1HivosIUCN NederlandOxfam NovibSolidaridad WWF

Barmetro del Caf2014Sjoerd Panhuysen & Joost PierrotzTraducido por Laura Galn

VietnamVietnamVietnamVietnamVietnamVietnamVietnamVietnamVietnamVietnam22 mio bags22 mio bags22 mio bags22 mio bags

India5 mio 5 mio

EthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopia6 mio

IndonesiaIndonesia13 mio bags13 mio bags

10 /ha

13 /ha

7

40 bags / ha

2 1

over 100 million people in its producing and processing. Smallholder coee farm-ers, together with their families and rural workers produce over 70 per cent of this labour intensive crop. Women comprise half the productive workforce and play a crucial role that often goes unnoticed. However, to retain the involvement of rural youth is a challenge as they often aspire to a dierent future and seek employment outside the coee sector.

Historically, declining terms of trade and price volatility have plagued coee produc-tion. This makes poverty reduction, which is essential to ensure the sustainability of the sector, both an important and diffi cult chal-lenge. Figure 3 presents an overview of the main social, economic and environmental challenges for smallholders and plantation labourers. These problems at the produc-tion level are compounded by the eects of changing climatic conditions. The Inter-national Coee Organization [9] acknow-ledges that the world coee sector is facing major challenges from climate change. Prolonged droughts, raised temperatures or heavy rains make the harvest seasons unpredictable.

The situation is alarming. Erratic tempera-ture and rainfall can aect coee plants directly, by bringing about sub-optimal growing conditions, and indirectly, by providing favourable conditions for pests and diseases such as coee rust and the

berry borer [1]. These changes aect yields and quality, and increase production costs leading to drastic reductions of producer income. Due to the interconnected nature of livelihoods climate change impacts, it ag-gravates existing problems in food security, water supplies and agricultural production. Especially vulnerable are poor households with small coee landholdings, who gener-ally depend on this crop and have few other sources of income. For many smallholder coee farmers, climate change impacts are already outpacing their ability to cope [11,16].

Coee is regarded as a lead indicator for sustainable commodity crops; it often sets the pace and others follow. The world mar-ket share of sustainable coee that adheres to social, environmental and economic standards has grown rapidly in recent years. Coee companies, traders and roasters are making signifi cant investments in coee farming through partnerships with public and private institutions in many countries. These developments can make coee farm-ers less vulnerable to the markets boom and bust cycle. Nevertheless, major players in the sector have a collective responsibil-ity and leadership role in adapting to and, in some cases, mitigating further climate change. Clearly, the eects and conse-quences of climate change must be tackled sector wide which no doubt poses a severe challenge to our current concepts of sus-tainable coee production [2] . The ques-tion that arises then is: can our standard systems provide comprehensive solutions?

Coee Barometer 2014 explores the global and local dimensions of the coee produc-tion system, by observing how the social,

1 IntroduccinContenido

Figure 2 Coee supply chain

Figure 1 on the cover: Top ten coee production countries in 2013 and volume per hectare

1 Introduccin pgina1

2 Aspectos ecolgicos, econmicos y sociales de la produccin de caf pgina 3

3 Cambios climticos y caf pgina 6

4 Sistemas de estndares voluntarios de caf pgina 12

5 El top diez de tostadores de caf pgina 16

6 Conclusin pgina 22

7 Literatura & fuentes pgina24

Pequeo Cacultor

Cereza seca Caf Verde Caf tostado / instantneo

Transador Exportador Tostador Consumidor

Estate (con planta de curado propia)

Catering

Retail

Planta de curado Cooperativa

El caf, cultivado en ms de 80 pases de Amrica Central y del Sur, frica y Asia, se sita dentro de los productos agrcolas ms valiosos del mundo. El cultivo de caf provee recursos para alrededor de 20-25 millones de familias de productores [4], e involucra a ms de 100 millones de personas en actividades de produccin y procesamiento. Pequeos productores, en conjunto con sus familias y trabajadores rurales, producen el 70% de este cultivo de labor intensiva. Las mujeres representan la mitad de la fuerza laboral productiva y juegan un rol crucial que con frecuencia se pasa por alto. Sin embargo, conservar el envolvimiento juvenil es un reto debido a que los jvenes frecuentemente aspiran a un futuro diferente y buscan empleo por fuera del sector cafetero.

Histricamente, el declive de los trminos de comercio y la volatilidad de los precios han plagado la produccin cafetera. Esto hace de la reduccin de la pobreza, esencial para asegurar la sostenibilidad del sector, un reto tanto importante como difcil. La gura 3 ofrece un panorama de los retos sociales, econmicos, y ambien-tales que enfrentan los pequeos produc-tores y los trabajadores de los plantos. Estos problemas al nivel de la produccin se han agravado a razn de las condiciones climticas cambiantes. La Organizacin Internacional del Caf (OIC) [9] reconoce que el sector cafetero se encuentra con desafos importantes derivados de los cambios climticos. Sequas prolongadas, temperaturas elevadas, o lluvias intensivas hacen que las temporadas de cosecha sean impredecibles.

La situacin es alarmante. Las errticas temperaturas y precipitaciones pueden afectar las plantas de caf directamente, generando condiciones poco ptimas para el crecimiento, e indirectamente, provey-endo condiciones ptimas para el desarrol-lo de enfermedades y plagas, como oxidacin de las hojas o la broca, respecti-vamente [1]. Estos cambios afectan los tiempos y la calidad, e incrementan los costos de produccin que derivan en

reducciones drsticas de ingresos a los productores. Debido a la naturaleza interconectada del impacto a los modos de vida por los cambios climticos, se agravan problemas ya existentes en seguridad alimenticia, suministros de agua y produc-cin agrcola. Son especialmente vulnera-bles los hogares pobres que son pequeos productores, quienes generalmente dependen de este cultivo en especco y difcilmente tienen otras fuentes de ingreso. Para los pequeos productores, los impactos por el cambio climtico ya estn superando las capacidades que tienen para hacerles frente [11,16].

El caf suele ser tenido en cuenta como un indicador principal para los cultivos de productos sostenibles; con frecuencia establece el ritmo y otros productos lo siguen. La cuota de mercado del caf sostenible que se atiende a los estndares sociales, ambientales y econmicos, ha aumentado rpidamente en los ltimos aos. Las compaas de caf, transadores y tostadores, estn haciendo inversiones importantes en la produccin de caf a travs de asociaciones con instituciones pblicas y privadas en varios pases. Estos avances pueden hacer que los productores sean menos vulnerables a los vaivenes cclicos del mercado. No obstante, a los grupos de inters del sector les corresponde una responsabilidad colectiva para liderar la adaptacin y, en algunos casos, incluso mitigar cambios climticos por venir. Claramente, los efectos y las consecuencias del cambio climtico deben ser considerados y enfrentados desde la totalidad del sector, pues sin duda presentan un serio desafo para nuestros conceptos actuales de produccin sostenible de caf [2]. La pregunta que surge entonces es Pueden nuestros sistemas estandarizados ofrecer una solucin integral?

El Barmetro del Caf 2014 explora las dimensiones locales y globales del sistema de produccin de caf, observando cmo los aspectos sociales, econmicos y ecolgicos se encuentran interconectados.

Laura Galan

Laura Galan

Laura Galan

Laura Galan

Laura Galan

2 3

economic and ecological aspects are inter-twined. On the one hand we have noticed that co ee producers are experiencing di erent climate change related impacts, on the other hand there are only few and frag-mented adaptation and mitigation measures being implemented in the co ee sector to cope with this new reality. We will examine recent developments in the co ee market to trace the main trends. An attempt will be made to identify the consequences of

climate change in di erent co ee producing countries and present an overview of case studies advocating adaptation strategies. In view of the challenges faced by the co ee sector, market development for sustainable co ee and its procurement by the worlds top ten co ee roasters will be discussed. In conclusion, diverse aspects of a sustainable co ee sector will be linked to an agenda that places co ee farmers at the centre of strategies for change.

In crop year 2012/13, co ee farmers produced a record crop of 145.1 million 60-kg bags [10] (see Figure 4). Arabica and Robusta are the two main types of co ee. Arabica, mainly grown at high altitudes in Latin America (including Brazil) and North-east Africa, accounts for 60 percent of world production. A high proportion of this high quality co ee is grown by small-scale farmers who produce in high altitude grow-ing areas. Robusta has a much stronger taste than Arabica, and is grown in humid areas at low altitudes in Asia, Western and Central Africa, and Brazil. It is more re-sistant to diseases and produces a higher yield per tree. Production of Robusta, which is well suited for instant co ee, has over the last decade, increased signifi cantly up to 40 percent of world production [3] .

Total land dedicated to co ee production covers a relatively small area of agricultural land, around 10,5 million hectares [3,20] . Four countries dominate global co ee pro-duction: Brazil (35 percent), Vietnam (15 percent), Indonesia (9 percent) and Colombia (7 percent), (see Figure 1) [10]. The production per hectare di ers greatly from respectively 24 bags per hectare on average in Brazil, to 40 bags in Vietnam and only 7 bags in Indonesia [17]. Co ee cultivation is expanding in a big way in Vietnam and Indonesia, with mono-cropping and sun-grown co ee as the norm [1,3], and to a lesser extent in Ethiopia, Peru and Honduras [3] . In China, multinationals such as Nestl and Starbucks are assisting farm-ers, in cooperation with the government in Yunnan Province, to undertake a large-scale shift from tea to co ee production [15]. Given that many co ee growing regions are home to some of the most delicate ecosys-

tems on earth, expanding co ee cultivation tends to replace habitats of particularly high biodiversity value. The potential of seri-ous damage to critical ecosystem services is disturbingly high, because of deforesta-tion to expand land under co ee cultivation. Furthermore, the intensifi cation of co ee cultivation per hectare will increasingly take place in more marginal production areas with unstable production conditions, including lower soil quality, erosion and more limited access to water. Deforestation and erosion are examples of environmental impacts associated with cultivating co ee (see Figure 3).In other countries, there are signs of co ee plantations being abandoned, especially in Central America, which has been hit hard by roya, the co ee rust disease. In recent years, roya a ected nearly 600,000 ha (55 percent of the total area). This will reduce employment by 30 to 40 per cent during the 2013/2014 harvest. At least 1,4 million people in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua depend on the co ee sector [10]. Many of the smaller producing coun-tries are heavily dependent on their co ee exports. For example, co ee accounts for more than half the total export income in Burundi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia and more than 20 per cent in Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua [10].

