B›Uvib vkbvj †eÑ‡mjvi Books 2/Science/1/D... · 2020. 9. 24. · 1 B›Uvib vkbvj †eÑ‡mjvi †mwc‡qÝ gvby‡li BwZnvm () Abyev` †gv §vK Avn‡g` ïå miKvi mywdqvb

1 www.puratonboighor.com

B›Uvib¨vkbvj †e÷‡mjvi

†mwc‡qÝ

gvby‡li BwZnvm

(www.manusheritihas.com)

Abyev`

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(www.puratonboighor.com)


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Abzev`‡Ki ˆKwdqZ

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bv Ki‡ZB Rvbv †M‡jv nvivwi G msµvšÍ GKwU eB Bs‡iRx‡Z cÖKv‡ki D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Qb| bvg Sapiens: A Brief

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Avbvjvg| eBUv c‡o Avgv‡ì GUzKz aviYv n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki gvbz‡li Kv‡Q GB eBUvi Abzev` †cŠuQv‡j Zviv cÖPwjZ

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wQ‡jv| evwK As‡ki Rb¨ cov ïiæ n‡jv| Jared Diamond Gi Guns, Germs, and Steel, evsjv cwifvlvi

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P‡Ævcva¨vq Gi Ôc…w_exi BwZnvmÕ mn evsjvq I Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖKvwkZ G msµvšÍ †ek wKQz eB covi ci mvnm evoj|

Kv‡R MwZ wdi‡jv|

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†`kxq cÖKvkbxi †ckvMZ mxgve×Zv †hgb Gi KviY, †Zgwb A_©‰bwZK e¨‡qi cÖm½UvI Gwo‡q hvevi g‡Zv bv| GB

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GKUv Aa¨vq †jLv hv‡e nq‡Zv|

hvB †nvK, GKRb cÖw_Zhkv cÖKvkK eBwU cÖKv‡k Drmvnx n‡jb Ges AbzgwZi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z PvB‡jb|

e¨w³MZ B-‡gBj †_‡K †hvMv‡hvM| DËi †bB| Avgiv Gevi gwiqv n‡q Abzev`K wn‡m‡e AbzgwZi †Póv Ki‡Z

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cÖKvkK‡K †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z ejzb| Gi g‡a¨ zB eQi †cwi‡q †M‡Q| Avgv‡ì Abzev` †kl K‡i Avgiv wZb `dv


m¤úv`bv K‡iwQ ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨| A‡b‡KB bvbv civgk© w`‡q mg…× K‡i‡Qb Avgv‡ì| wKš‘ AbzgwZRwbZ

mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y cÖKv‡k GKUv LPLPvwb †_‡KB hvw”Qj g‡bi g‡a¨| cÖKvkKI AbzgwZ cvIqvi e¨vcv‡i Avi †KvbiKg

†Póv Ki‡Z Drmvnx n‡jb bv|

Gi gv‡S 2018 mv‡ji GKz‡k eB‡gjvq AšÍZ zwU Abzev`‡K Avgiv cÖKvwkZ n‡Z †`Ljvg| †KD Abzev` wn‡m‡eB

cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| †KD GKUz m¤úv`bv K‡i, Z_¨ ms‡¶cb K‡i †gŠwjK MÖš’ wn‡m‡e| Avgiv GB eBwU †_‡KB Rvwb,

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eBwU eZ©gvb mg‡qi evsjv‡`‡ki gvbz‡li Kv‡Q †cŠuQv‡bv Lze Riæwi| †mB aviYv †_‡KB Avgv‡ì GZw`‡bi GB †Póv

Ges ZviB dmj GB Abzev`| Avgv‡ì AvšÍwiK B”Qv wQj GB Abzev`wU‡K zB gjv‡Ui gv‡S cvV‡Ki nv‡Z Zz‡j

†Ìqvi| ejv evûj¨ †mUv Avgiv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQjvg h_vh_ MÖš’¯Z¡ msi¶Y K‡iB| wKš‘ bvbv RwUjZvq †kl ch©šÍ

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Abzev`wU evsjv‡`‡ki cvV‡Ki nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡Z cv‡i Zv‡ì Rb¨ Avgv‡ì A‡kl ïfKvgbv|

GLb wkíxi KvR †kl| evwKUv cvV‡Ki we‡ePbv| Avcbviv eBwUi gv‡bvbœq‡b †h †Kvb civgk© w`‡j DcK…Z n‡ev|

eBwU fv‡jv jvM‡j Avcbviv Ab¨‡ì‡K covi mz‡hvM K‡i †`qvi Rb¨ †h †KvbI mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g †kqvi

Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

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K…ZÁZv

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†_‡K Avgiv †mŠfvMëvb| eÜzevÜe, eo fvB‡evb, mnKg©x, cwievi – Drmv‡ni KgwZ wQj bv †Kvb| mg‡q Amg‡q,

Pv‡qi Kv‡ci AvÇvq wKsev ¯‹vBc K‡j, ARmÖ mgq a‡i Av‡jvPbv mgv‡jvPbvi m½x hviv, evi evi wiwfD K‡i

fzjÎzwU awi‡q w`‡q evuPv‡jb hviv, nZvkvi Zjvwb‡Z †V‡K hvIqvi mgq¸‡jv‡Z Drmvn w`‡q GwM‡q Avm‡jb hviv –

