Bangladesh 1

Bangladesh

People's Republic of Bangladesh•• গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ•• Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh

Anthem: 

Amar Shonar BanglaMy Golden Bangla

Capital(and largest city)

Dhaka23°42′N 90°21′E

Official language(s) Bengali (Bangla)

Ethnic groups (1998) 98% Bengali2% other[1]

Demonym Bangladeshi

Government Unitary parliamentary democracy[2]

 -  President Zillur Rahman

 -  Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina

 -  Speaker Abdul Hamid

 -  Chief Justice Md. Muzammel Hossain

Legislature Jatiya Sangsad

Independence from Pakistan

 -  Declared 26 March 1971 

 -  Current constitution 4 November 1972[1]

Area

Bangladesh 2

 -  Total 147,570 km2 (94th)56,977 sq mi 

 -  Water (%) 6.4

Population

 -  2011 estimate 148,000,000 (Census, 2011),[3]

158,570,535 (CIA, July 2011 est.)[4] (8th)

 -  Density 964.42/km2 (9th)2,497.4/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate

 -  Total $282.229 billion[5] (39)

 -  Per capita $1,692[5] (193)

GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate

 -  Total $113.032 billion[5]

 -  Per capita $678[5]

Gini (2005) 33.2[6] (medium) 

HDI (2011) 0.500[7] (low) (146th)

Currency Taka (BDT)

Time zone BST (UTC+6)

Drives on the left

ISO 3166 code BD

Internet TLD .bd

Calling code 880

1 Adjusted population, p.4,

Bangladesh ( i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially thePeople's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereignstate located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital(and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The nameBangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language.The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise ofthe British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947,when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion andeconomic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan andled to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971.With the direct and indirect help of India, 9 months of war came to an end on 16 December 1971 by the surrender ofthe Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course, after 13 days of direct action by the Indian Army.Bangladesh is a parliamentary democracy, with an elected parliament called the Jatiyo Sangshad. It is theeighth-most populous country and among the most densely populated countries in the world. Just like in the rest ofSouth Asia the poverty rate prevails, although the United Nations has acclaimed Bangladesh for achievingtremendous progress in human development.[8][9] Geographically, the country straddles the fertileGanges-Brahmaputra Delta and is subject to annual monsoon floods and cyclones.

Bangladesh 3

The country is listed among the Next Eleven economies. It is a founding member of the South Asian Association forRegional Cooperation, the D-8 and BIMSTEC, and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organisation ofIslamic Cooperation and the Non-Aligned Movement. However, Bangladesh continues to face a number of majorchallenges, including widespread political and bureaucratic corruption, widespread poverty, and an increasing dangerof hydrologic shocks brought on by ecological vulnerability to climate change.[10][11]

History

Somapura Mahavihara in Paharpur, Bangladesh,is the greatest Buddhist Vihara in the Indian

Subcontinent, built by Dharmapala of Bengal.

Remnants of civilisation in the greater Bengal region date back fourthousand years,[12] when the region was settled by Dravidian,Tibeto-Burman, and Austro-Asiatic peoples. The exact origin of theword "Bangla" or "Bengal" is not known, though it is believed to bederived from Bang, the Dravidian-speaking tribe that settled in the areaaround the year 1000 BCE.[13]

The kingdom of Gangaridai was formed from at least the 7thcentury BCE, which later united with Bihar under the Magadha,Nanda, Mauryan and Sunga Empires. Bengal was later part of theGupta Empire and Harsha Empire from the 3rd to the 6th centuries CE.Following its collapse, a dynamic Bengali named Shashanka foundedan impressive short-lived kingdom. After a period of anarchy, the

Bengali Buddhist Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years, followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Senadynasty.

Medieval European geographers located paradise at the mouth of the Ganges and although this was overhopeful,Bengal was probably the wealthiest part of the subcontinent until the 16th century. The area's early history featured asuccession of Hindu empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance.Islam was introduced to the Bengal region in the 12th century by Arab Muslim merchants; Sufi missionaries, andsubsequent Muslim rule helped spread Islam throughout the region.[14] Bakhtiar Khilji, a Turkish general, defeatedLakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal in the year 1204. The region was ruled byseveral sultans, Hindu states and land-lords-Baro-Bhuiyans for the next few hundred years. By the 16th century, theMughal Empire controlled Bengal, and Dhaka became an important provincial centre of Mughal administration.

Lalbagh Fort, constructed in the mid-17th centuryin Dhaka during the reign of Aurangzeb.

The Maratha Empire, a Hindu empire which overran the Mughals inthe 18th century, also devastated the territories controlled by theNawab of Bengal between 1742 and 1751. In a series of raids onBengal and Bihar, then ruled by the Nawab, Maratha demolished muchof the Bengali economy, which was unable to withstand the continuousonslaught of Maratha for long. Nawab Ali Vardi Khan made peacewith Maratha by ceding the whole of Orissa and parts of WesternBengal to the empire. In addition, this a tax – the Chauth, amounting toa quarter of total revenue – was imposed on other parts of Bengal andBihar. This tax amounted to twenty lakhs (of rupees?) for Bengal and12 lakhs for Bihar per year.[15][16] After Maratha's defeat in Panipat bya coalition of Muslim forces, the empire returned under the Marathageneral Madhoji Sindhia and raided Bengal again. The British Empire stopped payment of the Chauth, invading theterritory of Bengal in 1760s. The raids continued until Maratha was finally defeated by the British over the course ofthree Anglo-Maratha Wars, lasting from 1777 to 1818.

Bangladesh 4

Sixty Dome Mosque in Mosque city of Bagerhatwas built in the 15th century and is the largest

historical mosque in Bangladesh, as well as a UNWorld Heritage site.

From 1517 onwards, Portuguese traders from Goa were traversing thesea-route to Bengal. Only in 1537, were they allowed to settle andopen customs houses at Chittagong. In 1577, Mughal emperor Akbarpermitted the Portuguese to build permanent settlements and churchesin Bengal.[17] The influence of European traders grew until the BritishEast India Company gained control of Bengal following the Battle ofPlassey in 1757.[18] The bloody rebellion of 1857—known as theSepoy Mutiny—resulted in transfer of authority to the crown with aBritish viceroy running the administration.[19] During colonial rule,famine racked South Asia many times, including the war-inducedGreat Bengal famine of 1943 that claimed 3 million lives.[20]

Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to divide theprovince of Bengal into two zones, with Dhaka being the capital of theeastern zone.[21] When the exit of the British Empire in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines, with thewestern part going to newly created India and the eastern part (Muslim majority) joining Pakistan as a provincecalled East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan), with its capital at Dhaka.[22] In 1950, land reform wasaccomplished in East Bengal with the abolishment of the feudal zamindari system.[23] Despite the economic anddemographic weight of the east, however, Pakistan's government and military were largely dominated by the upperclasses from the west. The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the two wingsof Pakistan.[24] Dissatisfaction with the central government over economic and cultural issues continued to risethrough the next decade, during which the Awami League emerged as the political voice of the Bengali-speakingpopulation. It agitated for autonomy in the 1960s, and in 1966, its president, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Mujib), wasjailed; he was released in 1969 after an unprecedented popular uprising. In 1970, a massive cyclone devastated thecoast of East Pakistan, killing up to half a million people,[25] and the central government responded poorly. TheBengali population's anger was compounded when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose Awami League won a majorityin Parliament in the 1970 elections,[26] was blocked from taking office.

After staging compromise talks with Mujib, President Yahya Khan and military officials launched OperationSearchlight,[27] a sustained military assault on East Pakistan and arrested him in the early hours of 26 March 1971.Yahya's methods were extremely bloody, and the violence of the war resulted in many civilian deaths.[28] Chieftargets included intellectuals and Hindus, and about one million refugees fled to neighbouring India.[29] Estimates ofthose massacred throughout the war range from thirty thousand to 3,000,000.[28] Mujibur Rahman was ultimatelyreleased on 8 January 1972, due to direct US intervention.[30]

Awami League leaders set up a government-in-exile in Calcutta, India. The exile government formally took oath atMeherpur, in Kustia district of East Pakistan on 17 April 1971, with Tajuddin Ahmad as the first Prime Minister andSyed Nazrul Islam as the Acting President.The Bangladesh Liberation War lasted for nine months. The Bangladesh Forces formed within 11 sectors led byGeneral M.A.G. Osmani consisting of Bengali Regular forces conducted a massive guerilla war against the PakistanForces with support from the Mukti Bahinis consisting of Kaderia Bahni, Hemayet Bahini, and others financed andequipped by Indian Armed Forces Maj. Gen. Sujat Singh Uban. Indian Army swooped in with the help of the BDFforces and negotiated a cease-fire and surrounded the Dhaka Area. The Indian Army remained in Bangladesh until19 March 1972.After its independence, Bangladesh was governed by a Awami League government, with Mujib as the Prime Minister, without holding any elections. In the 1973 parliamentary elections, the Awami League gained an absolute majority. A nationwide famine occurred during 1973 and 1974,[20] and in early 1975, Mujib initiated a one-party socialist rule with his newly formed BAKSAL. On 15 August 1975, Mujib and most of his family members were

Bangladesh 5

assassinated by mid-level military officers.[31] Vice President Khandaker Mushtaq Ahmed was sworn in as Presidentwith most of Mujib's cabinet intact. Two Army uprisings on 3 November and the other on 7 November 1975 led tothe reorganised structure of power. Emergency was declared to restore order and calm, Mushtaq resigned and thecountry was placed under temporary martial law, with three service chiefs serving as deputies to the new presidentJustice Abu Satem, who also became the Chief Martial Law Administrator. Lieutenant General Ziaur Rahman, tookover the presidency in 1977 as Justice Sayem resigned. President Zia reinstated multi-party politics, introduced freemarkets, and founded the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). Zia's rule ended when he was assassinated byelements of the military in 1981.[31]

Bangladesh's next major ruler was Lieutenant General Hossain Mohammad Ershad, who gained power in a coup on24 March 1982, and ruled until 6 December 1990, when he was forced to resign after a revolt of all major politicalparties and the public, along with pressure from western donors (which was a major shift in international policy afterthe fall of the Soviet Union). Since then, Bangladesh has reverted to a parliamentary democracy. Zia's widow,Khaleda Zia, led the Bangladesh Nationalist Party to parliamentary victory at the general election in 1991, andbecame the first female Prime Minister in Bangladeshi history. However, the Awami League, headed by SheikhHasina, one of Mujib's surviving daughters, won the next election in 1996. It lost again to the Bangladesh NationalistParty in 2001.On 11 January 2007, following widespread political unrest spearheaded by the Awami League, the Bangladesh civiland military establishment supported the establishment of a neutral caretaker government. The caretaker governmentwas appointed to administer the next general election. The country had suffered from extensive corruption,[32]

disorder and political violence. The caretaker government made it a priority to root out corruption from all levels ofgovernment. To this end, many notable politicians and officials, along with large numbers of lesser officials andparty members, were arrested on corruption charges. The caretaker government held what it itself described as alargely free and fair election on 29 December 2008.[33] The Awami League's Sheikh Hasina won with a landslide inthe elections and took the oath of Prime Minister on 6 January 2009.[34]

Government and politics

Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban houses the Parliament ofBangladesh and is one of the largest legislative

complexes in the world.

Bangladesh 6

National symbols of Bangladesh

Anthem Amar Shonar Bangla

Animal Bengal tiger

Bird Oriental Magpie Robin

Fish Hilsa

Flower White Water Lily

Fruit Jackfruit

Tree Mango tree

Sport Hadudu

Calendar Bengali calendar

Bangladesh is a unitary state and parliamentary democracy.[35] Direct elections in which all citizens, aged 18 or over,can vote are held every five years for the unicameral parliament known as Jatiya Sangsad. The parliamentarybuilding is known as the Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban and was designed by architect Louis Kahn. Currently theparliament has 350 members including 50 reserved seats for women, elected from single-member constituencies.The Prime Minister, as the head of government, forms the cabinet and runs the day-to-day affairs of state. While thePrime Minister is formally appointed by the President, he or she must be an MP who commands the confidence ofthe majority of parliament. The President is the head of state but mainly a ceremonial post elected by theparliament.[36]

However the President's powers are substantially expanded during the tenure of a caretaker government, which isresponsible for the conduct of elections and transfer of power. The officers of the caretaker government must benon-partisan and are given three months to complete their task. This transitional arrangement is an innovation thatwas pioneered by Bangladesh in its 1991 election and then institutionalised in 1996 through its 13th constitutionalamendment.[37]

The Constitution of Bangladesh was drafted in 1972 and has undergone 15 amendments.[37] The highest judicialbody is the Supreme Court. Justices are appointed by the President. The judicial and law enforcement institutions areweak.[38] Separation of powers, judicial from executive was finally implemented on 1 November 2007. It is expectedthat this separation will make the judiciary stronger and impartial. Laws are loosely based on English common law,but family laws such as marriage and inheritance are based on religious scripts, and therefore differ betweenreligious communities.Major parties in Bangladesh are the Bangladesh Awami League, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) and theBangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (BJI). BNP is led by Khaleda Zia and has politically been allied with Islamist partieslike Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami but practice secular politics. Sheikh Hasina's Awami League aligns with moreleftist parties. Hasina and Zia are bitter rivals who have dominated politics for over 15 years; each is related to one ofthe leaders of the independence movement. Another important player is the Jatiya Party, headed by former militarydictator Ershad. The Awami League-BNP rivalry has been bitter and punctuated by protests, violence and murder.Student politics is particularly strong in Bangladesh, a legacy from the liberation movement era. Almost all partieshave highly active student wings, and student leaders have been elected to the Parliament.Two radical terrorist organisations, Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh (JMJB) and Jama'atul MujahideenBangladesh (JMB), were banned in February 2005. Several small-scale bomb attacks taking place since 1999 havebeen blamed on those groups, and dozens of suspected members have been detained in security operations, includingthe heads of those two parties in 2006. The masterminds were tried and executed. The Bangladesh government wonpraise from world leaders, including Western leaders, for its strong anti-terrorist stance.