The volatile nature of green co ee prices is well known. The causal factors, largely systemic, include new plantings having a lengthy unproductive period as well as changing production conditions; specula-tive trading is also an element. Around 2002, producer prices plummeted to an all-time low. Green bean co ee prices were often below the cost of production.

2 Aspectos ecolgicos, econmicos y sociales de la produccin de caf

Smallholder level Estate level

Food insecurityMalnutritionPoor access to education and healthcareGender inequalityAgeing farmer communitiesMigration & young people leaving co ee farming

Labour abuseLimited access to clean waterPoor living conditionsDiscriminationGender inequalitySexual harassment

Green bean prize volatilityLow productivityLack of farm creditLack of market informationLack of direct market accessRising cost of livingAgeing co ee treesLand tenure uncertaintyLimited access to insurance instrumentsPoor services through farmer organisationsNo living incomeTaxation

Green bean prize volatilityHigh casualization of labourUn- and under-employmentLow formal minimum wagesNo living wageLack of income diversifi cation (especially for temporary workers)TaxationPartial freedom of associationLimited collective bargaining

Conversion of primary forest habitat deforestation - loss of biodiversity and habitat destruction soil erosion and degradation agrochemical use and run-o radation of water quality and supply limited waste water management eutrophication - co ee pests and tree diseases mono-culture sun cropping

Figure 3 : Overview of the social, economic and environmental issues at the producer level

Soci

al is

sues

Econ

omic

al is

sues

Envi

ronm

enta

l

Por una parte hemos notado que los produc-tores de caf estn experimentando una diversidad de impactos referentes a los cambios climticos, y por otra parte slo hay pocas y fragmentarias medidas de adaptacin y mitigacin implementadas en el sector cafetero para hacer frente a esta nueva realidad. Examinaremos avances recientes en el mercado cafetero para as trazar las corrientes dominantes. Se har el intento de

climticos en diferentes pases productores y se presentar un panorama de casos de estudios que exhorten a la implementacin

de estrategias de adaptacin. Con miras a los retos enfrentados por el sector cafetero, el desarrollo de mercado para comercio sostenible de caf y su obtencin por parte de los diez tostadores lderes en el mundo sern discutidos. En conclusin, diversos aspectos de un sector cafetero sostenible han de ser asociados a travs de una estrategia que site a los productores en el centro de las estrate-gias para el cambio.

En la cosecha de los aos 2012/13 los productores registraron un rcord de produccin de 145.1 millones de sacos de 60 kg [10] (ver Figura 4). Arabica y Robusta son los dos tipos dominantes de caf. La especie Arabica, cultivada principalmente en elevadas altitudes en Amrica Latina (incluyendo a Brasil) y en frica Nororiental, representa el 60% de la produccin mundial. Una buena proporcin de este caf de alta calidad es cultivado por pequeos produc-tores que se establecen reas de cultivo en altitudes elevadas. Robusta tiene un sabor mucho ms fuerte que Arabica, y es cultivado en reas hmedas de baja altitud en Asia, frica Occidental y Central, y Brasil. Es mucho ms resistente a las enfermedades y registra un mayor rendimiento por arbusto. La produccin de Robusta, ms adecuada para las preparaciones instantneas, a lo largo de la ltima dcada ha aumentado signicativa-mente hasta ascender a cerca del 40% de la produccin mundial [3].

El rea dedicada para la produccin de caf cubre una porcin relativamente pequea de supercie agrcola, alrededor de 10,5 millones de hectreas [3,20]. Cuatro pases dominan la produccin mundial de caf: Brasil (35%), Vietnam (15%), Indonesia (9%) y Colombia (7%), (ver Figura 1) [10]. La produccin por hectrea diere amplia-mente, respectivamente desde 24 sacos por hectrea en promedio en Brasil, a 40 sacos en Vietnam y solo 7 sacos en Indonesia [17]. El cultivo de caf est expandindose drstica-mente en Vietnam e Indonesia, en donde predomina el monocultivo y el caf de cultivo al sol [1,3], y ms moderadamente en Etiopa, Per, y Honduras [3]. En China, multinacionales como Nestl o Starbucks estn capacitando a los productores en la provincia de Yunnan, para emprender un giro a gran escala de la produccin de t a la de caf [15]. Dado que muchas de las regiones productoras de caf se encuentran en algunos de los ms delicados ecosistemas de la tierra, la expansin del cultivo de caf tiende a reemplazar hbitats de particular-mente alto valor de biodiversidad. El potencial de daos serios a servicios crticos

de ecosistemas es inquietantemente alto, debido a la deforestacin para expandir las supercies al servicio del cultivo de caf. Adicionalmente, la intensicacin del cultivo de caf por hectrea va incrementalmente a situarse en reas de produccin marginales con condiciones de produccin inestables, incluyendo baja calidad de suelos, erosin y limitado acceso a fuentes de agua. La deforestacin y la erosin son ejemplos de los impactos ambientales asociados al cultivo de caf (Ver gura 3).

En otros pases hay signos de abandono en plantos de caf, especialmente en Amrica Central, vctima de fuertes plagas de roya, un hongo que oxida a las hojas de las plantas. En aos recientes, la roya ha afectado a cerca de 600.000 hectreas (cerca del 55% del rea total). Esto va a reducir los ndices de empleo entre el 30% y el 40% para la cosecha 2013/2014. Al menos 1,4 millones de personas en Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, y Nicaragua dependen del sector cafetero [10]. Muchos de los pases pequeos productores son fuertemente dependientes de sus exportaciones de caf. Por ejemplo, el caf representa cerca de la mitad del total del ingreso por exportaciones en Ruanda, Burundi, Etiopa, y ms del 20% en Guatema-la, Honduras, y Nicaragua.

La naturaleza voltil del precio de grano verde de caf es bien conocida. Los factores causales, ampliamente sistemticos, incluyen el que nuevas plantaciones tengan largos periodos improductivos as como tambin condiciones de produccin cambiantes; los intercambios especulativos son tambin un elemento. Hacia 2002 los precios de produc-cin se desplomaron en un bajn histrico. Los precios del caf verde llegaron a estar por debajo del costo de produccin. Lo anterior desencaden una serie de conse-cuencias adversas dentro de los trabajadores rurales y los pequeos productores, incluyendo hambrunas, ruptura de familias y comunidades, y migraciones hacia las ciudades [18]. A pesar de incrementos signicativos en el precio internacional del caf verde (ver Figura 4: Pico de precios en la

Laura Galan

Laura Galan

Laura Galan

4 5

This unleashed a series of adverse conse-quences among rural workers and small-scale farmers, including hunger, break up of families and communities, and migration to cities [18]. Despite signifi cant increases in the international price of green coee (see Figure 4: Price spike in season 2010/11), the dynamics of the coee market have not shifted in a ways that guarantees long-term stability for those at the bottom of the supply chain. The decline in 2012/13 coee prices is apparently due to an oversupply of green beans to the market reaching levels that harm growers. The average of the ICO composite indicator price fell to 119,51 US cents/lb in 2012/13 compared to 156,34 US cents/lb in 2011/12 and 210,39 US cents/lb. in 2010/11 [10] (see Figure 4).

In all coee producing countries small-scale farmers, men and women, face particular challenges in building their livelihoods from agriculture and in overcoming poverty.

Generally, these coee growers are not well organized, as a consequence they lack mar-ket information and bargaining power. Low and volatile prices for their green beans and increasing production costs, due to ris-ing prices of key inputs, such as fertilizers, transportation and labour, discourage entre-preneurial activity and necessary long-term investments in their farms. Since, coee producers receive only a small share of the fi nal market value, this poor deal may limit their incentives to farm sustainably and adopt good agricultural practices. [6,8]

Over 80 percent of the coee produced in the world is traded internationally. Its export value amounts to US$ 33.4 billion and retail sales are estimated to fetch over US$ 100 billion [20]. Coees popularity is steadily increasing and in 2012 global consumption

totaled 142 million bags [10]. Consump-tion of specialty high quality coees has expanded. The demand for low-quality cof-fee beans has also increased refl ecting the popularity of instant and fl avored coees. Coee consumption is highest in Brazil, USA and Europe. Rising consumer income and increasing standards of living, espe-cially of the growing middle class in Asia, have given coee a boost. More and more consumers in Asia are drinking coee; projected growth in India and Indonesia is high and expectations from China are even higher [10]. Instead of the coee producers, buyers, processors, traders, roasters and retailers capture much of the value in the coee supply chain.