Zv‡ì cÖwZ mxgvnxb K…ZÁZv| AMwYZ ïfvKvO&¶x‡ì g‡a¨ wKQz bvg D‡jL bv Ki‡jB bqt

Avdixb †nv‡mb

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BwZnv‡mi w`bwjwc

mgqKvj Kx N‡UwQ‡jv

1350 †KvwU eQi c`v_© Ges kw³i D™¢e| c`v_©we`¨vi m‚Pbv| cigvYz Ges AYzi DrcwË| ïiæ n‡jv

imvqbwe`¨vi|

450 †KvwU eQi ‰Zix nj Ôc…w_exÕ|

380 †KvwU eQi cÖv‡Yi Avwef©ve| Rxewe`¨vi m‚ÎcvZ|

60 j¶ eQi gvbzl Ges wk¤úvwÄ zR‡bi me©‡kl c‚e©cziæl‡K †`Lv hvq|

25 j¶ eQi AvwdÖKvq Avw` gvbz‡li weKvk jvf| cv_‡ii nvwZqv‡ii D™¢veb|

20 jvL eQi gvbzl AvwdÖKv †_‡K BD‡iwkqvq Qwo‡q c‡o| gvbz‡li wewfbœ cÖRvwZi Avwef©ve|

5 jvL eQi BD‡ivc Ges ga¨ cÖv‡P¨ wbqvÛv_©vj gvbzl weKvk jvf K‡i|

3 jvL eQi cÖvZ¨wnK Kv‡R Av¸‡bi eënvi|

2 jvL eQi c‚e© AvwdÖKvq AvazwbK gvbz‡li weKvk|

70 nvRvi eQi ezw×wfwËK wecøe

BwZnv‡mi ïiæ: AvazwbK gvbzl AvwdÖKv †_‡K †ei n‡q Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o|

45 nvRvi eQi gvbzl A‡óÖwjqvq ’vqx Avevm M‡o| †mLvbKvi Av‡Mi mg Í cÖvwYKzj‡K aŸsm K‡i †d‡j|

30 nvRvi eQi wbqvÛv_©v‡ji wejzwß|

16 nvRvi eQi gvbzl Av‡gwiKvq ’vqx Avevm M‡o †Zv‡j| Av‡gwiKvi c‚e©eZ©x cÖvY‰ewPZª¨ wejzwßi Ke‡j c‡o|

13 nvRvi eQi ‡d¬v‡iwm‡qwÝm gvbz‡li wejzwß| AvazwbK gvbzlB gvbe cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKgvÎ wU‡K _vKv cÖRvwZ|

12 nvRvi eQi K…wl wecøe| Dw™¢` Ges cÖvYxi M…ncvwjZKiY| gvbz‡li GK RvqMvq ’vqxfv‡e emev‡mi m‚Pbv|

5 nvRvi eQi cÖ_g ivR¨, ivRZ¡, n¯Íwjwc Ges gz Övi cÖPjb| eû-Ck¦iev`x ev eû‡èev`x (Polztheistic) a‡g©i

cÖPjb|

4250 eQi cÖ_g mv¤ªvR¨ mviMb Gi Av°v`xq mv¤ªv‡Rï ïiæ|

2500 eQi cqmvi D™¢veb me©Rbxb gz Öv eë¯’vi cÖPjb|


cvim¨ (eZ©gvb Bivb) mvgÖvR¨ – Òme gvbz‡li ¯v‡_©Ó me©Rbxb ivR‰bwZK eë¯’v|

fvi‡Z †eŠ× a‡giÖ cÖmvi – ÒRM‡Zi mg Í cÖvYx ztL-Kó †_‡K gzw³ cvKÓ GB me©Rbxb m‡Z¨ Av ’v|

2 nvRvi eQi Px‡b nvb mvgÖv‡Rï m‚Pbv| f‚ga¨mvMixq AÂ‡j †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï we Ívi| wLÖ÷a‡giÖ AvMgb|

1400 eQi Bmjv‡gi m‚Pbv|

500 eQi ‰eÁvwbK wecøe| gvbzl Zvi AÁZv ev AbwfÁZv‡K ezS‡Z Ges bwRiwenxb kw³ AR©b Ki‡Z ïiæ

K‡i| BD‡ivcxqiv Av‡gwiKv Avi mvMi Rq Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| mviv c…w_ex GKwU gvÎ HwZnvwmK ’v‡b cwiYZ nq|

czuwRev‡ì (capitalism) D™¢e|

200 eQi wkí wecøe| cwievi Ges m¤cÖ`vq cwiYZ nq ivóÖ Ges evRv‡i| weczj cwigvY Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi

wejzwß N‡U G mgq|

eZ©gvb mgq gvbzl c…w_exi mxgv AwZµg K‡i‡Q| ivmvqwbK A ¿ gvbzl RvwZi Rb¨ ûgwK n‡q `vuwo‡q‡Q| cÖvYxi

êwkó¨ GLb Avi cÖvK…wZK weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ n‡”Q bv, n‡”Q gvbz‡li ezw×`xß bKkvi (Intelligent

design) gva¨‡g|

fwel¨r mgq AvMvgxi ezw×`xß bKkvB wK gvbz‡li fwel¨r g‚jgš¿ n‡Z hv‡”Q? AvazwbK gvbz‡li RvqMv wK `Lj

K‡i wb‡e AwZgvbe (superhumans)?


