Bài Tập Phân Tích Hóa Lý

7/21/2019 Bi Tp Phn Tch Ha L

1/82

BI TP AAS:

BI TP CC PP PHN TCH HA L

Bi tp v phng php ng chunBi 1: xc nh hm lng Cu trong mt mu phn tch, ngi ta cn mu # x$ l mu %"ng cc &ung &ch thch hp, axit ho a &u p()*+Cho &ung &ch x$ l n- #o %.nh nh m/c !! ml, th0m n1c c#3ch+ 4ung &ch n- 5m o ph6 778 9 %1c ;ng ,> nm th. cng #3ch ph6 o c 7< !,=? + 4 - mu chu@n o %"ng phAng php 778 9 %1c ;ng =*>,> nm c;nh au:

8EE FGng Cu H gImlJ hKp thL 7M,! !,>NNO

* >,! !,=P!=N= =,! !,*P* O> *,! !, P=P>M ,! !,!PM?*

Qc nh hm lng Cu c; trong mu phn tchRSiDi ET phUp o cc &ung &ch chu@n ta &Vng c ng chu@n: 7< WH

1 2 3 4 5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

A

C

B

XhAng tr.nh ng chu@n : 7< !,!PN**CY !,!!*M hKp thL 7 cZa chKt phn tch n"m trong #[ng cZa ng chu@n

G th ta ni u- ra nGng cZa Cu trong mu phn tch l =,N!= gIml ]\- hm lng cZa Cu trong mu phn tch l:

O

==,N!=+ ! + !! + !! =,N!=+ ! ^!

=

Bi 2: Qc nh ion Ca*_ trong mt mu n1c c/ng+ Fgi ta x- &Vng m&ung &ch chu@n BhDo t 9 i'u Bi`n t i u # o cng ph6 hKp th %"ng phAng php ngbn l$a n Bh F*dY C*( * 9 %1c ;ng >**,? nm+ e2t uD nhau:

Co H gImlJ C C* C= C> CM CO!,!M !, !, M !,* !,*M !,= !,=M

7 o 7 7 * 7= 7> 7M 7 O! *>M! ! >N*M ! ?*!! ! PM?M PM! >=*M O?


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+ Q- &Vng phAng tr.nh ng chu@n *+ fK- = lit n1c c c3n c > mg chKt r n+ (o tan trong &ung &c

(Cl ^ rGi BhDo t cc i'u Bi`n t i u nh & - &ung &ch chu@n # o 79 %1c ;ng >**,? nm thu c 7M!+ Qc nh hm lng Ca*_ trong lt n1c+

SiDi+Q-&VngphAngtr.nhngchu@n

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

A

C

B

]\- phAng tr.nh ng chu@n l: 7 < !,!!?M _ >,?M+Cx *+ ehi 7 < *, >M tT phAng tr.nh %ng chu@n ta tnh c nGng

canxi trong n1c c/ng l: *

*, >M !,!!?M!,>M

>,?MCaC +

= = gIml ]\- hm lng cZa Can xi trong lt n1c c/ng l:!,>M gImlBi 3: Fg- na- xc nh V nhi m (g cZa cc &ung &ch n1c %"ng phAng php hKp thL ngu-0n t$ ngi ta &[ng phAng php Bh ng ngl$a m1i cZa V phun m[+Ehi2t % gGm mt %.nh Bh$ (g n i #1i mt #Ut hKp thL+ ! ml mu n1c #o %.nh Bh$ (g # pha loDng 2n ml, au ; th0m #o *M ml (*8d> \m jc # ! ml 8n8d> ! ^, ( *8d>!,*M k H&ung &ch cu i n- &[ng lm chKt Bh$J+ Ehu ngn % Bh$ tr3ng thi ngu-0n t Hngu-0n t$J# c chu-n #o cu #Ut hKp thL %& ng Bh ng Bh, ngi ta cho & ng Bh ng Bh n- i ua & ng &ung &ctrong %.nh Bh$ (g+ Cu i c[ng, &[ng n cat t r ng lm nguGn, ngi tao V hKp thL cZa cc ngu-0n t$ (g 9 %1c ;ng *M=? 7o , V hKp thL 3tc m/c cVc 3i g n = ph t+ Fgi ta nh\n c cc gi tr au cZa hKp thL i #1i & - cc &ung&ch chu@n cZa (gHqqJ:

(m lng (g trong&ung &ch chu@n, g

hKp thL

!,!! !,!!*!,=! !,!P!!,O! !, ?M,!! !,*ON*,!! !,>>!

Cc gi tr cZa hKp thL cZa hai mu n1c %"ng !,!>! # !,=!M

tAng /ng+]\- hm lng cZa (g trong tTng mu %"ng %ao nhi0uR FGn H gImlJ cZa (g trong tTng mu %"ng %ao nhi0uRSiDi


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8$ &Lng phAng php hGi u- tu-2n tnh t.m 7 th5o CQ+ Ea x- &Vng phAng tr.nh tu-2n tnh c; &3ng 7< a _ %+CQ H J sp &Lng phAng php %.nh phAng t i thiu ta c;:

*minJ+H ii C ba AQ =

!J+H+* ==

ii C ba A

a

Q **JH

+

ii

iiii

C C n

AC AC nb

=

H J !JH* ==

iii bC a AC b

Q nC

bn A

a ii = H*J

Erong ;: n l l n th nghi`m, na < !,!*O?*

Eha- gi tri a,% #o H J ta c: 7< !,!*O?* _ !,* M?>CQ ehi 7 th. CQ< !,!O O g t/c l hm lng (g trong mu chu@n n- l!,!O O g+ ] nGng (g l !,!O OI ! < !,!!O O gI mlehi 7

Bi 4: C; th &[ng phUp o ph6 hKp thL ngu-0n t$ xc nh cc #2t ccnjng trong & u ma ut+ phn tch M,!!! g mu cZa lo3i & u ma ut &[nta jt #o mt %.nh nh m/c c; &ung tch *M,!! ml, ho tan #o *Y p5ntanol # %"ng &ung m i n- a th tch trong %.nh 2n #3ch+ 8au &ung &ch nh\n c trong ngbn l$a Bh ng Bh ax5til5n+ xc nh Cu&[ng cc n catot r ng #1i cc #3ch pht x3 =*>,? # *N=,= nm tAngnh\n c cc G th chu@n c n mt & - cc &ung &ch chu@n ch/a nhvn %i2t cZa Cu # X% trong h n hp tAng /ng #1i & u ma ut cha &[ng # p5ntanol+Enh hm lng ^ cZa Cu # X% trong M,!!!g mu & u ma uth5o cc li`u au:

4ung&ch chu@nH gIml J hKp thLX% Cu 9 *N=,=nm HX%J 9 =*>,?nm HCuP,M M,*M !,=MO !,M >>,!! >,!! !,!?= !,=P**, O,*? !,**! !,O *N,M! ! !, MM !, !M,* *,> !,*?? !,*=*Cha %i2t Cha %i2t !,*>? !,=?

SiDi8$ &Lng phAng php hGi u- tu-2n tnh t.m 7 th5o CQ+ Ea x- &Vng

phAng tr.nh tu-2n tnh c; &3ng 7< a _ %+CQ H J sp &Lng phAng php %.nh phAng t i thiu ta c;:

*minJ+H ii C ba AQ =

!J+H+* == ii C ba AaQ ** JH+ ii

iiii

C C n AC AC nb

= H J


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!JH* ==

iii bC a AC bQ

nC

bn A

a ii = H*J

Erong ;: n l l n th nghi`m, n

]\- phAng tr.nh tu-2n tnh cZa X% l: 7< !,! N*MCQY !,!!!*>]1i 7< !,*>? th. Cx< =,MM g Iml(m lng cZa X% trong Mg mu & u ma ut l:

^ X% < ^!!M

!+*M+MM,= O < !,!!O?N^ XhAng tr.nh tu-2n tnh cZa Cu &3ng 7< a _ %CQ ta c;: %

]\- phAng tr.nh tu-2n tnh cZa Cu l: 7< !,!PN**+CQY !,!!*M= ]1i 7< !,=? th. Cx*!

Eh nghi`m *: Eh0m = ml &ung &ch kgCl* gIml #o *M ml &ung &ch tr# o phAng php ph6 hKp thL ngu-0n t$ c 7*

Qc nh hm lng ^ cZa kg trong mu n1c c/ng+ Cho phAng

chu@n c; &3ng 7


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Sbi nGng cZa kg trong *M ml && ; l CQ Ea c;: 7 < e+ Cx 7* < e

y O+*M =+ !z {*M = *>+H*M =J

xC ++ +

f\p t| l` ta thu c: y O

* +*M =+ + !*M = *>+H*M =J

x

x

C A

C A=

++ +Cx< *+ !YNk

]\- hm lng kg trong mu n1c c/ng l:+ !! + !!^ P, O+ ! ^

!!!+M=

Bi 2: Qc nh hm lng cZa kn %"ng phAng php 778, ngi ta 5m &ch 7 9 %1c ;ng >!== nm th. cng #3ch ph6 hKp thL l !,>M+ 4c; hm lng kn nh &ung &ch 7 cng th0m mt lng !! gIml kn, c; cng #3ch hKp thL l !,N=M+ Qc nh hm lng kn trong &ung &ch 7+ SiDi

sp &Lng c ng th/c : 7 < e+CEa c;: ]1i &ung &ch Q : 7x < e+ CQ H J ]1i &ung &ch : 7 < e+ C H*JfK- H*J chia cho H J ta c:

X

X

X

Y

C C

A A !!+=

X Y

X X A A

AC

=+!!

Eha- #o ta Ac: CQ < O,NN mL g I Bi 3: xc nh hm lng X% trong n1c tiu nh phUp o ph6ngu-0n t$ c; th &[ng phAng php th0m chu@n+ ETng M!,!! ml n1cchu-n #o m i ph u &i c; &ung tch !! ml, th0m #o mt ph u =!! l &ung &chchu@n ch/a M!,! mgIl X%+ 8au ; p( cZa &ung &ch c a 2n *,Nth0m tTng gibt &ung &ch (Cl+ Erong m i phi u ngi ta a #o M!! l &ung &chamoni p-roliinithiocac%aminat m1i chu@n % >^ trong m5t-lYnYam-c@n th\n cc pha n1c # pha hvu cA chi2t X%+ (m lng cZa X% trcA c xc nh %"ng phAng php hKp thL ngu-0n t$, mjt Bhc ngi catot r ng #1i ng hKp thL *N=,= n+m+ FGng X% %"ng %ao nhmu n1c tiu %an u, n2u V hKp thL cZa &ch chi2t cZa mu Bh ng !,=*M, c n &ch chi2t cZa mu pha th0m lng X% %i2t l !,O?!+

SiDi Sbi nGng X% trong M! ml n1c tiu l Cx ta c;:

7 < e+ Cx 7*< e+ C*< e+

y =M!+ !,=+M!+ !H JM! !,= *!?+HM! !,=J

xC ++ +

Ea c;: y =*!,=*M

M! !,=+M!+ !!,O?!

M! !,= *!?HM! !,=J

x

x

C AC A

= =+

+ + SiDi phAng tr.nh tr0n ta c Cx< >, M+ !YOkFGng X% tnh th5o An # mgIl trong mu n1c tiu %an u l:


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Bi 4: xc nh Cu*_ trong mu phn tch %"ng phAng php 778, ngch2 ho !,O*Ng mu #o %.nh nh m/c M! ml # nh m/c 2n #3ch+ &ung &ch n- 5m c c3n rGi %Am ton % mu #o m- o 778 9 Bhnm th. gi tr 7x o c l !,*>O+ fK- *M ml &ung &ch c n l3i th0m #o&ung &ch chu@n Cu*_ ! Y> k, rGi cng ti2n hnh c c3n # chu-n ton % mum- o 778 # cng o 9 Bh5 o tr0n th. gi tr 7 o c l !,= *+ Enlng ph n tr m Cu*_ trong mu phn tchR

SiDi Sbi Cx l nGng cZa Cu*_ c; trong mu phn tch Eh5o nh lu\t ~55r ta c;: 7x< e+ Cx H Ja

EAng tV 7< e+ C H*J #1i C < y >*M *+ !

*? xC +

*?+ !,*>O

*M *+ ! !,= * x x x

x

A C C A C C

= = =+ =+ ! yOgam

]\- ^ cZa Cu trong mu phn tch l:^ Cu =+ !+ !! !, ! ^

!,O* N=

Phng php vi sai Bi 1: Qc nh hm lng 5 trong mt mu ujng ngi ta ti2n hnh th n

nh au: fK- Mgam mu ujng ho tan trong &ung &ch (Fd= k c !!ml &ung&ch H&& xJ +

Chu@n % hai &ung &ch 5HFd=J= BhDo t 9 i'u Bi`n chu@n c; nGng lt l C< !,! kH&& J # C*

Ei2n hnh hai th nghi`m o ph6 hKp thL ngu-0n t$ nh au: o cng ph6 hKp thL cZa &ung &ch * o #1i &ung &ch tht


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Bi 2: xc nh hm lng 7 trong n1c ng m 9 mt #[ng cao ngu-0n, ta lK- > lt n1c 5m c c3n thu c Og chKt r n+ (o tan lng chKt r n&ung &ch (Fd= *k thu c !!ml &ung &ch+

Chu@n % hai &ung &ch (gHFd=J* BhDo t 9 i'u Bi`n t i u c; nGng l n lt l C< !,!! k # C*

Ei2n hnh o ph6 hKp thL ngu-0n t$ nh au: fK- *M ml mu tr0n Bi'u Bi`n t i u # ti2n hnh o ph6 hKp thL ngu-0n t$ nh au:

Y o cng ph6 hKp thL ngu-0n t$ cZa && C o #1i && Cxc 7

Qc nh hm lng 7 trong mt lt n1cRSiDi+

sp &Lng phAng php #i ai nGng %U ta c;:7 < B+HCY CQJ H J

7*< B+HC*Y CQJ H*JfK-H J chia cho H*J ta c;:

X

X

C C C C

A A

= **Eha- #o ta c:

X

X

C C

=

!! M,!!!,!