ICO composite price

world consumption (mio bags)world production (mio bags)Arabica + Robusta

Figure 4: Arabica and Robusta Production and Consumption, with ICO composite price, period 2003 2013

42 robusta

43 robusta41 robusta

42 robusta

50 robusta

50 robusta

50 robusta 53 robusta

56 robusta

74 robusta

48 robusta

106 total:

116 total:111 total:

117 total:

129 total:

123 total:

133 total: 134 total:

142

128 total:

112

120 120

129132 132

137140 145 total:

165 expectedconsumption:

125

64 arabica

73 arabica70 arabica

75 arabica79 arabica

73 arabica

83 arabica 81 arabica

89 arabica91 arabica

80 arabica

62,15

89,36

95,75

107,68

124,25

115,67

147,24

210,39

119,51

156,34

51,90 US cents/LB

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20202013

temporada 2010/11), las dinmicas del mercado cafetero no se han transformado en maneras que se garantice una estabilidad a largo plazo para aquellos que se encuentran a la base de la cadena de suministro. El declive de precios en 2012/13 se debe aparentemente a una sobreoferta de caf verde en el mercado que alcanz niveles que afectaron negativa-mente a los productores. El promedio del indicador compuesto de precios de la OIC cay a 119,51 centavos de dlar por libra en 2012/13, comparado con 156,34 en 2011/12 y 210,39 en 2010/11 [10] (ver Figura 4).

En todos los pases productores de caf, los pequeos productores, hombres y mujeres, enfrentan desafos particulares al momento de consolidar sus medios de vida desde la agricultura para superar la pobreza.

Generalmente, estos productores de caf no estn debidamente organizados, y como consecuencia carecen de informacin sobre el mercado y de poder de negociacin. Los precios bajos y voltiles del caf verde junto con incrementos en los costos de produccin, asociados a los incrementos de los precios de insumos claves como fertilizantes, transporte, y

mano de obra, disuaden actividades de emprendimiento as como inversiones necesarias a largo plazo en sus tierras. En consecuencia, los productores de caf reciben nicamente porciones pequeas del precio nal de mercado, y este pobre intercambio limita los incentivos para el cultivo sostenible y para adoptar buenas polticas de agricultura. [6,8]

Ms del 80% del caf producido se comercia internacionalmente. Los valores de exportacin ascienden a los 33,4 miles de millones de dlares, y los precios de venta al detal se estima que captan hasta 100 miles de millones [20]. La popularidad del caf asciende con estabilidad y hacia 2012 el consumo global se estima en 142 millones de sacos [10]. El consumo especializa-do de cafs de alta calidad se ha expandido. La demanda de granos de caf de baja calidad tambin se ha incrementado, reejando la popularidad de los cafs instantneos y saborizados. El consumo ms elevado de caf se encuentra Brasil, Estados Unidos, y Europa. El incremento de ingresos del consumidor y los

crecientes estndares de vida, especialmente en la creciente clase media en Asia, le han dado al caf un impulso. Cada vez ms consumidores en Asia estn bebiendo caf; el crecimiento proyectado para India e Indonesia es alto y las expectativas para China son an ms altas [10]. En lugar de los productores de caf, compra-dores, procesadores, transadores, tostadores y vendedores capturan gran parte del valor de la cadena de suministro del caf.

6 7

There is growing evidence that co ee culti-vation is under threat in some regions that are most vulnerable to climate change. Areas currently suitable for co ee will decrease substantially by, as soon as, 2020, with the potential to disrupt current produc-tion and trade practices signifi cantly [1,2,13].

The ideal temperature range for growing co ee is 15-24C for Arabica co ee and 24-30C for Robusta. Although Robusta can fl ourish in hotter and drier conditions it can-not tolerate temperatures much below 15C, as Arabica can for short periods. Whereas, Robusta co ee can be grown from sea level to about 800 meters, Arabica fl ourishes at higher altitudes and is often grown in hilly areas. Co ee needs an annual rainfall of 1500-3000 mm. The pattern of rainy and dry periods is important for growth, budding and fl owering. A combination of spells of high temperature, dry weather and heavy rain has stimulated outbreaks of roya, the co ee rust disease [10].

We present below overviews of eight case studies with the evidence for observed impacts and forecasts of potential e ects of climate change on co ee production in Central and South America, Africa and Asia. The evidence base includes project reports, peer-reviewed journal articles and grey literature, and meet the following criteria: 1. Open access of the full text online 2. Focus on the co ee sector 3. Focus on the production level and/or

value chain impacts4. Geographic diversity.

It is beyond the scope of this publication to discuss all in detail, but the examples communicate a number of issues on which there is general agreement, [see also 1,12,13,14,21]:

The only certainties regarding the impact of climate change on co ee are increasing uncertainty and variability, and an increase in frequency and severity of extreme events (storms, hurricanes, droughts, etc.).

The diversity of ways and environments in which co ee is grown means that the e ects of climate change will be very diverse, impacts at smaller scales (intra-regional and within countries) may be severe but hard to predict.

Climate change will a ect the global cof-fee trade patterns, prices and volumes, with wider macroeconomic consequences. Some African countries are particularly vulnerable to additional impacts of climate change, due to their unfavourable posi-tioning in international trade.

Understanding the implications of these changes is essential for smallholder farm-ers to develop and adopt adaptation stra-tegies. Successful adaptation in the co ee sector will require collaborative networks, sharing knowledge and collective invest-ments.

Production decisions should be based on long-term scenarios of change, because co ee is a perennial crop requiring high levels of initial capital investments, with a 10-15 year time horizon.

3 Cambio climtico y caf Haiti

Uganda

Country: Haiti Year: 2013 Authors: Eitzinger A; Lderach P; Carmona S; Navarro C; Collet L. Organization: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)

The altitude of co ee plantations in Haiti ranges from 400 meters in the North to 1,300 meters in the South. Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns will generally decrease the areas suitable for co ee and reduce the extent that currently possesses high suitability. Models predict that co ee will lose suitability in lower altitudes and will gain suitability in higher areas by 2050. Changing climatic conditions in Haiti is likely to lower co ee quality and yields, especially in farms at the lower end of the altitude range. For those co ee farms whose suit-ability will drop, but not drastically, proactive adaptation is crucial. Co ee agroforestry systems are not only an important cash crop for smallholders, they also provide ecosystem services. A decrease in co ee suitability will threaten the environmental services co ee systems provide, such as soil cover, carbon sequestration, biodiver-sity and water storage. Therefore a key adaptation strategy needs to focus on maintaining the environmental services with a di erent agroforestry system. In this context cocoa is a promising option.

Retrieved from: http://dapa.ciat.cgiar.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/CC_impact_co ee-mango_Haiti_CRS-CIAT_fi nal.pdf

Country: Uganda Year: 2013 Author: Jassogne L; Lderach P; Van Asten P.Organization: Oxfam Research Paper

In Uganda, climate change mapping shows that areas suitable for growing Arabica co ee will reduce drastically in the future. Future production losses are estimated to reach tens of millions of US$ annually. Adaptation strate-gies will be necessary if co ee is still to be grown in the areas where suitability has declined. The lower altitude areas (

8 9

Planning and costing adaptation of perennial crop systems to climate change: Coffee and banana in Rwanda

Intensifi cation of coffee systems can increase the effectiveness of REDD mechanisms

Rwanda

Costa Rica

South Sudan, Ethiopia

Brazil, Guatemala, Tanzania, Vietnam

Country: South Sudan, Ethiopia Year: 2012 Author: Davis AP; Gole TW; Baena S; Moat J.Organization: Royal Botanic Gardens KEW

Precise modelling of the infl uence of climate change on Arabica coffee is limited; data are not available for indigenous populations of this species. In this study we model the present and future predicted distribution of indigenous Arabica, and identify priorities in order to facilitate appropriate decision making for conservation, monitoring and future research. Using distribution data we perform bioclimatic modelling and examine future dis-tribution with the HadCM3 climate model for three emission scenarios (A1B, A2A, B2A) over three time intervals (2020, 2050, 2080). The models show a profoundly negative infl uence on indigenous Arabica. Based on known occurrences and ecological tolerances of Arabica, bioclimatic unsuitability would place populations in peril, lead-ing to severe stress and a high risk of extinction. This study establishes a fundamental baseline for assessing the consequences of climate change on wild populations of Arabica coffee. Arabica coffee is confi rmed as a climate sensitive species, supporting data and inference that existing plantations will be negatively impacted by climate change.

Retrieved from: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0047981

Countries: Brazil, Guatemala, Tanzania, Vietnam Year: 2012 Authors: Haggar J; Schepp K. Organization: NRI

Stakeholders in the coffee value chains, in all four countries, already perceive changes in coffee production that can be linked with changing climate conditions, although only two of the countries can count on specifi c climate predictions. In Guatemala and Brazil, where scientifi c institutions provide suitability maps, large changes in the distribution of the coffee are expected over the next forty years with a smaller net loss in the total area suitable for coffee production. These predictions serve very well to start the development of adequate adaptation strate-gies. In Vietnam, climate impact scenarios are accessible for agriculture, but there are no estimates of impacts on Robusta cultivation, while Vietnam is the worlds largest Robusta producer. Nevertheless, the institutional framework in Vietnam appears to be very supportive of climate change initiatives and representatives at gov-ernmental and academic institutions are highly motivated to cooperate. In Tanzania climate change data based on international research are generally available, but coffee impact scenarios only exist for the neighbouring countries of Kenya and Uganda. Also the institutional framework is rather weak. Without question, all four pilot countries are still suffering from climate change impacts and are expected to experience more or less severe changes in the suitability of their current coffee cultivation areas. Surprisingly there are few practical adaptation and mitigation measures being implemented to cope with climate change. The only coffee specifi c adaptation actions are in Guatemala and Central America, and some agricultural initiatives in Tanzania.