cÖ_g ce© : eyw×wfwËK wecøe

wbZvšÍ mvaviY GKwU cÖvYxi Mí wecøe


Av`g nvIqvi w`bwjwc

AMYb gvby‡li †¯ªvZ


wbZvšÍ mvaviY GKwU cÖvYxi Mí

AvR †_‡K cÖvq mv‡o 13k †KvwU eQi Av‡M weM e¨vs (Big Bang) bv‡g cwiwPZ GK gnvwe‡ùvi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q

m…wó nq c`v‡_iÖ, DrcwË jvf K‡i kw³, m‚Pbv N‡U mg‡qi Avi iwPZ nq gnvk‚b¨| Áv‡bi †h kvLv gnvwek¦ m¤úwK©Z

Gme †gŠwjK welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡K Avgiv ewj c`v_©weÁvb|

c`v_© Ges kw³ ˆZwi nIqvi cÖvq 3 j¶ eQi ci Zviv GKwÎZ n‡q cigvYz (Atom) bv‡g GKwU RwUj KvVv‡gv

MVb K‡i| cigvYz nj †gŠ‡ji ¶z ÖZg GKK, hv mivmwi ivmvqwbK cwieZ©‡b Ask wb‡Z cv‡i| GB cigvYz¸‡jv

cieZ©x‡Z wewfbœfv‡e web¨¯Í n‡q Av‡iv RwUj cÖK…wZi KvVv‡gvi m‚Pbv K‡i, hv AYz bv‡g cwiwPZ| cigvYz, AYz I

Zv‡ì wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi MíB n‡jv imvqb|

GiI A‡bK c‡i, AvR †_‡K cÖvq 380 †KvwU eQi Av‡M, GB gnvwe‡k¦i c…w_ex bvgK GKwU MÖ‡n wbw ©ó wKQz AYz

wgwjZ n‡q eo AvKv‡ii I Av‡iv RwUj ai‡bi we‡kl wKQz KvVv‡gv MVb K‡i| G‡ì‡K Avgiv GK K_vq ewj

ÔRxeÕ| mg Í RxeRMr I Zv‡ì Kvh©cÖYvjx wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i †h kv ¿ Zvi bvg RxeweÁvb|

cÖvq 70 nvRvi eQi Av‡M, mg Í RxeRM‡Zi gv‡S †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ (Homo sapiens) bv‡gi GKwU we‡kl cÖRvwZ

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eëüZ mKj ev Íe DcKiY, Lv`¨, evm ’vb, †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, Drcv`b c×wZ Ges AvPvi-AvPiY‡K GKmv‡_ ejv

nq Zvi ms¯‹…wZ| Avi †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ ev AvazwbK gvbz‡li ms¯‹…wZi µgvMZ cwieZ©‡bi Mí‡KB ejv nq BwZnvm|

wZbwU ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© wecøe BwZnvm‡K AvR‡Ki Ae ’v‡b G‡b w`‡q‡Q| cÖ_gwU nj ezw×wfwËK wecøe (Cognitive

revolution), hv cÖvq 70 nvRvi eQi Av‡M gvbz‡li BwZnv‡mi wfwË ¯’vcb K‡i| Gici weKvk N‡U K…wlwfwËK

wecø‡ei (Agricultural Revolution), hv cÖvq 12 nvRvi eQi Av‡M gvbz‡li BwZnvm‡K †`q bZzb MwZ|

me‡k‡l, gvÎ 500 eQi Av‡M m‚Pbv nq êÁvwbK wecø‡ei (Scientific Revolution)| GB wecøe ivZvivwZ cv‡ë

w`‡q‡Q BwZnv‡mi MwZc_| nq‡Zv GKw`b weÁv‡bi GB wecøe gvbz‡li BwZnv‡mi BwZ †U‡b m‚Pbv Ki‡e m¤ú‚Y© bZzb

†Kv‡bv hz‡Mi| GB eB‡q Avgiv GB wZb wecø‡ei cÖfv‡e gvbzl Ges RxeRM‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡ì cv‡ë hvevi

MíUvB Rvbvi †Póv Kie|

ezw×wfwËK wecø‡ei A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB A_©vr BwZnv‡mi m‚Pbvi eû Av‡M †_‡KB c…w_ex‡Z gvbz‡li wePiY wQj|

AvazwbK gvbz‡li g‡Zv ezw×gvb cÖvYxi cÖ_g Avwef©ve N‡U cÖvq 25 j¶ eQi Av‡M| Gi Av‡M nvRvi nvRvi cÖRb¥ a‡i

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AvKvi-AvK…wZ, Avjv`v K‡i †Pbvi g‡Zv cÖLi ezw×gËv wKsev Lv`¨k…•L‡j GKK †Kv‡bv AvwacZ¨|

20 j¶ eQi Av‡Mi c‚e© AvwdÖKvi †Kv‡bv MÖv‡g nvuU‡Z †e‡iv‡j gvbz‡li Pwi‡Îi wPi‡Pbv iƒcUvB nq‡Zv Avcbvi

†Pv‡L coZ| Avcwb †`L‡Zb †QvU ev”Pv‡ì ez‡K AvM‡j ivLv DwØMœ gv‡K Avi Kv‡Qwc‡VB †Ljvazjvq †g‡Z _vKv

†QvU †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì| †`L‡Z †c‡Zb mgv‡Ri wbqg fvOv mvnmx ZiæY‡ì wKsev Ggb me ez‡ov‡ì hviv evwK RxebUv

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†fvjv‡Z e¨ Í wKQz hzeK‡K Avi Rxebfi GB mewKQz †`‡L Avmv †Kv‡bv meRvšÍv, AkxwZci e…×v‡KI| GB cÖvPxb


gvbz‡liv fv‡jv‡e‡m‡Q, †Ljvazjv K‡i‡Q, Mfxi eÜz‡Z¡i eÜ‡b Ave× n‡q‡Q Ges mgv‡R ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© I kw³kvjx nIqvi