*ON,!?M,! CQ< M,P >+ !YMk

eh i lng 7 5n c; trong mu phn tch l: M,P >+ !YM+!, +?M < >>,=MM+ !YMg

]\- hm lng 7 5n trong mt lit n1c l:^7 < !!

>IO!+=MM,>> M ^

BI TP IN PHNBi 1:Ei2n hnh i`n phn n;ng chD- mt mu i clorua, thu c ?,N gam B9 anot # *,*> lt Bh HBtcJ 9 anot+ Qc nh mu i 5m i`n phn+Gii:

Cc phDn /ng i`n cVc: catot: kn_ _ n5 k

anot: *ClY Cl* _ *5XhDn /ng: *kCln pnc *k _ nCl*

*Cl* *+*,*> !,*Eh5o ph n HmolJn n+**,> nM

n ng: n = = =

?,N+n=Pn!,*

m M =n

= =

]1i n l ho tr cZa Bim lo3iw n< ,*,= n0n ta c; %Dng:n * =


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=P!"#

?NHlo3iJ

?Hlo3iJ

]\- mu i cho l eClBi 2:

i`n phn i`n cVc Xt &ung &ch ch/a Gng thi: Cu*_: !, !!kw 7g_:!,!! !!kw n *_: ,!!kw ( _ : !, !!k # 8d >*Y+ Er.nh %- cc a tr.nh xD- ra 9 cci`n cVc+ Q5m*dX < atSiDi:Cc u tr.nh c; th xD- ra: catot: Cu*_ _ *5 Cu

*_o *_

Cu ICu!,!MP

< _ lgzCu {*

< !,=> _0,0592

log!, !!

7g_ _ 5 7g_

o _7g I 7g

< _ !, !MPlogz7g {

*_o *_

n In!,!MP

< _ logzn {*

< Y!,?O _!,!MP* log < Y !,?O]

*( =d_

_ *5 ( *_

= *( d I(

]\- 9 catot BhD n ng oxi ho xD- ra th5o th/ tV: 7g_ } Cu*_ } ( =d _ } n*_ anot: O(*d d * _ >(=d _ _ >5

* *d I( d *Y 8 *dN*Y _ *5w *Y *Y

* N >8 d I8d *]

]\-: 9 anot, n1c % oxi ho tr1c+E;m l3i: Bhi i`n phn, u ti0n xD- ra phDn /ng:

>7g_

_ O(*

d >7g _ d*

_ >(=

d_

8au ; xD- ra phDn /ng:*Cu*_ _ O(*d *Cu _ d* _ >(=d _

Bi 3: Enh i`n p t i thiu phDi jt #o * cVc Xt c; u tr.nh i`n phnnh trong %i t\p * 9 tr0n, cho %i2t q< ,M7w < !,M!; *dX < atw *d < !,!N] +SiDi:~9i #. a < , ?]w c < !,O*=]n0n ]< H , ?_!,N!J !,O*=+!,M! < *,!P?]4o ;, c; u tr.nh i`n phn xD- ra th. phDi jt l0n * cVc mt i`n p l]< *,!P?]Bi 4: i`n phn &ung &ch Co*_ ! !!k # C&*_ ! !M!!k+


9/82

*+ Enh th2 catot c n lm giDm nGng ion Co*_ xu ng c n ,!+ !YO k+

C&*_ % t u i`n phn: C&*_ _ *5 C&2+ 2+

0 0Co /Co Cd /Cd

Cho E 0,280V; E 0,402V= = Gii:

+ Enh nGng Co C&*_ % t u % i`n phn+Cc phDn /ng i`n cVc 9 catot:Co*_ _ *5 CoC&*_ _ *5 C&

C&*_ % t u % i`n phn th. th2 catot

*_ *_! *_

c C& I C& C& I C&

!,!MP !* _0,059 log

2!,!M!!< !,>>!]

ehi ;: *_ *_! *_cCo I Co Co I Co !,!MP > !,*NJ

=!,!MP! , P>+ ! k+

= Fh #\- ta Bh ng th tch hon ton Co ra Bhi C&

*+ Enh th2 catot nGng Co*_ giDm xu ng c n ,!+ !YO k

Ea c;: *_ *_! *_c Co I Co Co I Co!,!MP M?]

]\- Bhi th2 catot c n !,>M?] th. nGng Co*_ ch| c n ,!+ !YOk HCo*_ x5mnh tch hon ton ra Bhi &ung &ch i`n phnJBi 5:

Enh thi gian c n thi2t Bhi i`n phn &ung &ch CoHqqJ lm B2+ !,M!! gam Co Bim lo3i l0n catot

*+ !,O!* gam Co=d> l0n anot~i2t cng & ng i`n phn l ,!!7w2+0Co /CoE 0,280V= Gii:

+ Enh thi gian i`n phn B2t tZa c !,M!! gam Co Bim lo3i lXhDn /ng i`n cVc 9 catot: Co*_ _ *5 Cosp &Lng nh lu\t ara&a- ta c;:

7 n+ +m *+POM!!+M,!!m + + qt t O=MM,P= >,M>gin 7+q MP+

= = = = = *+ Enh thi gian i`n phn B2t tZa c !,O!* gam Co=d> l0n catot

catot: =Co*_ _ >(*d _ O5 Co=d> _ >(*n+ +m O+POM!!+!,O!*t >>O= >gi7+q *> +

= = =


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Eh0m M!,!! ml &ung &ch C5 HqqqJ !,!>!!k+ i`n phn #1i c& ng q

Gii -, Bhi i`n phn xD- ra V oxi ho 5*_ t3i anot:

5 *_ 5=_ _5ehi g n B2t th c i`n phn xD- ra V oxi ho C5=_

C5=_ C5>_ _5C5>_ inh ra l3i oxi ho hp th/c 5*_:

C5>_ _ 5*_ C5=_ _ 5=_] Bhi h2t hon ton 5*_ th. mt lng t chKt i`n inh C5>_lm t ng #bt th2

# ta c; th B2t th c i`n phn+m5< 7qt MM,NM< +!,!M!+M ,* < !,! >?Pgamn+POM!! +POM!!

^ 5< 0,0%4)9&%00 %2,%)*0,%2%5 = +Bi &:

xc nh antimon 9 &3ng 8%*d=trong mu phn tch, ngi ta cn Mgamu rGi axit ho %"ng (Cl c &ung &ch ch/a=YO8%Cl+ Eh0m #o &ung &ch thc lng & &ung &ch Fa~r rGi ti2n hnh nh lng antimon %"ng o i`n lng #1i & ng i`n q Bh ng 6i, %i2t Bhi ti2n hnh i`n phn & ng *,> *Mm7 trong thi gian * ph t+

a+ ]i2t cc phDn /ng xD- ra %+ Enh hm lng 8%*d= th5o An # ppm+ Cho* =8% dk < *P ,M+

Gii:XhDn /ng xD- ra Bhi ho tan mu:

8%*d= _ *(Cl *( =z8%ClO{ _ =(*d7not: z8%ClO{=Y z8%ClO{Y _ *5

*~r Y ~r * _ *5Catot: *(_ _ *5 ( *

XhDn /ng xD- ra Bhi chu@n o i`n lng:z8%ClO{=Y _ ~r * z8%ClO{Y _ *~r Y

sp &Lng nh lu\t ara&a-, ta c;: ppmH8%*d=J *M+ ! + *+O!+ !+POM!! M MBi ' :

nh gi u tr.nh i`n phn &ung &ch Cu8d> k trong ( *8d> k %i2tCuHtr0n XtJ Bh ng ng Bw*d Htr0n XtJ< !,M*]w m\t & ng !,!Mm7Icm*+

+Enh i`n p t i thiu xD- ra u tr.nh i`n phn+*+ F2u trong u tr.nh i`n phn thi2t l\p i`n p *]w coi i`n p 9 a

Bh ng 6iH#1i_(C


12/82

XhDn /ng:Cu*_ _ *5 Cuw

c < !,=>] anot: 24SO , ( *dXhDn /ng: *(*d d * _ >(_ _ >5w

a< ,*= _ >!,!MPlogH*J _ !,M*> < ,??]


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]\-, u tr.nh i`n phn xD- ra th. i`n p t i thiu l:]< ,?? Y !,=> < ,>=H]J

*+ F2u i`n p l *] th. th2 catot l:c < ,?? * < Y !,*=]

sp &Lng phAng tr.nh F5r t:!,=> _ *_!,!MPlgzCu {* < Y!,*=

logzCu*_{< *_ Y P{ !* +HY!,*=Y!,=>J Cu!,!MP ' k]\t, c; th tch hon ton Cu*_ Bhi catot+Bi 1(:

i`n phn &ung &ch FaCl &[ng i`n cVc catot l h n h ng (g & ng c'u # &[ng cVc Eitan %bc ut5ni # oi lm anot+ ehoDng cch givaanot ch| #i mm+

+ ]i2t cc phAng tr.nh phDn /ng xD- ra 9 cc i`n cVc Bhi m1i % t u phnHp( < ?J+ Enh cc gi tr th2 i n cVc # th2 phn giDiH th2 ph

*+ 8au Bhi i`n phn mt thi gian, p( t ng l0n + ( - giDi thch t3i aoR]i2t cc phAng tr.nh phDn /ng xD- ra 9 p( ;Enh th2 i`n cVc # th2 phn giDi+

Cho %i2t: _ Fa IFao < Y *,? ]

_= *

o( d I( < !,!!]d I( d* *

o < ,*=]_ Fa I FaH(gJ ] cho &ung &ch FaCl *M^ HBh i lngJ

*( Htr0n (gJ < ,=]w*d Htr0n uI&J

HEh5o ' thi ol-mpic (o hbc t3i so PPOJGii+ Erong &ung &ch FaCl c;: FaCl Fa__ClY

*( *d ( =d __ d( Y

ehi i`n phn:Catot : Fa_ _ (g _5 FaH(gJ H J* x *( *d ( =d __ d( Y

* (=d __*5 ( * _ *( *d *( *d _*5 ( * _*d( Y H*J Anot : O(*d d* _>(=d _ _>5 H=J


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~9i #. 2 /2Cl ClE H ,=>]J ) 2 2-

/O H OE H ,=N ]J n0n 9 anot #n c; Cl* thot rau tr.nh i`n phn:*x Fa _ (g _5 FaH(gJ

*ClY

Cl* _ *5*Fa_ _*ClY_* (g Cl* _ *FaH(gJEh2 phn giDi: ] < a c < ,=> _ ,?N < =, *]

BI TP ) TH*L+ PIC HA H,C SINH -I.N T)N /0 C 2((3 !Bn A#:

~rom lng tc &Lng c #1i (=Xd= th5o phDn /ng:( =Xd= _ ~r * _ ( *d ( =Xd> _ *(_ _ *~r YJ Enh h"ng cn %"ng cZa phDn /ng 9 *PNe *J Enh th2 i n cVc chu@n oH(=Xd>I( =Xd=J n2u %i2t oH~r *I*~r YJ I( =Xd*J H&&J ~r YH&&J (=Xd=H&&J ~r *HlJ (*dHlJ( ottHBImolJ ! Y =!N Y > YPOM ! Y*N8 oHImol+eJ ! Y !N N= O? M* ?!BI GI I:

J ( o p < Y==PB8 o p < Y== e Y+S o p < Y*>!,=O*B lge >*, *M e < ,==+ !>*+

*J So p < Yn o p o p < ,*>M]oH~r *I*~r YJ Y oH(=Xd>I( =Xd=J < o p < ,*>M]

oH(=Xd>I( =Xd=J < Y!, MN] Y !, O] =J (=Xd> _ >(_ _ >5 ( =Xd* _ *(*d o < Y !,=P] H J ( =Xd> _ *(_ _ *5 ( =Xd= _ ( *d o < Y !, O] H*J

fK- phAng tr.nh H J H*J ta c: (=Xd* _ *(_ _ *5 ( =Xd* _ ( *do= < R

So= < S

o

Y So* Y*

o= < Y>

o

HY* o*J

o= < Y!,O*]2 )L+ PIC HA H,C SINH -I.N T)N /0 C 2((3 !Bn A#:

Cho %i2t cc th2 i`n cVc chu@n: oHCu*_ICuJ < !,=>]w oHCu*_ICu_J ]+

J (i t3i ao ngi ta c; th nh lng Cu*_ trong &ung &ch n1c th ng ua&ung &ch eqR Cho %i2t th0m r"ng &ung &ch % o ho cZa Cuq tronnhi`t thng H*MoCJ c; nGng l !YOk


16/82

*J 8$ &Lng tnh ton xc nh x5m Cu c; tc &Lng c #1i (q gi ph;ng Bh (* ha- Bh ngR

=J ku i Cu*8d> c; %'n trong n1c ha- Bh ngR SiDi thch+BI GI I:J Cu*_ _ 5 Cu_ o < !, M]

Cu*_ _ qY_ 5 Cuq o* < R[ ][ ][ ]+

++=

Cu I Cu

E E oo*

* lg!MP,!