Retrieved from: http://www.nri.org/images/documents/publications/climate-change/D5930-11_NRI_Cof-fee_Climate_Change_WEB.pdf

The Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica): Predicting Future Trends and Identifying Priorities

Coffee and Climate Change: Impacts and options for adaption in Brazil, Guatemala, Tanzania and Vietnam

Country: Rwanda Year: 2011 Authors: Chrysostome Ngabitsinze J; Mukashema A; Ikirezi M; Niyitanga F.Organization: NUR IIED SEI

This study mainly focuses on coffee and banana farming systems to analyse climate change related shocks and policy maker perspectives. Changing weather patterns have an adverse impact on Rwandas agricultural produc-tion and the countrys GDP. The following stumbling blocks were identifi ed: Lack of research and reliable climate data; Limited knowledge about mitigation and adaptation strategies; Poor farming, storage and processing practices; Limited access to technologies; Inadequate fi nancial mechanisms. The adaptation options were then formulated accordingly, including the following effi ciency-enhancing agricultur-al interventions: Adaptation of crop calendars to new climate patterns (more effective distribution of inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides); Investments in farming equipment; Improvement of extension services and research; Restructuring of the institutional frameworks and development plans. However, primary requirements for agricultural adaptation to climate change include: integrated water resources management (IWRM); setting up information systems for early warning systems and rapid intervention mecha-nisms; and research on climate-resilient varieties. In addition, developing alternative energy sources (e.g., substi-tuting fi rewood) and the promotion of non-agricultural income-generating activities should be part of any climate change adaptation strategy

Retrieved from: http://pubs.iied.org/G03174.html

Country: Costa Rica Year: 2013 Authors: Noponen, M., Haggar, J., Edwards-Jones G., Healey J.Organization: School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University,

In agricultural production systems with shade trees, such as coffee, the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-sions from production intensifi cation can be compensated for, or even outweighed, by the increase in carbon sequestration into above-ground and below-ground tree biomass. Data from a long-term coffee agro-forestry experiment in Costa Rica is used to evaluate the trade-offs between intensifi cation, profi tability and net green-house gas emissions through two scenarios. First, by assessing the GHG emissions associated with conversion from shaded to more profi table full-sun (un-shaded) systems, we calculate the break-even carbon price which would need to be paid to offset the opportunity cost not converting. Second, as an alternative to intensifi cation, the production area can be extended onto currently forested land. We estimate this land-use change required to compensate for the shortfall in profi tability from retaining lower intensity coffee production systems. It is concluded that instead, by intensifying production, mechanisms similar to REDD that are based on reducing emissions through avoided land-use change could play a major role in increasing the climate change mitigation success of agro-forestry systems at the same time as aiding REDD through reducing pressure for further forest conversion to agriculture.

Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X13000395

10 11

Country: Brazil Year: 2008 Authors: Zullo Jr J; Silveira Pinto H; Delgado Assad E; De Medeiros Evangelista S.R.Organization: UNICAMP CEPAGRI - EMBRAPA

Global warming as predicted by IPCC will cause a signifi cant decrease in the production of commodities in Brazil in addition to moving crops to dierent regions. It appears that the extreme scenario of +5.8oC will transform some states of the tropical area into rainy deserts since most crops will not develop due to excessive heat despite water availability. Independent of the increase in rainfall across the country due to elevation in tempera-ture, it seems that the eect of excessive heat will be the cause of the substantial decrease in the production of commodities in Brazil. The principal cause can be considered the incidence of high temperature during the fl owering phase of crop plants, which kills the fl owers. Another factor that must be considered is the possibility of a strong increase in soil salinity that can also cause a decrease in yield. On the other hand, there is a possibility that some areas in southern Brazil could be favoured due to the diminishing possibility of frost. Adaptive solu-tions such as the development of cultivars adapted to higher temperatures must be considered by policymakers dealing with the eects of climate change.

Retrieved from: http://www.ige.unicamp.br/terrae/V3/PDF-N3/T_A3.pdf

Analysis of climate change impacts on coee, cocoa and basic grains value chains in Northern Honduras

Potential Economic Impacts of Global Warming on Two Brazilian Commodities, According to IPCC Prognostics

AdaptacinThe case studies illustrate that building up re-silience to increasing climate variability is the most signifi cant challenge facing coee farm-ers. Perhaps most signifi cantly for farmers, they can no longer depend on their own expe-rience, making it harder for them to plan and manage production when planting seasons and weather patterns are shifting. Support strategies to enhance and sustain coee pro-duction must take into account the diversity of farming environments, the complexity of livelihood strategies of marginal communities and the uncertain impacts of climate change combined with market pressures facing coee farmers [7,8] .

A coherent response to climate change requires continued emphasis on, for example, community-based natural resource manage-ment, gender awareness, dealing with land tenure issues, improving access to fi nancial services and markets, increasing sustainable productivity, and institutional and human capacity building. It remains essential to em-power and recognize the relevance of farmers traditional and indigenous knowledge and the dierences between womens and mens knowledge and roles in responding to climate change.

For many coee smallholders their ability to adapt to climate change is limited by insuf-fi cient or no access to the resources required, including technical assistance, access to fi nance and capacity-building support at the local level. Short-term adaptation strategies include support to community-based adapta-tion strategies. This can help rural coee com-munities strengthen their capacity to cope with disasters, improve their farming skills (e.g. pruning, shade, nutrient and waste water man-agement) and diversify their livelihoods [7] . Longer-term adaptation includes capacity building, improved monitoring of climate data, enhancement of soil fertility, introduction of shadow trees, and the development of drought and disease resistant varieties. An-other solution may be to convert from coee to other products or shift production to more suitable areas.

MitigacinAt the same time, coee production itself contributes to climate change through greenhouse gases (GHG) that result from deforestation and breakdown of organic mat-ter, and the inappropriate or excessive use of agricultural chemicals. Mitigation strategies include calculating and reducing greenhouse gas emissions on the farm, and enhancing carbon sequestration in soils and biomass (e.g. shade trees).

There are potential synergies between climate change adaptation and mitigation. Large areas of coee have been converted from agroforests into lightly shaded or full-sun cof-fee production systems with few or no trees, to increase the exposure of coee plants to sunlight and thereby boost yields. If an adap-tation project has a positive impact on eco-systems and carbon (e.g., forest conservation, aorestation of degraded areas with coee agroforestry systems), it can integrate explicit mitigation objectives. This can help farmers overcome fi nancial barriers to adaptation by benefi ting from carbon funding (like voluntary carbon markets, e.g. the Gold Standard for which Hivos and Solidaridad are developing a coee farming methodology); such funding is an attractive incentive to include mitigation into adaptation projects.

Measuring coees carbon footprint is complex and there is no consensus on what exactly the calculations and reporting imply. This hinders access to payments for the environmental services that coee farm-ers provide. To address this issue, the SAI Platforms Coee Working Group and IDH developed a Green Coee Carbon Footprint Product Category Rule (CFP-PCR) in collabo-ration with stakeholders in the coee value chain. Industry stakeholders include coee

DEMB, Lavazza. This Coee-PCR may benefi t mechanisms that minimize environmental impacts, maximize carbon sequestration and thereby reduce the costs to be incurred at (smallholder) farm level, in reaching the mas-sive scale of adaptation that is required.

Country: Honduras Year: 2013 Author: n.a. Organization: FIC & IEH

This study applies an innovative methodology designed to analyse climate change impacts and make recom-mendations to strengthen the resilience of project benefi ciaries in the coee, cocoa, maize and bean value chains. The methodology applies a range of minimum requirements for the reliable generation of climate change scenarios through the use of the most advanced models and historical series of daily data. It quantifi es uncer-tainties, verifi es and validates the methods and applies regionalization to downscale the projected changes to a local scale. By mapping the value chains and consulting experts, this methodology identifi es the critical elements vulnerable to climate change, formulates and verifi es indicators to predict how future climate will aect the value chains and analyses its impact, proposing adaptation measures. The expected impacts for coee are negative due to the increases in temperature that will provoke changes in the crop cycle, with higher vulnerability to some diseases and more complicated (post-) harvest tasks. Recom-mendations include improving the existing varieties and crop management, supporting investment in infrastruc-ture like irrigation systems or drying facilities, encouraging more effi cient associations, and doing research on the relationships between crop and climate. In general terms, more investment in meteorological stations is suggested to collect meteorological data

Retrieved from: http://www.eldis.org/vfi le/upload/1/document/1302/FIC_IEH_Honduras_fi nal_report_2013.pdf

Brazil

Honduras

Los estudios de caso ilustran cmo la construccin de resiliencia ante la variabilidad climtica es el desafo ms signicante ante el cual se encuentran los cacultores. Acaso ms signicante para los productores, estos no pueden depender ya de la experiencia personal, lo que hace ms difcil la planeacin y el manejo de la produccin cuando los periodos de siembra y los patrones climticos son cambiantes. Las diversas estrategias de soporte para incrementar y sostener la produccin de caf deben tener en cuenta la diversidad de los ambientes de cultivo, la complejidad de los medios de vida de las comunidades marginales, y los impactos inciertos del cambio climtico, combinados con las presiones de mercado que se ciernen sobre los cacultores [7,8].

Una respuesta integral al cambio climtico requiere un nfasis continuo en, por ejemplo, administracin de recursos naturales basada en las comunidades, reconocimiento de gnero, lidiar con los problemas de propiedad de territorios, el mejoramiento al acceso de servicios nancieros y mercados, incremento de productividad sostenible, y la construccin de capacidad humana e institucional. Sigue siendo esencial el empoderamiento y reconocimiento de los conocimientos tradicionales y la relevancia de las prcticas autctonas, as como las diferencias entre los conocimientos que poseen hombres y mujeres y sus roles en la respuesta ante el cambio climtico.