Rb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †b‡g‡Q| GKB KvR K‡i‡Q wk¤úvwÄ, †eezb Ges nvwZI| gvbzl ZLb †Kv‡bvfv‡eB cÖvYxKz‡ji

Ab¨‡ì †_‡K ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© wKQz wQj bv| G iKg †Kvb j¶YB ZLb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †`Lv hvqwb †hUv †`‡L †KD Abzgvb

Ki‡Z cvi‡e †h Zv‡ìB mz ‚i eska‡iiv GKw`b Pvu‡ì ez‡K nvuU‡e, cigvYz‡K wØLwÐZ Ki‡e, wWGbGi inm¨

D‡b¥vPb Ki‡e A_ev BwZnv‡mi eB wjL‡e| mzZivs, cÖv‰MwZnvwmK gvbzl m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi mgq me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© †h

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c…w_exi Dci †ewk cÖfve gvbz‡li wQj bv| cÖv‰MwZnvwmK gvbz‡li BwZnvm ZvB cÖvwYwe`¨v eB‡qi mvaviY GKwU

Aa¨vq Qvov Avi wKQzB bq|

RxeweÁvbxiv RxeRMZ‡K wewfbœ cÖRvwZ‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb| zwU cÖvYx wgj‡bi gva¨‡g hw` mdjfv‡e eskai ˆZwi

Ki‡Z m¶g nq, Z‡e Zv‡ì‡K GKB cÖRvwZi AšÍf©z³ e‡j aiv nq| z‡Uv D`vniY †_‡K Avgiv welqwU Av‡iKUz

mnR fv‡e †evSvi †Póv Ki‡Z cvwi| Avgiv Rvwb, weeZ©‡bi ci¤úivq GKB c‚e©cziæl †_‡K Mvav Ges †Nvovi

DrcwË n‡q‡Q Ges †m Kvi‡YB Zv‡ì kvixie…Ëxq êwk‡óï gv‡S h‡_ó wgj j¶¨ Kiv hvq| wKš‘, Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii

cÖwZ Lze KgB †hŠb AvKl©Y †eva K‡i| gvbzl †Póv Ki‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †hŠb m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ †m‡¶‡Î

Zv‡ì wgj‡bi d‡j Drcvw`Z mšÍvb nq eÜ¨v, mšÍvb Drcv`‡b A¶g| G‡ì‡K Avgiv ÔL”PiÕ bv‡g wPwb| Drcvw`Z

mšÍvb eÜ¨v nevi KviY nj, Mvavi iƒcvšÍwiZ wWGbG KLbB †Nvovi wWGbGi mv‡_ fv‡jvfv‡e Lvc Lvq bv, †Nvovi

wWGbG i †¶‡ÎI GKB K_v cÖ‡hvR¨| GKvi‡Y Mvav I †Nvov GKB c‚e©cziæl †_‡K weewZ©Z n‡jI Zviv zwU m¤ú‚Y©

wfbœ cÖRvwZ, weeZ©‡bi m¤ú‚Y© wfbœ c‡_ Zv‡ì zR‡bi hvÎv| Ab¨w`‡K ezjWM Ges ¯ú¨vwb‡qj †`L‡Z m¤ú‚Y© Avjv`v

e‡j Zv‡ì‡K wfbœ cÖRvwZi g‡b n‡jI Avm‡j Zviv wKš‘ GKB cÖRvwZi m`m¨| KviY, Zviv zR‡bB GKB iKg

wWGbG enb Ki‡Q| Zviv Lze ¯vfvweKfv‡eB †hŠbwµqvq Ave× n‡Z cvi‡e, Zv‡ì Lze mz›ì ev”Pv n‡e Ges †mB

ev”PvivI cwiYZ eq‡m A‡bK ev”Pvi Rb¥ w`‡Z cvi‡e|

‡hme cÖRvwZ GKB c‚e©cziæl †_‡K G‡m‡Q Zv‡ì‡K GKB ÔMYÕ ev ÔRvwZÕi (Genus, eûePb Genera) AšÍf©z³

e‡j aiv nq| wmsn, evN, wPZv Ges Rv¸qvi Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB c¨vb‡_iv (Panthera) bvgK Rv‡Zi Avjv`v Avjv`v

cÖRvwZ| RxeweÁvbxiv cÖvYx‡ì bvgKiY K‡ib zBwU c…_K j¨vwUb k‡ãi gva¨‡g| Av‡M MY ev RvwZi bvg, c‡i

cÖRvwZi bvg| †hgb, wms‡ni bvg c¨vb‡_iv wjI (Panthera leo) hvi A_© c¨vb‡_iv †kÖYxi wmsn cÖRvwZ| a‡i

†bIqv hvq, G eB hviv co‡e Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡KB †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ (Homo sapiens) A_©vr gvbzl (Homo A_©

gvbzl) †kÖYxi Ávbx (sapiens A_© Ávbx) cÖRvwZi|

K‡qKwU ÔMYÕ Avevi GKwU ÔcwieviÕ (Familz) ˆZwi K‡i| †hgb- wmsn, wPZv evN, †cvlv weovj – Giv weovj

cwievifz³; †bK‡o, †LuKwkqvj Ges †kqvj – Giv KzKzi cwiev‡ii m`m¨ Ges nvwZ, g¨vg_, gvm‡Uv‡Wvb – Giv nvwZ

cwiev‡ii AšÍf©z³| GKB cwiev‡ii mg Í m`m¨ AZx‡Zi †Kv‡bv wcZ…Zvwš¿K ev gvZ…Zvwš¿K †Mvôx †_‡K weKvk jvf