zCu*_{ < zqY{ < k [ ] [ ] M I K

Cu s *! + ==

o* < !, M _ !,!MPlg !* < !,NO } oHq*IqYJ]\- c; phDn /ng: Cu*_ _ =qY Cuq _ q*+nh lng q* th5o phDn /ng: q* _ Fa*8*d= Fa*8>dO _ *Faq

*J Cu*_ _ *5 Cu o < !,=>]

Cu*_

_ 5 Cu_

o* < !, M] Cu_ _ 5 Cu o= < !,=>+* !, M < !,M=]

Cuq _ 5 Cu _ qY o> < o= _ !,!MPlg !Y * < Y!, ?]]\- c; phDn /ng: *Cu _ *(q *Cuq _ (*

=J Cu_ _ 5 Cu o < !,M=]Cu*_ _ 5 Cu_ o* < !, M]*Cu_ Cu _ Cu*_ o < !,M= !, M < !,=N]]\- Cu *8d> l mu i tan trong n1c, Bh ng %'n trong &ung &ch:Cu*8d> Cu _ Cu8d>

3 )L+ PIC HA H,C SINH -I.N T)N /0 C 2((5 !Bn A#:

lo3i trT cc ion Fd=Y

trong n1c Hcc ion Fd=Y

c; mjt trong n1c xuKt pht tT phn %;nJ c; th Bh$ n; thnh Fd*Y %"ng cch cho i ua l1i c; ch/a %tC&+

J ]i2t n$a phDn /ng cZa hai cjp Fd=YI(Fd * # (Fd *IFd trong m i trngaxit+ Ch/ng minh r"ng (Fd* % phn hZ- trong m i trng p( < ! 2n O+

*J p( < ?, nGng Fd=Y l !Y*k+ ]i2t phDn /ng giva C& # Fd=Y+ (i Fd=Yc; % Bh$ hon ton 9 *MoC trong i'u Bi`n n- Bh ngR Enh nGng Fd=Y c n l3i trong n1c Bhi cn %"ng+

=J Enh th2 Bh$ Hth2 ox- h;a Y Bh$J chu@n cZa cjp Fd=YIFd*Y 9 p( < > #*MoC

Cho %i2t cc li`u au 9 *Mo

C: o

HFd=Y

I(Fd *J < !,P>]w o

H(Fd*IFdJ !]w e aH(Fd*J < M+ !Y>w e HC&Hd(J*J < ,*+ !Y >+BI GI I:J Fd =Y _ =(_ _ *5 (Fd * _ ( *dw o < !,P>]

(Fd * _ ( _ _ 5 Fd _ ( *dw o < !,PN] p( < ! th. oH(Fd*IFdJ } oHFd=YI(Fd *J n0n (Fd* % phn hZ- th5o

phDn /ng:


17/82

=(Fd * Fd=Y _ *Fd _ (_ _ ( *d p( < O th.:oHFd=YI(Fd *J < !,P> _ !,!MPI*Hlg !YOJ !,!H*lg

*=

*=

I

I =+=

4 )L+ PIC HA H,C SINH -I.N T)N /0 C 2((5 !Bn A#:C; th ho tan hon ton !!mg %3c Bim lo3i trong !!ml &ung &ch amonGng !, k Bhi ti2p x c #1i Bh ng Bh c Bh ngR

Cho %i2t ngu-0n t$ Bh i cZa 7g < !?,NNw h"ng i`n li %a A cZa aml e % < ,?>+ !YMw cc h"ng %'n cZa ph/c z7gHF(=Ji{_ tAng /ng l: lg ! ]+ sp uKt ri0ng ph n cZa ox- trong Bh ng Bh l !,*!PMatmXhDn /ng c thVc hi`n 9 *MoC+BI GI I:

F7g < !, !! : !?,NN < P,*?+ !Y>mol8 mol cVc 3i cZa F(= c n t3o ph/c l: P,*?+ !Y>+ * < ,NM>+ !Y=k

ngha l nh hAn nhi'u o #1i mol F(= c; trong &ung &ch H !Y*kJ+ ]\- F( = rKt & ho tan lng 7g n2u xD- ra phDn /ng+

e e


18/82

Ch ng ta Bim tra BhD n ng ho tan th5o uan im i`n h;a # nhi`tng:

7g_ _ 5 7g < o _ !,!MPlgz7g_{

d * _ >5 _ (*d >d( Y [ ]>**

*lg>!MP,!

+=

OH

P E E

Oo

ehi cn %"ng < *+ Erong &ung &ch F(= < !, k Hlng F(= phDn/ng Bh ng ng BJ ta c;: zd(Y{ < He %+CJI* < ,=*+ !Y=k

* < !,MO!?]+]. * < n0n tT tnh ton ta c; th u- ra c z7g_{ < P, *+ !YMk FGng t6ng cng cZa 7g_ trong &ung &ch:z7g_{o < z7g_{ _ z7gHF(=J_{ _ z7gHF(=J*_{

< z7g_{H _ zF( ={ _ *zF( ={*J < M,MkSi tr n- l1n hAn nhi'u o #1i lng 7g &[ng cho phDn /ng+ ]. #\- cc iBi`n i`n h;a # nhi`t ng thu\n li cho #i`c ho tan !, !!g 7g

5 )L+ PIC HA H,C SINH -I.N T)N /0 C 2((5 !Bn B#:J Ern hai th tch %"ng nhau cZa hai &ung &ch 8nCl* !, !!k # 5Cl =

!, !!k+ Qc nh nGng cc ion thi2c # t Bhi cn %"ng 9 *MoC+ Enhth2 cZa cc cjp ox- h;a Y Bh$ Bhi cn %"ng+

*J Fh ng mt i 7g #o &ung &ch 5*H8d>J= *,M+ !Y*k+ Qc nh nGng cZa 5=_w 5*_ # 7g_ Bhi cn %"ng 9 *MoC+ Enh th2 cZa cc cjp ox- h;a YBh$ Bhi cn %"ng+Cho %i2t oH8n>_I8n*_J < !, M]w oH 5=_I 5*_J < !,??]w oH7g_I7gJ < !,N!]

BI GI I:J 8n*_ _ * 5=_ 8n>_ _ * 5*_

Fc%: !,!MY x !,!M *x x *xlge < *H!,?? ! MJI!,!MP < *e < ! * +e rKt l1n # nGng 5=_ cho phDn /ng nh hAn nhi'u o #1i 8n*_ phDn

/ng g n nh hon ton: *x !,!Mz 5*_{ < !,!Mkw z8n>_{ < !,!*Mkw z8n*_{ < !,!*Mkw z 5=_{


19/82

[ ] [ ]

[ ] M !

M ! Ag x x

x

==

***

!+O

!+=N,>=,!!M,!

+

++

=

====

c% < V ?*,!!+=N,>lg!MP,!N!,!!+=N,>!+O

lg!MP,!??,! **=

=+=+

$ " THI CH,N H,C SINH GI6I /0 C GIA -IT NA 2((2 !B NG A#+ ~i2t th2 oxi h;aYBh$ ti0u chu@n :

oCu*_ICu_ < _!, O], oCu_ICu < _!,M*], o 5=_I 5*_ < _!,??], o 5 *_I 5 >]( - cho %i2t hi`n tng g. xD- ra trong cc trng hp au:

Cho %t t #o &ung &ch 5*H8d>J= !,Mk+H%JCho %t Gng #o &ung &ch Cu8d> k+

*+ 4ung &ch Q gGm Fa*8 !,! !k, eq !,!O!k, Fa *8d> !,!M!k+7xit ho ch\m &ung &ch Q 2n p( < !+ Eh0m 5Cl= cho 2n nGng !, !k+

i Enh th2 cZa cVc platin nh ng trong &ung &ch thu c o #1calom5n % o ho H(g*Cl*I*(g,*ClYJ+

ii ~iu &i n A G pin, #i2t phAng tr.nh phDn /ng xD- ra t3i cccVc # phDn /ng t6ng ut Bhi pin ho3t ng+

Cho : axit c; (*8 pe < ?,!!, pe * < *,P!w (8d>Yc; pe < *,!!w Ech tancZa X%8 < !Y*Ow X%8d> < !Y?,Nw X%q* < !Y?,O+

o 5=_I 5*_ < !,?? ] w o 8I(*8 < !, >] w o q*I*qY < !,M>] w cal % o ho >]BI GI I:+ aJ o 5=_I 5*_ < _!,?? ] 7 o 5*_I 5 < Y!,>> ] nn:Enh oxi ho: 5=_ m3nh hAn 5*_ Enh Bh$: 5 m3nh hAn 5*_4o ; phDn /ng tV pht xD- ra giva * cjp l: * 5=_ _ 5 = 5*_ Fh #\- 5 tan trong &ung &ch 5H8d>J= t3o thnh mu i 58d>, lm nh3t mu#ng H hojc nuJ cZa ion 5=_ # cu i c[ng lm mKt mu Hhojc t3o mu xanhnh3tJ &ung &ch+ %J o Cu_ICu < _ !,M* ]7 o Cu*_ICu_ < _ !, O ] n0n:Enh oxi ho: Cu_ m3nh hAn Cu*_Enh Bh$: Cu_ m3nh hAn Cu4o ; phDn /ng tV pht xD- ra givaa * cjp l: Cu_ _ Cu_ Cu*_ _ CuXhDn /ng nghch HCu*_ phDn /ng #1i Cu t3o thnh ion Cu_J Bh ng xD- ra+ 4o ;Bhi % %t Gng #o &ung &ch Cu8d> Bh ng xD- ra phDn /ng # uan t Bh ngthK- hi`n tng g.+*+ 7xit ho &ung &ch Q:8*Y _ *(_ ( *8 HC (*8 < !,! ! ) 8 ( *8 n0n (*8 cha % o ho, Bh ng thot raBhi &ung &chJXhDn /ng: * 5=_ _ ( *8 * 5*_ _ 8 _ * (_ e< ! * !, !,!


20/82

!,!N !,!* !,!* * 5=_ _ *qY * 5*_ _ q* e< ! ?,N !,!N !,!O !,!* !,!* !,!N !,!=!

Ehnh ph n trong &ung &ch: 5=_

!,!*! w 5*_

!,!N! wq* !,!=!k w(_

!,!*k 5=_I 5*_ < !,?? _ !,!MP lg !,!*I!,!N < !,?>=] HcVc &AngJcal < !,*>>] H cVc mJ pin < _ < !,?>= !,*>> < !,>PP]8A G pin: (g (g*Cl* eCl %h 5=_, 5*_ Xt

XhDn /ng: * (g _ * ClY < (g*Cl* _ * 5 _ *x 5=_ _ 5 < 5*_ * (g _ * 5=_ _ * ClY < (g*Cl*

% " THI CH,N H,C SINH GI6I /0 C GIA -IT NA 2((2 !B NG A#Cho & ng i`n !,M7 i ua &ung &ch mu i cZa mt axit hvu cA trong e2t uD au u tr.nh i`n phn l tr0n catot t3o ra =,NOM gam mt Bim lo3ianot c; Bh 5tan # Bh cac%onic thot ra+1+ Cho %i2t mu i cZa Bim lo3i no % i`n phnR ~i2t r"ng M, N gam cZa; @- c ,MP gam Cu tT &ung &ch Gng unWat+2+ Cho %i2t mu i cZa axit hvu cA no % i`n phnR3+ ]i2t cc phAng tr.nh phDn /ng xD- ra tr0n cc i`n cVc+BI GI I:+ i`n lng < qt < !,M x * x =O!! < =O!! coulom% &[ng t3o ra =,NO

lo3i+ ET nh lu\t ara&a-, Ang lng

eh i lng mol cZa Bim lo3i: 7 < n++ ]. Bim lo3i n- @- Gng ra Bhi &un&ch n0n Ang lng cZa Cu:

Cu < 7I* < O=,OI* < = ,N # tT phDn /ng:* _ Cu*_ < Cu _ * _

ta c;: : = ,N < M, N : ,MP, u- ra < !=,OErong phDn /ng @- Cu, Bim lo3i ch| c; th c; m/c oxi ho tT 2n =, &o chbn Bh i lng mol ngu-0n t$ tT = BhD n ng au:

7 < !=,O x < !=,O7 * < !=,O x * < *!?,*7= < !=,O x = < = !,N

]. Bh ng c; ngu-0n t$ #1i 7 } *>! # %"ng !> c; tnh Bim lo3i # c; m/c oxho l _ + 4o ; Bim lo3i phDi t.m ch| c; th l X% H7 < *!?,OJ+

O,!==O!!