Para muchos pequeos productores la habilidad para adaptarse al cambio climtico es limitada a cuenta de un acceso nulo o insuciente a los recursos necesarios, incluyendo asistencia tcnica, acceso al sistema nanciero, y soporte en capacidad de construccin a nivel local. Las estrategias a corto plazo incluyen el soporte a las estrate-gias de adaptacin con base en las comuni-dades. Esto puede ayudar a las comunidades cafeteras rurales en el fortalecimiento de su capacidad de afrenta ante desastres, mejorar sus habilidades de cultivo (ej. manejo de poda, sombra, nutrientes, y aguas negras), y a diversicar sus medios de vida [7]. La adaptac-in a largo plazo incluye aumento en la capacidad de construccin, un mejor monitoreo a los datos climticos, un realce en la fertilidad de los suelos, la introduccin de rboles de sombra, y el desarrollo de resisten-cia ante sequas y plagas. Otra solucin puede ser mudarse del caf hacia otros productos o mudar la produccin hacia reas ms aptas.

Al mismo tiempo, la produccin cafetera misma contribuye al cambio climtico a travs de los gases invernadero como resultado de la deforestacin y la descomposicin de materia orgnica, y el uso excesivo o inapropiado de agroqumicos. Las estrategias de mitigacin incluyen el clculo y reduccin de emisin de gases invernaderos en las ncas, y mejorar la captacin de carbono en los suelos y las biomasas (ej. rboles de sombra).

As mismo, hay sinergias potenciales entre la adaptacin al cambio climtico y su mitigacin. Grandes reas de caf han sido convertidas desde agro-bosques hacia cultivos con poca sombra e incluso hacia sistemas de produccin monocultivo con pocos o ningn rbol para as incrementar la exposicin solar de las plantas de caf e incrementar consecuentemente el rendimien-to. Si un proyecto de adaptacin tiene un impacto positivo en los ecosistemas y el carbono (ej. Conservacin forestal, reforestac-in de reas degradadas con sistemas de agro-bosque), puede integrar objetivos de mitigacin explcitos. Esto puede ayudar a los productores a superar barreras nancieras para adaptarse mediante la adquisicin de benecios derivados de bonos de carbono (como mercados voluntarios de carbono, ej. el Estndar Dorado a travs del cual Hivos y Solidaridad estn desarrollando una metod-ologa de cultivo de caf); dichas nancia-ciones son incentivos atractivos que incluyen mitigacin en proyectos de adaptacin.

La medicin de la huella de carbono del caf es compleja y no hay un consenso sobre cules son las implicaciones exactas de los clculos y reportes. Esto diculta el acceso a los pagos por los servicios ambientales que los cacultores proveen. Para atender este problema la SAI Platforms Coee Working Group y la IDH desarrollaron una Regla de Categoria de Producto para la Huella de Carbono del Caf Verde (CFP-PCR por sus siglas en ingls) en colaboracin con inversionistas en la cadena de valor del caf. Los inversionistas industriales incluyen tostadores como Illycafe, Nestl, Tchibo, Mondelez, DEMB, Lavazza. Esta Regla para el caf puede beneciar los mecanismos que buscan minimizar los impactos ambientales, maximizar la captacin de carbono, y de esta manera reducir los costos ante los que deben incurrir al nivel de (pequea) produccin, al alcanzar la escala masiva de adaptacin que es requerida.

12 13

4 Sistemas de estndares

voluntarios de caf

The implementation of voluntary stand-ards systems (VSS) in the coee sector to address environmental and social issues is regarded as one way to overcome many of the unsustainable aspects of coee production outlined above. Certifi cation is a means for coee farmers to upgrade their production system and improve producti-vity, reduce costs and increase quality, all of which can lead to fi nancial benefi ts and increased profi ts. The conditions under which certifi cation will be a viable option for farmers are highly context specifi c, their existing links to markets, the ways in which they are organized, and if there is a market for their certifi ed coee [5,6,8] .

In the coee sector, there are seven key VSS [18,20], no two VSS are the same. Although their concerns increasingly overlap, all embody some combination of environmental, economic and social goals, and require suppliers to meet standards on food safety, working conditions and environ-mentally friendly production. This adds to the confusion for producers and consumers as well as others in the supply chain per-taining to the dierent social and environ-mental credentials of coee. To complicate it further the coee sector applies two dierent conformity assessment processes: certifi cation and verifi cation. Certifi cation is used to make claims with respect to external stakeholders (e.g. communication with a label), whereas verifi cation is used to defi ne conformity assessment for internal processes and assurances [20,22] .

Independent monitoring and certifi ca-tion are central to the four major coee

production standards: Fairtrade Label-ling Organisation (FLO), Organic (IFOAM), Rainforest Alliance (RA) and UTZ Certi-fi ed (UTZ). Starbucks has its own private standard for quality and sustainable coee production, termed Starbucks Coee and Farmer Equity Practices (C.A.F.E. Practices). Nespressos private AAA guidelines have a similar approach and focus on quality aspects like origin and taste. The 4C As-sociation initiative relies on self-assessment and a three-year external verifi cation cycle. The 4C Code of Conduct is positioned as a baseline standard, that enables producers to step up to more demanding VSS like FLO, RA and UTZ.

The stated objectives of these major cof-fee VSS suggest a broad, but often loosely defi ned, notion of sustainability. In practice, they advise farmers on how to implement better farming practices, establish protocols for dealing with environmental and social issues, implement auditing and (third party) verifi cation on these issues, and commu-nicate with consumers at the end of trade chains to give them the necessary assur-ance. The International Trade Center (ITC) is managing a web-based database to enable users to quickly review many dierent VSSs on every aspect of their specifi c thematic qualities - www.standardsmap.org

The supply base of certifi ed and verifi ed coee remains highly concentrated, with over two-thirds coming from the more organized and developed Latin American producers. In Colombia, more than 60 per cent of its total production is either certifi ed or verifi ed as sustainable. Peru has a high

level of sustainable production (over 30 percent) with a high diversity across all the initiatives. By contrast, Brazils 40 percent standard compliant production relies heavily on 4C verifi cation, e.g. 23 large coopera-tives in Brazil are the main supplier base. The growth and concentration in the Latin American region contrasts with the sparse growth in African countries. Excluding Kenya and Tanzania, Africa is inadequately represented as a supplier to sustainable markets [20] .

Figure 5 illustrates not only the rapid growth of certifi ed and verifi ed coee produc-tion volumes in 2013 (40 percent of global production), it also highlights the quantities actually purchased (15 percent). There is a growing gap between the volumes of stand-ard compliant coee available at producer level and the volume actually procured as standard compliant coee with the buyer.

Besides the obvious reason - demand for sustainable coee is less than the volume produced, some other factors play a role in explaining this gap. Firstly, the demand for green coee depends on various attributes of quality, including taste and origin. Not all the sustainable coee available matches the buyers criteria. VSSs indicate that to meet the demand it is paramount to have on oer a broad range of qualities and ori-gins [18]. Secondly, the statistics pertaining to sustainable coee volumes are blurred, because fi gures and forecasts do not allow for overlap between the systems; dou-ble and triple certifi cation is not properly recorded [18,20] . This is a critical element in judging the market penetration of VSS;

it can lead to an over-estimation of the total volume available. Especially diffi cult to interpret are the fi gures of IFOAM, said to overlap some 50 to 70 percent with FLO certifi ed coee.

Although some oversupply in sustainable coee production might be unavoidable, fi gure 5 also shows an increasing imbal-ance between supply and demand. Only 20 percent of 4C verifi ed coee is sold as such and 28-35% of FT, RA and UTZ certifi ed production. Organic is the exception with 50% market uptake. When VSS compli-ant coee is produced but not sold as a sustainable product, the potential benefi ts of preferential market access, more direct commercial relations and premiums may not be available to the producers and could limit opportunities for entry of new producers not yet certifi ed or verifi ed.

All VSS expect the market for sustainable coee to grow signifi cantly. Given this, it is critical to objectively evaluate the impacts of VSS and adjust their strategies to optimize performance. Eective leverag-ing of voluntary standards within the sector should be based on a better understanding of their performance - which initiatives are having the desired impacts, and where.

The Committee on Sustainability Assess-ment (COSA) recently published The COSA Measuring Sustainability Report [5] , which assesses sustainability initiatives in the coee and cocoa sectors, without singling out a particular sustainability standard or comparing standards. The report highlights the fi ndings from nearly 18,000 farm and

La implementacin de sistemas de estndares voluntarios (SEV) en el sector cafetero para atender problemas sociales y ambientales es considerada como una de las maneras de superar muchos de los aspectos insostenibles de la produccin de caf que fueron presentados anterior-mente. Los procesos de certicacin son un medio para que los cacultores actualicen sus sistemas de produccin y mejoren su productividad, reduzcan costos e incrementen la calidad. Todos los puntos anteriores conllevan benecios nancieros e incrementan las ganancias. Las condi-ciones bajo las cuales los procesos de certicacin sern una opcin viable para los productores son de un contexto altamente especco: Debe tener en cuenta los enlaces existentes con los mercados, las maneras en las que se encuentran organizados, y si hay o no un mercado para su caf certicado [5,6,8].

En el sector cafetero hay siete SEV claves; no hay dos SEV iguales. A pesar que sus preocupaciones se sobreponen cada vez ms, todos encarnan alguna combinacin especca de nes ambientales, econmi-cos, y sociales, y requieren que los proveedores cumplan con estndares en seguridad alimenticia, condiciones laborales, y produccin amigable con el ambiente. Esto aumenta la confusin que los productores y consumidores, as como otros agentes involucrados en la cadena de suministros, sostienen respecto a las diferentes credenciales sociales y ambien-tales del caf. Para complicarlo an ms, el sector cafetero tiene en cuenta dos procesos de conformidad de evaluacin: Certicacin y validacin. Los procesos de certicacin son usados para establecer compromisos con respecto a grupos de inters externos (ej. comunicacin con etiquetas), mientras que la vericacin es usada para denir la conformidad de los procedimientos internos y las garantas [20,22].