Bangladesh 7

On 11 January 2007, following widespread political unrest, a caretaker government was appointed to administer thenext general election. The 22 January 2007 election was postponed indefinitely and emergency law declared on 11January 2007 as the Army backed caretaker government of Fakhruddin Ahmed aimed to prepare a new voter list andcrack down on corruption. They also assisted the interim Government of Bangladesh in a drive against corruption,which resulted in Bangladesh's position in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index changed fromthe very bottom, where they had been for 3 years in a row, to 147th in just 1 year.[39] A large alliance led by theBangladesh Awami League won 29 December 2008 poll, in a landslide victory. They got 230 seats among 300 seatsin the parliament.[40]

Foreign relations and military

BNS Bangabandhu, a Bangladeshi Navy frigate

MiG-29, a Bangladesh Air Force air-superiorityfighter

Bangladesh pursues a moderate foreign policy that places heavyreliance on multinational diplomacy, especially at the United Nations.In 1974 Bangladesh joined both the Commonwealth of Nations and theUnited Nations, and has since been elected to serve two terms on theSecurity Council - in 1978–1979 and 2000–2001. In the 1980s,Bangladesh played a lead role in founding the South Asian Associationfor Regional Cooperation, (SAARC), in order to expand relations withother South Asian states. Since the founding of SAARC 1985, aBangladeshi has held the post of Secretary General on two occasions.

Bangladesh's most important and complex foreign relationship is withIndia. This relationship is formed by historical and cultural ties and isstrengthened because of India's involvement in liberating the people ofBangladesh from Pakistan. This forms an important part of thedomestic political discourse. Bangladesh's relationship with Indiabegan on a positive note because of India's assistance in theindependence war and subsequent reconstruction. Throughout theyears, the relationship between the two countries has fluctuated for anumber of reasons.

A major source of tension between Bangladesh and India is theFarakka Dam.[41] In 1975, India constructed a dam on the GangesRiver 10.3 mi (unknown operator: u'strong' km) from theBangladeshi border. Bangladesh alleges that the dam diverts much needed water from Bangladesh and adds aman-made disaster to a country already plagued by natural disasters. The dam has had terrible ecologicalconsequences.[41] There are other sources of tension between the nations. India has voiced concerns aboutanti-Indian separatists and Islamic militants allegedly being harboured across their 2597 mi (unknown operator:u'strong' km) border, as well as the flow of illegal migrants, and is building a fence along most of it.[42] However, atthe 2007 SAARC meeting both nations pledged to work cooperatively on security, economic and border issues.[43]

The current strength of the army is around 200,000 including reservists,[44] the air force 22,000,[44] and navy19,000.[45] In addition to traditional defence roles, the military has been called on to provide support to civilauthorities for disaster relief and internal security during periods of political unrest. Bangladesh is not currentlyactive in any ongoing war, but it did contribute 2,300 troops to the coalition that fought in Operation Desert Storm in1991 and Bangladesh is consistently a top (10,736) contributor to UN peacekeeping forces around the world. As ofMay 2007, Bangladesh had major deployments in Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Sudan, Timor-Leste andCôte d'Ivoire.[46][47]

Bangladesh 8

Bangladesh enjoys relatively warm ties with the People's Republic of China, and particularly in the past decade,there has been increased economic cooperation between them. Between 2006 and 2007, trade between the twonations rose by 28.5% and there have been agreements to grant various Bangladeshi commodities tariff-free accessto the Chinese market. Cooperation between the Military of Bangladesh and the People's Liberation Army is alsoincreasing, with joint military agreements signed and Bangladesh procuring Chinese arms which range from smallarms to large naval surface combat ships such as the Chinese Type 053H1 Missile Frigate.

Divisions, districts and upazilas

Bangladesh divisions

Bangladesh is divided into seven administrative divisions,[48][49] eachnamed after their respective divisional headquarters: Barisal (বরিশাল),Chittagong (চট্টগ্রাম), Dhaka (ঢাকা), Khulna (খুলনা), Rajshahi(রাজশাহী), Sylhet (সিলেট), and Rangpur (রংপুর).

Divisions are subdivided into districts (zila). There are 64 districts inBangladesh, each further subdivided into upazila (subdistricts) orthana. The area within each police station, except for those inmetropolitan areas, is divided into several unions, with each unionconsisting of multiple villages. In the metropolitan areas, policestations are divided into wards, which are further divided intomahallas. There are no elected officials at the divisional or districtlevels, and the administration is composed only of governmentofficials. Direct elections are held for each union (or ward), electing achairperson and a number of members. In 1997, a parliamentary actwas passed to reserve three seats (out of 12) in every union for femalecandidates.[50]

Dhaka is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. Other major citiesinclude Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Barisal, Bogra, Comilla, Mymensingh and Rangpur. These cities havemayoral elections, while other municipalities elect a chairperson. Mayors and chairpersons are elected for a span offive years.

City City population (2008 estimate)[51]

Metro population (2008 estimate)[51]

Dhaka 7,000,940 12,797,394

Chittagong 2,579,107 3,858,093

Khulna 855,650 1,588,425

Rajshahi 472,775 775,496

Sylhet 463,198 –

Barisal 210,374 –

Rangpur 241,310 (2001) 251,699 (2001)

Bangladesh 9

Geography and climate

Satellite image presenting physical features ofBangladesh

Boats had long been a major transportation inBangladesh, a floodplain with more than 700

rivers

Panorama of Cox's Bazar, world's longest seabeach, in the early morning: clouds on a blue sky,

still water and forest in the distance.

Bangladesh lies between latitudes 20° and 27°N, and longitudes 88°and 93°E.

Bangladesh is in the low-lying Ganges–Brahmaputra River Delta orGanges Delta. This delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges(local name Padma or Pôdda), Brahmaputra (Jamuna or Jomuna alsoknown as "Yamuna"), and Meghna rivers and their respectivetributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of theBrahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into theBay of Bengal. The alluvial soil deposited by these rivers has createdsome of the most fertile plains in the world. Bangladesh has 57trans-boundary rivers, making water issues politically complicated toresolve – in most cases as the lower riparian state to India.[52] Mostparts of Bangladesh are less than 12 m (unknown operator:u'strong' ft) above the sea level, and it is believed that about 10% ofthe land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by 1 m(unknown operator: u'strong' ft).[53]

In southeast Bangladesh, experiments have been done since the 1960sto 'build with nature'. By implementing cross dams, the naturalaccretion of silt has created new land. With Dutch funding, theBangladeshi government began to help develop this new land in thelate 1970s. The effort has since become a multiagency operationbuilding roads, culverts, embankments, cyclone shelters, toilets andponds, as well as distributing land to settlers. By fall 2010, the programwill have allotted some 27000 acres (unknown operator:u'strong' ha) to 21,000 families.[54]

The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at 1052 m(unknown operator: u'strong' ft) in the Chittagong Hill Tracts to thesoutheast of the country.[55] Cox's Bazar, south of the city ofChittagong, has a beach that stretches uninterrupted over 120 km(unknown operator: u'strong' mi).

Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladeshi climate is tropical with amild winter from October to March, a hot, humid summer from Marchto June. A warm and humid monsoon season lasts from June toOctober and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Natural calamities,such as floods, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and tidal bores occuralmost every year,[56] combined with the effects of deforestation, soildegradation and erosion. The cyclones of 1970 and 1991 wereparticularly devastating. A cyclone that struck Bangladesh in 1991killed some 140,000 people.[57]

In September 1998, Bangladesh saw the most severe flooding in modern world history. As the Brahmaputra, theGanges and Meghna spilt over and swallowed 300,000 houses, 9700 km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi) of roadand 2700 km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi) of embankment 1,000 people were killed and 30 million more

Bangladesh 10

were made homeless with 135,000 cattle killed, 50 km2 (unknown operator: u'strong' sq mi) of land destroyed and11000 km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi) of roads damaged or destroyed. Two-thirds of the country wasunderwater. There were several reasons for the severity of the flooding. Firstly, there were unusually high monsoonrains. Secondly, the Himalayas shed off an equally unusually high amount of melt water that year. Thirdly, trees thatusually would have intercepted rain water had been cut down for firewood or to make space for animals.[58]

Bangladesh is now widely recognised to be one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change. Natural hazardsthat come from increased rainfall, rising sea levels, and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as climate changes,each seriously affecting agriculture, water and food security, human health and shelter.[59] It is believed that in thecoming decades the rising sea level alone will create more than 20 million[60] climate refugees.[61] Bangladeshi wateris contaminated with arsenic frequently because of the high arsenic contents in the soil. Up to 77 million people areexposed to toxic arsenic from drinking water.[62][63] Bangladesh is among the countries most prone to natural floods,tornados and cyclones.[64][65] Also, there is evidence that earthquakes pose a threat to the country. Evidence showsthat tectonics have caused rivers to shift course suddenly and dramatically. It has been shown that rainy-seasonflooding in Bangladesh, on the world’s largest river delta, can push the underlying crust down by as much as 6centimetres, and possibly perturb faults.[66]

Climate change and infectious diseasesBangladesh has been one of the victims of climate change. From 1971 to 1998, there have been greater temperaturevariations between seasons: higher temperatures during the monsoon season and slightly lower temperatures in thewinter. The temperature increase in monsoon season has been greater than the temperature decrease in winter. Thus,the overall mean annual temperatures have been increasing. These trends in temperature variations are expected tobecome more pronounced in the years to come. By the year 2100, it is expected that the annual mean maximumtemperatures will increase by 0.88 °C and the annual mean minimum temperatures will decrease by 0.11 °C. Thesetwo trends combined will result in an increase of 0.39 °C in the overall annual mean temperature. Small changes likethese can have a great effect on climate and natural disasters. Increase in temperature will cause mild melting of theHimalayan glaciers, which along with an expected overall monsoon rainfall increase of 588.65 mm by the year 2075will result in increased severe flooding in inland areas. It is also expected that floods will be followed by drought dueto a significant decrease in precipitation during the winter months.[67]

Bangladesh is also facing a greater rate of sea level rising than other countries, with an increase of to 4.0 m to 7.8 mon different coastal stations. Such sea level rises will submerge low lying coastal areas and will result in salt waterintrusion into aquifers and rivers. Lack of fresh drinking water, inability to grow crops, and submerged low-lyingcoastal areas could result in displacement of six to eight million people by the year 2050.[68]

Water-borne and food-borne diseasesThe evidence about the burden of infectious diseases in Bangladesh comes from government agencies, internationalagencies, and epidemiological investigations. The outbreaks of diarrhoeal diseases are associated with changes inprecipitation patterns; heavy rainfall events are likely to compromise the supply of fresh water, thus increasing therisk of water borne diseases. They are associated with floods and water logging that increases the incidence ofdiarrhoea, cholera, skin, and eye diseases. Rising sea levels increase the risk of coastal flooding and necessitatepopulation displacement, causing many other health related problems such as diarrhoeal diseases andmalnutrition.[69] Indirectly transmitted infectious diseases are likely to be influenced by climate change, especiallywaterborne diseases.Due to global warming, the pattern of rainfalls in Bangladesh has been changed both in intensity and timing. Many infectious diseases in Bangladesh now have a direct relationship with rainfall patterns. For example, some diarrhoeal diseases of Bangladesh are found to reach their peak during the rainy season. Heavy rainfall is known to have led to the outbreaks of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Increased incidence of these diseases is likely to become a regular

Bangladesh 11

event in Bangladesh.[70]

The rise in temperatures also increases infectious disease incidence. Escherichia coli diarrhoea in Bangladesh has aseasonal peak that correlates with high temperatures. An increase in rotavirus, a diarrhoeal disease that primarilyaffects infants and children, has been linked to temperature rise and river level rise. In Dhaka, rotavirus cases havebeen reported to increase by 40.2% for each 1 °C increase in temperature above 29 °C. Rotavirus cases also increaseby 5.5% per 10 centimetre river level rise. Further, cholera has been well studied and its incidence has been linked torise in sea level height and temperatures, which produces the environment necessary for the cholera toxin-producingbacteria (Vibrio cholerae). Satellite data analyses of cholera in Bangladesh have proven that cholera epidemics areclimate-linked. It has been concluded that rise of temperature due to global warming may increase diarrhoealdiseases in Bangladesh.[71]

Vector-borne diseasesClimate change is like to have important effects on the prevalence of vector-borne diseases in Bangladesh. Changesin climate are likely to lengthen the transmission seasons of important vector-borne diseases, and alter theirgeographic range. Dengue fever, formerly unknown in Bangladesh, is rapidly replicating due to rising temperatures.Already dengue is an emerging disease in the major cities of Dhaka and Chittagong.[69] The number of malaria caseshas dramatically risen over the past several decades. Records show that the incidence of malaria increased from 1556cases in 1971; to 15375 cases in 1981; to 30,282 cases in 1991; and to 42,012 in 2004.[72] Japanese encephalitis isalso increasing in prevalence and is an emerging cause of encephalitis in Bangladesh. Higher rates of breeding inmosquitoes can accelerate the transmission of Japanese encephalitis. Visceral leishmaniasis is another disease that isincreasing in prevalence as a result of flooding. Its cases cluster near flood embankments where standing watercreates the environment for mosquito breeding. Building more embankments, a likely response to sea-level rise, mayresult in increase in the number of cases of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh.[71]

Bangladesh instituted a Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan in 2008 that includes addressing health andinfrastructure, however there is still much work to be done to protect the country from the effects of climate change.