POM!NOM+=n7 == =

_


21/82

*+ E3i anot Bhi i`n phn c; C*( O # Cd* thot ra l Dn ph@m cZa V oxi hoanion hvu cA, mu i n- c; c ng th/c X%HCddJ*+ 8V t3o ra 5tan+HC(= Y C(=J # Cd* tT nh;m CddY ch/ng t mu i i`n phn l X%HC(=CddJ*+ =+ Cc phDn /ng xD- ra tr0n cc i`n cVc:

E3i catot: X%*_ _ * 5 < X%E3i anot: C(=CddY Y 5 < C(=Cdd C( =Cdd < C(= _ Cd*

* C(= < C*( OE6ng ut: * C(=CddY *5 < C*( O _ Cd*+

& )L+ PIC HA H,C /0 C T* L8N TH9 2&:Cc phAng php o hi`u th2 # uang ph6 c $ &Lng rng r i xccc nGng cn %"ng # h"ng cn %"ng trong &ung &ch+ CD ha php thng xu-0n c &[ng B2t hp xc nh Gng thi nhi'u tiu

4ung &ch n1c axit h;a q ch/a mt h n hp 58d> # 5*H8d>J=, #&ung &ch n1c qq ch/a mt h n hp e >z 5HCFJO{ # e =z 5HCFJO{+ FGng cZacc tiu phn c; ch/a t thoD m n cc uan h` z 5*_{q < z 5HCFJO>Y{qq # z 5=_{q *] H o #1i i`n cVc h-&ro ti0u chu@nJ+ Xh n tr m tru-'n&ung &ch qq o c o #1i &ung &ch q t3i >*!nm %"ng !,?^ Hchi'u &tru-'n uang l < M,!*mmJ+ SiD thi2t r"ng ph/c z 5HCFJO>Y{ 5=_Ha Jw 5*_Ha JBh ng hKp thL nh ng t3i >*!nm+ hKp thL molH 5HCFJO=YJ < !!fImol+cm

t3i %1c ;ng n-+ Eh2 Bh$ chu@n cZa 5=_

I 5*_

l !,?? ]+ 2u t ghi tr1c logaritth\p phn cZa phAng tr.nh F5rn t %"ng !,!MP! H# ghi tr1c logarit tV n!,!*MOJ+ SiD thi2t r"ng tKt cD cc h` ho3t 'u %"ng +J ]i2t phAng tr.nh F5rn t cZa h` th ng ox- h;a Y Bh$ cZa:

aJ 4ung &ch + %J 4ung &ch * Hngo3i trT ph/c xiano, % ua mbi &3ng Bhc c; tro

&chJ*J An # cZa -2u t ghi tr1c logarit trong phAng tr.nh F5rn t c; An # l=J Enh t| cc h"ng %'n #vngH 5HCFJO=YJIH 5HCFJO>YJ>J ehoDng %i2n thi0n tu-`t i trong l1n H%i0n J cZa cc tham #\

l %ao nhi0u+aJ tru-'n x3 HEJ^ %J k\t uang H7J ^+

MJ Enh nGng cZaaJ 5=_ trong &ung &ch q %J 5*_ trong &ung &ch q

BI GI I:J XhAng tr.nh F5rn t:


22/82

aJ q < oH 5=_I 5*_J _ !,!MP!lgHz 5=_{Iz 5*_{ %J qq < oH 5HCFJO=YI 5HCFJO>YJ _ !,!MP!lgHz 5HCFJO=Y{Iz 5HCFJO>Y{J

*J ]olt H]J=J qq < oH 5HCFJO=YI 5HCFJO>YJ _ !,!MP!lgHz 5HCFJO=Y{Iz 5HCFJO>Y{

< oH 5=_I 5*_J _ !,!MP!lgH I*J _ !,!MP!lgHzCFY{OIzCFY{OJ _!,!MP!lgHz 5HCFJO=Y{Iz 5HCFJO>Y{J

< !,*>*Erong ; #* l n lt l cc h"ng %'n #vng cZa z 5HCFJO>Y{ #

z 5HCFJO=Y{+z 5HCFJO=Y{Iz 5HCFJO>Y{ < 5=_I 5*_ n0n < qq q < !,!MPlgH I*J J aJ ET ! 2n !!^

%J ET ! 2nMJ aJ 4[ng nh lu\t ~oug5r fam%5rt ~55r

7 cm= &ung &ch Bali p5manganat+_ *M,!!cm= &ung &ch t HqqJ unWat &[ng h2t *>,!=cm= &ung &ch Bali

p5manganat+_ *M,!!cm= &ung &ch t HqqJ unWat &[ng h2t **, ?cm=&ung &ch c5ri Hq]J

unWat++ ]i2t cc phAng tr.nh phDn /ng cZa %a l n chu@n +*+ ( - tnh nGng cZa &ung &ch c5ri Hq]J unWat+

Fgi ta p &Lng cc th2 i`n cVc ti0u chu@n au -:

5=_ _ 5 < 5*_ o < !,??]C5>_ _ 5 < C5=_ o < ,O ]=+ ( - tnh e C cZa phDn /ng: 5*_ _ C5>_ < 5=_ _ C5=_+

H i #1i ph n c n l3i cZa %i t\p c n giD thi2t cc i'u Bi`n l ti0uchu@nJ

>+ ( - tnh t| :[ ][ ]++

*

=

! ! t3i im tAng Ang+


23/82

M+ ( - tnh th2 cZa &ung &ch t3i im tAng Ang+ F2u nh ngi ta $ &Lng mt chKt ch| th oxi h;a Y Bh$ HqnJ #1i o < th2

cZa &ung &ch t3i im tAng Ang nh\n %i2t im B2t th c cZa #i`c ; th. Bh ng c; #Kn ' g. #' chnh xc cZa #i`c nh\n %i2t im B2t th c+

Fhng i #1i chKt ch| th au - th.:qndx _ *5 < qn*YBh o < !,N!]8V chu-n mu th hi`n r Bhi:

[ ][ ]

!* ="#

Ox

In

In

O+ ( - tnh[ ][ ]++

*

=

! ! t3i im chu-n mu cZa chKt ch| th n- # cho %i2t

ph n tr m trong l n chu@n ti2n hnh+BI GI I:+ *knd>Y _ MC*d>*Y _ O(=d _ < *kn*_ _ !Cd * _ *>(*d

M 5*_ _ knd >Y _ N(=d _ < M 5=_ _ kn*_ _ *( *d5

*_

_ C5>_

< 5=_

_ C5=_

+*+ Chu@n : !,***Ng Fa*C*d> tAng Ang ,OO+ !Y= mol C*d>*Y+H*IMJ+ ,OO+ !Y= < zknd>Y{+]Hknd>YJzknd>Y{ < !,!!*=kChu@n *: zknd>Y{+]Hknd>YJ < H IMJz 5*_{]H 5*_Jz 5*_{ < !, kChu@n =: zC5>_{ < z 5*_{+]H 5*_JI]HC5>_J < !, *Mk

=+ Ea c;:>

oI5I !+O,

J+Hlg

*==> =

= ++++ K $%

E E K !

oC!C!

>+ E3i im tAng Ang th. lng chKt cho #o nHC5>_J < noH 5*_J+ ]1im i ion C5=_ m1i h.nh thnh th. cng h.nh thnh mt ion 5=_, t/c l zC5=_{< z 5=_{ # cD zC5>_{ < z 5=_{Ea c;:

[ ][ ][ ][ ]

[ ][ ]

[ ][ ]

?*

=

**

*=

*>

==

!+*?,w === ++

+

+

++

++

! !

!

! K

!C! !C!

K C C

M+ a ga tr m1i t.m c #o phAng tr.nh F5rn t i #1i th2 cZa t nta thu c: < , P]HCng tAng tV nh #\- ngi ta c; th a ga tr zC5>_{IzC5=_{ < H ,*?+ !Y?JY #o phAng tr.nh F5rn t i #1i th2 cZa c5riJ+

O+ Eh2 cZa &ung &ch t3i im chu-n mu l: < !,N! _ EI* Hln !J < !,N=]a ga tr n- #o phAng tr.nh F5rn t i #1i t:

[ ][ ]

[ ][ ]

*,!ln??,!N=,! *

=

*

=

=+= ++

+

+

! !

! !

$%

Fh #\- ai l: H ,*JY+ !!^ < N,PM^1( )L+ PIC HA H,C 9C 1''' !- n 3#:


24/82

Cho cc th2 chu@n au -:7g~r HrJ _ 5 7g _ ~r Y o < !,!? =]7g_ _ 5 7g o* < !,?PPO]

aJ Er0n cA 9 ; h - tnh E7g~r 9 *MoC+ %J ET ; h - tnh So i #1i a tr.nh: 7gClHrJ . 7g_Ha J _ ClYHa J+ ~i2t

87gClH*MoCJ < ,*?>+ !YMk+BI GI I:aJ o c; li0n uan 2n mt %n t2 %o, trong ; 9 tr0n mt l1p B2t tZ

%romua nGng ion %romua l ,!!k+ Fh c; o* ngi ta c; th th5o phAng tr.nh F5rn t tnh c nGng ion %3c trong t2 %o # tT ;z~r Y{ < ,!!k c; th tnh c tch ho tan+

*==* !+N,>!+N,>ln M % M C

$% E E Ag&'

oo =+=

%JET ho tan ta c;: z7g_{ < zClY{ < ,*?>+ !YMk # nh #\- l tch hotan E < H ,*?>+ !YMJ*+ E cng l h"ng cn %"ng e C i #1i phDn /ng:7gClHrJ . 7g

_Ha J _ Cl

YHa J

e C ngoi ra cng l h"ng cn %"ng nhi`t ng lVc hbc+ i'u n- c; ngl:S o < YElnE < MM,NBImol+

BI TP C;C PH 1 xc nh Cu, X%, n trong n1c tiu %"ng phAng

#onYamp5 ho tan an t+ fK- ! ml n1c tiu cho #o %inh B5n&an,

ml (Fd= ON^ # ml (

*8d

> rGi phn hu mu %"ng # cA ho 1t+ umu tr0n %2p cch ct 2n g n c3n au ; th0m ti2p Mml (Fd= th5o t| l` :>

rGi cho #o %.nh cch thu un ti2p+ Cu i c[ng ngui # nh m/c =!ml H&&7J+ Xha && 7 ra # ti2n hnh phn tch nh au:

EF : fK- Mml &ung &ch 7, th0m #o ; *ml &ung &ch `m ax5!,!M ml (gHqqJ !, k au ; pha lo ng thnh Mml &ung &ch rGi ti2n hthu c B2t uD au: q&HCuJ < *, M A , q&HX%J < !,=*M A , q&HnJ < >, !M A

EF*: Erung ho Mml &ung &ch 7 %"ng Fad( au ; th0m *ml &&ch `m ax5tat # !,!M ml (gHqqJ !, k, au ; th0m ti2p ml CuH!!ppm, ml X%HqqJ !!ppm # ml nHqqJ !!ppm rGi pha thnh M


25/82

&ung &ch+Ei2n hnh o thu c B2t uD au: q&HCuJ < *,M=M A , q&HX%J < !,?=* A , q&HnJ < >,= * A +

EF=: fK- Mml &ung &ch 7, th0m *ml &ung &ch `m ax5tat #ml (gHqqJ !, k, au ; th0m ti2p ,Mml CuHqqJ !!ppm, ,Mml X%!!ppm # ,Mml nHqqJ !!ppm rGi pha thnh M ml &ung &ch+Ei2o thu c B2t uD au: q&HCuJ < *,?PP A , q&HX%J < !,P?>? A , q&HnJ < >,>*?

A +

EF>: fK- Mml &ung &ch 7, th0m *ml &ung &ch `m ax5tat #ml (gHqqJ !, k, au ; th0m ti2p *,!ml CuHqqJ !!ppm, *,!ml X%!!ppm # *,!ml nHqqJ !!ppm rGi pha thnh M ml &ung &ch+Ei2no thu c B2t uD au:

q&HCuJ < *,P=N A , q&HX%J < ,*?* A , q&HnJ < >,M*> A +

i'u Bi`n ti2n hnh th nghi`m l: (g*_ ! Y>k, p< =!!m], tp 2Xhn tch hm lng Cu trong n1c %in %"ng ph

php #onYamp5 ho tan anot, &[ng phuAng php th0m chu@n+ fK- M

n/Ac 5m phn tch th. thu c cng & ng pic l !,NNO7, a

th0m Ml Cu*_ !ppm th. thu c cng & ng l *,M*7+ Enh h

lAng ppm cZa Cu trong n1c %in+

H ErchMod 1n n l3 #c l Ch m# 13, 6 7#d ! 17 3, 6

n#7 1 # 3


26/82

Bi => 3 phn tch hm lng X% # C& trong thu c (+p5rporaxuKt x/ tT Erung u c ngi ta ti2n hnh phn tch %"ng phAng phpamp5 ho tan xung #i phn #1i phAng php th0m chu@n+ Cn g %

ph@m cho #o chUn nung # # cA ho mu trong l nung 9 M!!oC # *,Mh,au ; ho tan tro thu c #1i n1c # th0m !ml (Cl >k # nh m/c

%"ng n1c cKt 2n *Mml H&&7J+EF : fK- ! ml &&7, th0m #o Mml amoni xitrat !, k rGi nh m/

2n *!ml ti2n hnh o thu c q&HX%J


27/82

fK- *Mml &ung &ch n- cho #o %.nh Vng, th0m #o *ml &u`m ax5tat rGi nh m/c 2n =!ml, ti2n hnh phn tch thu c q&

fK- *Mml &ung &ch n- cho #o %.nh Vng, th0m #o *ml &u

`m ax5tat, au ; cho ti2p #o *ml &ung &ch CuCl* ! Y*k rGi nh m/c

%"ng n/oc cKt 2n =!ml, ti2n hnh phn tch thu c q& $ Erong &ung &ch Fad( V Bh$ ion*=%!O cho ;ng cVc ph6nh i`n cVc gibt thZ- ngn c; t c chD- ,MmgI , thi gian chD- =, M Bhu2ch tn !,?M+ !YM cm*I , cng Bhu2ch tn O ,P 7 #1i &ung &c

*=%!O >+ !Y= k+ Qc nh V Bh$ ion tr0n+ HErch %i giDng cZa E8 Fg

E/y Bhoa (o trng (8X (u2J

Bi => %(m lng cZa 7 HqqqJ trong n1c c; th phn tch % phAng php cVc ph6 xung #i phn+ ~an u ta jt i`n th2 l Y!, ] ata uUt th2 m & n #1i %i0n l Mm]I + 8V %i2n 6i 7 HqqqJ #' 7 H9 BhoDng th2 Y!,>>]+ Cng & ng cZa cc mu ti0u chu@n ch/a ctch trong n'n phn tch nh au:

