = 3,387/0,08 = 42,23 --> c t nht mt ru c phn t khi nh hn 42,23, l CH3OH = 32 v phi l ru A do B, C c cng s C. Ta c: nA = 0,05 mol ---> mA = 32.0,05 = 1,6 g --> n(B + C) = 0,08 - 0,05 = 0,03 mol v m(B + C) = 3,38-1,6 = 1,78 Khi lng M trung bnh ca B, C: 1,78/0,03 = 59,3 Gi y l s H trung bnh, x l s C th: 12x + y + 17 = 59,3 y 12x + y = 42,3. Thay x = 1, 2, 3, 4 vo (x >= 4 th y < 0) ta c x = 3, y = 6,3 l ph hp. Nh vy mt cht c s H > 6,3 cht kia c s H < 6,3. Ta c 2 cp B, C CH2=CH-CH2OH v C3H7OH CHC-CH2OH v C3H7OH D. Phng php ghp n s: - Thc ra y l mt cch bin lun ca PP i s khi bi ton cho thiu nhiu d kin. - Cc v d: V d 1. t chy hon ton a gam hn hp hai ru no, n chc ri dn ton b SP qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4 v bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)2 d thy bnh 1 tng 1,98 g v bnh 2 c 8 g kt ta. Tnh a. Gii (Bi ny c th gii theo PP trung bnh phn trn). t cng thc ca 2 ru l CnH2n+1OH v CmH2m+1OH v x, y l s mol tng ng. ---> nCO2 = nx + my = 0,08 mol nH2O = (n + 1)x + (m + 1)y = 0,11 mol ---> nx + my + x + y = 0,11 ---> x + y = 0,03 m: a = (14n + 18)x + (14m + 18)y = 14(nx + my) + 18(x + y) = 14.0,08 + 18.0,03 = 1,66 g V d 2. un p gam hh 2 ru no, n chc vi H2SO4 c thu c V lit (ktc) hai anken. t chy hon ton 2 anken thu c x lit CO2 v y gam H2O. Tnh x, y theo p,V. Bi ny lm hon ton tng t nh trn. E. Phng php tng, gim khi lng: - Khi chuyn t cht ny sang cht khc, khi lng c th tng hoc gim do cc cht khc nhau c khi lng mol phn t khc nhau. Da vo tng quan t l thun ca s tng, gim khi lng vi s mol cht m ta gii bi ton. -Cc v d: V d 1. Nhng thanh kim loi A ha tr 2 vo dung dch CuSO4 mt thi gian thy khi lng thanh gim 0,05% , cng nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dd Pb(NO3)2 th khi lng thanh tng 7,1%. Xc nh M bit s mol CuSO4 v Pb(NO3)2 pu l nh nhau. Gii Gi m l khi lng thanh kim loi, A l nguyn t khi, x l s mol mui p M + CuSO4 ----> MSO4 + Cu A(g)--> 1 mol -----------------> 64 (g). Gim : A-64 (g) ------- x mol -------------------------> Gim : 0,0005m (g) ---> x = 0,0005m/(A-64) (1)16