Flora and fauna

Royal Bengal Tiger

A major part of the coastline comprises a marshy jungle, theSundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world and home todiverse flora and fauna, including the Royal Bengal Tiger. In 1997, thisregion was declared endangered.[73] The Magpie Robin is the NationalBird of Bangladesh and it is common and known as the Doyel or Doel(Bengali: দোয়েল). It is a widely used symbol in Bangladesh,appearing on currency notes and a landmark in the city of Dhaka isnamed as the Doyel Chatwar (meaning: Doyel Square). The nationalflower of the country is water lily, which is known as Shapla. Thenational fruit is jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), which in Bengaliis known as Kathal. In late 2010, the Bangladeshi government selected the Mango tree as the national tree.[74]

Bangladesh 12

Economy

Workers in a paddy field – a common scenethroughout Bangladesh. Two thirds of thepopulation works in the agricultural sector.

At April 2010, USA – based ratings agency Standard & Poor's (S&P)awarded Bangladesh a BB- for a long term in credit rating which isbelow India and well over Pakistan and Sri Lanka in South Asia.[75]

And, despite continuous domestic and international efforts to improveeconomic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains adeveloping nation.[76] However, Bangladesh gradually decreased itsdependency on foreign grant and loan from 85% (In 1988)[77] to 2%(In 2010)[78] for its annual development budget. Its per capita incomein 2010 was US$641 compared to the world average of $8,985.[79] But,if purchasing power parity (PPP) is taken into account, Bangladesh'seconomy is the 44th largest in the world at US$257 billion accordingto the IMF.

Jute was once the economic engine of the country. Its share of the world export market peaked in the Second WorldWar and the late 1940s at 80%[80] and even in the early 1970s accounted for 70% of its export earnings. However,polypropylene products began to substitute for jute products worldwide and the jute industry started to decline.Bangladesh grows very significant quantities of rice, tea, potato, mango, onion and mustard. According toFAOSTAT, Bangladesh is one of world's largest producers of:[81] Rice (4th), Potato (11th), Mango (9th), Pineapple(16th), Tropical Fruit (5th), Onion (16th), Banana (17th), Jute (2nd), Tea (11th).

Graphical depiction of Bangladesh's productexports in 28 color coded categories.

Although two-thirds of Bangladeshis are farmers, more than threequarters of Bangladesh’s export earnings come from the garmentindustry,[82] which began attracting foreign investors in the 1980s dueto cheap labour and low conversion cost. In 2009–10 fiscal year theindustry exported US$ 12.6 billion[83] worth of products where in 2002the exported amount was US$ 5 billion. Recently Bangladesh has beenranked as the 4th[84] largest clothing exporter by the WTO (The WorldTrade Organization) .[85] whereas, according to The EconomistBangladesh is world’s third-largest clothes-export industry[86] Theindustry now employs more than 3 million workers, 90% of whom arewomen.[87] A large part of foreign currency earnings also comes fromthe remittances sent by expatriates living in other countries.

Jamuna Bridge: one of the longest bridges inSouth Asia

Obstacles to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, inefficientstate-owned enterprises, mismanaged port facilities, a growth in thelabour force that has outpaced jobs, inefficient use of energy resources(such as natural gas), insufficient power supplies, slow implementationof economic reforms, political infighting and corruption. According tothe World Bank, "among Bangladesh’s most significant obstacles togrowth are poor governance and weak public institutions."[88] Despitethese hurdles, the country has achieved an average annual growth rateof 5% since 1990, according to the World Bank.

Bangladesh has seen expansion of its middle class (world's fifty-fourthlargest, just below of Singapore & Vietnam), and its consumer industryhas also grown. In December 2005, four years after its report on the

Bangladesh 13

Worlds biggest ship breaking yard in Chittagong,Bangladesh

emerging "BRIC" economies (Brazil, Russia, India, and China),Goldman Sachs named Bangladesh one of the "Next Eleven",[89] alongwith Egypt, Indonesia, Vietnam and seven other countries.

Bangladesh has seen a dramatic increase in foreign direct investment.A number of multinational corporations and local big business housessuch as Beximco, Square, Akij, Ispahani, Navana Group, Transcom Group, Habib Group, KDS Group, T.K GroupOf Industries, Dragon Group and multinationals such as Unocal Corporation and Chevron, have made majorinvestments, with the natural gas sector being a priority. In December 2005, the Central Bank of Bangladeshprojected GDP growth around 6.5%.[90] In order to enhance economic growth, the government set up several exportprocessing zones to attract foreign investment. These are managed by the Bangladesh Export Processing ZoneAuthority.

One significant contributor to the development of the economy has been the widespread propagation of microcreditby Muhammad Yunus (awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006) through the Grameen Bank. By the late 1990s,Grameen Bank had 2.3 million members, along with 2.5 million members of other similar organisations.[91]

Tourism

Cox's Bazar is the longest natural sea beach in theworld.

Tourism sector in Bangladesh has experienced massive growth inrecent years. Majority of growth is contributed by local tourists. It isbelieved to be a major tourist destination if properly advertised.Nonetheless, few government and private initiatives have been taken toattract foreign tourists.

Though small in area, Bangladesh is quite rich in heritage withnumerous historical and archeological sites. It has the longest naturalunbroken sea beach and five World Heritage Sites. Among those arefamous eighty one domed Shat Gombuj Mosque in Bagerhat, made bygreat Muslim saint Khan Jahan Ali in the 15th century; world's largestMangrove forest Sundarbans which is also renowned for its worldfamous Royal Bengal Tiger.

There are several exotic archaeological sites in the northern parts of Bangladesh, including the temple city Puthia inRajshahi; the largest and most ancient archaeological site, Mahasthangarh in Bogra; Among the best knownBuddhist viharas in the Indian Subcontinent and one of the most important archaeological sites in the country,Paharpur in Naogaon, declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985; Kantaji Temple, the most ornamentalterracota Hindu temple in Bangladesh and many rajbaris or palaces of old zamindars.

In the north-eastern parts of Bangladesh, is a favorite hub because of its wide range of natural diversity consisting ofgreen carpet of tea plants on small hillocks, natural falls and haors. Natural reserved Lauchara forest is also a greatattraction. Migratory birds in winter, particularly in the haor areas, are also very attractive in this area. [92].

Upcoming projectsBangladesh government is planning for construction of the largest deep sea port in South Asia at Sonadia Island. The500 billion taka project will be completed in multiple phases and enable Bangladesh to service the whole region as amaritime transport and logistics hub. India, China, Bhutan, Nepal and other neighbouring countries will be able totake full advantage of the strategic location and Bangladesh’s LDC status for exporting their goods, which aremanufactured in Bangladesh.[93][94]

Bangladesh 14

Furthermore, with $7.5 billion a new international airport will be constructed. The airport is being modelled onThailand’s Suvarnabhumi Airport in size and capacity.[95]

To ease the chaotic traffic congestion in the capital Dhaka the government plans to construct more expressways,freeways, flyovers. There is a plan to build a overhead Rapid transit called Dhaka Metro, but the progress is slow andcontroversial because of contracts and agreements.[96][97][98]

Recently the government of Bangladesh signed a deal with a Chinese company to provide high-speed modernDEMU trains and is also going to construct metro rail system and high-speed electric powered inter city rail network.More airports, bridge (such as the multi-billion Padma Bridge project) national highways are also being constructedto facilitate trade and regional development.[99]

Demographics

Population[100]

Year Million

1971 71.0

1980 90.4

1990 115.6

2000 140.8

2004 150.7

2009 162.2

Source: OECD/World Bank

The population of Bangladesh at 15 March 2011 is 142.3 million (census 2011 results; this is a preliminary figure which has been disputed by the UN and now by Bangladeshis themselves[101]), much less than recent (2007–2010) estimates of Bangladesh's population range from 158 to 170 million and it is the 8th most populous nation in the world. In 1951, the population was 44 million.[102] It is also the most densely populated large country in the world, and it ranks 11th in population density, when very small countries and city-states are included.[103] A striking contrast is offered by Russia which has a slightly smaller population spread over a land area that is 120 times larger than Bangladesh. Bangladesh's population growth was among the highest in the world in the 1960s and 1970s, when the country swelled from 65 to 110 million. With the promotion of birth control in the 1980s, the growth rate had slowed. The population is relatively young, with 60% being 25 or younger and 3% being 63 or older. Life

Bangladesh 15

expectancy at birth is estimated to be 70 years for both males and females in 2012.[104]

Motijheel, Dhaka had a population of over 15million in 2010, making it the largest

metropolitan area in Bangladesh.

The overwhelming majority of Bangladeshis are ethnic Bengali,constituting 98% of the population.[105] The remainder are mostlyBiharis and indigenous tribal groups. There is also a small but growingpopulation of Rohingya refugees from Burma around Cox's Bazaar,which Bangladesh seeks to repatriate to Burma. The indigenous tribalpeoples are concentrated in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the southeast.There are 45 tribal groups located in this region, the largest being theChakma. The Hill Tracts region has been a source of unrest andseparatism since and before the inception of Bangladesh.[106] Outsidethe Hill Tracts, the largest tribal groups are the Santhals and Garos(Achiks), while smaller groups include the Kaibartta, Meitei, Mundas,Oraons, and Zomi.

Nearly all Bangladeshis speak Bengali as their mother tongue as it is the official language.[107] It is an Indo-Aryanlanguage of Sanskrit origin with its own script. English is used as a second language among the middle and upperclasses.[108] English is also widely used in higher education and the legal system. Historically, laws were written inEnglish and were not translated into Bengali until 1987 when the procedure was reversed.[109] The Bihari populationspeaks Urdu, which was also the language associated with the government prior to separation from Pakistan.

HealthHealth and education levels remain relatively low, although they have improved recently as poverty (31% at2010[110]) levels have decreased. Most Bangladeshis continue to live on subsistence farming in rural villages. Forthose in rural areas, village doctors with little or no formal training constitute 62% of the healthcare providerspractising modern medicine and the formally trained providers are occupying a mere 4% of the total healthworkforce.The poor health conditions in Bangladesh is attributed by the lack of healthcare and services provision by thegovernment. The total expenditure on healthcare as a percentage of their GDP was only 3.35% in 2009, according toa World Bank report published in 2010.[111] The number of hospital beds per 10 000 population is 4.[112] TheGeneral government expenditure on healthcare as a percentage of total government expenditure was only 7.9% as of2009 and the citizens pay most of their health care bills as the out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of privateexpenditure on health is 96.5%.[111]

Malnutrition in BangladeshMalnutrition in Bangladesh has been a persistent problem for the poverty-stricken country. The World Bankestimates that Bangladesh is ranked 1st in the world of the number of children suffering from malnutrition[113][114]

In Bangladesh, 26% of the population are undernourished[115] and 46% of the children suffers from moderate tosevere underweight problem.[116] 43% of children under 5 years old are stunted. One in five preschool age childrenare vitamin A deficient and one in two are anemic.[117]

Child malnutrition in Bangladesh is amongst the highest in the world. Two-thirds of the children, under the age offive, are under-nourished and about 60% of them, who are under six, are stunted.[118] More than 45 percent of ruralfamilies and 76 percent of urban families were below the acceptable caloric intake level.[119]

Bangladesh 16

Religion

The Bishwa Ijtema, the second-largest Muslimcongregation after the Hajj.[120]

The main religion in Bangladesh is Islam (89.7%), but a significantpercentage of the population adheres to Hinduism (9.2%).[121] Themajority of Muslims are Sunni. Many people in Bangladesh practiceSufism, as historically Islam was brought to the region by Sufi saints.There are also followers of the Deobandi movement, and Ahle Hadith.The largest gathering of Muslims in the country is the Bishwa Ijtema,held annually by the Tablighi Jamaat. There are also a small number ofMuslims, numbering some 100,000 belonging to the Ahmadiyyacommunity. Sufi influences in the region go back many centuries.[122]

Other religious groups include Buddhists (0.7%, mostly Theravada),Christians (0.3%, mostly of the Roman Catholic denomination), andAnimists (0.1%). Bangladesh has the fourth largest Muslim populationafter Indonesia, Pakistan, and India, with over 135 million. Bangladeshwas founded as a secular state, but Islam was made the state religion inthe 1980s. But in 2010, the High Court held up the secular principles ofthe 1972 constitution.[123] The High Court also strengthened its stanceagainst punishments by Islamic edict (fatwa), following complaints ofbrutal sentences carried out against women by extra-legal villagecourts.[124]

Culture

Reflecting the long history of the region, Bangladesh has a culture that encompasses elements both old and new. TheBengali language boasts a rich literary heritage, which Bangladesh shares with the Indian state of West Bengal. Theearliest literary text in Bengali is the 8th century Charyapada. Medieval Bengali literature was often either religious(for example, Chandidas), or adapted from other languages (for example, Alaol). Bengali literature reached its fullexpression in the 19th century, with its greatest icons being poets Rabindranath Tagore, Michael Madhusudan Duttand Kazi Nazrul Islam. Bangladesh also has a long tradition in folk literature, for example Maimansingha Gitika,Thakurmar Jhuli and stories related to Gopal Bhar, Birbal and Molla Nasiruddin.