' 0&94)>&00%0> %&8$9&00%0> 2&)2

(m lng 7 HqqqJ trong mu phn tch %"ng %ao nhi0u n2u c ng ,=?7 trong c[n g i'u Bi`n nh tr0n+H ErchMod 1n n l3 #c l Ch m# 13, 6 7#d ! 17 3, 6

n#7 1 # 3


28/82

Bi => &eh i lng thZ- ngn chD- ra tT i`n cVc nh gibt au !! %"ng !, POg+ Ehi gian ng cZa ! gibt thZ- ngn %"ng >=,* + ehi lm#1i i`n cVc n- i #1i &ung &ch ,!!+ !Y= k X%*_ ngi ta uan t c

& ng i`n N,?O 7+ i #1i &ung &ch ch. c; nGng cha %i2t nguan t c & ng i`n O,= 7+ i #1i mt ng mao uDn m1i #1i chB gibt O, = # t c chD- cZa thZ- ngn =,NM mgI , h - tnh nGng %i2t cZa ch.+

H~i = X=O Y Xhn tch l h;a (G ]i2t uY FQ~S4 *!!!J

Bi => ' Enh nGng Ca&imi trong &ung &ch n2u Bhi phn tc

Mml &ung &ch ch/a C&*_ %"ng phAng php th0m th. c; cao ;ng cVc ph6 l *!,Mmm # au Bhi th0m *ml &ung &ch chu@n C&Cl* !,!M=F th. cao cZa ;ng t ng l0n l *>,=mm+

HErch %i giDng cZa th - Fg ] n E/y Bhoa (o trng (8X (u2J

Bi => 1(kt hp chKt hvu cA c; V Bh$ hai 5l5ctron tr0n i`n cVc nhgibt c; t c chD- cZa thZ- ngn ,NP mgI , thi gian chD- *, * Igibt, #1i &ung &ch , ?+ !Y=k th. & ng Bhu2ch tn l P,O 7+ ( - tnh h` Bhu2ch tn cZa &ung &ch n-+

H~i O X=O Y Xhn tch l h;a (G ]i2t uY FQ~S4 *!!!JII L?i ii @ n

Bi => 1Ea c;: q!+!!

==

+=

mol x x x

I I

Cu(

Cu( ?P

=JH

JH !+!?*M,!?PP,*M,*

O>M,+!+!!

==

+=


29/82

mol x x

x

I I

Cu(

Cu( ?P

>JH

JH !+!N!=,!P=N,*M,*

O>*+!+!!

==

+=

x Cu< H ?!+!N!=,! _ ?!+!?*M,! _ ?!+!?=O,! JI= < !,!??+ !Y?

mol]\- Hpp%JCu< ))bON,*PMM+ !!+!+ !!,!??+O>+= PY? =

EAng tV ta tnh VAc: Hpp%JX%>,OPOpp%w Hpp%Jn< ?,>Opp%

Bi => 2q&HCuJ

=

=*JH

JH

!+>*,MM*,*NNO,!

!+*M!!+!+M+M!

==

++=

Bi => 3 Ea c;: q,!=MO,*O,*

M,*!+!+

==

+=

(m lng mgIBg cZa C&:

O =

=

!,!?N>+ ! +*M+ *,M+ !**,!M!+ !

=EAng tV HmgIBgJX%: N,PM=

Bi => 4Ea c;: qi < B+CQ n0n B+CQ < !,?M

f n *:

**M M+ !=, ?M

=! =!*M !, !M=, ?M

!, ?M =!

X

X

X

C

C

C

= +

+ =

8u- ra CQ < >+ !Y> knCu < >+ !Y>+!, < >+ !YM k

]\- Bh i lng cZa mCu < >+ !YM+O> < *MO+ !YM HgJ]\- mg Cu trong lt (*d:

mCu + !

mg l

=


30/82

Bi => 5Ea c;: q&HCuJ

Bi => $*

= O *O!M+ + + + +( I n m t * C =

* M = == O *O!M+ +H,MJ +H=, MJ +H!,?M+ ! J +>+ ! + !( I n

=

k th5o ' : q& < O ,P 7

n < O+

*

=%!O

_ O5 _ O(_

E5*Y

_ =(*dBi => %

]. G th phAng php ng chu@n c; &3ng: q?,!!++*PN,!

==

!*OM,!!+=*>M,! O

ba

QUt EF ,= ta c; h`+=

+=

baba

O

O

!+O+N=,!++*PN,!

==

!!N>,!!+=!O>,! O

ba

QUt EF =,> ta c; h` +=+=

baba

O

O

!+P+?*,*!+O+N=,

==

!!M,!!+*PO?,! O

ba

a < H!,=*>M+ !O_!,=!O>+ !O_!,*PO?+ !OJI=


31/82


32/82

Bi 1HMI*M!I*J :( - xc nh l`ch tAng i Bhi nh lu\t ~ia Bhi pha&ung &ch ali ilat 5HqqqJ !,*k thnh !!, M!!, !!! l n Bhi :

a+FGng thu c th$ & *!^ %+ehi Bh ng & thu c th$Cho %i2t r"ng h"ng %'n cZa ph/c %"ng >+ !Y ?+

Bi gii a+ehi nGng thu c th$ & *!^ :sp &Lng c ng th/c: ( )e < nY + !! pC , l`ch tAng i /ng #1i cc l n pha lo ng

l :

Y ?Y *

Y ?Y *

Y ?Y

>+ !n < !!: < +H !!Y J+ !! < ,OM+ ! ^,*+!,*>+ !n < M!!: < +HM!!Y J+ !! + !n< !!!: < +H !!!Y J+ !! < ,O?+ ! ^,*+!,*

%+ehi thu c th$ Bh ng &:sp &Lng c ng th/c tnh l`ch tAng i ( )e < + nY + !!C , ta c;:

Y ?YM

Y ?YM

Y ?YM

>+ !n < !!: < H !!Y J+ !!< ,*?+ ! ^!,*

>+ !n < M!!: < HM!!Y J+ !! < =,! + ! ^!,*

>+ !n < !!!: < H !!!Y J+ !! < >,=*+ ! ^!,*

Bi 2H =I*M I*J : Enh lng t i thiu cZa ion Fi*_ c; th xc nh c #1i x-l5n&a cam HJ 9 MN>nm, cu#5t c; l


33/82

*_ *Y O

YM

YM

Fi _ Fi Bi giiSbi Cx l nGng Co c n trong mu &ung &ch 7w #. th tch cZa =

&ch au Bhi pha ch2 l nh nhau &o #\- ta c;:4ung &ch : C < !, Cx+4ung &ch *: C* < !, Cx _ Ca H]1i Ca< !,!*+*+ !Y> < >+ !YOkJ+4ung &ch =: C= < !,!NCx+k\t uang tAng i cZa && o #1i &&= l:7 x< !,=M


34/82

M C x>

O

!+?M,=M,!+!*,!?M,!+!*,!

=M,!+!+>

==

Bi 4 :H**I*M=I*J Enh h"ng phn li cZa thu c th$ ( th5o cc li`u au : FGng %an u cZa thu c th$ trong %a &ung &ch c; p( Bhc nhau 'u

C( < C < con t+4ung &ch c; p( %"ng ?,== H 9 p( n- thu c th$ tGn t3i cD 9 hai &3ng (

Y J c; 7 < !,>>*+4ung &ch * c; p( n"m trong #[ng %a A m3nh Hthu c th$ ch| 9 &3ng Y J c;

7 *< !,?!M+ 4ung &ch = c; p( n"m trong #[ng axit m3nh Hthu c th$ ch| 9 &3ng (7=< !,! ?+

k\t uang cZa cD %a &ung &ch tr0n 'u c o 9 c[ng # l o nhn1c+

Bi gii _ Y( ( _

C ! !CYx h x

aa

a

a

e +Ch + xe < x *e < h+ < ! + < ?,MMN+ !

7 Y7 !,>>*Y!,?!M

Bi 5 : H NI*M*I*J M+u )#,n t-.# !/II0 .1 t#2 t-.# l3 Vml4 52 x6. 78n# !/II0b9ng o !nalt'olin ngn .?u t@ Bt#2 t-.# (ung (8.# m+u )#,n t-.# D3 #ai (ung (8.# ti>u .#u n t@ mg D3 F mg !/II04 &a (ung (8.# t'>n 7


35/82

(ung (8.# ti>u .#u n t#? #ai so s6n# DSi (ung (8.# ti>u .#u n t#? n#Tt U D3 l n#< n#auF ta .1 AtB./W0 YFZ ; A x YF[Y4 %-n# "# i ln 7\ ( ng .uD!t .1 l ^.m4 5o m t 7 uang U #ai b


36/82

mX% < *+ !YM+!,!M+*!? < !,*!?HgJm~i < =,PP+ !YM+!,!M+*!P < !,> ?HgJ

Bi ! : M t m+u t#c) .#?a .d C' D3 Mn /ngo3i !04 H3m l % Bh$ hon ton:Y Y _* * =

Y _ *_> *

Y Y _ Y *_> * = *

M Fd _( d Fd _*( _*5* knd _N( _M5 kn _>( d

* knd _ MFd _O( MFd _*kn _=( d

8au Bhi phDn /ng B2t th c th. m\t uang cZa &ung &ch 9 < M!! n

*Y *Y* ? * ?

: Cr d Cr d7 < + C + l < !,=!O

*Y* ?

*Y* ?

Y=Cr d

Cr d

7 !,=!OC < < < >,?N+ ! k

l+ +O>


37/82

ET H J ta u- ra:Y>

Y>

Y>:=knd

knd

7 Y 7 !,ON! Y !,=!OC < < < *,*!+ ! k

l + + ,?!+ !

Bi " #1$% & : H]n #G) .Ra C' WOZ W D3 MnO t'ong (ung (8.# H WO ` M 7! Y YY>knd

M>M Y YY>knd

7 !,!=M < <

,!P Hl+cm +mol J

l+C +=,?*+ !7 !,NNO

< <

>>! Y YY>Cr d

M>M Y YY>knd

7 !,=!N < < < =OP,?M Hl+cm +mol Jl+C +N,==+ !

7 !,!!P < < < !,N!> Hl+cm +mol J

l+C +N,==+ !

*J ]. m\t hKp thL uang c; tnh cng tnh n0n ta c;:Y Y *Y *Y> > * ? * ?knd knd Cr d Cr d

7 < +C +l _ +C +l

*Y Y* ? >

*Y Y* ? >

>>! Cr d knd

M>M Cr d knd

7 < !,=NM < =OP,?M+C _ P>,!P+C7 < !,OM= < !,N!>+C _ *=N ,?+C

SiDi * phAng tr.nh ta c :*Y

* ?

Y>

Y>

Cr d

Y>knd

C < P,?*O+ ! HkJC < *,OPN+ ! HkJ

Bi $ H*=I?J:id t#i t '9ng . n )#di x6. 78n# b9ng )#


38/82


39/82

a4%-n# "#odng n ng 7 mol t#-.# #G) .#o lo t (ung (8.# .#u n 7oF n u ( ng m6h 7o .1 A t#-.# #G) t'ong "#odng YFW y YF[ D3 m6h 7o .1 A { ^FY DSi .uD!t .m| b4 * ng WYFYYml m+u n


40/82

= +w

JH xa x x xa

x

x

A AV M Am

V M m

g A A

Amm

xa x

xa x

OYM=,=!>+ !gM=,=!>=PN,!M !,!=PN,!+!!,M+!!,= ==== +

]\- trong M!!mf &ung &ch mu ta c;:

!,!* M^!!+P?,>

!! !OO,!JH^

!! !OO,!!OO,!N+ !*M

M!!M=,=!>+ ! OYOYJH

==

===

II Co

g m II Co

Bai 2 : nh lng Fe trong mu kho ng bng ph ng ph p !om"u# $u %& h'a tan trong (ung m)i* &+u t, - & % nh %&&hu./n !ang (0ng Fe 12 3" %& t0o ph4& bng 5*567

phenanthroline8C 51H9N1 * k hi;u ng %;m a&etat

3?i @A7

B6 5671

$ 3" @ 'Yd( (4

Y5H7 J %+ %08,$ ' A($ = %+ %0 8,$ Y =

!=

7H(J

z7 {

Y5H7 J %+ %08,$ * =

>,O? =

H ! J ! z { H

++

INp Ong g#G 1P cQ fH(J , Y5Hd( J , Y5H7 J , Y Y5Hd( ,7 J , =5f 1ong

JhoOng p! R $ STn ) :


42/82

p! $ 4 5 > )

lg fH(J %,) 0,) 0 0 0

lg Y5Hd( J 0 0 0 0 0

lg Y5H7 J 0 0,$ 2,$ 2,$ 2,$

lgY Y5Hd( , 7 J

0 0,$ 2,$ 2,$ 2,$

lg=

5f %>,

2%8,9

%9,0

%9,0

%9,0

ChUn p! h ch hWp Xo phYc, lL 7Zng p! h[ m\n S]ng h^#cBn Dng ch nh 7L ph_ d`a# SB3:

+ S#b J# n cBn Dng ch nh:

=*_

z 5f {z 5 { %0

$ =Y Y

=5f

=fH(J5Hd( ,7 J

+zf{ + %0

$ Y Y

* ,= Y>

=fH(J5Hd( ,7 J

! + ! + %0

$

Y Y=fH(J5Hd( ,7 J + e %0 %4,$ % & f#b J# n % : p! $

+ S#b J# n cBn Dng ph_ :Y *

,*zd( { e %0 $ %09,)) & Y *zd( { e %0 $ Y *zd( { e *,??! Yzd( { eO,=N!

p! e ),>&

T l Nn : c hi Xo phYc j mU# p! R $ STn )&

& MG3 So c !,* !,N A

!,* !,N A !, * !,NbC

!,* !,NC b b

M M!,P + ! =,O=+ ! M C M

= %%000 mol .m l ; = 2cm

MG3 So c =,! A :


43/82


44/82

fng kn c; trong mu l: mg m Mn ?,PP=N,M>+?ON,! == +^!M,!!+

P**?,P

^ == Mn

Bi 4) Ho3 tan W Y mg m t m+u .#?a Ni D3 Co D3o (ung (8.#F sau 71 .#o t#>mWF^ Quinolin 72 t o )#?. DSi Ni D3 Co D3 )#a t#3n# WYYml4 LTh (ung (8.# n3h )# #T) t#j V VI U b


45/82

^!!NN,!!!*M!,!