K‡i‡Q ev weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| M…n‡¯’i Av`‡ii †cvlv weovj Ges e‡bi wnsmÖ evN Avm‡j GKB c‚e©cziæl †_‡K D™¢zZ,

cÖvq AvovB †KvwU eQi Av‡M c…w_ex‡Z wQj hv‡ì emevm|

RxeRM‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx‡ì g‡Zv gvbzlI A‡bK¸‡jv MY ev RvwZ wb‡q MwVZ GKwU cwiev‡ii Ask|

Avðh©RbKfv‡e, GB wbZvšÍ mvaviY e¨vcviwU‡K A™¢zZ Kvi‡Y gvbzl evievi †Mvcb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q| †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ


bv‡gi GB cÖvYxwU eiveiB wb‡R‡ì‡K evwK cÖvwYRMr †_‡K m¤ú‚Y© Avjv`v K‡i †`L‡Z Pvq, †`‡L G‡m‡Q| fveLvbv

Ggb, †hb Zviv Abv_ GKUv cÖRvwZ, Zviv †Kv‡bv cwiev‡ii Ask bq, Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv fvB-‡evb †bB, GgbwK wcZv-

gvZv ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c‚e©cziælI †bB| Zv wKš‘ G‡Kev‡iB mZ¨ bq| cQ›` Kiæb Avi bvB Kiæb, Avgiv †MÖU Gc

(Great Ape) bv‡gi wekvj Rbeûj GK cwiev‡ii Ask| Avgv‡ì cwiev‡ii RxweZ wbKUvZ¥xq‡ì g‡a¨ wk¤úvwÄ,

Mwijv Ges Iivs-IUvs D‡jL‡hvM¨| Gi g‡a¨ wk¤úvwÄiv Avgv‡ì me‡P‡q Kv‡Qi AvZ¥xq| cÖvq 60 j¶ eQi Av‡M

GK bievbi (Ape) gv‡qi zwU Kb¨v mšÍvb wQj| G‡ì GKRb mg Í wk¤úvwÄi Avw`gvZv Ges Ab¨Rb nj AvazwbK

gvbz‡li cÖvPxbZg bvbx|

Mí ejv K¼vj

‡nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ AviI weeÖZKi GKUv mZ¨ GZw`b †Mvcb K‡i G‡m‡Q| †mwc‡q‡Ýi †h †Kej A‡bK¸‡jv Amf¨,

eb¨ ÁvwZfvB Av‡Q ZvB bq, BwZnv‡mi GKUv ch©v‡q Avgv‡ì †ek wKQz Avcb fvB †evbI wQj| Avgiv GZw`b

wb‡R‡ì‡KB GKgvÎ gvbzl wn‡m‡e †R‡b G‡mwQ, KviY MZ 10 nvRvi eQi a‡i ïazgvÎ GB †mwc‡qÝivB c…w_ex‡Z

gvbzl †Mv‡Îi cÖvYx wn‡m‡e wU‡K Av‡Q| Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ †h Rxe‰eÁvwbK †kÖwYweb¨vm c×wZ †`‡LwQ †mB c×wZ

Abzhvqx ÔgvbzlÕ kãUvi mwZ¨Kvi gv‡b nj Ô‡nv‡gv (Homo) M‡Yi AšÍf©z³ cÖvYxÕ| AZx‡Z GB Ô‡nv‡gvÕ bvgK MYwUi

AviI A‡bK cÖRvwZi cÖvYxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj| GB eB‡qi †k‡li Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †`Le, A ‚i fwel¨‡ZI nq‡Zv Avgv‡ì

GB †nv‡gv M‡Yi Ab¨ cÖRvwZi gvbzl‡ì mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡e| GB bvgKi‡Yi e¨vcviUv cwi®‹vi

Kivi Rb¨, Avgiv AwaKvsk mgqB Ô‡mwc‡qÝÕ ej‡Z ïaz †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZwU‡K ezSv‡ev, Avi ÔgvbzlÕ kãUv

†nv‡gv M‡Yi me cÖRvwZi gvbz‡li Rb¨ msiw¶Z ivLe|

KvíwbK czbM©Vb Abzmv‡i Avgv‡ì nvwi‡q hvIqv m‡nv`‡iiv (evg †_‡K Wv‡b):

†nv‡gv iæWj‡dbwmm (c‚e© AvwdÖKv), †nv‡gv B‡i±vm (c‚e© Gwkqv), Ges †nv‡gv

wbqvÛv_©v‡jbwmm (BD‡ivc I cwðg Gwkqv)| Giv mevB gvbzl|


gvbz‡li cÖ_g mÜvb †g‡j c‚e© AvwdÖKvq, cÖvq 25 j¶ eQi Av‡M| Zviv wKš‘ k‚b¨ †_‡K Av‡m wb, cÖ_g w`KKvi

bievb‡ii GKwU †kÖYx A÷Öv‡jvwc‡_Kvm (Australopithecus) †_‡K weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡gB Zv‡ì D™¢e| G RwUj

AvKv‡ii bv‡gi mv‡_ wKš‘ f‚‡Mv‡ji A‡÷Öwjqvi †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| A÷Öv‡jvwc‡_Kvm Gi kvwãK A_© n‡jv `w¶‡Yi

bievbi (Southern ape)| cÖvq 20 j¶ eQi Av‡M wKQz gvbzl c‚e© AvwdÖKv Z¨vM K‡i DËi AvwdÖKv, ga¨cÖvP¨ Ges