The musical tradition of Bangladesh is lyrics-based (Baniprodhan), with minimal instrumental accompaniment. TheBaul tradition is a distinctive element of Bengali folk music. Numerous other musical traditions exist includingGombhira, Bhatiali and Bhawaiya, varying from one region to the next. Folk music is often accompanied by theektara, an instrument with only one string. Other instruments include the dotara, dhol, flute and tabla. Bangladeshalso has an active heritage in North Indian classical music. Similarly, Bangladeshi dance forms draw from folktraditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as the broader Indian dance tradition.[125]

Celebrations of the Pohela Baishakh in Dhaka.

Bangladesh produces about 80 films a year.[126] Mainstream Hindifilms are also quite popular.[127] Around 200 daily newspapers arepublished in Bangladesh, along with more than 500 periodicals.However, regular readership is low at just under 15% of thepopulation.[128] Bangladeshis listen to a variety of local and nationalradio programs like Bangladesh Betar. Four private FM radio stationsnamed (Radio Foorti, ABC Radio, Radio Today, Radio Amar) arepopular among urban youths. International Bengali-language

Bangladesh 17

broadcasts include BBC Bangla and Voice of America. The dominant television channel is the state-ownedBangladesh Television, but in the last few years, privately owned channels have developed considerably.The culinary tradition of Bangladesh has close relations to nearby North-East Indian and Middle Eastern cuisine aswell as having its own unique traits. Rice and fish are traditional favourites. Biryani is a favourite dish of Bangladeshand this includes egg biryani, mutton biryani and beef biryani. Bangladeshis make distinctive sweetmeats from milkproducts, some common ones being Rôshogolla, Rasmalai, Rôshomalai, chômchôm and kalojam.The sari (shaŗi) is by far the most widely worn dress by Bangladeshi women. A guild of weavers in Dhaka isrenowned for producing saris from exquisite Jamdani muslin. The salwar kameez (shaloar kamiz) is also quitepopular, and in urban areas some women wear western attire. Among men, western attire is more widely adopted.Men also wear the kurta-paejama combination, often on special occasions, and the lungi, a kind of long skirt formen.Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, being the most important holidays in the Islamic calendar, are the subject of majorfestivals. The day before Eid ul-Fitr is called Chãd Rat (the night of the moon) and is often celebrated withfirecrackers. Eid ul-Adha is celebrated in the memory of great sacrifice of Prophet Abraham. Major Hindu festivalsare Durga Puja, Kali Puja and Saraswati Puja. Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, andChristmas, called Bôŗodin (Great day), are both national holidays. The most important secular festival is PohelaBaishakh or Bengali New Year, the beginning of the Bengali calendar. Other festivities include Nobanno, Poushparbon (festival of Poush) and observance of national days like Shohid Dibosh(International Mother Language Day)and Victory Day.

EducationThe educational system in Bangladesh is three-tiered and highly subsidised. The government of Bangladesh operatesmany schools in the primary, secondary, and higher secondary levels. It also subsidises parts of the funding for manyprivate schools. In the tertiary education sector, the government also funds more than 15 state universities throughthe University Grants Commission.Primary (from grades 1 to 5), Junior Secondary (from grades 6 to 8), Secondary (from grades 9 to 10), HigherSecondary (from grades 11 to 12) and tertiary.[129] The five years of lower secondary education concludes with aSecondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination but since 2009 it concludes with a Primary Education Closing(PEC) Examination. Also earlier Students who pass this examination proceed to four years Secondary ormatriculation training, which culminate in a Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination but since 2010 thePrimary Education Closing (PEC) passed examinees proceed to three years Junior Secondary, which culminate in aJunior School Certificate (JSC) Examination. Then students who pass this examination proceed to two yearsSecondary or matriculation training, which culminate in a Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination.Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of Higher Secondary or intermediate training, whichculminate in a Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) Examination.[129] Education is mainly offered in Bengali, butEnglish is also commonly taught and used. A large number of Muslim families send their children to attend part-timecourses or even to pursue full-time religious education, which is imparted in Bengali and Arabic in madrasahs.[129]

Bangladesh conforms fully to the Education For All (EFA) objectives, the Millennium Development Goals (MDG)and international declarations. Article 17 of the Bangladesh Constitution provides that all children between the agesof six and ten years receive a basic education free of charge.Universities in Bangladesh are mainly categorised into three different types: Public university (government ownedand subsidised), Private University (private sector owned universities), and International University (operated andfunded by international organisations )Bangladesh has some thirty four public and sixty four private universities. National University has the largest enrolment amongst them and University of Dhaka (estd.1921)is the oldest university of the country. Bangladesh

Bangladesh 18

University of Engineering and Technology is oldest and prominent engineering university in Bangladesh and wellknown in south Asia. Bangladeshi universities are accredited by and affiliated with the University GrantsCommission (UGC), a commission created according to the Presidential Order (P.O. No 10 of 1973) of theGovernment of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.[130]

Sports

Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium in Dhaka.

Bangabandhu National Stadium in openingceremony of the 2011 Cricket World Cup.

Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh, and is followed byfootball (soccer). The national cricket team participated in their firstCricket World Cup in 1999, and the following year was granted eliteTest cricket status. But they have struggled to date, recording onlythree Test match victories, one against Zimbabwe in 2005 and theother two in a series win of 2–0 against the West Indies in 2009.[131] InJuly 2010, they celebrated their first ever win over England in anyform of match. Later in 2010, they managed to whitewash NewZealand for the first time in history. In 2011, Bangladesh successfullyco-hosted the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 with India and Sri Lanka.Also in 2011, Bangladesh beat England in an ODI. In 2012, thecountry hosted the Micromax Asia Cup. The team beat India and SriLanka but failed to keep the reputation in the final game againstPakistan. However, it was the first time Bangladesh had advanced tothe final of any major cricket tournament.

They participated at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou, defeatingAfghanistan to claim their Gold Medal in the first ever crickettournament held in the Asian Games. Hadudu (kabaddi) is the nationalsport in Bangladesh. Other popular sports include field hockey, tennis,badminton, handball, basketball, volleyball, chess, shooting, anglingand carrom. The Bangladesh Sports Control Board regulates 29different sporting federations.

References[1] Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Bangladesh" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ bg. html). The

World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. . Retrieved 5 October 2011.[2] Constitution of Bangladesh (http:/ / www. parliament. gov. bd/ Constitution_English/ index. htm), Part V, Chapter 1, Article 66; University of

Minnesota, retrieved: 28 August 2010[3] The Daily Star (http:/ / www. thedailystar. net/ newDesign/ latest_news. php?nid=36961)[4] The World Factbook (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ bg. html), CIA, accessed on 15 August 2011.[5] "Bangladesh" (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2012/ 01/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?sy=2009& ey=2012& scsm=1& ssd=1&

sort=country& ds=. & br=1& c=513& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP& grp=0& a=& pr. x=54& pr. y=9). InternationalMonetary Fund. . Retrieved 17 April 2012.

[6] "Distribution of family income – Gini index" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ fields/ 2172. html). TheWorld Factbook. CIA. . Retrieved 1 September 2009.

[7] "Human Development Report 2010. Human development index trends: Table G" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20101205181756/ http:/ /hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/ HDR_2010_EN_Complete. pdf). The United Nations. Archived from the original (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete. pdf) on 5 December 2010. . Retrieved 14 July 2011.

[8] MDG in Bangladesh. "UNDP in Bangladesh | News and Events" (http:/ / www. undp. org. bd/ info/ events. php?newsid=734& t=In News).Undp.org.bd. . Retrieved 6 August 2011.

[9] "UN: 'Significant progress' in human development" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-11694599). BBC News. 4 November 2010. .[10] Bangladesh, India Most Threatened by Climate Change, Risk Study Finds – News Watch (http:/ / newswatch. nationalgeographic. com/

2010/ 10/ 20/ bangladesh_india_at_risk_from_climate_change/ ). Newswatch.nationalgeographic.com (2010-10-20). Retrieved on 10

Bangladesh 19

December 2011.[11] The World Bank – Climate Change – Bangladesh: Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Study (http:/ / climatechange. worldbank.

org/ content/ bangladesh-economics-adaptation-climate-change-study). Climatechange.worldbank.org. Retrieved on 10 December 2011.[12] Bharadwaj, G (2003). "The Ancient Period". In Majumdar, RC. History of Bengal. B.R. Publishing Corp.[13] James Heitzman and Robert L. Worden, ed. (1989). "Early History, 1000 B.C.-A.D. 1202" (http:/ / memory. loc. gov/ frd/ cs/ bdtoc. html).

Bangladesh: A country study. Library of Congress. ISBN 8290584083. OCLC 15653912. .[14] Eaton, R (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20507-3. OCLC 26634922

76881262.[15] Stewart Gordon (1993). The Marathas 1600–1818 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C& pg=PA133). Cambridge

University Press. pp. 133–. ISBN 978-0-521-26883-7. . Retrieved 16 November 2011.[16] Brijen Kishore Gupta (1966). Sirajuddaullah and the East India company, 1756–1757, background to the foundation of British power in

India (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=o-MUAAAAIAAJ& pg=PA134). Brill Archive. pp. 134–. GGKEY:RS7D7HRH8KA. .Retrieved 16 November 2011.

[17] D'Costa, Jerome (1986). Bangladeshey Catholic Mondoli (The Catholic Church in Bangladesh). Dhaka: Pratibeshi Prakashani.[18][18] Baxter[19] Baxter, pp. 30–32[20] Sen, Amartya (1973). Poverty and Famines. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828463-2. OCLC 10362534 177334002 191827132

31051320 40394309 53621338 63294006.[21] Baxter, pp. 39–40[22] Collins, L; D Lapierre (1986). Freedom at Midnight, Ed. 18. Vikas Publishers, New Delhi. ISBN 0-7069-2770-2.[23][23] Baxter, p. 72[24] Baxter, pp. 62–63[25] Bangladesh cyclone of 1991 (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 1483615/ Bangladesh-cyclone-of-1991). Britannica Online

Encyclopedia.[26] Baxter, pp. 78–79[27] Salik, Siddiq (1978). Witness to Surrender. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577264-4.[28] Rummel, Rudolph J., "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900" (http:/ / www. hawaii. edu/ powerkills/ SOD.

CHAP8. HTM), ISBN 3-8258-4010-7, Chapter 8, table 8.1. Rummel comments that, In East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) [General AghaMohammed Yahya Khan and his top generals] planned to indiscriminately murder hundreds of thousands of its Hindus and drive the rest intoIndia. And they planned to destroy its economic base to ensure that it would be subordinate to West Pakistan for at least a generation to come.This despicable and cutthroat plan was outright genocide.

[29] LaPorte, R (1972). "Pakistan in 1971: The Disintegration of a Nation". Asian Survey 12 (2): 97–108. doi:10.1525/as.1972.12.2.01p0190a.[30] Sheikh Mujibur Rehman release and events on 8 January 1972 (http:/ / www. pakblog. net/ 2012/ 01/ sheikh-mujib-ur-rehman-release-and.

html)[31] Mascarenhas, A (1986). Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood. Hodder & Stoughton, London. ISBN 0-340-39420-X. OCLC 13004864 16583315

242251870.[32] Rahman, Waliur (18 October 2005). "Bangladesh tops most corrupt list" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 4353334. stm). BBC

News. . Retrieved 13 April 2007.[33] "Bangladesh election seen as fair, though loser disputes result" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 12/ 30/ world/ asia/ 30iht-bangla. 5.