Los procesos de monitoreo y certicacin independientes son centrales para los cuatro mayores estndares de produccin: Fairtrade Labelling Organisation (FLO), Organic (IFOAM), Rainforest Alliance (RA) y UTZ Certified (UTZ). Starbucks tiene su propio estndar privado para la calidad y la produccin sostenible de caf, denomina-do Starbucks Coee and Farmer Equity Practices (C.A.F.E. Practices). Las guas AAA privadas para Nespresso tienen una aproximacin similar y se enfocan en los aspectos de calidad como el sabor y el origen. La iniciativa de la Asociacin 4C se funda en una auto-valoracin y un ciclo de tres aos de vericacin externa. El Cdigo de Conducta 4C est posicionado como un punto de referencia estndar, que permite a los productores prepararse para SEV ms demandantes como el FLO, RA y UTZ.

Los objetivos establecidos por estos principales SEV para el caf sugieren una amplia, aunque vagamente denida, nocin de sostenibilidad. En la prctica, aconsejan y acompaan a los productores en cmo implementar mejores tcnicas agrcolas, establecer protocolos sobre cmo lidiar con problemas ambientales y sociales, implementar auditoras y vericacin (a travs de terceras partes) en dichos problemas, y en comunicarse con los consumidores al nal de la cadena de suministro para darles las garantas correspondientes. El International Trade Center (ITC) est administrando una base de datos en lnea que le permite a los usuarios revisar rpidamente diferentes SEV en cada aspecto de sus calidades temticas especcas www.standardsm-ap.org

La cadena de suministro de caf certicado y vericado se mantiene altamente concentrada, compuesta en ms de dos tercios por los productores latinoamerica-nos ms organizados y desarrollados. En Colombia ms del 60% del total de la

produccin est o bien certicado o bien vericado como sostenible. Per tiene un alto nivel de produccin sostenible (ms del 30%) con una amplia diversidad a lo largo de las diferentes iniciativas. En contraste, el 40% de la conformidad standard en Brasil depende ampliamente de la vericacin 4C, ej. 23 grandes cooperativas en Brasil son la base de suministro principal. El crecimiento y la concentracin en la regin latinoamerica-na contrastan con un crecimiento disperso en los pases africanos. Si excluimos a Kenia y a Tanzania, frica se encuentra inadecuadamente representada como un proveedor de mercados sostenibles.

La Figura 5 ilustra no slo el rpido crecimiento en los volmenes de caf certicado y vericado en 2013 (40% de la produccin total mundial), sino adems resalta las cantidades que fueron de hecho compradas (15%). Hay una brecha creciente entre los volmenes de caf conforme con los estndares disponibles al nivel de produccin y el volumen que de hecho se procura como caf conforme con los estndares para el comprador.

Al margen de la razn obvia la demanda de caf sostenible es menor al volumen producido- hay otros factores que juegan un rol al momento de explicar esta brecha. En primer lugar, la demanda de caf verde depende de varios atributos de calidad, incluyendo sabor y origen. No todos los cafs sostenibles disponibles cumplen con los criterios del comprador. Los SEV indican que para alcanzar la demanda es vital tener en oferta una amplia variedad de caractersticas y orgenes [18]. En segundo lugar, las estadsticas que aplican para los volmenes de caf sostenible son borrosas, puesto que las guras y las predicciones no permiten una super-posicin entre los sistemas; certicaciones dobles o triples no estn debidamente registradas [18,20]. Esto es un elemento

crtico a la hora de juzgar la penetracin de mercado de los SEV; esto puede derivar en una sobreestimacin del volumen total disponible. Es especialmente difcil interpretar las guras del IFOAM, que se dice se sobreponen entre el 50% y el 70% con caf certicado FLO.

A pesar de que un exceso de suministro de produccin de caf sostenible sea inevitable, la Figura 5 tambin muestra un creciente desbalance entre oferta y demanda. Tan solo el 20% del caf vericado 4C es vendido como tal, al igual que entre el 28% y el 35% de la produccin certicada FT, RA, o UTZ. La designacin orgnico es la excepcin con cerca de un 50% del consumo en el mercado. Cuando se produce caf certicado mediante SEV pero no se vende como un producto sostenible, los benecios potenciales o el acceso preferencial a los mercados, direcciones comerciales directas y Premium, pueden no estar disponibles para los productores y pueden limitar las oportunidades de entrada para nuevos productores que an no estn certicados o vericados.

Todas los SEV aspiran a que el mercado para caf sostenible crezca signicativa-mente. Dado lo anterior, es crtica una evaluacin objetiva de los impactos de los SEV y el ajuste de sus estrategias para optimizar su rendimiento. El efectivo aprovechamiento de los estndares voluntarios debe hacerse con base en una mejor compresin de su rendimiento cules iniciativas estn teniendo el impacto deseado, y en dnde.

El Committee on Sustainability Assessment (COSA) recientemente public The COSA Measuring Sustainability Report [5], en el que atiende las iniciativas de sostenibili-dad en el sector del caf y del cacao, sin singularizar un estndar de sostenibilidad en particular as como tampoco realizando

14 15

Figure 5: Volume of certifi ed and verifi ed

coee available and purchased in 2013

in 1000 MT

2,300 certifi ed

2013

2013

2013

village level surveys, carried out from 2009-2013, in 12 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, on the impact of certifi cation on the economic, social and environmental situation at farm level.

The COSA study confi rms that certi-fi ed coee and cocoa farms, on average, perform better economically, and their farmers are better trained and pursue more environment-friendly practices compared to non-certifi ed farms. Nonetheless, the suc-cess of a particular sustainability interven-tion often depends on the local context. The application of the standard can result in modest or no improvement and sometimes it oers measurable benefi ts. There are also entry costs, not just monetary, that can be challenging for smallholders. VSS are not a magic formula and require a com-mitment to ongoing capacity-building and long-term investment if they are to improve the conditions of farmers and their communities. COSA concludes that despite their imperfections, VSS are among the best tools currently available in agriculture; in part because they serve as viable market mechanisms to transmit value (perhaps even to convey ethics to some extent) and in part because they can play diverse roles in the food and agricul-ture value chains [5] .

ISEAL (the global association for sustain-ability standards) emphasizes that the fu-ture credibility of the standards movement depends on the contributions of standards systems to climate change solutions. VSS

can contribute to restructure the coee supply chain, develop new partnerships, and invest in tools in order to mount a compre-hensive adaptation response that is com-mensurate with the scale of the crisis.

Since most of the VSS were designed before the threat of climate change became apparent [2] , they need to defi ne their climate change role and strategy. For VSS, this provides a window of opportunity to stimulate linkages and multipliers in the coee value chain and to enable farmers to become more resilient. Nonetheless, VSS still have to ensure they are actually able to deliver on this new reality. FLO, RA, UTZ and 4C are all full members of ISEAL, which could ensure a comprehensive approach to develop generic criteria for best manage-ment practices to foster agricultural adapta-tion and mitigation. Alternatively, all VSS are working with their own modules (and pilot-projects) to cope with rapidly changing conditions in the fi eld.

145 133168

224

450

170

55

440

248

455

727

2013

Rainforest Alliance

Utz Certifi ed

CAF Practices

Nespesso AAA

Fairtrade

Organic

Certifi ed produced

Verifi ed produced

Certifi ed sold

Verifi ed sold

4C Association22802013

una comparacin entre estndares. El reporte resalta el registro de cerca de 18000 encuestas al nivel de ncas y pueblos, llevadas a cabo entre 2009 y 2013, en 12 pases en frica, Asia, y Amrica Latina, sobre el impacto de los procesos de certicacin al nivel de ncas en situaciones econmicas, sociales, y ambientales.

El estudio del COSA conrma que las ncas de caf y cacao certicadas, en promedio, rinden mejor econmicamente, y sus productores estn mejor capacitados y procuran ms prcticas amigables ambien-talmente en comparacin con las ncas no certicadas. Empero, el xito de una intervencin particular de sostenimiento frecuentemente depende del contexto local. La implementacin de estndares puede resultar en mejoramientos modes-tos o incluso nulos, y puede tambin en casos ofrecer benecios medibles. As mismo hay costos de entrada, no propia-mente monetarios, que pueden ser difciles para los pequeos productores. Los SEV no son una frmula mgica y requieren un compromiso de continua formacin capacitada e inversiones a largo plazo si se pretende mejorar las condiciones de los productores y sus comunidades. COSA concluye que a pesar de las imperfecciones los SEV se encuentran dentro de las mejores herramientas disponibles en la agricultura; en parte porque sirven como mecanismos viables de mercado para transferencia de valor (tal vez incluso para la introduccin de prcticas ticas hasta cierto punto) y en parte porque pueden jugar diversos roles en las cadenas de valor de alimentacin y agricultura [5].

La ISEAL (la asociacin global para estn-dares de sostenibilidad) enfatiza que la credibilidad futura del movimiento de estandarizacin depende de la contribu-cin que los sistemas de estandarizacin puedan hacer para enfrentar el cambio climtico. Los SEV pueden contribuir a la restructuracin de la cadena de suministro

del caf, desarrollar nuevas asociaciones, e invertir en herramientas que se implement-en en aras de una respuesta adaptativa ms ntegra que se adece a la escala de la crisis.

Dado que muchos de los SEV fueron diseados antes de que la amenaza del cambio climtico fuese evidente [2], estos necesitan denir su rol y sus estrategias ante dicho problema. Para los SEV, esto provee una ventana de oportunidad para estimular las conexiones y los multiplica-dores de valor en la cadena del caf y puede permitir a los productores formar una mejor resiliencia. Empero, los SEV necesitan an garantizar que pueden en efecto contribuir para esta nueva realidad. Los estndares FLO, RA, UTZ y 4C son todos miembros de la ISEAL, lo que podra asegurar un acercamiento comprensivo para la generacin de criterios genricos para el mejoramiento de las prcticas de administracin para el fomento de prcticas adaptativas y de mitigacin en la agricultura. Alternativamente, todos los SEV estn trabajando en sus propios mdulos (y proyectos piloto) para afrontar las condiciones rpidamente cambiantes del sector.