!+!=,dCr ^

O

=* ==

Bi : C * =

H J H J

+!+

! CN

! OH CN H

CN

+ >

=,!= !,>=

H J H J

! + ! !+ ! OH CN H > H J

Erong ;: H J ! OH < _ ! ,N?+zd(Y{ _ !* , ?+zd(Y{* _ ! =!,O?+zd(Y{=


46/82

H JCN H < _ (8CF+z(_{ < _ !!,NM+z(_{QUt i'u Bi`n cZa cn %"ng phL: ,=+zd(Y{= ) ! = H*J

p( H J ! OH H JCN H z 58CF*_{Iz 5=_{ ,=+zd(Y{=

* ! *,O= ! YM,=== ! !,P* ! ,? ! Y*,==

e2t lu\n: t3o ph/c 9 p( < * t t hAn p( < =+ Eu- nhi0n, &o i'u Bi`n H

cng cha thoD 9 p( < *, c n lu 2n %'n cZa ph/c trong u tr.nh o+ %+4ung &ch chu@n: Ec < =P,?^ 7c < * lgEc < !,>!

Cc < !,!! +M!! !

mm .

.

AC C M A

= = =

ppm 5 < O,*=+ !YM+ !Y=+M!+OM! !! !+ +M ! M+MO < =>P HppmJ

^ 5 < O,*=+ !YM+ !Y=+M!+M! !! !! O!+ + +M ! M * < !,M! ^

Bi "( 58n# l


47/82

# a tan t'ong HClF %iOW tan t#3n# ( ng %i` 4 %'ong m i t'cmJ

kjt Bhc: Y=* m !! !!^Eid

Bi 1'( 58n# l


48/82

=,! A =,!bC =,!C b

>>, ?+ !C M

kjt Bhc: Y== = * m !! !!^CrHFd J +P( d!!+ < H^J! m

Cm < ,*M+ !YM

+m==,=Om g

4ung &ch chu@n: Cc < +!,!!! < !Y> k 7 c < !,?*

4ung &ch mu: Cm 7m < !,=M

Cm ON+ !Y> k

> Y== = *

!! !!^CrHFd J +P( dON+ ! + ! + !!+>!!+

JI CK NG SMC " Bi 1

Enh a l thu-2t hi`u lVc n5W # (5W cZa h` c B c; tnh chKt au:*N! w =!! w

A & $ $t s t s= = > w M + A & s s= = Ehi gian ch2t l tm< ! , ct c; chi'u&i l =,*m+

Gii:Eh5o l thu-2t ta c; a l thu-2t hi`u lVc n5W l:

( )**

+=

" "

n w #1i B l t &ung tch+*

O = t t n M $!;

**N!O O>!!> A

n = = *=!!O O>!!M &

n = = ET ; ta c;: i #1i pic 7: *N! ! *?w!

$ M

M

t t " t

= = = **?O>!! MPM ,!?

*? A!; n = = +

i #1i pic ~: =!! ! *Pw! $ M

M

t t " t

= = = **PO>!! MPN!,>*P &!;

n = = +


49/82

]\-, M!OM,?!; n = w =!! !,!M=MPOM,?!; H = = +Bi 2:

Er0n c B G ngi ta thu c = pic 9 !,N> ph t # !,O! ph t #

,!N ph t tAng /ng #1i cc hp chKt 7,~ # C+ (p chKt 7 Bh ng lu g %9i pha tnh lng+ Cc pic cZa cc hp chKt ~ # C c; &3ng ng chi'u rng tAng /ng !,MO # !,MP ph t+ cao c B %"ng *N,=cm+ Enh a l thu-2t HnJ cZa ct c B # chi'u cao a l thu-2t

pic ~,C+*+ Enh gi tr trung %.nh E # cZa ct+=+ Enh ch| lu giv cZa chKt ~,C+>+ Eh tch cZa chKt lng c giv tr0n %' mjt cZa chKt mang cZa c*,=ml+ Eh tch cZa pha ng %"ng ?,Oml+ ( - tnh h` phn % ~,C

Gii:4 %-n# n D3 H:_ i #1i pic ~:

* *

~

!,O!O O M?== !,MO $&

&

t n = = = _ i #1i pic C

* *

C

,!NO O MO>= !,MP

$C C

t n = = = ]\- a l thu-2t cZa ct tAng Ang MONN a l thu-2t+

_ Chi'u cao a l thu-2t:=*N,= >,P?M+ ! H JMONN L H .mn

= = =

W4 %-n# D3 %:

ET*

* = ** + MONN+H>,P?M+ ! J !,=?MH Jn n H .m H

= = = =

Ea c;: ~+ !,O+!,=?M!, > H J*N,= &t % )#ut

L = = =

C+ ,!N+!,=?M!, >?H J*N,=C

t % )#ut L

= = =

!, > !, >? !, >>H J*% )#ut += =

^+C#k s l !,!?P!,O

m &

$&

t $t

= = =


50/82

!,N> !,!?O,!Nm

C $C

t $t

= = =

`4 H s )#,n b &FC:

Ea c;:H J ?,OH !,!?PJ O,ON

+ + !,!?P+ *,=

m m & & &

m & &

V V $ $ "

V " V $ V

= = = =+ H J ?,OH !,!?OJ ?,>!

+ + !,!?O+ *,=m m C

C C m C C

V V $ $ " V " V $ V

= = = =+Bi 3

Xic c B cZa hp chKt Q c pht hi`n au M ph t au Bhi #oHl c ; cZa hp chKt Bh ng c giv %9i #\t li`u cZa ct xuKt hi`n u,=* ph tJ+ Xic cZa chKt Q c; &3ng ng phn % Sau #1i %' rng c- l *>,* + &i cZa ct l >!,*cm++ Enh a l thu-2t trong ct+*+ Enh ( cZa ct+=+ Enh E # cZa ct+>+ Enh ch| lu giv cZa chKt Q+M+ ET phAng php chu@n % %i2t r"ng th tch cZa chKt lng %' mjt cZa chKt mang cZa ct %"ng P,Pml+ Eh tch cZa pha ng %*,=ml+ ( - tnh h` phn % Q+O+ Ei0u chu@n phn chia Q # l %ao nhi0u n2u -2u t phn chia i # %"ng ,! +

Gii:4 7a l} t#uh t /n0:

** =!*,*>

O!+MO

O

**

Q

=

=

= $X X t

n

W4 %-n# H:Ea c; JH!+N*,** =!

*,>! = .mn L

H H L

n ====

^4 %-n# D3 %:

ET JH*?,!J!+N*,+H** =!+ *=***

.m H n H

n ====

Ea c;: JH!,!*,>!*?,!+M+

)#ut Lt

% ===

`4 C#k s l


51/82

Ea c;: P,*P,P+!NN,!J!NN,!H=,*

+JH

+===+=

m X

m

m

V $ $V

" V " V

V $

4 %i>u .#u n )#,n .#ia /$ s 0:Ea c;: >,!J!,H>

** =!JH

>===

n $

#1i l -2u t phn chia+Bi 4: kt h` th ng c B lng ho3t ng #1i cc th ng au -:

Y Chi'u &i cZa ph n ct c nhGi pha tnh: *M,* cm+Y E c & ng: !,= * mlIph t+Y Eh tch pha ng H]mJ: ,>! ml+Y Eh tch pha tnh H]J: !, ON ml+

8au Bhi cho ua ct mt h n hp ch/a > cKu t$ 7,~,C # 4 thu c mc B G cung cKp cc &v Bi`n au:

CKu t$ Ehi gian lu giv,ph t Chi'u rng chn pic,ph teh ng lu giv %9i ct ,*

7 >,? !,>N~ N,N !,P*C *,M ,=>4 =,N ,>>

( - tnh:+ 8 a l thu-2t i #1i m i pic,gi tr trung %.nh, l`ch chu@n

# chi'u cao a l thu-2t cZa ct+

*+ (` ch/a # h` phn % cZa tTng cKu t$+=+ phn giDi 8, chbn lbc i #1i * cKu t$ C,4+>+ Chi'u &i ct n2u mu n 3t c phn giDi ,M i #1i * cKu

C,4+Gii

+ 8$ &Lng phAng tr.nh : *OH J $t n = tnh c a l thu-2t

n < M=>~: n O=C: n < =P*4: n < >OP nt% < M!! *M,* !,! ?M!!tb

L H .mn

= = =*

* ** + M!!+H!,! ?J !,OOH Jn n H .m H

= = = =


52/82

*+ H s .#?a D3 # s )#,n b .Ra t@ng .Tu tv4

sp &Lng c ng th/c $ m X m

t t " t = ta tnh c h` ch/a cZa tTng cKu

t$ :

B7 < *,P w B~ < O,=w BC < P,> B4 < !+ET c ng th/c X X M

K V " V

= ta tnh c h` phn % cZa tTng cKu t$ :e 7 < *>w e ~ < M=w e C < ?Nw e 4 < N?w^4 5 )#,n gidi $ F 7 .#n l. 7 i DSi W .Tu tv CF*4

C 4

* !,P> N? , *?N

$ s

*

C

t $

K K

= =+

= = =

>+C#iJu (3i . t 72 7 )#,n gidi gi a .6. .Tu tv 7 t h>u . u t i t#i2u l3F 7 i DSi W .Tu tv CF*;" D3 "# ng t#ah 7 i "#i n D3 L twng +Sbi n,n* l a l thu-2t cZa ct c # ct m1i,ta c;:

,*

,* * *

!,P> M!! =N!!,M! s

s

$ nn

$ n n= = =

Chi'u &i ct phn giDi t ng l0n ,M:f * < (+n* < !,! ?+ =N!! < OM cm+

Bi 5: Cho h` c B c; tnh chKt au:*N! w =!! w A & $ $t s t s= = > w M + A & s s= =

Ct c; chi'u &i l =,*m+ Eha- 6i chi'u &i tT =*! cm l0n >!! cm+ E phn giDiRGii:

>!!*N!+ =M!H J=*! $A

t s= = >!!=!!+ =?MH J=*! $&t s= =* *

7

*N!O+ O O>!! > $A

A

t n = = =

* *

~

=!!O+ O O>!! M $&

&

t n = = = * >!!O+ O>!!+ N!!! =*!

$t n = = =

Ea c;:n

O+t

+O*

*=

= $t n

*

7O+H=M!J M,OMH JN!!!

s= =*

~O+H=?MJ O,??H JN!!!

s= =

( )*+ =?M =M!,M>M,OM O,?? $ = =+


53/82

Bi $Erong c B Bh t c &i chu-n cZa pha ng c; th o c t

ti2p, n2u a #o mt lng no ; cZa chKt tan tAng tV nh m5tan,Bh ng c giv %9i pha tnh+ Erong ct mao uDn c; chi'u &i M!mw

gian lu trv cZa m5tan %"ng ? ,M wc n thi gian giv cZa nYh5pta&5c*,O ph t+ ( - cho %i2t:a+ E c &i chu-n cZa pha ng %"ng %ao nhi0uR %+ E c &i chu-n cZa &Di nYh5pta&5can %"ng %ao nhi0uR

Giia+ Ea c; f < M! m < M!!! cm+ E < ? ,M ]\- t c &i chu-n cZa pha ng l:

M!!! OP,P= I? ,M $

L .m st

= = =

%+ i #1i nYh5pta&5can: t < *,O ph t < ?MO + ]\- t c &i chu-n cZa &Di l:M!!! O,O I?MO

.m s= = +Bi %

kt ct c B mao uDn &i =!m, ch3- mt chKt chu@n 9 hai t pha ng Bhc nhau, cho cc li`u au:

E c HcmI J 8 a l thu-2t!,M M! !!!