M + Pb(NO3)2 ----> M(NO3)2 + Pb A(g)---> 1 mol ---------------------> 207 (g). Tng: 207-A (g) -------- x mol ------------------------------> Tng: 0,071m (g) ---> x = 0,071m/(207-A) (2) Kt hp 1,2 ---> A = 65, M l Zn V d 2. Nung 100 gam hh Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 n khi lng khng i dc 69 gam cht rn. Xc nh % tng cht trong hh. Gii Bi ton c th gii theo PP i s. y l PP khc. 2NaHCO3 ---> Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O ......2.84 (g) ----------> Gim: 44 + 18 = 62 g ........x (g) ----------> Gim: 100 - 69 = 31 g ---> x = 84 g ---> %NaHCO3 = 84%, %Na2CO3 = 16% V d 3. Ha tan 23,8 g mui M2CO3, RCO3 vo HCl thy thot ra 0,2 mol kh. C cn dd thu c bao nhiu g mui khan. Gii M2CO3 + 2HCl ----> 2MCl + CO2 + H2O 2M+60----------->2(m+35,5) tng 11 g x ---------------------------> 11x RCO3 + 2HCl ----> RCl2 + CO2 + H2O R+60-----------> R+71 tng 11g y -----------------------> 11y m nCO2 = x + y = 0,2 mol --> Khi lng mui tng : 11x + 11y = 2,2 g Khi lng mui clorua: 23,8 + 2,2 = 26 g F. Phng php s ng cho: - Phng php s ng cho dng gii cc bi ton trn ln cc cht vi nhau, lc u c th l ng th hay d th nhng hh cui phi ng th. - Nu trn ln cc dd th phi l dd ca cng mt cht hoc khc cht nhng do PU vi H2O li cho cng mt cht. - Trn hai dd ca cht A c nng khc nhau thu c dd A vi nng duy nht. Vy lng cht tan trong phn c gim xung phi bng lng cht tan trong phn long tng ln. - S tng qut: D1 x1 x-x2 x D2 x2 x1-x T : D1/D2 = (x - x2)/(x1 - x) Cc v d: V d 1. Cn thm bao nhiu g H2O vao 500 g dd NaOH 12% c dd NaOH 8% ............. mH2O ....... 0 ..........4 ................................817

............. 500 ........12 .........8 ---> mH2O = 500.4/8 = 250g V d 2. Cn thm bao nhiu g Na2O vo 100 g dd NaOH 20% thu c dd NaOH 34,63% PTPU Na2O + H2O ---> 2NaOH 62 ----- ----> 2.40 Coi Na2O l dd NaOH c nng 2.80/62 = 129% .... 100....... 20 .............. 94,37 ......................34,63 ....m ......... 129 ............. 14,63 ---> m = 15,5 gam V d 3. Ha tan Al bng dd HNO3 long thu c hh kh NO,N2O c t khi so vi H2 l 16,75. Vit PTPU. Ta c: M = 16,75.2 = 33,5 .... N2O .... 44 ............... 3,5 ..................... 33,5 .... NO .... 30 ................ 10,5 ---. N2O/NO = 3,5/10,5 = 1/3 (t l th tch = t l s mol) Cc PU: 8Al + 30HNO3 ---> 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O (1) Al + 4HNO3 ---> Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O (2) tha mn t l ta nhn (2) vi 9 ri cng vi (1) 17Al + 66HNO3 ---> 17Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 9NO + 33H2O V d 4. T 1 tn hematit A iu ch c 420 kg Fe T 1 tn mamhetit B - - - - - - 504 kg Fe Cn trn A,B theo t l no t 1 tn qung hh iu ch c 480 kg Fe .... A ......... 420.............24 ........................ 480 .... B ......... 504 ........... 60 Vy t l trn l 24/60 = 2/5 CHNG 1 : NGUYN T Bi 1. Cho bit 1u = 1,6605.10-27kg, nguyn t khi ca oxi bng 15,999. Hy tnh khi lng ca mt nguyn t oxi ra kg. Bi 2. Cho bit khi lng nguyn t ca C gp 11,905 ln khi lng nguyn t ca hiro. Hy tnh nguyn t khi hiro ra u v gam. Bit rng nguyn t khi ca C bng 12. Bi 3. Kt qu phn tch cho thy trong phn t hi H2O c 88,809% O v 11,191% H theo khi lng. Bit nguyn t khi ca O l 15,999. Hy xc nh nguyn t khi ca hiro.18