Gwkqvi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q c‡o| cÖ‡Z¨KwU bZzb RvqMvq Giv weiƒc Ae ’v, bZzb ai‡bi AvenvIqv I Rjevqz, wfbœ

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae ’v, bZzb bZzb cÖvYx, A‡Pbv MvQcvjv BZ¨vwì m¤§zLxb nq| GZme A‡Pbv Ae ’vi mv‡_ wb‡R‡ì Lvc

LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ gvbzl wewfbœ RvqMvq wfbœ wfbœ fv‡e weewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K| A‡bK A‡bK eQi a‡i GiKg Pjvi ci

gvbz‡li A‡bK¸‡jv Avjv`v Avjv`v cÖRvwZ c…w_exi wewfbœ As‡k ¯vaxbfv‡e weKvk jvf K‡i Ges cieZ©x‡Z

êÁvwb‡Kiv wb‡R‡ì gZ K‡i me¸‡jv cÖRvwZi Avjv`v Avjv`v j¨vwUb bvgKiY K‡ib|

KvíwbK czbM©Vb Abzmv‡i Avgv‡ì nvwi‡q hvIqv m‡nv`‡iiv (evg †_‡K Wv‡b): †nv‡gv iæWj‡dbwmm (c‚e© AvwdÖKv),

†nv‡gv B‡i±vm (c‚e© Gwkqv), Ges †nv‡gv wbqvÛv_©v‡jbwmm (BD‡ivc I cwðg Gwkqv)| Giv mevB gvbzl|

cwðg BD‡iwkqvq (BD‡ivc Ges Gwkqv) gvbz‡li †h cÖRvwZ weKvk jvf K‡i weÁvbxiv Zvi bvg w`‡q‡Qb †nv‡gv

wbqvÛv_©v‡jbwmm (Homo neanderthalensis) ev ms‡¶‡c wbqvÛv_©vj (Neanderthals)| Gi mnR gv‡b nj-

wbqvÛvi DcZ¨Kvi gvbzl| wbqvÛv_©vjiv Avgv‡ì †_‡K AvKv‡i A‡bK eomo Ges †ckxeûj wQj| Giv eid hz‡M

cwðg BD‡iwkqvi VvÛv AvenvIqvi mv‡_ wb‡R‡ì Lze fv‡jvfv‡e gvwb‡q wb‡Z †c‡iwQj| Gwkqvi GK`g c‚‡eiÖ

w`‡K gvbz‡li †h cÖRvwZ weKvk jvf K‡i Zv‡ì bvg †nv‡gv B‡iKUvm (Homo erectus) ev ÔLvov gvbzlÕ| Giv cÖvq

20 j¶ eQi c…w_exi ez‡K wePiY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| gvbz‡li Avi †Kv‡bv cÖRvwZ c…w_ex‡Z GZ †ewk w`b wU‡K _vK‡Z

cv‡i wb| AvR‡Ki AvazwbK gvbzl ev †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝI GB 20 jvL eQ‡ii †iKW© fvO‡Z cvi‡e wKbv †m e¨vcv‡i

h‡_ó m‡›`n Av‡Q| mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z Kx, Avgv‡ì c‡¶ AviI GK nvRvi eQi c…w_ex‡Z wU‡K _vKv m¤¢e n‡e wKbv

†mUvB cÖkœmv‡c¶ welq, jvL jvL eQi †Zv A‡bK ‚‡ii e¨vcvi!

Gev‡i `w¶Y-c‚e© Gwkqvi B‡›`v‡bwkqvi w`‡K GKUz bRi †Ìqv hvK| B‡›`v‡bwkqvi Rvfv Øx‡c gvbz‡li Av‡iKwU

cÖRvwZ weKvk jvf K‡i hv‡ì‡K ejv nq †nv‡gv m‡jv‡qbwmm (Homo soloensis) ev m‡jv DcZ¨Kvi gvbzl|

Gw`‡K B‡›`v‡bwkqvi †d¬v‡im bv‡gi †QvÆ GKwU Øx‡c ZLb †jLv n‡”Q BwZnv‡mi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© Aa¨vq| weKvk

n‡”Q †QvU AvKv‡ii GK cÖRvwZi gvbz‡li, †mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZi weÁvbxiv A‡bK c‡i hvi bvg †`‡eb †nv‡gv

†d¬v‡iwm‡qbwmm (Homo floresiensis) ev †d¬v‡im Øx‡ci gvbzl| gvbzl hLb cÖ_g †d¬v‡im Øx‡c †cŠuQvq ZLb

mg‡z& Öi cvwbi D”PZv wQj G‡Kev‡iB Kg| d‡j gvbzl mn‡RB †d¬v‡im †_‡K g‚j f‚L‡Ð hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z cviZ| mgq

hZB AwZevwnZ nj mgz‡ Öi cvwbi D”PZv evo‡Z _vKj| GKmgq †d¬v‡im Øxc g‚j f‚LÐ †_‡K cz‡ivczwi wew”Qbœ n‡q

†Mj| Gi d‡j wKQz †jvKRb †d¬v‡im Øx‡cB AvUKv c‡o †Mj| †d¬v‡im wQj LzeB †QvU GKwU Øxc| GiKg †QvU

GKwU Øx‡c A‡bK †jv‡Ki Rb¨ h‡_ó cwigvY Lvev‡ii mieivn _v‡K bv| d‡j j¤v Ges †gvUv-ZvRv †jvKRb, †ewk