*! !!!Qc nh #\n t c t i u,chi'u cao a l thu-2t cVc tiu # a lthu-2t 9 #\n t c t i u ;,cho 7

GiiEF ( < =!!!I M!!!! < !,!* cmEF* ( * < =!!!I *!!!! < !,!*M cm+Ea c; phAng tr.nh:

!,!* !,M!,M

!,!*M

& C

&C

= +

= +SiDi phAng tr.nh ta c : C< !,!* w ~ < !,!!M cm*I + t i u < H~ICJI* < !,M cmI( min < *H~+CJI* < !,!* cm+8 a l thu-2t 9 #\n t c t i u l:

=!!! M!!!!!,!*

n = = +


54/82

Bi &kt ct &i =O! cm &[ng tch propan # %utan %"ng phAngc B Bh+ 4[ng th1c ngi ta o c BhoDng cch tT l c %Am m

|nh cZa pic c B l n lt l M*,M mm # > M,M mm,%' rng chnl n lt l =,M mm # ==,N mm+ Enh a l thu-2t # chi'u cao

thu-2t /ng #1i m i chKt+ Gii8$ &Lng phAng tr.nh : *OH J

$t n = tnh c a l thu-2tnHpropanJ < *!>*nH%utanJ < *> OChi'u cao a l thu-2t L H n= ta c(HpropanJ < !, ?O cm(H%utanJ < !, >P cm+

Bi ' kt h n hp ch/a m5t-l xicloh5xan,m5t-l xicloh5x5n # tolu5n tch %"ng phAng php c B lng Bh tr0n ct nhGi &i >* cm+ cung cKp thi gian lu cZa ch ng l n lt l !, w ,! w =,M # chi'u r pic l n lt l !,?M w !,N! w ,!M ph t+ ( - tnh:

+ 8 a l thu-2t i #1i m i pic, gi tr trung %.nh, l`ch chu@n # chi'u cao a l thu-2t cZa ct+

*+ phn giDi giva m5t-l xicloh5xan # m5t-l xicloh5x5n,giva mxicloh5x5n # tolu5n+ Cho %i2t Bh c $ &Lng l Bh ng Bh tHeeJ < ,* ph t HBh ng Bh c x5m l cKu t$ Bh ng % lu giv %ctJ+

=+ ( - tnh chi'u &i ct phn giDi giva cc cKu t$ 3t -0u c uthiu l ,M+

Giie hi`u 7 : m5t-l xicloh5xan

~: m5t-l xicloh5x5nC: tolu5n+

+ 8$ &Lng phAng tr.nh : *OH J $t n = tnh c a l thu-2t

7: n < *P!*~: n < =!*MC: n M nt% < *P!!

>*! !,! M*P!!tb

L H .mn

= = =*

* ** + *P!!+H!,! MJ !,N H Jn n H .m H

= = = =


55/82

*+ 5 )#,n gidi gi a m!thl xi.lo#!xan D3 m!thl xi.lo#!x!nFgi a m!thl xi.lo#!x!n D3 tolu!n

,7 ~

,7 ~

* , O

* *,?!

$ s A &

$ s & C

t $

t $

= =+

= =+=+C#iJu (3i . t 72 7 )#,n gidi gi a .6. .Tu tv 7 t h>u . u t i t#i2u l3

F +

]. ,7Y~ < *,?!} ,M n0n ch| c n tnh chi'u &i phn giDi giva ~ 3t -0u c u ,M+

Sbi n,n* l a l thu-2t cZa ct c # ct m1i,ta c;:,

*

,* * *

, O *P!! >N!!,M!

s

s

$ nn

$ n n

= = =

Chi'u &i ct phn giDi t ng l0n ,M:f * < (+n* < !,! M+ >N!! < ?= cm+

Bi 1(:kt phUp c B Bh $ &Lng ct &i =O m, ch3- chKt chu@n 9

nghi`m #1i t c pha ng Bhc nhau cho cc pic c; thi gian lu # rng pic nh au:

Eh nghi`m u HcmI J t H J H J! =!! *!

* *! *M! O= =! M! !Qc nh #\n t c t i u, a l thu-2t cho ct #\n hnh 9 #\n t c

t i u ;Gii :

Eh5o phAng tr.nh ]anY455mt5r, mu n xc nh c #\n t c t i u( min # a l thu-2t ta c n xc nh cc h` 7, ~, C+ ku n #\- ta xcnh a l thu-2t # chi'u cao a l thu-2t cho tTng th nghi`m :

Ea c; : f


56/82

C &

A !!

!!, ++= H JC

& A *!

*!P*,! ++= H*J

C &

A =!=!

!!, ++= H=JSiDi h` gGm = phAng tr.nh H J, H*J # H=J ta c:7< !,=O HcmJ, ~ < >,N Hcm*I J # C < !,! O H J]\n t c t i u, ( min # a l thu-2t c tnh l :

JIH=*,?! O,!

N,> s.m

C &

u toiuu ===

JHP >,!! O,!+N,>*=O,!+*min .mC & A H =+=+=

=P=PP >,!

=O!! === H L

n

BI TP HPLC Bi 1 *2+422,( Ehi gian c n i ua %9i pha &i ng chu-n ua ct %*M ph t+ Si tr i #1i chKt tan c; thi gian giv l *O ph t phDi %"nhi0u R ChKt tan c; %ao nhi0u thi gian 9 trong cc pha &i chu-ntnh tr1c Bhi ra Bhi ct R

~i giDi :

Ea c; : < M M

t t t

= +

*M L= w *O

L=

ChKt tan c; P,O^ thi gian 9 pha ngP,O *O

!! M t = < *M ph t w t8 < *O *M < *=O ph t

Bi 2 *3,( Enh a l thu-2t trung %.nh # chi'u cao a l thu-2t %.nh cZa mt ct c B c; chi'u cao =,*m+ ~i2t tT l c % t u %Am m u ct th. pic cZa cKu t$ 7 3t gi tr cVc 3i : =M! w cKu t$ ~ l =? %i2t 7< > w ~< M ~i giDi:

# pha ng#chKt tan

# pha ng #chKt tan

*M!,!PO

*O $ = =


57/82

a} 8 a l thu-2t:*

O+

$t N =

Y i #1i cKu t$ 7:

* *

7

=M!O+ O+ !!!! >

$

A

t

N

= = =

Y i #1i cKu t$ ~:* *

~

=?MO+ O+ !!!!

M & $

&

t N

= = =

8 a l thu-2t trung %.nh : !!!!*

A & N N N += =

%} Chi'u cao a trung %.nh:

>=,* =, *+ ! !, !=*!!!!

L H m .m

N = = = =

Bi 3 *2+422, ( i #1i chKt tan cho Bhi &[ng ct c B xc %"ng !, + Eh tch cZa pha &i chu-n trong ct ]k l *,! ml+ Si tr t8 i#1i chKt tan %"ng %ao nhi0u Bhi t c & ng cZa pha &i ng %mlIph t R Enh e 4 n2u ]8< !,Mml

~i giDi : Ea c; : M

M

t t t

= +

]1i tk < *! < !,*

!+* !,!* !, t = + t8 < ,N ph t < !N gi-

kjt Bhc : *

M

$ V K V

=+ < !,

!,!+*

!+* t = +


58/82

!, !,M* *

K =

+ e 4 < =O

Bi 4 *2+422, ( (` phn % e i #1i chKt 7 trong ct c B cho 9 %tr0n l1n hAn o #1i chKt ~+ (p chKt no trong cc hp chKt c gihAn trong ct c BR

~i giDi :

Ea c; : A A

M

V K V

=+ #

&

& M

V K V

=+

k : ] 8 < con t w ]k < con t F2u e 7 } e ~ th. 7 ) ~ ChKt 7 c giv m3nh hAn chKt ~ trong ct c B+

Bi 5 *2+422, ( E c &i chu-n cZa pha &i ng trong ct c; chi'u &icm %"ng !,! cmIgi-+ r$a cKu t$ 7 c n >! ph t+ Xh n no cZa thichung cZa V r$a c n c; mjt cZa cKu t$ 7 trong pha &i ng R Si

i #1i hp chKt n- %"ng %ao nhi0uR~i giDi :

Ea c; : ! O! < >, O+ !Y=cmIgi-

8u- ra : M

M

t t t = + < !,> O?

] : tk _ t8 < >! ph t Bi *2+422,( Erong c B Bhi t c &i chu-n cZa pha ng c; thtrVc ti2p, n2u a #o mt lng %o ; cZa chKt tan tAng tV m

# pha ng#chKt tan

< !,> O?

tk < < O,OON ph t< !!! gi-


59/82

Bh ng c giv %9i pha tnh+ Erong ct mao uDn c; chi'u &i M!m thgiv cZa m5tan %"ng ? ,M gi-, c n thi gian giv cZa nYh5pta5can l ph t+

a}E c &i chu-n cZa pha ng %"ng %ao nhi0u R %}E c &i chu-n cZa &Di nYh5ptan5can %"ng %ao nhi0u Rc}Si tr i #1i &Di cZa nYh5ptan5can %"ng %ao nhi0u R

~i giDi :a}E c &i chu-n cZa pha ng :

#k *!!

]1i M,!M O! P!= A $t = = gi- 7 < MM,?= gi-

]1i >,N* O! NNP,* & $t = = gi- ~ < M>,NN gi-

~

P!= NNP, ** * !,*M

MM,?= M>,NN A & $ $

A

t t $

= = = + + phn giDi < :

Ea c; :~

*

A & $ $

A

t t $

= + < 7 _ ~ < *?,O ph t H J

kjt Bhc : A & $ $ A &

t t

= ! & A $ A $ &t t =

>,N*+ 7 M,!M+ ~ < ! H*JET H J # H*J ta c : 7 < =,OP> ph t

~ < =,P!O ph t Bi 15 *3,( Ei2n hnh c B h n hp * chKt 7 # ~ tr0n ct c B c; ch

&i fm c; a l thu-2t n < N!! a+ E c tu-2n tnh cZa * cK# ~ trong pha ng l n lt l * cmI w ,O cmI , tm < ! +

a} Enh t7# t~ %} C; th tch 7 # ~ ra Bhi nhau c Bh ng Rc} Enh phn giDi cZa phUp c B+

F


66/82

~i giDi:

a} Ea c; : $ L

t

= ]1i : f Y chi'u cao ct c B

Y E c tu-2n tnh cZa cKu t$Y CKu t$ 7 :

7

>!!*!!

* A $ L

t s

= = =

Y CKu t$ ~:~

>!!*M!

,O & $ L

t s

= = =

%} Enh h` tch :

*!! !!,N

*M! ! A A

& &

$ $ m

$ $ m

t t t

t t t

= = = =

]- c; th tch * chKt 7 # ~ ra Bhi nhau+ Bi 1 *2+42$,( Cc thi gian giv cZaY chol5 tan # Y chol5 tan trong h`chKt lng pha r n tr0n ct c B c; chi'u &i m # #1i hi`u uD !> a lthu-2t tAng /ng %"ng >!*M # > !! gi-+ F2u * hp chKt n- c n phn chia #1i phn giDi %"ng mt th. c n %ao nhi0u a l thu-c mLc ch n- R Chi'u &i no cZa &3ng n- c n nh\n c giDi ch| ra, n2u (< !, mmR

~i giDi :

Ea c; :~

*

A & $ $

A

t t $

= + !*M t < > !!

kjt Bhc : A & $ $ A &

t t

= ! & A $ A $ &t t = H*J

ET H J # H*J ta c : 7 < ?>,= gi- ~ < ?M,OP gi-

7

~

7 _ ~ < M! H J

FOP>* a


67/82

]1i ( < !, mm f < >,OP>* m Bi 1! *5+525,( Xic c B cZa hp chKt c pht hi`n au M ph t Bhimu #o Hl c ; pic cZa hp chKt Bh ng c giv %9i #\t li`u cZa c

hi`n ua ,=* ph tJ+ Xc cZa chKt Q ; c; &3ng ng phn % Sau #1rng cZa - l *>,* + &i cZa ct l >!,* cm+

a} Enh a l thu-2t trong ct+ %} Enh ( cZa ctc} Enh E # cZa ct+&} Enh ch| lu giv cZa Q +

5} ET phAng php chu@n % %i2t r"ng th tch cZa chKt ln %' mjt

cZa chKt mang cZa ct %"ng P,P+ Eh tch cZa pha ng %"ng *,= h"ng phn % e 4+

~i giDi :a} Enh F :

*

O $t N = ,* !,* !,! N** =!

L H N

= = = mm

c} Enh E # :*>,*

O,!M> >

% = = = gi-*

* N H = =,N + ! + ** =! !,*? H N = = = cm

&} Enh : ,=* !,!NNM $ = =


68/82


69/82

Ea c; :*

* N H = !,>P?+ MONN =?,>N H N = = =

c} Enh ch| lu giv cZa ~ # C :

!,N> !,!?P!,O & $ = = w !,N> !,!?O,!NC $ = =

&} Enh :

&

&

* M

$ V K V

=+ < *,=

?,O & * K + < !,!?P O,ON* & * K =

EAng tV : ?,>C * K =

4o ; :O,ON*!,PO?,>

&

C

*

*

K K

= = =

Bi 1$ *3,( Erong u tr.nh tch c B cZa * chKt 7 # ~ trong ct c B

chi'u &i !,P m ta thu c cc pic tAng /ng:?*! A $t s= # ?M! & $t s= +Chi'u rng cc pic c; &3ng ng phn % Sau : 7 < *> , ~ < *M +

~i2t tm < M! +a} Enh a # chi'u cao a l thu-2t trung %.nh+ %} Enh a l thu-2t hi`u lVc cZa h` c B+c} Enh phn giDi+

~i giDi :

a} 7a l} t#uh t:*

O+

$t N =

Y i #1i cKu t$ 7: 7* *

7

?*!O+ O+ >>!!

*> $

A

t N

= = =

Y i #1i cKu t$ ~:* *

~

?M!O+ O+ >>!!

*M & $

&

t N

= = =


70/82

*>OP *M>>*M!O

* ; n

+= =

8 a l thu-2t trung %.nh : >>!!*

A & N N N += =

C#iJu .ao 7a t'ung bqn#:

M =!,P O,*M+ ! O,*M+ !>>!!