Bi 4. Trong 1,5 kg ng c bao nhiu gan electron ? Cho bit 1 mol nguyn t ng c khi lng bng 63,546 gam, mt nguyn t ng c 29 electron. Bi 5. Nguyn t km c bn knh R = 1,35.10-10m, c khi lng nguyn t l 65u. a) Tnh khi lng ring ca nguyn t km. Bit Vhnh cu =4 . r3. 3

b) Thc t hu nh ton b khi lng nguyn t tp trung ht nhn vi bn knh r = 2.10-15m. Tnh khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t km. Bi 6. Nguyn t nhm c bn knh 1,43 A v nguyn t khi l 27. Hy xc nh khi lng ring khi lng ring ca nhm l bao nhiu ? Bi 7. Tnh bn knh gn ng ca nguyn t canxi, bit th tch ca 1 mol canxi bng 25,87cm3 . Bit rng trong tinh th cc nguyn t canxi bng 74% th tch. Bi 8. Nu thc nghim nhn rng nguyn t Ca, Cu u c dng hnh cu , sp xp t kht bn cnh nhau th th tch chim bi cc nguyn t kim loi ch bng 74% so vi ton th tch khi tinh th. Khi lng ring iu kin tiu chun ca chng th rn tng ng l 1,55g/cm3; 8,9g/cm3 v nguyn t khi ca canxi l 40,08u, ca ng l 63,546u. Hy tnh bn knh nguyn t Ca v nguyn t Cu. Bi 9. Gia bn knh ht nhn (R) v s khi (A) ca nguyn t c mi lin h nh sau:R =1,5.10-13. Hy tnh khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t. Bi 10. Cho rng ht nhn nguyn t v chnh nguyn t H c dng hnh cu. Ht nhn nguyn t hiro c bn knh gn ng bng 10-6 nm, bn knh nguyn t hiro bng 0,056 nm. a) Hy tnh v so snh th tch nguyn t hiro vi th tch ca ht nhn nguyn t hiro. b) Hy tnh v so snh khi lng ring ca ht nhn v ca nguyn t hiro. Bi 11. Cho cc nguyn t c k hiu :81 35

0

3

A

Br ;

39 19

K ;

40 18

A . r

Hy xc nh s proton, s ntron, s electron v in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca chng. Bi 12. Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn (e, p, n) l 82, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 22. a) Xc nh s hiu nguyn t, s khi v k hiu nguyn t. b) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t X v ca ion to thnh t X. Bi 13. Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron c trong mt loi nguyn t ca ,nguyn t Y l 54, trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 1,7 ln. Hy xc nh s hiu nguyn t, s khi v vit k hiu nguyn t X. Bi 14. Mt kim loi M c tng s khi bng 54, tng s ht p, n, e trong ion M2+ l 78. Vy nguyn t kim loi M c k hiu no sau y?54 24

Cr ,

54 25

M , n

54 26

Fe ,

54 27

Co .