19007747. html). New York Times. 30 November 2008. .[34] "Hasina takes oath as new Bangladesh prime minister" (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ 2009/ 01/ 06/

us-bangladesh-hasina-idUSTRE5053GG20090106). Reuters. 6 January 2009. . Retrieved 3 July 2010.[35] "Constitution of Bangladesh" (http:/ / www. parliament. gov. bd/ Constitution_English/ index. htm). Parliament.gov.bd. . Retrieved 28

November 2010.[36] Background Note: Bangladesh (http:/ / www. state. gov/ r/ pa/ ei/ bgn/ 3452. htm), US Department of State, May 2007[37] Khan, Zillur R. (1997). "Bangladesh's experiments with parliamentary democracy". Asian Survey 37 (6): 575–589.

doi:10.1525/as.1997.37.6.01p0256x. JSTOR 2645531.[38] Bangladesh Today (http:/ / www. crisisgroup. org/ en/ regions/ asia/ south-asia/ bangladesh/ 121-bangladesh-today. aspx), Asia Report

N°121, International Crisis Group, 23 October 2006[39] "cpi 2008 table /cpi2008/2008/in focus/news room" (http:/ / www. transparency. org/ news_room/ in_focus/ 2008/ cpi2008/

cpi_2008_table). Transparency.org. . Retrieved 3 July 2010.[40] "Bangladesh Election Commission" (http:/ / 123. 49. 39. 5/ result/ report4. php?lang=en). 123.49.39.5. 2 April 2009. . Retrieved 3 July 2010.[41] Ali, M.M. (March 1997). "India’s Major Gains and Losses in World Affairs" (http:/ / www. wrmea. com/ backissues/ 0397/ 9703025. htm).

Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. . Retrieved 29 April 2008.[42] India quietly ringing Bangladesh with barbed-wire, cutting off former neighbors (http:/ / www. iht. com/ articles/ ap/ 2007/ 06/ 26/ asia/

AS-FEA-GEN-Bangladesh-Fenced-In. php), by Tim Sullivan, Associated Press, 25 June 2007[43] Pattanaik, Smruti S., " India-Bangladesh Relations after the Foreign Secretary Level Talks (http:/ / www. idsa. in/ idsastrategiccomments/

IndiaBangladeshRelationsaftertheForeignSecretaryLevelTalks_SSPattanaik_170707)," Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, 17 July2007.

Bangladesh 20

[44] Bangladesh Military Forces (http:/ / www. bdmilitary. com/ index. php?option=com_content& view=article& id=68& Itemid=124).Retrieved 12 June 2009.

[45] Including service and civilian personnel. See Bangladesh Navy (http:/ / www. bangladeshnavy. org/ glance. html). Retrieved 17 July 2007.[46] "TOTAL BD PARTICIPATION IN UN DEPL (COMPLETED)" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080611133501/ http:/ / army. mil. bd/

newahq/ index5. php?category=177). Bangladesh Army. February 2007. Archived from the original (http:/ / army. mil. bd/ newahq/ index5.php?category=177) on 11 June 2008. . Retrieved 2 May 2008.

[47] "Bangladeshi officers enhance UN troops’ logistical support in Darfur" (http:/ / www. un. org/ apps/ news/ story. asp?NewsID=28691&Cr=darfur& Cr1=). UN News Center. United Nations. 23 October 2008. . Retrieved 4 February 2010.

[48] "Rangpur becomes a division | Bangladesh" (http:/ / www. bdnews24. com/ details. php?cid=2& amp;id=151976& amp;hb=top).bdnews24.com. 25 January 2010. . Retrieved 6 August 2011.

[49] CIA World Factbook 2007 (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ bg. html). Cia.gov. Retrieved on 10December 2011.

[50] Local Government Act, No. 20, 1997[51] "Statistical pocket book Bangladesh – 2008" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5koIesa9t). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the

original (http:/ / www. bbs. gov. bd/ dataindex/ pby/ pk_book_08. pdf) on 26 October 2009. . Retrieved 10 October 2009.[52] Suvedī, Sūryaprasāda (2005). International watercourses law for the 21st century. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. pp. 154–166.

ISBN 0754645274.[53] Ali, A (1996). "Vulnerability of Bangladesh to climate change and sea level rise through tropical cyclones and storm surges" (http:/ / www.

springerlink. com/ content/ l842n0822t6077q0/ ). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 92 (1–2): 171–179. doi:10.1007/BF00175563. .[54] ""Bangladesh fights for survival against climate change," by William Wheeler and Anna-Katarina Gravgaard, The Washington Times"

(http:/ / pulitzercenter. org/ articles/ bangladesh-fights-survival-against-climate-change). Pulitzercenter.org. . Retrieved 3 July 2010.[55] Summit Elevations: Frequent Internet Errors. (http:/ / www. sol. co. uk/ v/ viewfinder/ elevmisquotes. html#keok). Retrieved 13 April 2006.[56] Alexander, David E. (1999) [1993]. "The Third World" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=gWHsuGTcF34C& pg=PA532). Natural Disasters.

Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 532. ISBN 0412047519. OCLC 27974924 43782866. . Retrieved 2 May 2008.[57] " Beset by Bay's Killer Storms, Bangladesh Prepares and Hopes (http:/ / articles. latimes. com/ 2005/ feb/ 27/ news/ adfg-bangla27)". Los

Angeles Times. 27 February 2005[58] Haggett, Peter (2002) [2002]. "The Indian Subcontinent" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=IROIY4ONOSEC& pg=PA2634). Encyclopedia

of World Geography. New York: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 2, 634. ISBN 0761473084. OCLC 46578454. . Retrieved 2 May 2008.[59] Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2008 (http:/ / www. moef. gov. bd/ moef. pdf) Ministry of Environment and Forests

Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, September 2008.[60] The Climate refugee Challenge (http:/ / www. reliefweb. int/ rw/ rwb. nsf/ db900sid/ JBRN-7R4G47?OpenDocument), ReliefWeb, 14 April

2009[61] "Another Major Cyclone, Bangladesh Worries About Climate Change" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ newshour/ bb/ environment/ jan-june08/

bangladesh_03-28. html), PBS News Hour, 2008[62] By Brian Walker, CNN (21 June 2010). "Study: Millions in Bangladesh exposed to arsenic in drinking water" (http:/ / www. cnn. com/

2010/ WORLD/ asiapcf/ 06/ 20/ bangladesh. arsenic. poisoning/ index. html?hpt=T1). CNN. . Retrieved 3 July 2010.[63] "Bangladesh: 77m poisoned by arsenic in drinking water" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 10358063. stm). BBC News.

19 June 2010. . Retrieved 3 July 2010.[64] cyclone relief effort hampered (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 12784349/ ) updated 17 November 2007 associated press[65] Country Emergency Situation Profile: Bangladesh (http:/ / www. searo. who. int/ LinkFiles/

Country_Emergency_Situation_Profiles_Bangladesh. pdf) prone areas[66] Beneath Bangladesh: The Next Great Earthquake? (http:/ / www. earth. columbia. edu/ videos/ watch/ 337). earth.columbia.edu (12 July

2011)[67] Saleemul Huq et al. (April 2003). Working Paper 2: Bangladesh Country Case Study. Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in

Least Developed Countries (LDCs) (http:/ / www. un. org/ special-rep/ ohrlls/ ldc/ LDCsreport. pdf).[68] Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (2008) “Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and

Action Plan 2008” (http:/ / www. sdnbd. org/ moef. pdf).[69] Rahman, A. (2008). "Climate change and its impact on health in Bangladesh" (http:/ / www. searo. who. int/ LinkFiles/

Regional_Health_Forum_Volume_12_No_1_Climate_change_and_its_impact. pdf). Regional Health Forum 12 (1): 16–25. .[70] Lobitz, B; Beck, L; Huq, A; Wood, B; Fuchs, G; Faruque, AS; Colwell, R (2000). "Climate and infectious disease: Use of remote sensing

for detection of Vibrio cholerae by indirect measurement". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America97 (4): 1438–43. PMC 26452. PMID 10677480.

[71] Shahid, S (2010). "Probable Impacts of Climate Change on Public Health in Bangladesh". Asia-Pacific journal of public health /Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health 22 (3): 310–9. doi:10.1177/1010539509335499. PMID 19443872.

[72] World Health Organization: Regional Office for South-East Asia. Malaria Profile: Bangladesh (http:/ / www. searo. who. int/ en/ section10/section21/ section341. htm). WHO; 4 December 2011

[73] IUCN (1997). "Sundarban wildlife sanctuaries Bangladesh". World Heritage Nomination-IUCN Technical Evaluation.[74] "Bangladeshi gov't selects mango tree as national tree" (http:/ / news. xinhuanet. com/ english2010/ world/ 2010-11/ 15/ c_13608012. htm).

15 November 2010. . Retrieved 15 November 2010.

Bangladesh 21

[75] "Bangladesh Gets first Credit Rating" (http:/ / www. thedailystar. net/ newDesign/ news-details. php?nid=133282). The Daily Star. .Retrieved 7 April 2010.

[76] " Reproductive Health and Rights is Fundamental for Sound Economic Development and Poverty Alleviation (http:/ / www.unfpa-bangladesh. org/ pdf/ success_05. pdf)," United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved 17 July 2007

[77] "Development Budget" (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ bangladesh/ 58. htm). countrystudies.us. . Retrieved 3 April 2007.[78] "Achievements and challenges of Bangladesh" (http:/ / www. thedailystar. net/ newDesign/ news-details. php?nid=131583). The Daily Star.

. Retrieved 26 March 2010.[79] "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2010" (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2010/ 02/ weodata/ weorept.

aspx?sy=2010& ey=2010& scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=. & br=1&c=512,941,914,446,612,666,614,668,311,672,213,946,911,137,193,962,122,674,912,676,313,548,419,556,513,678,316,181,913,682,124,684,339,273,638,921,514,948,218,943,963,686,616,688,223,518,516,728,918,558,748,138,618,196,522,278,622,692,156,694,624,142,626,449,628,564,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,453,960,968,423,922,935,714,128,862,611,716,321,456,243,722,248,942,469,718,253,724,642,576,643,936,939,961,644,813,819,199,172,184,132,524,646,361,648,362,915,364,134,732,652,366,174,734,328,144,258,146,656,463,654,528,336,923,263,738,268,578,532,537,944,742,176,866,534,369,536,744,429,186,433,925,178,746,436,926,136,466,343,112,158,111,439,298,916,927,664,846,826,299,542,582,967,474,443,754,917,698,544&s=NGDPDPC& grp=0& a=& pr. x=8& pr. y=6). IMF.ORG. . Retrieved 11 October 2010.

[80] Wood, Geoffrey D. (1994). Bangladesh: Whose ideas, whose interests?. Intermediate Technology Publications. p. 111. ISBN 1853392464.[81] "FAOSTAT 2008 by Production" (http:/ / faostat. fao. org/ site/ 339/ default. aspx). faostat.fao.org. . Retrieved 6 June 2008.[82] Roland, B (6 January 2005). "Bangladesh Garments Aim to Compete" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 4118969. stm). BBC. .

Retrieved 1 January 2010.[83] "Bangladesh 4th largest garment exporter, WTO" (http:/ / www. thefinancialexpress-bd. com/ more. php?news_id=107215).

thefinancialexpress-bd.com. . Retrieved 25 July 2010.[84] "Bangladesh ranks 4th largest clothing exporter in world" (http:/ / balita. ph/ 2010/ 07/ 23/

bangladesh-ranks-4th-largest-clothing-exporter-in-world/ ). balita.ph. . Retrieved 23 July 2010.[85] Rahman, S (2004). "Global Shift: Bangladesh Garment Industry in Perspective". Asian Affairs 26 (1): 75–91.[86] "In the name of the father:An obsession with Bangladesh’s past may explain its prime minister’s growing intolerance" (http:/ / www.

economist. com/ node/ 21525908). The Economist. 13 August 2011. . Retrieved 12 August 2011.[87] Begum, N (2001). "Enforcement of Safety Regulations in Garment sector in Bangladesh". Proc. Growth of Garment Industry in

Bangladesh: Economic and Social dimension. pp. 208–226.[88] Bangladesh – Country Brief (http:/ / web. worldbank. org/ WBSITE/ EXTERNAL/ COUNTRIES/ SOUTHASIAEXT/

BANGLADESHEXTN/ 0,,menuPK:295769~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:295760,00. html), World Bank, July 2005[89] "South Korea, Another `BRIC' in Global Wall" (http:/ / www. bloomberg. com/ apps/ news?pid=10000177& sid=aoJ4WG5LSf1s&

refer=market_insight). Bloomberg. 9 December 2005. .[90] "Annual Report 2004–2005, Bangladesh Bank" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070811195257/ http:/ / www. bangladesh-bank. org/ pub/

annual/ anreport/ ar0405/ index0405. html). Bangladesh-bank.org. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. bangladesh-bank. org/ pub/annual/ anreport/ ar0405/ index0405. html) on 11 August 2007. . Retrieved 3 July 2010.

[91] Schreiner, Mark (2003). "A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh". Development Policy Review 21 (3):357–382. doi:10.1111/1467-7679.00215.

[92] http:/ / www. parjatan. gov. bd/ tourist_attract. php[93] Transit and trade (http:/ / www. thedailystar. net/ newDesign/ news-details. php?nid=201245). The Daily Star (2011-09-06). Retrieved on 10

December 2011.[94] Transit to India (http:/ / www. thedailystar. net/ newDesign/ news-details. php?nid=200833). The Daily Star (2011-09-03). Retrieved on 10

December 2011.[95] Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib International Airport – Bangladesh Blog | By Bangladesh Channel (http:/ / www. bangladesh. com/ blog/

bangabandhu-sheikh-mujib-international-airport). Bangladesh.com. Retrieved on 10 December 2011.[96] Dhaka Metro likely by 2013 (http:/ / www. dhakamirror. com/ other-headlines/ dhaka-metro-likely-by-2013/ ). Dhaka Mirror (2010-05-28).