†ewk Lvevi Qvov hv‡ì P‡j bv, cÖ_‡gB Zviv Lvev‡ii Afv‡e gviv coj| wKš‘ †QvU-LvU †jvKRb Ges cÖvYx, hv‡ì

†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Kg Lvev‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq Zviv †Kv‡bviK‡g †eu‡P _vKj|

A‡bK A‡bK eQi a‡i GB NUbv N‡U Pjj| †QvU AvKv‡ii gvbzl‡ì Kg Lvevi †L‡qI †eu‡P _vKvi m¤¢vebv †ewk

wQj| G Kvi‡Y cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖR‡b¥ †QvU AvKv‡ii gvbzlivB †ewk msL¨vq wU‡K _vKj| Gfv‡e †d¬v‡im Øx‡ci gvbzl


GKmgq evg‡b (‡QvU AvKv‡ii gvbzl) cwiYZ nj| †nv‡gv †d¬v‡iwm‡qbwmm m‡e©v”P GK wgUvi (3 dzU) D”PZvi Ges

25 wK‡jvMÖvg IR‡bi nZ| wKš‘, AvKv‡i †QvU n‡jI Zviv gvbz‡li Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZi gZB ek©vmn cv_‡ii bvbviKg

nvwZqvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z cviZ Ges Gme nvwZqvi w`‡q Zviv gv‡S gv‡S nvwZI wkKvi KiZ! hwÌ, mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z

Kx, †mB nvwZ Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvi nvwZi gZ `kvmB AvKv‡ii nvwZ wQj bv, wQj evgb nvwZ! GB nj evgbivR¨ †d¬v‡im

Gi Mí|

2010 mv‡j weÁvbxiv mvB‡ewiqvi †Wwb‡mvfv ¸nvq LbbKvR Pvjv‡Z wM‡q gvbz‡li GKwU AvO&¸‡ji dwm‡ji mÜvb

cvb hv wKQzw`b ci Avgv‡ì mvg‡b wb‡q Av‡m gvbz‡li nvwi‡q hvIqv Av‡iKwU cÖRvwZ‡K| wRbMZ M‡elYv †_‡K

†evSv hvq, GB dwmjwU †_‡K cÖvß wRb G ch©šÍ Avwe®‹…Z gvbz‡li me¸‡jv cÖRvwZi †_‡K Avjv`v| weÁvbxiv gvbz‡li

bZzb GB cÖRvwZi bvg w`‡q‡Qb †nv‡gv †Wwb‡mvfv (Homo denisova) ev †Wwb‡mvfv ¸nvi gvbzl| †K Rv‡b- †Kvb

†`‡k, †Kvb A‡Pbv ¸nvq, †Kvb wbR©b Øx‡c gvbz‡li bvg bv Rvbv KZ cÖRvwZi wb`k©b Avgv‡ì Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Q

Avwe®‹…Z nIqvi cÖZ¨vkvq|

hLb BD‡ivc Ges Gwkqvq weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g gvbz‡li Gme bZzb bZzb cÖRvwZi D™¢e n‡q‡Q, ZLb c‚e© AvwdÖKv‡ZI

wKš‘ weeZ©b †_‡g _v‡K wb| †mLv‡bI gvbeRvwZi AvuZzoN‡i Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q bZzb bZzb cÖRvwZ| ˆZwi n‡q‡Q †nv‡gv

iæWj‡dbwmm (Homo rudolfensis) ev iæWjd nÖ‡ì gvbzl, †nv‡gv Bi‡M÷vi (Homo ergaster) ev Kg©V

gvbzl Ges me †k‡l ˆZwi n‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì cÖRvwZ, wb‡R‡ì‡K hviv †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ ev Ávbx gvbzl wn‡m‡e wPwýZ

K‡i‡Q|

wewfbœ AÂ‡j M‡o IVv gvbz‡li wewfbœ cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi gv‡S wKQz wQj wekvj AvKv‡ii, †KD wQj evgb| †KD †KD wQj

Zz‡Lvo wkKvix Avevi †KD ïaz dj-g‚j †L‡qB †eu‡P _vKZ| †Kv‡bv cÖRvwZ GKwU Øx‡ci g‡a¨B mvivUv Rxeb

KvwU‡q‡Q, †KD Avevi ågY K‡i‡Q GK gnv‡`k †_‡K Ab¨ gnv‡`k| wKš‘ Zviv mK‡jB wQj GK gvbe RvwZi Ask|

Zviv mevB wQj gvbzl|

gvbz‡li GB wewfbœ cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi DrcwË I weKvk wb‡q GKwU eûj cÖPwjZ fzj aviYv nj, gvbz‡li GKvwaK cÖRvwZ

GKwU wbw ©ó mg‡q c…w_ex‡Z KL‡bvB GKmv‡_ emevm K‡iwb, eis cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi GKwU †_‡K AciwUi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q|

†hgb, B‡iKUvm Gi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q Bi‡M÷vi †_‡K, wbqvÛv_©v‡ji Rb¥ n‡q‡Q B‡iKUvm †_‡K Ges wbqvÛv_©vj †_‡K

Avgiv G‡mwQ| gvbz‡li GKwU cÖRvwZ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖRvwZi ˆZwi nevi GB aviYv Avgv‡ì GUv fve‡Z DØz× K‡i †h,

gvbz‡li G‡Ki AwaK cÖRvwZ KLbI GKmv‡_ c…w_exi ez‡K emevm K‡i wb, GKwU bZzb cÖRvwZ gvbz‡li c‚e©eZ©x