19

Bi 15. Bit rng tng s cc loi ht (p, n, e) trong nguyn t R l 40, trong ht khng mang in km hn s ht mang in l 12. Xc nh tn ca nguyn t R v vit k hiu nguyn t R ( Bit ZNa=11, ZMg=12, ZAl=13, ZCa=20, ZK=19). Bi 16. Tng s proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t ca nguyn t X l 10. Hy xc nh s khi nguyn t ca nguyn t X. Bi 17. Tng s proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t ca nguyn t Y l 21. Hy xc nh thnh phn cu to nguyn t, gi tn v vit k hiu nguyn t X. Bi 18. Tng s proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t ca nguyn t R l 34. Hy da vo bng tun hon xc nh nguyn t R. Bi 19. Nguyn t ca nguyn t R c tng s proton, ntron, electron bng 54, s ht proton gn bng s ht ntron . Tnh Z v A ca nguyn t nguyn t R. Bi 20. Cho cc nguyn t X, Y, Z. Tng s ht p, n, e trong cc nguyn t ln lt l 16, 58, 78. S ntron trong ht nhn v s hiu nguyn t ca mi nguyn t khc nhau khng qu 1 n v. Hy xc nh cc nguyn t v vit k hiu cc nguyn t. Bi 21. Trong phn t M2X c tng s ht (p, n, e) l 140 ht , trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 44 ht. S khi ca nguyn t M ln hn s khi ca nguyn t X l 23. Tng s ht (p, n, e) trong nguyn t M nhiu hn trong nguyn t X l 34 ht. Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t M v X. Vit cng thc phn t ca hp cht M2X. Bi 22. Hp cht Y c cng thc MX2 trong M chim 46,67% v khi lng. Trong ht nhn M c s ntron nhiu hn s proton l 4 ht. Trong ht nhn X s ntron bng s proton. Tng s proton trong NX2 l 58. a) Tm AM v AX. b) Xc nh cng thc phn t ca MX2. Bi 23. Cho bit tng s electron trong ion AB 3 l 42. Trong cc ht nhn ca A cng nh B s proton bng s ntron. Xc nh s khi ca A, B. Bit s khi ca A gp i ca B. Bi 24. C hp cht MX3 . Cho bit : - Tng s ht p, n, e l 196, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60. Nguyn t khi ca X km hn ca M l 8. - Tng 3 loi ht trn trong ion X- nhiu hn trong ion M3+ l 16. Hy xc nh nguyn t M, X ? Bi 25. Trong t nhin brom c hai ng v bn : 49,31% s nguyn t. Bi 26. ng c hai ng v bn65 29 79 35 2

Br chim 50,69% s nguyn t v

81 35

Br chim

Hy tm nguyn t khi trung bnh ca brom.Cu v63 29

Cu . Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng l 63,54.

Tnh thnh phn phn trm ca mi ng v.20

Bi 27. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca brom l 79,91. Brom c hai ng v, bit ng v 54,5% . Hy xc nh nguyn t khi ca ng v 2. Bi 28. Bo trong t nhin c hai ng v bn: 5 B v 1 1 nhiu nguyn t ng v 5 B . Bit AB = 10,81.1 0 1 1 5

79 35

Br chim

B . Mi khi c 760 nguyn t

1 0 5

B th c bao

Bi 29. Mt nguyn t X c 2 ng v vi t l nguyn t l

27 . Ht nhn nguyn t X c 35 proton. 23

Trong nguyn t ca ng v th nht c 44 ntron. S ntron trong nguyn t ng v th hai nhiu hn trong ng v th nht l 2 ht. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca X. Bi 30. Nguyn t X c 3 ng v l X1 chim 92,23% , X2 chim 4,67% v X3 chim 3,10%. Tng s khi ca 3 ng v l 87. S ntron trong X2 nhiu hn trong X1 l 1 ht. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca X l 28,0855. a) Hy tm X1 , X2 v X3 . b) Nu trong X1 c s ntron bng s proton. Hy tm s ntron trong nguyn t ca mi loi ng v Bi 31. Cho mt dung dch cha 8,19 gam mui NaX tc dng mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 thu c 20,09 gam kt ta . a) Tm nguyn t khi v gi tn X. b) X c hai ng v, gi s s nguyn t ca ng v th nht nhiu gp 3 ln s nguyn t ca ng v th hai. Ht nhn ca ng v th nht c t hn ht nhn ng v th hai 2 ntron. Tm s khi ca mi ng v. Bi 32. Trong t nhin bo(B) c hai ng v: a) Tnh phn trm ca mi ng v. b) Tnh phn trm khi lng 1 6 8 O ).1 1 5 1 0 5

B v

1 1 5

B . Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca bo 10,81.