16 17

tainably produced coee they are actively involved in the design and implementation of training programmes to improve and pro-tect the economic, social and environmental conditions at the beginning of the coee chain.

The decisions of the 10 roasters and 3 traders have a signifi cant impact on the investments in, and overall demand for, sustainable coee. In 2013, the sales of sus-tainable coee have grown to 15 percent of total consumption. Although an impressive market share, this is only a fraction of the 40 percent of certifi ed and verifi ed coee available (see Figure 5). Given the pledges of the top ten coee roasters to make the coee sector more sustainable there is room for growth.

Addressing climate change in the cof-fee sector requires enhanced cooperation and communication between companies, donors, farmers and researchers, going beyond existing certifi cation and verifi cation activities. Despite the potential to establish successful adaptation strategies through VSS, the major challenge is how to generate collective action across the coee chain to fi nd lasting solutions to these global issues in the coming years. The coee chain as such needs to become more aware of the potential eects of climate change on the entire system and fi nd ways to encourage strategic research and adaptation strategies at dierent scales.

In 2010, an interesting mixture of private, development and research stakeholders founded the initiative for coee&climate

(c&c - www.coeeandclimate.org). The origi-nal group has expanded over the years and since the Sustainable Coee Program (SCP) joined in 2013, the initiative gained more ground in the sector. Today the group inclu-des traders like Neumann Gruppe and ECOM

and Tchibo, and a funding base with support of GIZ (German Development Agency), Sida (Swedish Development Agency) and IDH (Dutch Sustainable Trade Initiative).

The partnership addresses the challenges posed by changing climatic conditions to the entire coee value chain, especially to coee-farming families worldwide. In prac-tice, the Hans R. Neumann Stiftung (HRNS) and the Centre for Agricultural Bioscience (CABI) collect and consolidate best practices for adaptation in four project regions. These include pilot projects in Brazil, Tanzania, Trifi nio (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador) and Vietnam. These regions have been cho-sen because of their relevance as key coee producing areas, representing Arabica and Robusta production, intensive and diverse growing system as well as wet and dry pro-cessing. Coee farmers take part in hands-on training activities, assisting them to fi nd strategies, which suit their needs. Further-more, coee farmers and other stakeholders have access to the c&c Toolbox: http://toolbox.coeeandclimate.org This is a compilation of methodologies, gui-delines and training materials which enable farmers to cope with climate change. It pro-vides a platform to exchange knowledge on known and innovative adaptation practices and bridges the gap between science and farmer know-how.

The world coee market is dominated by three very large transnational corporations

1753 - and a few big coee roasters such as Smuckers, Strauss, Starbucks and Tchibo. The ten largest roasters process almost 40% of all the coee that is consumed worldwide. Their individual shares range from 1% (Keurig GM) to more than 10% (Nestl). The recent merger announcement

ter Blenders will create the worlds largest coee business in 2015: Jacobs Douwe Egberts. While Nestl remains the worlds leader in terms of revenue from its coee business, in volumes traded Jacobs Douwe Egberts will take the fi rst place and become a formidable competitor for Nestl in deve-loped and developing markets.

Coee roasters have gained increasing control of the marketing chain in recent years, despite strong competition from supermarkets and their own label coees. In answer to the challenge of specialty coee chains (e.g. Starbucks) and the proliferation of small-scale roasters with their promotion of high quality coees, the mainstream roasters are focusing on developing more individualized products for their consumers.

Currently, a key driver of growth in develo-ped coee markets is the single-serve sys-tems, which allow consumers to brew single cups of coee (e.g. Nespresso, Senseo, Tassimo). This coee market segment is unique for the diverse partnerships formed between coee roasters and kitchenware manufacturers to produce, distribute, and brand the machines. Nestl is the main

player in this segment, capturing 50% of the global market; the company makes both the machines and coee capsules. In the USA, Keurig Green Mountain is the market leader with a top-selling single-serve ma-chine to make coee, tea, and milk drinks using the K-Cup pack system.

Although the consumers taste and price-quality considerations are the dominant factors, intangible aspects such as the sustainability of coee are becoming a factor in driving brand choice. All of the top ten coee roasters have developed strate-gic alliances with a number of internatio-nal standards initiatives, like FLO, RA and UTZ, or developed their own private coee standards systems (e.g. Starbucks C.A.F.E. Practices and Nespressos AAA Sustainable Quality Program) as part of their overall corporate strategies. Figure 6 shows the total volume of coee purchased by each company, the volumes of certifi ed and verifi ed coees purchased, and the VSS initiatives they dealt with in 2013.

The large roasters tend to rely heavily upon coee trading companies to obtain their supplies of green coee [18]. These compa-nies are large players and include Neumann Gruppe (Germany), Volcaf (Switzerland) and ECOM (Switzerland); 50% of the worlds green coee beans are traded by them. In recent years, international traders have strengthened their supply network especially, to guarantee a minimum amount of certifi ed coee to their major clients. Tra-ders are the closest to the farmer and have to secure the required volumes of quality produce. To source a growing share of sus-

5 El top diez de tostadores de caf

El mercado mundial de caf es dominado por tres grandes corporaciones transna-cionales Nestl, Mondelez y DE Master Blenders 1753 y unos pocos tostadores de caf como Smuckers, Strauss, Starbucks y Tchibo. Diez grandes tostadores procesan el 40% del caf que se consume a nivel mundial. Su respectiva participacin individual varan desde el 1% (Keuring GM) hasta ms del 10% (Nestl). La fusin anunciada recientemente entre la divisin de caf de Mondelez con DE Master Blenders crear el ms grande negocio de caf en el 2015: Jacobs Douwe Egberts. Mientras Nestl sigue siendo el lder mundial en trminos de ingresos provenientes de su negocio cafetero, en cuanto a volmenes transados Jacobs Douwe Egberts montar al top de la lista y constituir un competidor formidable para Nestl en pases desarrollados y en va de desarrollo.

Los tostadores de caf han ganado un creciente control sobre la cadena de mercado en los aos recientes, no obstante la fuerte competencia de los supermercados y sus propias marcas de caf. En respuesta a los retos que presentan las cadenas de caf especial (como Starbucks) y a la proliferacin de micro-tostadores con su oferta de caf de alta calidad, los ms grandes tostadores se estn enfocando en desarrollar productos ms individualizados para sus consumi-dores.

Actualmente, un rea de crecimiento fundamental en los pases desarrollados han sido los sistemas de autoservicio que le permiten a los consumidores prepararse una sola taza de caf (ej. Nespresso, Senseo, Tassimo). Este nuevo segmento en el mercado de caf es nico a causa de las diversas asociaciones formadas entre los tostadores de caf y los manufactureros de electrodomsticos y artefactos de cocina con el n de producir, distribuir y crear una marca de mquinas. Nestl es el principal

actor de este segmento, captura el 50% del mercado mundial. Esta empresa produce tanto las mquinas como las cpsulas de caf. En Estados Unidos, Keuring Green Mountain es el lder del mercado por ser el primero en ventas de una mquina de caf, t y bebidas lcteas que sirve una taza a la vez y usa el K-Cup sistema de empaque.

A pesar de que el gusto del consumidor y sus consideraciones de precio y calidad son los factores dominantes para el consumo de caf, hay aspectos intangibles como la sostenibilidad del caf se estn convirtiendo en el factor que dirige la decisin sobre marca. Todos los tostadores de caf del top diez han conformado alianzas estratgicas con un nmero de iniciativas internacionales sobre estn-dares como FLO, RA y UTZ, o tambin han desarrollado sus propios sistemas de estndares (ej. C.A.F.E. Practices, de Starbucks, y AAA Sustainable Quiality Program, de Nespresso) como parte de sus estrategias corporativas. La gura 6 muestra el volumen total del caf adquiri-do por cada compaa, los volmenes de caf certicado adquirido y las iniciativas de SEV con las que han lidiado en el 2013.

Los grandes tostadores tienden a depend-er fuertemente de las compaas transado-ras de caf para obtener sus provisiones de caf verde. Estas compaas son grandes actores que incluyen a Neumann Gruppe (Alemania), Volcaf (Suiza) y ECOM (Suiza). 50% del caf verde mundial es transado por ellos. En aos recientes, las transaderas internacionales han fortalecido sus redes de suministro especialmente para garan-tizar una cantidad mnima de caf certicado para sus clientes principales. Los transadores son las ms cercanas a los cacultores y tienen que asegurar los volmenes requeridos de producto de calidad. Para poder obtener una cantidad creciente de caf producido sostenible-mente estas compaas estn involucradas activamente en el diseo e implementac-

uni a l en el 2013, la iniciativa gan ms campo de accin en el sector. Hoy el grupo incluye a los transadores Neumann Gruppe y ECOM Cofee y a los tostadoes Nestl, Mondelez, DEMB y Tchibo. El grupo tambin tiene el apoyo nanciero de GIZ (German Development Agency), Sida(Swedish Development Agency) y IDH(Dutch Sustainable Trade Initiative).