Retrieved on 10 December 2011.[97] Dhaka's Traffic Nightmare (http:/ / www. thedailystar. net/ suppliments/ 2011/ jacket/ pg7. htm). The Daily Star (2011-10-24). Retrieved on

10 December 2011.[98] Dhaka metro rail to be mostly elevated (http:/ / www. thedailystar. net/ newDesign/ news-details. php?nid=153679). The Daily Star

(2010-09-05). Retrieved on 10 December 2011.[99] Infrastructure financing in Bangladesh (http:/ / www. thefinancialexpress-bd. com/ more. php?news_id=154742& date=2011-11-01).

Thefinancialexpress-bd.com (2011-11-01). Retrieved on 10 December 2011.[100] CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (http:/ / www. iea. org/ co2highlights/ co2Highlights. XLS) Population 1971–2009 IEA ( pdf (http:/

/ iea. org/ co2highlights/ co2highlights. pdf) pages 87–89)[101] "Bangladesh's Population to Exceed 160 Mln after Final Census Report" (http:/ / english. cri. cn/ 6966/ 2011/ 07/ 24/ 2821s650100. htm).

English.cri.cn. . Retrieved 6 August 2011.[102] " Bangladesh – population (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ bangladesh/ 26. htm)". Library of Congress Country Studies.[103] "Population density – Persons per sq km 2010 Country Ranks" (http:/ / www. photius. com/ rankings/ geography/

population_density_persons_per_sq_km_2010_0. html). . Retrieved 2 October 2010.[104] CIA World Factbook (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ rankorder/ 2102rank.

html?countryName=Bangladesh& countryCode=bg& regionCode=sas& rank=147#bg): Life Expectancy ranks[105] "Background Note: Bangladesh" (http:/ / www. state. gov/ r/ pa/ ei/ bgn/ 3452. htm). Retrieved 11 June 2008.

Bangladesh 22

[106] Rashiduzzaman, M (1998). "Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord: Institutional Features and Strategic Concerns". AsianSurvey 38 (7): 653–670. doi:10.1525/as.1998.38.7.01p0370e.

[107] Constitution of Bangladesh (http:/ / www. parliament. gov. bd/ Constitution_English/ index. htm), Part I, Article 5.[108] S. M. Mehdi Hasan, Condition of English in Bangladesh: Second Language or Foreign Language (http:/ / www. eslteachersboard. com/

cgi-bin/ asia/ index. pl?noframes;read=158). Retrieved 17 July 2007.[109] Strengthening the criminal justice system, chapter 4, Enhancing access to Law and Information (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/

20110607155412/ http:/ / www. adb. org/ Documents/ Books/ Strengthening-Criminal-Justice-system/ default. asp). Asian DevelopmentBank. January 2007. ISBN 978-971-561-617-1. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. adb. org/ Documents/ Books/Strengthening-Criminal-Justice-system/ default. asp) on 7 June 2011. .

[110] "দারিদ্র্য কমেছে, আয় বেড়েছে" (http:/ / www. prothom-alo. com/ detail/ date/ 2011-04-18/ news/ 147495). prothom-alo.com. .Retrieved 18 April 2011.

[111] "WHO | Global Health Observatory Data Repository" (http:/ / apps. who. int/ ghodata/ ?vid=4200& theme=country#). . Retrieved 14February 2012.

[112] "Hospital Beds (Per 10,000 Population) - Globalhealthfacts.org" (http:/ / www. globalhealthfacts. org/ data/ topic/ map. aspx?ind=78). .Retrieved 14 February 2012.

[113] "Child and Maternal Nutrition in Bangladesh" (http:/ / www. unicef. org/ bangladesh/ Child_and_Maternal_Nutrition(1). pdf). .[114] "Bangladesh has world’s highest malnutrition rate" (http:/ / southasia. oneworld. net/ todaysheadlines/

bangladesh-has-highest-rate-of-malnutrition-in-the-world). .[115] "The state of food insecurity in the food 2011" (http:/ / www. fao. org/ docrep/ 014/ i2330e/ i2330e. pdf). .[116] "THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2011" (http:/ / www. unicef. org/ sowc2011/ pdfs/

SOWC-2011-Main-Report_EN_02092011. pdf). .[117] "High Malnutrition in Bangladesh prevents children from becoming "Tigers"" (http:/ / www. gainhealth. org/ press-releases/

high-malnutrition-bangladesh-prevent-children-becoming-�tigers�). .[118] "Bangladesh Healthcare Crisis" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 659674. stm). BBC News. 28 February 2000. . Retrieved 14

February 2012.[119] "Bangladesh – HEALTH" (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ bangladesh/ 48. htm). . Retrieved 14 February 2012.[120] "Dhaka pilgrimage draws millions" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 6328723. stm). BBC News. 4 February 2007. .

Retrieved 29 April 2007.[121] "Bangladesh Buruae of Educational Information and Statistics" (http:/ / www. banbeis. gov. bd/ bd_pro. htm). Banbeis.gov.bd. . Retrieved

3 July 2010.[122] "Community: Sufism in Bangladesh" (http:/ / www. sufismjournal. org/ community/ community. html). Sufism Journal. . Retrieved 3 July

2010.[123] Verdict paves way for secular democracy (http:/ / www. thedailystar. net/ newDesign/ news-details. php?nid=148678). The Daily Star. 30

July 2010. Retrieved on 22 August 2010.[124] Andrew Buncombe (11 July 2010). "Bangladeshi court outlaws fatwa punishments" (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ news/ world/ asia/

bangladeshi-court-outlaws-fatwa-punishments-2024229. html). The Independent (London). . Retrieved 11 July 2010.[125] London, Ellen (2004). Bangladesh. Gareth Stevens Pub.. p. 29. ISBN 0836831071.[126] Logan, Stephen (2008). Asian communication handbook 2008. AMIC. p. 115. ISBN 9814136107.[127] Reuters (25 September 2006). "Cinemas in Bangladesh, Pakistan squeezed by Bollywood" (http:/ / tvnz. co. nz/ content/ 835893/ 3362663.

xhtml). NewIndPress.Com. . Retrieved 2 May 2008.[128] Islam, Roumeen (2002). The right to tell: the role of mass media in economic development. World Bank Publications. p. 268.

ISBN 0821352032.[129] T. Neville Postlethwaite (1988). The Encyclopedia of Comparative Education and National Systems of Education. Pergamon Press. p. 130.

ISBN 0080308538.[130] "University Grant Commission (UGC)" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080318232408/ http:/ / moedu. gov. bd/

about_moe__organizations_ugc. htm). Ministry of Education, Government of Bangladesh. Archived from __organizations_ugc.htm theoriginal (http:/ / moedu. gov. bd/ about_moe) on 18 March 2008. . Retrieved 29 March 2008.

[131] "Bangladesh secure series victory" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ sport2/ hi/ cricket/ 8160263. stm). BBC News. 20 July 2009. . Retrieved 3July 2010.

Bangladesh 23

Bibliography• Baxter, C (1997). Bangladesh, from a Nation to a State. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3632-5. OCLC 47885632.

External links• National Web Portal of Bangladesh (http:/ / www. bangladesh. gov. bd/ )• Bangladesh Government Tourism Organization (http:/ / www. parjatan. gov. bd/ )• All Bangladeshi media (http:/ / www. amrabangladeshi. com/ / )• Bangladesh Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism (http:/ / www. visitbangladesh. gov. bd/ / )• Bangladesh (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ bg. html) entry at The World

Factbook• Bangladesh (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ Asia/ Bangladesh/ ) at the Open Directory Project•• Wikimedia Atlas of Bangladesh• Bangladesh travel guide from Wikitravel• Bangladesh Newspapers & Magazines Directory (http:/ / www. allbdnewspapers. com/ / )• Bangla Newspapers & Magazines Directory (http:/ / www. banglanewspapersite. com/ / )• Key Development Forecasts for Bangladesh (http:/ / www. ifs. du. edu/ ifs/ frm_CountryProfile.