1 B trong axit boric H3BO3 ( Bit H l ng v 1 H ; O l ng v

37 Bi 33. Trong t nhin ng v 17 Cl chim 24,23% s nguyn t. Tnh thnh phn phn trm v khi 37 35 1 lng 17 Cl c trong HClO4 v phn trm v khi lng 17 Cl c trong KClO3 (vi H l ng v 1 H ; 39 O l ng v 16 O ; K l ng v 19 K ) ? Cho nguyn t khi trung bnh ca clo bng 35,5. 8

Bi 34. Mt nguyn t R c 3 ng v X, Y, Z , bit tng s ht ca 3 ng v bng 129, s ntron ng v X hn ng v Y mt ht. ng v Z c s proton bng s ntron. Xc nh in tch ht nhn nguyn t v s khi ca 3 ng v X, Y, Z ? Bi 35. Cho hp cht XY2 to bi hai nguyn t X, Y. Y c hai ng v : 79 Y chim 55% s nguyn t Y v ng v 81 Y . Trong XY2, phn trm khi lng ca X l bng 28,51%. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca X, Y.35 37 38 Bi 36. Clo trong t nhin gm hai ng v 17 Cl v 17 Cl ; Silic gm hai ng v 14 Si v cht silic clorua SiCl4 gm c bao nhiu loi phn t c thnh phn ng v khc nhau.

39 14

Si . Hp

1 2 Bi 37. C hai ng v 1 H (k hiu l H) v 1 H (k hiu l D).

a) Vit cc loi cng thc phn t hiro c th c.21

b) Tnh phn t khi ca mi loi phn t.2 c) 1 lt hiro giu teri ( 1 H ) iu kin tiu chun nng 0,1 gam. Tnh thnh phn phn trm khi lng tng ng v ca hiro. 2 Bi 38. Hiro c nguyn t khi l 1,008. Hi c bao nhiu nguyn t ca ng v 1 H trong 1 ml nc ( 1 2 cho rng trong nc ch c ng v 1 H v 1 H ) ?

( Cho khi lng ring ca nc l 1 g/ml) Bi 39. Agon tch ra t khng kh l hn hp ba ng v : 99,6% Tnh th tch ca 15 g Ar iu kin tiu chun.40

Ar ; 0,063%

38

Ar ; 0,337%

36

Ar .

1 2 Bi 40. Hiro c iu ch bng cch in phn nc, hiro gm hai loi ng v 1 H v 1 D . Hi 2 trong 100 g nc ni trn c bao nhiu ng v 1 D ? Bit rng nguyn t khi ca hiro l 1,008 v oxi l 16.3 Bi 41. Trong t nhin oxi c ba ng v 16 O ; 17 O ; 18 O , cacbon c hai ng v 12 C ; 16 C .Hi c 8 8 8 6 th c bao nhiu loi phn t kh cacbonic hp thnh t cc ng v trn ? Vit cng thc phn t v tnh phn t khi ca chng. 35 37 1 2 3 Bi 42. Hiro c ba ng v 1 H , 1 H v 1 H . Clo c hai ng v l 17 Cl v 17 Cl . Hy cho bit c bao nhiu phn t hiro clorua to thnh t cc ng v khc nhau v tnh phn t khi ca mi phn t.

Bi 43. Trong t nhin oxi tn ti 3 ng v bn : 16 O ; 17 O ; 18 O v hiro c ba ng v bn l : 8 8 8 1 2 3 H , 1 H v 1 H . Hi c bao nhiu phn t nc c to thnh v phn t khi ca mi loi l bao 1 nhiu? Bi 44. Cho bit cc nguyn t ion S2- , Na+.3 2 1 6

S,

23 11

Na . Hy xc nh s ht electron v tng s cc ht c trong

Bi 45. Cho cc ion : NO 3 , NH + , HSO , bit ZN = 7; ZO = 8 ; ZH = 1 ; ZS = 16. Hy xc nh : 4 4

- Tng s ht proton , electron c trong cc ion . - Tng s ht ntron c trong c trong cc ht nhn nguyn t to nn cc ion . Bi 46. Nguyn t A c cu hnh electron ngoi cng l 3p4 . T l ntron v proton l 1:1. nguyn t B c s ntron bng 1,25 ln s ntron ca A. Khi cho 7,8 gam B tc dng vi lng d A ta thu c 11 g hp cht B2A. Xc nh s th t , s khi ca A, B. Bi 47. Hy vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau:6

C,

8

O,

1 2

Mg ,

1 5

P,

2 0

Ca ,

1 8

Ar ,

3 2

Ge ,

3 5

Br,

3 0

Zn ,

2 9

Cu .