Esta asociacin se ocupa de los retos presentados por el cambio climtico a toda la cadena de valor del caf, especialmente los retos a los que se enfrentan las familias cacultoras en el mundo por esta causa. En la prctica, el Hans R. Neumann Stiftung (HRNS) y el centro Centre for Agricultural Bioscience (CABI) recogen y consolidan las mejores estrategias de adaptacin en cuatro regiones del proyecto. Estos incluyen proyectos semilla en Brasil, Tanzania, Trinio (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador) y Vietnam. Escogieron estas regiones por su relevancia como reas clave productoras de caf en las que se cultiva tanto Arbica como Robusta, tienen diferentes e intensos sistemas de cultivo y utilizan procesos secos y mojados. Los cacultores participan en actividades de formacin y entrenamiento trabajando con los grupos para encontrar estrategias que se ajusten a sus necesidades. Adems, los cacultores y otros grupos de inters tienen acceso a la caja de herramientas de C&C: http://toolbox.coeeandclimate.org. Esta es una compilacin de las metod-ologas, principios y materiales de entre-namiento que le permiten a los cacultores ajustarse al cambio climtico. Se trata de una plataforma que favorece el intercam-bio de conocimiento con respecto a conocidas e innovadoras prcticas de adaptacin adems de servir como puente entre la ciencia y el saber hacer de los cacultores.

in de programas de entrenamiento para mejorar y ptroteger las condiciones econmicas, sociales y ambientales en el comienzo de la cadena de suministro del caf.

Las decisiones de los 10 tostadores y los 3 transadores tienen un impacto signicati-vo en las inversiones en y la demanda total de caf sostenible. En el 2013, las ventas de caf sostenible han crecido hasta el 15% del consumo total. A pesar de que es una participacin del mercado impresionante, es tan slo una fraccin del 40% de caf certicado y vericado disponible (ver gura 5). Aun con las promesas del top 10 de tostadores de caf de hacer del sector uno ms sostenible, queda mucho espacio para que esta participacin crezca.

Para ocuparse del cambio climtico en el sector del caf es preciso una cooperacin y comunicacin mejoradas entre las compaas, donantes, cacultores e investigadores, que vayan ms all de las actividades de certicacin y vericacin existentes. A pesar del potencial para establecer estrategias de adaptacin exitosas a travs de los SEV, el reto ms grande es cmo generar accin colectiva a travs de la totalidad de la cadena de suministro para encontrar soluciones a los problemas globales de los prximos aos que perduren a largo plazo. La cadena del caf necesita concientizarse de los potenciales efectos del cambio climtico sobre la totalidad del sistema y necesita encontrar formas de incentivar la investi-gacin sistemtica de estrategias de adaptacin para distintas escalas de produccin.

En 2010, una interesante mezcla de grupos de inters privados de investigacin y desarrollo fundaron la iniciativa Coee&-Climate (C&C www.coeeandcli-mate.org). El grupo original se ha expandi-do a lo largo de los ltimos aos y, desde que el Sustainable Coee Program (SCP) se

18 19

NestlIn 2010, the worlds largest cof-fee manufacturer, announced its Nescaf Plan, to optimize Nestls coee supply chain by supporting coee farmers. The multinational committed itself to purchase 180,000 tonnes of 4C verifi ed green coee by the year 2015. In 2013, the company al-ready sourced 200,000 tonnes of 4C verifi ed coee. The company continues to in-vest in farmer capacity building programmes, currently reaching over 125,000 coee farmers in several countries. In addition Nestl intends to source 90,000 tonnes of coee according to the Sustainable Agriculture Network principles by 2020, in close collaboration with Rainfor-est Alliance. By the end of 2013, Nespresso sourced 84% of its coee from the Nespresso AAA Program. This involves working with about 62,000 farmers in eight countries.

In 2012, launched its Coee made happy initiative, to support one million small-scale coee farmers, especially the next generation of coee farmers. The plan is designed to increase farmer productivity and the viability of small-scale coee farming, improving agri-cultural practices and helping to build more sustainable coee

communities,(e.g. projects in Vietnam, Indonesia, Peru and Honduras). All its European coee brands will contain 100% sustainable coee by 2015, which is about 55% of global coee volume. To reach this target,

is purchasing coee from Rainforest Alliance and the 4C Association. In 2013 the company sourced around 60% of its European coees accord-ing to 4C and 20% certifi ed by RA.

D.E. Master Blenders 1753Douwe Egberts Master Blenders 1753, is the number one buyer of UTZ Certifi ed coee and sourced 90,000 tonnes of this coee in 2012. DEMB planned to procure more than 25% certifi ed coee across all its markets and product segments by 2015. However, this target was achieved in 2013, two years ahead of schedule. Although UTZ Certifi ed is DEMBs main partner for certifi ed coee, the company is also procuring some certifi ed Organic and RA coee. The company will continue build-ing a more sustainable coee industry in 2014 and beyond through investing in further sec-tor development together with the roasters and other partners under the IDH Sustainable Cof-fee Program umbrella; working with trading partners in coun-

tries of origin to make coee production better traceable and more sustainable; working with the DE Foundation on projects with high impact in countries of origin.

SmuckersSmuckers goal is for certifi ed coees to reach 10 percent of its total retail purchases, by 2016. Currently, Smuckers procures certifi ed coee from RA, Fair Trade Certifi ed and UTZ and plans to increase purchases of UTZ Certifi ed coee. The Smuckers 2012 corporate re-sponsibility report highlights its partnership with coee&climate,.

StarbucksStarbucks goal, set in 2008, was that by 2015, all of its cof-fee will be third-party verifi ed or certifi ed, either through its own code, C.A.F.E. Practices, FLO or another program. In 2013, 95% of its total green coee purchases, of almost 180,000 metric tons, were C.A.F.E. Prac-tices verifi ed. Some coees had received multiple verifi cations or certifi cations including 15,000 tons (8%) of FLO certifi ed coee and 2,000 tons (1%) of certifi ed organic coee. Star-bucks collaborates with Conser-vation International and farmers in three coee communities. To test eective strategies for improving the sustainability of

coee production processes, the conservation and restoration of natural habitat and opportuni-ties to facilitate farmer access to payment for environmental services.

StraussStrauss Coee has a strong market presence with its dier-ent coee brands in Israel, Brazil and Eastern Europe. Strauss committed in 2011 to increase its European purchasing volumes of 4C verifi ed coee by 20% per annum. In absolute terms, it planned to purchase 3,800 met-ric tons in 2012, 4,500 metric tons in 2013, 5,400 metric tons in 2014 and 6,500 metric tons in 2015. In 2013, the company actually procured 4,280 tons of 4C verifi ed i.e., 6% of its Euro-pean volume.

TchiboTchibo has committed itself to a fully sustainable path; it plans to procure 25% sustainable coee by 2015 and has a future com-mitment of 100%. In 2013, the company achieved the procure-ment of 30 percent certifi ed coee, either RA, UTZ, FLO, Organic or 4C verifi ed. Tchibo is one of the main buyers of 4C verifi ed coee, but does not disclose the amounts of certi-fi ed coee and verifi ed coee it procured.

The company has developed Tchibo Joint Forces!, a pro-gramme to promote the sustain-able development of the coee sector. The programme consists of fi ve modules to increase sus-tainability and it can be applied to individual countries, regions and projects.

UCC Coee

UCC Coee (active on the Japa-nese market and since 2012 also on the EU market) manu-factures both brands and private label coees.UCC Coee has not published a specifi c commitment on sourc-ing sustainable coee. In 2013, the company purchased 25,000 MT of certifi ed coee, of which the majority for their European customers (32% of its total European coee volume). This volume included 98% certifi ed green coee of FLO, RA, UTZ and Organic and 2% 4C verifi ed coee.

Lavazza, Italys market leader, purchases a total of 150,000 tonnes per year of which, about 2,300 tonnes are certifi ed cof-fee, either RA or UTZ. Lavazza has not published any com-mitments, but affi rms it will increase the amount of certi-fi ed coee according to market demand.

Lavazza states that greater benefi ts can be achieved by coordinating various players in the coee chain in order to create synergies and strengthen the impact of each project. Therefore, it participates in International Coee Partners and in the coee&climate initia-tive.

In 2013, Keurig Green Mountain procured 26% (almost 26,000 metric tons) FT USA coee, and 5% (almost 4,800 metric ton) RA coee, totaling 31% of its green coee from a certifi ed source. The goal is to increase the number of coees that meet these standards, particularly FT USA and FLO, through the in-troduction of new product lines, and by achieving certifi cation for their existing product.

The company is committed to increase the share of coee products that meet the stand-ards of FT, Organic, and RA certifi cations. By 2020, the company plans to purchase 100% of its coee pertaining to the Keurig Green Mountain Responsible Sourcing Guidelines (an internal verifi cation guide-line).

En 2010, la ms grande manufacturera de caf, anunci el Plan Nescaf para optimizar su cadena de suministro apoyando a los cacultores. Esta multinacional se comprometi a comprar 180.000 toneladas de caf verde vericado 4C para el ao 2015. Para el 2013, la compaa ya haba comprado 200.000 toneladas. Ella contina invirtiendo en programas de formacin de capacidades para los cultivadores al que estn inscritos 125.000 cacultores en la actualidad en varios pases. Nestl tiene la intencin de comprar 90.000 toneladas de caf para el 2020 de acuerdo con los principios de la Sustain-able Agriculture Network y con la colaboracin de la Rainforest Alliance. Para nales del 2013, Nespresso adquiri el 84% de su caf del Nespresso AAA Program que cuenta aproxi-madamente con 62.000 cacultores repartidos en 8 pases.

En el 2012, Mondelez lanz su iniciativa Coee made happy para apoyar a 1.000.000m de pequeos cacultores, especial-mente a la nueva generacin. El lan est diseado para incrementar la productividad de los cacultores y la viabilidad de las pequeas ncas de caf, mejorando las prcticas de agricultura para as ayudar a construir comunidades sostenibles (ej. Proyectos en Vietnam, Indonesia, Per y Honduras).

Todas las marcas de caf europeas que le pertenecen contendrn el 100% de caf sostenible para el 2015, que representan aproximadamente el 55% del volumen global d