aspx?Country=BD) from International Futures

Article Sources and Contributors 24

Article Sources and ContributorsBangladesh  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=489634387  Contributors: -- April, 10metreh, 12 Noon, 1exec1, 73, A Werewolf, A-giau, AA, AI009, ARC Gritt, AUddin, Aaditpandey, Aagneyaatreya, Aan, Aashaa, Abbeyvet, Abby21488, Abductive, Abidur1234, Abmmohsin, Acather96, Aceleo, Acroterion, Acs4b, Acsenray, AdamRetchless, Aditya Kabir, AdjustShift, Adnandastagir, Adnandx, Adrianbrodal, Aeusoes1, AgarwalSumeet, Ahmedehussain, Ahnaaf, Ahoerstemeier, Ahsan.Rashid, Airplaneman, Aj0007, AjaxSmack, Aka042, Akanemoto, Akgravgaard, Aksi great, Akut, Alansohn, AlaskanSalmon, Alchemist Jack, Aldnonymous, Ale jrb, Aleenf1, AlefZet, Alex.muller, AlexanderKaras, Alexf, AlexiusHoratius, Ali, Aliyevramin, AllGloryToTheHypnotoad, Allstarecho, Alphachimp, Alphathon, Alphazip, Altenmann, Alxeedo, Amanbd, Amanjeet1121, Amatulic, Amazonien, Ambarish, Ambuj.Saxena, AmiDaniel, Amikeco, Amnon s, Amplitude101, Amy Indy, Anaraug, Anastasios, Andonic, Andrew Nutter, Andrewlp1991, Androroeda1, Andy Marchbanks, Andycjp, Andyizerechillin, Andypandy.UK, Angelo De La Paz, Angusmclellan, Ankuriaku, Anna Frodesiak, Ansiddiqi, Anss123, Antandrus, AntiChristKilla, Anupam, Anwarul Islam, Ap234, Apparition11, ArCrazY84, Aravind Vlad, Arch dude, ArchonMeld, AreJay, Arifng, Arla, Armanaziz, Arparag, Art LaPella, Arx Fortis, AshishG, Ashraf isslam, Ashraful, Asifimtiaz.rusho, Asifmt, Askthepatrick, Astrotrain, Atif jalal ahmad, Atparvez, Atulsnischal, AuburnPilot, Audiosmurf, Audree, Auntof6, Austin512, Avala, Avenue, Awais141, AxG, Axe91, Ayla, Ayça Leovinus, Azpayel, B0at, BD2412, BDD, Bachrach44, Baeksu, Baggas, Bagh71, Bakrbinaziz, Bambuway, Banaticus, Bangla Research Foundation, Bangla promote, Bangla-red, BanglaFlag, Bangladesh.wetpaint, Bangladesheatingpand, Bangladeshidude, Bart133, Basawala, Bazaan, Bazonka, Bazza 7, Bd7273, Bdcmc, Bdrashed, Beano ni, Bearian, Bejinhan, Bejnar, Belovedfreak, Ben Ben, Ben-Zin, Bennetto, Bento00, Bentogoa, Bettymnz4, Bhadani, Bharat ki maa ko lun, Bharatveer, Bhojanimihir, Bigboi1234567890, Bihar 2010, Billgunyon, Billy Jeb Jebby Bob, BillyH, Bipugd, Birenderkumar, Biruitorul, Bkell, Black Kite, Black Yoshi, BlackOcelot, BlaiseFEgan, Blanchardb, Bluerasberry, Bluezy, Bob rulz, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Boczpeter, Bogdangiusca, Boing! said Zebedee, Bolivian Unicyclist, Bonadea, Bongwarrior, Bookandcoffee, Bookofjude, Borderhopper, Bornhj, Borok, Bosonic dressing, Boznia, Brctdoc, Brempbremp, Briaboru, Brianbowie, Brianski, Bricksellandmake, Brighterorange, Brilliant Pebble, Brutannica, Buaidh, Buenofool, Buickid, Bull Market, CBM, CDN99, CG1geot, CJM 494, CPES, CWii, Cactus.man, CalJW, Calabaza99, CaliforniaAliBaba, Calliopejen1, Calmer Waters, Calvin 1998, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canadian, CanadianLinuxUser, Canderson7, Canthusus, Cantus, CapitalR, Caponer, CarTick, CardinalDan, CarlKenner, Carlaude, Castorano, Catgut, Catmoongirl, Cchow2, Cdc, Cdrk, Centrx, Chanchal12, CharlesMartel, CharlotteWebb, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Chaser, ChaudhryAzan, Chekaz, Chepanet, Chevinki, Chinwaggy, Chorboon, Chris the speller, ChrisHamburg, Chrisch, Chrism, Christopher Parham, Chrono1084, CieloEstrellado, Cimam, Ckatz, Classicbanna, ClockworkLunch, ClockworkSoul, Closedmouth, Cobi, Collins1189, Collins89, Commander Cyclops, CommonsDelinker, Compaq George, Concord113, Condem, Connorknight21, Conpow, Conservative321, Consistancyalways, Conte di Cavour, Conversion script, Corey Connolly, Corpx, Corvus13, CosineKitty, Courcelles, Cozmikblue, Cpastern, Cpl Syx, Craigy144, Crazycomputers, Credema, Cremepuff222, Crotalus horridus, Cs-wolves, Cst17, Cumulus Clouds, CurtisSwain, Cxz111, Cybercobra, Cyde, D6, DIE!!!!!!!!!!!!!, DIsTiNG-NETwiz, DIsTiNG-dIsTiNG, DMG413, DOS is better than Windows, DVD R W, DVdm, Da edita123, Da1nonli, DaGizza, Dabomb87, Daedalus29z, Damal80, Dan D. Ric, DanMatan, Daniel, Daniel Case, DanielCD, Danny, Dantheman531, Dareq8, Dark Tea, DarkAudit, Darkangel816, Davewild, David Kernow, David Matthews, David matthews, Davidcannon, Dc76, DeadEyeArrow, DeadManWlkng, Deadcorpse, DeadlyAssassin, DeaducK, Deanbd, Dearnetwork, Deavenger, Declan7, Deepak, Deepak D'Souza, Deeptrivia, Deflective, Dejo, Dekisugi, DekuBob83, Delldot, Demonslayer9, Der Golem, DerHexer, Descendall, DesiPula, Developerdroid, Devilishnight, Dewan357, Dgenx223, Dicksam, Died, Difu Wu, DigiBullet, Dilasa, Dilethen, Dina, Dismas, Distal24, Diwas, Doc glasgow, Docu, Dolovis, Dominic, Dominicmatthewteo, Donaldblue, Dosinovsky, DoveOfLove, Download, Dr. Blofeld, Dr.Bhatta, Dr.K., DrKiernan, Dragons flight, Drbreznjev, Drbug, Dropping Helmets, Drpickem, Druid.raul, Drumguy8800, Dsayeed, Dsvyas, Dwaipayanc, Dysprosia, E Pluribus Anthony, E. Ripley, ESkog, Easin, Easyup77, Ebyabe, Ec3371ngo23, Ecad93, Eccentric emotions, Eco84, Ed Poor, Ed g2s, EdH, Eddie6705, Edgar181, Eduardo Sellan III, Eendrani, Efghij, Egon, Ehaque, Ejurrasic, El C, El3mentary, Elberth 00001939, Electionworld, ElementR, Eliezg, ElinorD, Elipongo, Ellafb, Ellsworth, Elockid, ElockidAlternate, Elsaturnino, Emulateme, Enchanter, EncycloPetey, Enok, Entropy, EoGuy, Epbr123, Esha795, Esimal, Esmito, Esobocinski, Essre, Eternal Equinox, Ettrig, Eu.stefan, EugeneZelenko, Euryalus, Euzpr, Evandaeman, EvelinaB, Everyking, Evilbrick90, EvocativeIntrigue, Excirial, Explicit, Exsol, Extraordinary, Eyal0, Eyu100, Ezaz wkpd, FaFor, Faheem Ahmed Badhon, Faiza51, Faizmomen, Falcon007, Falcon8765, Fallout boy, Farhansadeed, Fastily, Fauxvegan, Favonian, Faysalislam, Fconaway, Featherlessbiped, Feinoha, Fertejol, Fida29, Fizan, Flatterworld, Flauto Dolce, FlieGerFaUstMe262, Flosssock1, Fluffernutter, Fmm81can, Forever Dusk, Fosiul, FrancoGG, Fredbauder, Fredrik, Fremsley, Frietjes, Fulham uk1, Funandtrvl, Funnyhat, Futurehealthsys, Fuzheado, Fyunck(click), Fyyer, GBYork, GDonato, GNAA WoW, Gabhran, Gail, Gaius Cornelius, Gandolf, Generalboss3, Geni, Gggh, Gianni V, Gigemag76, Gilliam, Gimmetrow, Gingers have no souls, Giorgostr, Giraffedata, Girmitya, Glen, Glenn, GlooGooBlarg, Gm bayzid, Gnabgib, Gogo Dodo, GoingBatty, Golbez, Gold heart, Goldfritter, Good Olfactory, GoonerDP, Goran.S2, GordyB, Goudzovski, Grace Note, Graham87, Grahamec, Grandalexo, Grape416, Gravitan, Gray hours, Green Giant, Green eyes red tears, Grinner30, Group9EHOH, GroverTheGnome, Gryffindor, Gsarwa, Gtg204y, Guitarhead13, Gurch, Gus Polly, Guy Harris, Gweeky, Gzkn, Gzornenplatz, Gönülçelen, HAHS 25, HDCase, HJ Mitchell, HSUchchas, Habitalert, Hadal, HaireDunya, Haldabd, Hallows AG, HamburgerRadio, Hamidzaman, Hammer1980, Hantzen, Hasan Nahid, Hasan Zenith, Hassanbuet, Hdt83, Headbomb, Heartofgoldfish, Heavenlyblue, Heaðobards, Hedpeguyuk, Heidimo, HeikoEvermann, Helixdq, Hellohello12, Helmsb, Hemanshu, Henrun, HenryLi, Heroeswithmetaphors, HexaChord, Hibernian, Hiding, Highvale, Himel933, Hintha, Hippietrail, HistoryBA, Hiwamy, HkCaGu, Hmains, Hobartimus, Hockeyking123, Hoffman29, Holo16, Honestboy, Horseofthenavy, Hossain Akhtar Chowdhury, Hossainsmz, Hot models bleeding, HotshotCleaner, Hottentot, Howcheng, Huon, Hut 8.5, Hydra351, Hypnotist, IFaqeer, IJA, Ian Pitchford, Ianb, Iazico, Ibbn, Icelikemine, Ichwan Palongengi, Idleguy, Ief, Iftekhar6065, Immunize, Imnotminkus, Imzy, Ingolfson, Interiot, Ioannes Tzimiskes, Iridescent, Irrawaddy, Islamicblood, Islamistan, Issississicootm, It's Nadirboy, Itsalif, Iwanttoeditthissh, J.delanoy, J04n, JFactor, JForget, JHMM13, JNW, JUBAiR, Ja 62, JaGa, Jacerw1998, Jacob Newton, Jafhdc, Jagged 85, Jake, James.oxnam, JamesBWatson, JamesR, Jamie C, Janko, Jarryl Huckson, Jason M, JavierMC, Jawed, Jaxl, Jaxtroue, Jayantanth, Jbhater51, Jc7919, Jedravent, Jeeshan, Jeff G., Jeff Silvers, Jeff3000, Jeffrey Mall, Jeltz, Jenmen, Jesuschristlover, Jfigg003, Jfilliben, Jfioeawfjdls453, Jgorf, Jhabib, Jhenderson777, Jhendin, Jhenry4, Jiang, Jimp, Jimtaip, Jman01, Jmclmets, Jmrburgard, JoSePh, Joachim Weckermann, JoanneB, Joe240792, Joecronin, Joefromrandb, John, John254, JohnOwens, Johnccambell, Johnor, Jojit fb, JonHarder, Jonadab, Jonadin93, Jonaid Siam, Jonny289, Jose77, Joseph Solis in Australia, Josephite esraj, Josh02 11, Joshuaec, Joshuapaquin, Jouke Bersma, Journals15, Joyous!, Jpeloquin, Jrobin08, Jsandlin, Jschnur, Judicatus, Junling, Jusdafax, Jusmar, Jxn, K, KNM, Kabir0202, Kabirferdous, Kalakala420, Kalrashi, Kamalpasha, Kaniz.2008, Kapedkrusader, Karada, Karansuraj, Karl Dickman, Karl.brown, Kartheeque, Katarighe, Kazalku, Kbh3rd, KeigoH, Keilana, Kelisi, Kelzng, Kevin, Kevinpurcell, Kevlar67, Kewaga, Khalid!, Khalidnsu, Khalidshou, Khanfarhan96, Khanolid, Khazar, Khoikhoi, Kicking222, Kiko4564, Killerflamingoes, Kilon22, Kimse, King samsul, KingdomHearts25, Kingdon, Kinghamzaa, Kinnekova, Kintetsubuffalo, Kiran.schwaebe, Kironoryx, Kitch, Kjoonlee, Kkm010, Klope680, Kman665, Kmmhasan, Kneale, Knezovjb, KnowledgeHegemonyPart2, KnowledgeOfSelf, Knulclunk, Knutux, Koavf, Kobac, Kotniski, Koyaanis Qatsi, Koyaanisqatsi, Kozuch, Kr1st1deejay97, Kritikos99, Kross, Krun, Ksh1001, Ktr101, Kukini, Kungfuadam, Kungming2, Kurykh, Kwamikagami, Kww, KyuubiRain, LA2, LOLBFF, Ladenbush, Lalamuk1, Landonfire, Lankiveil, Lazulilasher, LeFigaro, LeaveSleaves, LebanonChild, LeeG, Leland, Lerura, Levineps, Lfc112, Life of Riley, Liftarn, Light48, Lightmouse, Ligulem, LilHelpa, Lilac Soul, Liltnos, Linuxbd, LiquidOcelot24, LittleDan, LittleOldMe, LizardJr8, Lockesdonkey, LonelyMarble, Lonewolf BC, LordSimonofShropshire, Loren.wilton, Lorenj, Lroomberg, LuigiManiac, Luis wiki, Luk, Luna Santin, M.K, M.nelson, MER-C, MITHU, MJCdetroit, MJD86, MJS2300, MKoltnow, MONGO, MPerel, MZMcBride, Maassoom, Mac Davis, MacTire, MackSalmon, Macy, Madman445, Madx1980, Magioladitis, Mahdee Jameel, Mailme420, Mailmurshed, Mainul khan, Majabber, Major Danby, Mak l10n, Maki-Uki, Malcolm Farmer, Mamobinbd, Mamur khan, Managerarc, Manantheloser, ManasShaikh, Manjithkaini, Manticore, Manzil, Manzurul, MapMaster, Maqayum, Marcika, Marco polo, Marek69, Marekzp, Marianocecowski, Mark Riehm, Mark lee stillwell, Marshmir, Martarius, Martinwilke1980, MartrtinS, Marufabir, MastRdick, Master of the Oríchalcos, Masufian, Materialscientist, Mattisgoo, Mattisse, MaxVeers, Maximus Rex, Maxis ftw, Maxtremus, Mayur, McCaster, McSly, Md. Zahid Hossain Shoeb, Md.altaf.rahman, Mdkhassan, Me for all, Mehrab Manzur, Menthaxpiperita, Mentifisto, Mephistophelian, Mesgul82, Meursault2004, Mfa fariz, Mhchintoo, Mhking, Miaow Miaow, Michael Devore, Michael Hardy, Michael Johnson, Michaelpuk1, Michaeltobbylee, MickWest, Mickey gfss2007, Mihoshi, MikeyTMNT, Mikeyg2000, Mikko Paananen, Mild Bill Hiccup, Miljoshi, Millat.ibrahim, Mimihitam, MinaretDk, Mindmatrix, Minimac, MinnesotanConfederacy, Minsar, Mironty, MisfitToys, Mithbyster, Mizan78, Mizzou9807, Mmshimel, MohaiminPatwary, Mohammed Ahad, Mohsin arman, Mohsin086, Moka11, MoneyMantra, Monirul Hassan, Monowarkamal, MontseBL, Moondyne, Moreschi, Morwen, Moszczynski, Mr Adequate, Mr Tan, Mr wow, MrSomeone, Mrahman usa, Mrkshahin, Mrlob, Ms2ger, MsPsychoTiger, Msarker, Msclguru, Msufian, Muhandes, Mujib7, Mukhles, Munirujjaman, Muraad kahn, Mushfique.manzoor, Musicpvm, Mustafa.golam, My penis is a pebble, My76Strat, Mydoctor93, Mysdaao, N-k, N5iln, NAHID, Nadeem hnn, Nadiasupergirl, Nafis ru, Nafiul aust, Nafsadh, Nakon, Naryathegreat, NatalieF25, NawlinWiki, Nazimchy, NazismlsntCool, Nazmul1985, Neddyseagoon, Nedved, Neilc, Nepenthes, Netfrack, Netoholic, New4325, Newhamboy, Newsjessore, Niaz, Niceguyedc, Niceman70, Nichalp, Nick Number, NigelR, Night w, Nightstallion, Nikkul, Nirjhor shrabon, Njaelkies Lea, Nmindos, Nmpenguin, NoGringo, Noah Salzman, Noddy2006, Notedgrant, Notheruser, Nothing444, Nuaaby, NuclearWarfare, Numbo3, Oatmeal batman, Obradovic Goran, Ocatecir, Oda Mari, Odie5533, Ohconfucius, Ohnoitsjamie, OllieFury, Olliejd12, OneGuy, OngNamTe, Onlinecyprus, Oqsaikat, Oroso, Oslove, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Ottawa4ever, OverlordQ, OwenX, Oxymoron83, Pakistan Expert, Pakistan Zindabad 2010, Pakistanfanforeva, Parvez gsm, Pathikbd, Patrick, Patrick-br, Patricknoddy, Paul August, Pavel Vozenilek, Pavone, Pax:Vobiscum, Paxse, Peaceunitybrotherhood, Peaceworld111, Peoplespower, Pepsidrinka, Per aspera ad Astra, PeregrineAY, Peridot17, Peripatetic, Peripitus, Peter Horn, Peter Isotalo, PeterisP, Pezzonovante, Pgan002, Phil Boswell, Philip Trueman, PhnomPencil, Piano non troppo, Piash Chowdhury, Picaroon, Pichpich, Piernodoyuna, Pingveno, Pipnosis, Pjoef, Placebo123, Plasticup, PlatonPskov, PleaseStand, Plopplopfizzfizz, Ploracka, PlumCrumbleAndCustard, Pmpbiker775, Poeloq, Poggydog, Polaron, Polyamorph, Polylepsis, Pommunism, Poor Nuttigus, Prantomi, PrathamMarathi, PrimeHunter, Proabivouac, Prodego, Proudpakipork, Pseudomonas, Puceron, Pureferret, Purusbonum, Pyrospirit, Pômgut, Qaddosh, Qgr, Qif jan25, Quadell, Quantumobserver, QuartierLatin1968, Quebron, QueenCake, Quercus basaseachicensis, Quiddity, Quincy123, Quintote, Quod, Qwerty Binary, Qwertzy, Qwyrxian, Qxz, R'son-W, R3m0t, RA0808, RAMA, RG2, RIPENDIL, Raashtu, Rabbi4455, Radon210, Ragib, Rahimul, Rahman79, Raiankhan, Raihanbhuiyan, Raihankhondker, Rainmanenator, Rajpoot91, Rakibul45D, Rama's Arrow, Ramimuk, RandomRandomz, RandomXYZb, Rarelibra, Rashed, Rashid.naim, Rashidanzoom, Ratibgreat, RattBoy, Ratulahmed, Raul654, Raven2011, Raven4x4x, Ravikumarsinha, RayAYang, Raymond1603, Raymondwinn, Rdsmith4, Readro, Realton, Reaper Eternal, Recurring dreams, Red Winged Duck, Redtigerxyz, Redvers, RegentsPark, Reinyday, Reisio, Remiel, Reverting is getting really easy for me, RexNL, Rezwan, Rich Farmbrough, Richard D. LeCour, Richterks, Rick Block, Ricky Critchfield, Ridethedragon, Ridwan Gazi, Ridwan1431, Rif Winfield, River0188, Rizalninoynapoleon, Rjd0060, Rjwilmsi, Rkt2312, Rms1, Rnucu, Rnurul, Roadrunnaz, Rob Hooft, RobertG, Robinsloan, Rocastelo, Rockabusty, Rocking.sadia, Rocksmkratmyhouse, Roger0113, Rokfaith, Romanm, Ronebofh, Ronhjones, Ronkid85, RossPatterson, Rossi101, Roxanna samii, Rpeckors, Rrburke, Rrius, Rsl12, Rudeboy247, RuhitRahman, Russelljohn, Ruy Lopez, Rynsaha, Ryulong, S h i v a (Visnu), SF007, SJP, SQL, SUM OF ALL FEARS, SWAdair, Sabbir, Sadharan akjan, Sadmanul Islam, Saforrest, Saif tinku, Saimum2010, Sajib aust, Sakawat crsc, Sam Spade, SamEV, Samantha555, Samdacruel, SameerKhan, Samikib, Sammeul, Samrolken, Sango123, Sanya3, Saptahrshi, Saravask, Sarcelles, Sardanaphalus, Sarvagnya, Sassisch, Sayutee, Sazzadhasan, Sbridgesbridge, Sc147, Scartboy, Scipius, Sciurinæ, Scott123180, ScottishGunner, Seahorseruler, Seanwal111111, Searcher 1990, Seb az86556, Secfan, Selene Moon, Semmler, Sen.tanima, Sen499, Serblood, Seric2, Sgc2cfan1995, Shadow demon, Shadowjams, Shafad, Shafkatsharif, ShaheedHaque, Shahriar Kabir, Shaktipravesh, Shalom Yechiel, Shalomshalom1, Shammy du, Shamresh, ShamsMaudood, Shamscalade, Shanes, Shanmugamp7, Sharol Gagon, Shawon91, Shaykat120, Sheehan, Sheilajep, Shell Kinney, Sherri J1990, Shibaab, Shibleeratan, Shihab272, Shila 9321, Shilpakala, Shlopolikerleegomareelsenheimer, Shmilyshy, Shmitra, Shoheldhaka,