- Cho bit nguyn t no l kim loi , nguyn t no l phi kim, nguyn t no l kh him? V sao? - Cho bit nguyn t no thuc nguyn t s , p , d , f ? V sao? Bi 48. Cho cc nguyn t c k hiu sau :2 0 1 0

Ne ,

3 9 1 9

K,

3 5 1 7

Cl .

Hy vit cu hnh electron v v cu to nguyn t .

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Bi 49. S dng bng h thng tun hon, hy xc nh cc nguyn t v vit cu hnh electron nguyn t di dng lng t nu cho bit cc nguyn t c Z bng 7 ; 14 ; 16 . Bi 50. Hy vit cu hnh electron : Fe , Fe2+ , Fe3+ , S , S2- , Rb v Rb+ . (Bit s hiu : ZFe = 26 ; ZS = 16 ; ZRb = 37 ) Bi 51. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c s hiu sau : Sr (Z = 21) ; Ti (Z=22) ; V (Z=23) ; Cr (Z=24) ; Mn (Z=25) ; Co (Z=27) ; Ni (Z=28) . Bi 52.a) Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 4s24p4 . Hy vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X. b) Nguyn t ca nguyn t Y c tng s electron cc phn lp p l 11. Hy vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Y. Bi 53. Nguyn t R bt i 1 electron to ra cation R+ cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2p6 . Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t v s phn b electron theo obitan ca nguyn t R. Bi 54. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t R v ion X2- , Y+ u l 4s24p6. Hy vit cu hnh electron nguyn t R, X, Y v cho bit nguyn t no l phi kim, kim loi hay lng tnh ? V sao ? Bi 55. Nguyn t A khng phi l kh him , nguyn t c phn lp electrron ngoi cng l 4p. Nguyn t ca nguyn t B c phn lp electron ngoi cng l 4s. a) Nguyn t no l kim loi , l phi kim ? b) Xc nh cu hnh electron ca A v B. Bit tng s electron ca 2 phn lp ngoi cng ca A v B bng 7. Bi 56. Nguyn t ca nguyn t A c tng s electron trong cc phn lp p l 7. Nguyn t ca nguyn t B c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht khng mang in l 8. Xc nh A, B. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t A, B. Bi 57. Phn lp electron cui cng ca hai nguyn t A, B ln lt l 3p, 4s . Tng s electron ca hai phn lp ny l 5, hiu s electron ca hai phn lp ny l 3. a) Xc nh in tch ht nhn ca hai nguyn t A v B. b) S ntron ca nguyn t B ln hn s ntron trong nguyn t A l 4 ht v tng s khi ca A v B l 71. Xc nh s khi ca A v B. Bi 58. Tng s ht proton , ntron , electron ca nguyn t mt nguyn t kim loi l 34. a) Xc nh tn nguyn t da vo bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc). b) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t ca nguyn t . c) Tnh tng obitan v s electron trong nguyn t ca nguyn t trng thi c bn. Bi 59. Mt loi kh clo c cha hai ng v v clo tacdng vi H2, ly sn phm ho tan vo nc c dung dch A. Chia dung dch A thnh hai phn bng nhau : Phn 1: trung ho ht 125 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,88M . Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi AgNO3 d thu c 31,57 gam kt ta .23

Tnh phn trm s nguyn t ca mi ng v . Cu 60. Nguyn t X , ion Y2+ v ion B- u c cu hnh electron l 1s22s22p63s23p6. a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca Y v B . b) Cu hnh electron trn c th l cu hnh ca nhng nguyn t , ion no ?

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