L H m .m N

= = = =

%} 8 a l thu-2t hiù lVc :*

O+

$ m ;

t t n

=

Y CKu t$ 7: 7* *

7

?*! M!O+ O+ *>OP

*> A $ m

;

t t n

= = =

Y CKu t$ ~:* *

~

?M! M!O+ O+ *M>>

*M &

&

$ m ;

t t n = = =

8 a l thu-2t hiù lVc trung %.nh:c} phn giDi:

( ) ( )7 ~

*+ * ?M! ?*!, **>M

*> *M & A $ $

t t $

= = =+ + Bi 2' *3,( Erong u tr.nh ti2n hnh c B cZa cc chKt trong ct c Bchi'u &i >M cm+ Fgi ta thu c tr0n c G = pic tAng /ng : O!=?M /ng #1i = cKu t$ Q, , + Cc pic c; &3ng ng Sau cZa # < *> , < *M c n chKt Q Bh ng c lu giv %9i #\t liù ct+

a} Enh a l thu-2t trung %.nh # chi'u cao a th5o pic # + %} Enh a l thu-2t hiù lVc cZa ct c B+

c} Enh h` lu giv tAng i giva # +5} Eh tch cZa chKt lng c giv tr0n %' mjt chKt mang cZa

N,?ml+ Eh tch pha ng %"ng ,Mml+ Enh h` phn % cZa ~i giDi:


71/82

a} N # H th5o # :

8 a l thu-2t:*

O+

$t N =

Y i #1i cKu t$ : * *

=O!O+ O+ =O!!

*> $

Y

t N

= = =

Y i #1i cKu t$ :* *

=?MO+ O+ =O!!

*M $

t N

= = =

8 a l thu-2t trung %.nh : =O!!*

Y N N N += =

Chi'u cao a trung %.nh:>M

!,! *M=O!!

L H .m

N = = =

%} 8 a l thu-2t hi`u lVc:*

O+

$ m ;

t t n

=

Y CKu t$ :

* *

=O! O!

O+ O+ *M!! *>Y $ m

;

t t

n

= = =

Y CKu t$ : * *

=?M O!O+ O+ *M>!

*M $ m

;

t t n

= = =

8 a l thu-2t hi`u lVc trung %.nh:*M!! *M>! *M*!*

; n += =

c} Enh h` lu giv tAng i giva 7 # ~:

=O! O!!,PM*

=?M O!Y Y

$ $ m

$ $ m

t t t

t t t

= = = =

5} Ea c; :*

O+

$ m ;

t t n

= / 0


72/82

+ *m

V K K

V =Ea l3i c; : t < tm+H _ e J $m

t t

K = +

/W0 H]1i : J

Eha- H*J #o H J ta c:*

**

O+ O+

$ $

$ ;

t t t K K n

K

+= = +

*

+ ; K

n N K

= +

Y QUt cKu t$ :*

+Y Y

; Y

K n N

K = +

*M!!!,N===

=O!!Y ; Y

Y

n K

K N = = =+

MY K =k :

,M+ M+ O,O

N,?Y Y m

Y * * Y m

V V K K K K

V V = = = =

Enh ton tAng tV i #1i cKu t$ ta c :O,P> * K =

BI TP GCBi 1 : E c &i chu-n cZa pha &i ng trong ct c; chi'u &i !

%"ng !,! cmIgi-+ r$a cKu t$ 7 c n >! ph t+ Xh n no cZa thi chung cZa V r$a c n c; mjt cZa cKu t$ 7 trong pha &i ng R Si i #1i hp chKt n- %"ng %ao nhi0uR &3i gidi :Ea c; : ! O! < >, O+ !Y=cmIgi-

# pha ng] chKt tan < !,> O?


73/82

8u- ra : M M

t t t

= + < !,> O?

] : tk _ t8 < >! ph t

Bi 2 : Erong nhvng i'u Bi`n xc nh, trong ct c B phn % Blng cho ngi ta r$a giDi chKt 7, c;

kjt Bhc : !,M M M *

V $V K V

= =+ ] k < !,M+]k _ !,M+ ,M+e 4

] k < !,M+]k _ !,?M+e 4 H*J ET H J # H*J : ]k _ ,M+e 4 < !! ] k < M!

!,M+]k !,?M+e 4 < ! e 4 < ==,== F2u ] t ng gKp * : ] < ]k _ e 4+]8

*!! < M! _ ==,==+]8 ] 8 < >,M ml

] 8 < =+]8]\- t ng 3i lng ] l0n gKp * l n th. phDi t ng ]8 l0n = l n+Ea Bh ng th &[ng thTa n- cho tKt cD cc trng hp mu n t ng ] l0n *l n #. #1i m i phUp c B c; cc 3i lng ]k # e 4 Bhc nhau+

tk < !,> O? >! < O,OON ph t< !!! gi-


74/82

Bi 3 : Ehi gian c n i ua %9i pha &i ng chu-n ua ct %"n ph t+ Si tr i #1i chKt tan c; thi gian giv l *O ph t phDi %"nnhi0u+ ChKt tan c; %ao nhi0u thi gian 9 trong cc pha &i chu-n

tnh tr1c Bhi ra Bhi ct R &3i gidi :

Ea c; : < M M

t t t

= +

*M L= w *O

L=

ChKt tan c; P,O^ thi gian 9 pha ngP,O *O

!! M t = < *M ph t w t8 < *O *M < *=O ph t

Bi 4 : (i`u uD cZa mt ct c B l !M a l thu-2t+a+ ( - tnh %' rng cZa cc pc nh\n c tr0n ct n- 9 cc thi gian g!!, !!! # ! > gi-+ ChKp nh\n r"ng : &3ng cZa pc tAng /ng ng c

phn % Sau +

%+ F2u chi'u &i cZa ct %"ng *m th. trong trng hp n- chi'u caoAng #1i a l thu-2t %"ng %ao nhi0uR &3i gidi :

a+ ET c ng th/c :*

O $t N =

>

$t N

= > $t

N =

]1i t < !! gi- < ,*OM gi-

]1i t< !!! gi- * < *,OM gi-]1i t < !> gi- = < *O,M gi-

%+ Ea c; : L H N

= ( < M* !!

! =!,! * cm

# pha ng] chKt tan

# pha ng ] chKt tan

*M!,!PO

*O $ = =


75/82

Bi 5: i #1i chKt tan cho Bhi &[ng ct c B xc nh %!, + Eh tch cZa pha &i chu-n trong ct ]k l *,! ml+ Si tr t8 i #1i chKttan %"ng %ao nhi0u Bhi t c & ng cZa pha &i ng %"ng ! mlIph t

e 4 n2u ]8< !,Mml &3i gidi :

Ea c; : M M

t t t

= +

]1i tk < *! < !,*

!+* !,!* !, t = + t8< ,N ph t < !N gi-

kjt Bhc : *

M

$ V K V

=+ < !,

!, !,M* *

K =

+ e 4 < =O

Bi $ : Fgi ta th$ nghi`m ct c B Bh Y lng c; chi'u &i *m t c Bhc nhau cZa & ng, mjt Bhc, lm pha &i ng ngi ta h0li+ e2t uD th$ nghi`m t.m thK- r"ng ct c; cc jc trng au :

k0tanHpha &i ngJ nYocta5can

t t N+* gi- *!*! gi- **= gi-N+! gi- NNN gi- PP gi-M+! gi- MMN gi- ON gi-

a+ ( - xc nh t c &i chu-n cZa pha ng i #1i m i & ng+ %+ ( - xc nh a l thu-2t # gi tr ( i #1i m i & ng+

!,!+*

!+* t = +


76/82

c+ ~"ng cch giDi Gng thi cc phAng tr.nh c n thi2t h - t.m cc gi

cZa cc h"ng trong phAng tr.nh au : & H A C uu

= + + &+ E c t i u cZa V &i chu-n cZa pha &i ng %"ng %ao nhi0u &3i gidi :

a+ E c &i chu-n cZa pha &i ng

u !M

=

cmI

%+ 8 a l thu-2t # gi tr ( :

F *N? =

HcmJ

F= < =* *

=

MMNO O !?OON $t

= =

( = < * !! !, NMP!O? =

HcmJ

c+ Qc nh 7, ~, C :

Ea c ; h` :


77/82

!, M*O

!, MM> *M*M!, NMP >!>!

& A C

& A C

& A C

= + +

= + +

= + +

=

!,!MP

!,OPM

*,?*P !

A

&

C

==

=

&+ E c t i u :

t < =!,OPM M,PO

*,?*P ! &C

= = cmI

Bi % : Xic c B cZa hp chKt c pht hi`n au M ph t Bhi a

#o Hl c ; pic cZa hp chKt Bh ng c giv %9i #\t li`u cZa ct xuKua ,=* ph tJ+ Xc cZa chKt Q ; c; &3ng ng phn % Sau #1i %'cZa - l *>,* + &i cZa ct l >!,* cm+

a+ Enh a l thu-2t trong ct+ %+ Enh ( cZa ctc+ Enh E # cZa ct+&+ Enh ch| lu giv cZa Q +5+ ET phAng php chu@n % %i2t r"ng th tch cZa chKt

tr0n %' mjt cZa chKt mang cZa ct %"ng P,P+ Eh tch cZa pha *,= ml+ Enh h"ng phn % e 4+~i giDi :a+ Enh F :

*

O $t

N

= ,*

!,* !,! N** =!

L H N

= = = mm

c+ Enh E # :


78/82

*>,* O,!M> >

% = = = gi-

*

* N

H

= =,N + ! + ** =! !,*? H N = = = cm

&+ Enh :,=* !,!NNM

$ = =

5+ Enh e 4 :

*

M

$ V K

V

=+ < P,P

*,= * K + < !,!NN e 4 < *,P

Bi &: aJ Enh a l thu-2t HnJ cZa ct c B # chi'u cao H(J cZathu-2t+ ~i2t thi gian lu: w=!!w*N! st st & A $ $ == rng pic:

+Mw> s s & A == Ct c; chi'u &i l =*! cm+ %J Enh phn giDi +cJ Enh phn giDi n2u tha- 6i chi'u &i ct tT =*! cm l0

cm+~i giDi:

aJ i #1i pic 7: O>!!>*N!

O*

=

=n

i #1i pic ~: O>!!M=!!

O*

=

=n

]\-, a l thu-2t cZa ct tAng Ang: n < O>!!+

Chi'u cao a l thu-2t: J+H!M,!O>!!=*!

.m H ==

%J phn giDi c nh ngha:

& A

$ $

t t $ & A +

=

*

Erong ;: i $t l thi gian lu cZa chKt i+


79/82

i l rng cZa pic cZa chKt i tr0n c B G+

8u- ra: =?P=,M>

=!!*N!** =+=+

=

& A

$ $

t t $ & A

Fh\n xUt: ,M } < ,=?P= } #. #\- phUp c B m1i ch| tch 7 # ~ ra Bhi nhau m cha 3t c phn giDi ng n'n+

cJ Cc gi tr t , n, cZa chKt 7 # ~ /ng #1i chi'u &i ct >!! cm lC6.# :

st st & A $ $

=?M=*!I>!!

=!!w=M!

=*!I>!!*N! ====

N!!!J=*!I>!!+HO>!! ==n

nt

$t n $

**

+OO =

=

M>,J??,OOM,MH

J=M!=?MH

??,ON!!!

=?M+O

OM,MN!!!

=M!+O

*

*

=+

=

==

==

$

s

s

&

A

C6.# W: 4o t| l` thu\n #1i fI* ta c; %iu th/c:

M>,=*!I>!!+=?P=,+ **** ==== L L

$ $ L L

$ $

e2t uD n- cho phn giDi t t hAn, phUp tch c B 3t giDi ng -+Bi ': kt phUp c B Bh $ &Lng ct &i =O m, ch3- chKt chu@n 9nghi`m #1i t c pha ng Bhc nhau cho cc pic c; thi gian lu # rng pic nh au:

Eh nghi`m u HcmI J t H J H J! =!! *!


80/82

* *! *M! O= =! M! !

Qc nh #\n t c t i u, a l thu-2t cho ct #\n hnh 9 #\n t ct i u ;~i giDi:

Eh5o phAng tr.nh ]anY455mt5r, mu n xc nh c #\n t c t i u( min # a l thu-2t ta c n xc nh cc h` 7, ~, C+ ku n #\- ta xcnh a l thu-2t # chi'u cao a l thu-2t cho tTng th nghi`m :

Ea c; : f,N Hcm*I J # C < !,! O H J]\n t c t i u, ( min # a l thu-2t c tnh l :

JIH=*,?! O,!

N,> s.m

C &

u toiuu ===


81/82

JHP >,!! O,!+N,>*=O,!+*min .mC & A H =+=+=

=P=PP >,!

=O!! === H L

n

Bi 1( ( Enh ch| lu eo#at cho hp chKt Q c; thi gian lu t HQJ< ,?M+Cho %i2t t HnYp5ntanJ< ,*M # t HnYh5ptanJ< *,M!+~i giDi

Fh #\- t HQJ n"m giva * nYparaWin thoD m n i'u Bi`n ' %i: t HnYp5ntanJ ) t HQJ ) t HnYh5ptanJ

sp &Lng phAng tr.nh eo#at cho cKu t$ Q nh au:

MP?

M!!

*M,lgM!,*lg

*M,lg?M,lg+*!!

=

+

=

X

X

I

I

Erong trng hp n- c; th n;i r"ng cKu t$ Q c; ngu-0n t$cac%on %iu Bi2n l M,P?+ CKu t$ n- c; thi gian lu g n %"ng thicZa nYh5xan qh 5xan < O!!+


82/82

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