Article Sources and Contributors 25

Shorespirit, Shoretown Base, Shredder2012, Shreshth91, Shushruth, Shuvojitshil, Signalhead, SilkTork, Silviarockshehehe6, SimonP, Simonides, Sinhala freedom, SiobhanHansa, Sir Edgar,Sirrontail, Sivaraj, Sjharten, Skapur, SkinnedAardvark093, Sky Attacker, Slavechild, SlimVirgin, Smart194, SmartGuy, Smilesfozwood, Smilitude, Smokizzy, Smrahman80, Smsshafi,Snapcracker, Snarden, Sneckers, Snowdog, Snowolf, Sohailstyle, Sohel, Soldadito de Plomo, Soldier's Pillage, Soman, Sonlovesart, Soosed, Souvik.arko, SpaceFlight89, Spain001, Spartian,Specter01010, Spencer, Spentsuch, Splash, SpookyMulder, Spredzgeek, SpuriousQ, Squids and Chips, Srikeit, Ssarowar, Ssultana22, Stadric, Stallions2010, StaticVision, Stay cool, Steinbach,Stephenb, Steve2011, Steven Zhang, Storm Rider, Strangebuttrue, Strongbad1982, Student7, Subratakdas, Subtropical-man, Sugarcane54, Suisui, SumitAwal, Sumon A. R, Sundar, Suntzu3500,Suomi Finland 2009, Surajcap, Surajt88, Sweet xx, Sycomonkey, Symane, Synchronism, TGilmour, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, THEunique, THUGCHILDz, TJ Spyke, TUF-KAT, Taajikhan,Tahmidahmed13, Tahmidcx, Tallamaney, Tallungs, Tangotango, Tanjir, Tanthalas39, Tanveerislam, Tanvir Ahmmed, Tanvirchowdhury, Tanweeliang1988, Tanweer Morshed, Taospark,Tarekbd, Tarikash, Tarikur, Tarquin, Tasawwar raja, Tasc, Taslimul, Tasnova, Taukeer, TawsifSalam, Taxman, Taylor975, Tbhotch, Tchoutka, TeaDrinker, Team4Technologies, Tedickey,Teleomatic, TelusFielder, Template namespace initialisation script, Terence, TestPilot, Tfqhmd, Tgeairn, ThaGrind, Thayts, The Anome, The Earwig, The Lion Sleeps, The OnGon, TheRambling Man, The Rogue Penguin, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Transhumanist, The idiot, TheChrisD, TheGreenEditor, TheWerdna97, Thecheesykid, Thegreyanomaly, Thehelpfulone,Thekidd963, Theo10011, Theodolite, Therequiembellishere, Theurgist, ThiagoRuiz, Thingg, Thinker2006, Thinking-ape, Thinknwork, Thisthat2011, Thomasbryson112, ThreeDee912,Thricecube, Tiddly Tom, Tide rolls, Tidying Up, Tigershrike, Tim Starling, Timberframe, Timir2, Timrollpickering, Tiptoety, Tktktk, Tnlock, Toba1, Tobby72, Tobias Conradi, Tom Hillstrom,Tom Radulovich, Tom harrison, Tomdo08, Tommy2010, Tomntom, Tonmoytonmoy, Tony Sidaway, Tony1, Tonyjeff, Tpbradbury, Trackinfo, Travelbird, Tree Biting Conspiracy, Treemapper,Treos, Tresiden, Trev M, TreveX, Treyp, Trialsanderrors, Trinanjon, Truthinny, Trvsdrlng, Ttownfeen, TuffeUffe, Turlo Lomon, Turmeric3, Tuxide, TwoHundredOk, Tyir, USAMA BIN AMIR,Ucucha, Uglies8825, UkPaolo, Umar Zulfikar Khan, Umran Chowdhury, Uncemaster3000, UndefinedTM, Ungvichian, Unionin, Unitedrgr812, Unmesh Bangali, Unsynchronized, Urnonav, Usbison power, Usingha, V6g3h7, Vague Rant, Valley2city, Van helsing, Vanished 6551232, Vardion, Vary, Vegasprof, Veinor, Versageek, Versus22, Vgranucci, Vicarvictor, Viewer9,Viewfinder, Vikramsingh, Vina, Violentbob, Viridian, Vishnava, Vojvodaen, VolatileChemical, Volunteer Marek, Voyaging, Vrenator, WTucker, WadeSimMiser, Wahid25, Wahid953, Waltloc,Wavelength, Wayne Slam, We are all sockpuppets, Wellphine, Welsh, WetHam, Wextember, Whiskey in the Jar, WhisperToMe, Whitaker104126, Who, Whouk, Wibbum, Widefox, Wii Havyh,Wik, WikHead, Wiki Wikardo, Wiki alf, Wikiassangeforever, Wikibd, Wikidea, Wikimono111, Wikisopher, Wikitanvir, William Avery, William M. Connolley, Willking1979, Wimt,Windchaser, Witchzilla, Wknight94, Woccker123, Wockertin, Woohookitty, WriterHound, Wsnbd, Wōdenhelm, X!, X.darlin, Xalan mustafa, Xanmedi, Xanzzibar, Xcubic, Xdamr, Xenon007,Xopink51, Yahel Guhan, Yahia.barie, Yamakiri, Yaris678, Yarnalgo, Yattum, YellowAssessmentMonkey, YellowMonkey, Ynhockey, Yoasif, YourEyesOnly, Yoursonly, Zachlipton, Zaheen,Zaki47bd, Zakuragi, Zamphuor, Zayiaf62089, Zaza8675, Zbd, Zefiax, Zemima115, Zerdulah, Zeus1234, Zfr, Ziaul1976, Zidanie5, Zip600001, Zscout370, Zsinj, Zsombi1397, Zulzub, Δ,Александър, 3621 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Tonyjeff,based on national symbolFile:Bangladesh_(orthographic_projection).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bangladesh_(orthographic_projection).svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Shahid Parvez. Based on a file by User:Ssolbergj. Original uploader was Parvez gsm at en.wikipediaFile:Increase2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SarangImage:Speakerlink.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speakerlink.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Woodstone. Original uploader wasWoodstone at en.wikipediaFile:Paharpur 03.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paharpur_03.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Murtoza at en.wikipediaFile:Lalbager Kella 01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lalbager_Kella_01.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Sfaisal2005File:Shat Gombuj Mosque (ষাট গম্বুজ মসজিদ) 002.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shat_Gombuj_Mosque_(ষাট_গম্বুজ_মসজিদ)_002.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Ashif Anam SiddiqueFile:Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban (Roehl).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jatiyo_Sangshad_Bhaban_(Roehl).jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Karl Ernst Roehl (ke.roehl AT web.de)File:BNS Bongobondhu2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BNS_Bongobondhu2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors:Mehdi Hasan DohaFile:Bangladesh Air Force Mig-29.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bangladesh_Air_Force_Mig-29.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Sajib austFile:Bangladesh divisions english.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NafsadhFile:Satellite image of Bangladesh in October 2001.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Satellite_image_of_Bangladesh_in_October_2001.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFCFile:Boats Bangladesh.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Boats_Bangladesh.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Shahnoor Habib MunmunImage:Cox's Bazar panorama.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cox's_Bazar_panorama.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: -File:Panthera tigris tigris.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Panthera_tigris_tigris.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Hollingsworth, John and Karen,retouched by ZwoenitzerFile:Agriculture of Bangladesh 11.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Agriculture_of_Bangladesh_11.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Balaram MahalderFile:Tree map export 2009 Bangladesh.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tree_map_export_2009_Bangladesh.jpeg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Clusternote, TreemapperFile:Jamuna Bridge.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jamuna_Bridge.jpg  License: Creative Commons world66  Contributors: Juiced lemon, Ragib, 1 anonymouseditsFile:Worlds biggest ship breaking yard in Bangladesh by Idolhunter Lckuang.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Worlds_biggest_ship_breaking_yard_in_Bangladesh_by_Idolhunter_Lckuang.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Xalan mustafaImage:Cox's Bazar boats.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cox's_Bazar_boats.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors:User:ed_g2sFile:Languages of Bangladesh map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Languages_of_Bangladesh_map.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:MapMasterImage:Motijheel.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Motijheel.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Tanweer drmcFile:Biswa Ijtema Dhaka Bangladesh.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Biswa_Ijtema_Dhaka_Bangladesh.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: MuntasirmamunimranFile:Pohela boishakh 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pohela_boishakh_2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Ragib,Ranveig, Zureks, 2 anonymous editsFile:Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sher-e-Bangla_National_Cricket_Stadium.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Souvik.arkoFile:Bangabandhu national stadium.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bangabandhu_national_stadium.jpeg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Sajib aust

License

License 26

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/