Av‡iKwU cÖRvwZi DbœZ ms¯‹iY gvÎ| wKš‘ ev¯ÍeZv nj, 20 jvL eQi Av‡M †_‡K ïiæ K‡i 10 nvRvi eQi Av‡MI

c…w_ex wQj gvbz‡li A‡bK¸‡jv cÖRvwZi evmf‚wg| †Kb bq? AvR‡Ki c…w_ex‡Z GKB mg‡q A‡bK cÖRvwZi †kqvj,

fvjzK Avi ïKi emevm Ki‡Q| GKBfv‡e GK jvL eQi Av‡Mi c…w_ex‡Z GKB mv‡_ gvbzl‡i AšÍZ QqwU cÖRvwZ

†nu‡U †ewo‡q‡Q, emevm K‡i‡Q c…w_exi ez‡K| cÖvYxRM‡Z Ab¨vb¨‡ì w`‡K j¶¨ Ki‡j †evSv hvq, GKmv‡_ GKvwaK

cÖRvwZi mnve ’v‡bi e¨vcviUvB ¯vfvweK, eis AvR‡Ki AvazwbK we‡k¦ †h gvbz‡li †Kej GKwU cÖRvwZ emevm Ki‡Q

†mB e¨vcviwU A¯vfvweK, LvcQvov| GKUz c‡iB Avgiv †`Le, AvazwbK gvbzl Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì ¯v‡_©B gvbz‡li

Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi BwZnvm avgvPvgv †Ìqvi †Póv K‡i‡Q|


gM‡Ri gvïj

GZ¶Y Avgiv gvbz‡li wewfbœ cÖRvwZ Ges Zv‡ì bvbviKg êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvbjvg| gvbz‡li GB cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi gv‡S

AvKvi-AvK…wZ, AvPiY, Lv`¨vf¨vm BZ¨vw` A‡bK wel‡q bvbviKg cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI Zv‡ì mK‡ji gv‡SB wKQz mvaviY

êwkó¨ we`¨gvb| G¸‡jvi gv‡S †hUv mevi Av‡M †Pv‡L c‡o, †mUv nj eo AvKv‡ii gw¯Í®‹| ˆ`wnK MVb Abzcv‡Z

gvbz‡li gw Í‡®‹i AvKvi Ab¨ †h †Kvb cÖvYxi †_‡K †ek eo| mvaviYZ lvU wK‡jvMÖvg IR‡bi GKwU ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYxi

gw¯Í®‹ MocoZvq zBk Nb‡mw›UwgUvi nq| Ab¨w`‡K cÖvq AvovB j¶ eQi Av‡Mi Avav-gvbzl‡ì gw¯Í‡®‹i AvKvi wQj

cÖvq Qqk Nb‡mw›UwgUvi| eZ©gv‡bi AvazwbK gvbz‡li gw¯Í‡®‹i AvKvi cÖvq GK nvRvi `zBk †_‡K GK nvRvi Pvik

Nb‡mw›UwgUvi| gvbz‡li Av‡iKwU cÖRvwZ wbqvÛv_©v‡ji gw¯Í®‹ Gi †P‡qI eo AvKv‡ii wQj|

Avgiv Rvwb, †h mKj êwkó¨ †Kvb cÖvYx‡K wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ †ewk mzweav †`q, †mB êwkó¨¸‡jvB mvaviYZ cÖRb¥

†_‡K cÖR‡b¥ Qwo‡q c‡o Ges weKwkZ nq| †mw`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j G K_v g‡b n‡ZB cv‡i †h, gv_v eo gv‡b

†ewk ezw×, †ewk wPšÍvfvebv Kivi mz‡hvM Ges †ewk wPšÍvfvebv Ki‡Z cvi‡j wU‡K _vKvi m¤¢vebv †ewk| mzZivs,

cÖvK…wZK weeZ©‡b cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖR‡b¥ eo gv_vi gvbzl¸‡jvB wU‡K _vK‡e| wKš‘, G Abzgvb hw` mwZ¨ n‡Zv, Zvn‡j

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mzZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, ivbœvi Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j gvbz‡li Lvevi nR‡gi KvRUv A‡bK mnR n‡q †Mj| d‡j gvbzl †QvU

†QvU `vuZ, A‡c¶vK…Z Kg kw³kvjx †Pvqvj Ges †QvU Lv`¨bvjx ev Aš¿ (intestine) w`‡qI Abvqv‡m †eu‡P _vK‡Z

cvij| wKQz wKQz we‡klÁiv wek¦vm K‡ib †h ivbœv K‡i Lvevi LvIqv ïiæi mv‡_ gvbz‡li Aš¿ ev Lv`¨bvjx †QvU nIqv

Ges gw¯Í‡®‹i AvKvi e…w×i mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM Av‡Q| †h‡nZz `xN© Aš¿ Avi eomo gw¯Í®‹- z‡UviB A‡bK †ewk †ewk

kw³i ìKvi n‡Zv Pjvi Rb¨, ZvB I z‡Uv GKmv‡_ _vKvUv †ek Sv‡gjvi e¨vcvi| ZvB, A‡š¿i AvKvi †QvU K‡i

Zvi kw³i eënvi Kwg‡q ivbœv Avgv‡ì AviI eo gw¯Í‡®‹i AwaKvix cÖvYx‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nIqvi c_ mzMg K‡i w`j|

Avi Zvi d‡jB cieZ©x‡Z wbqvÛv_©vj Avi †mwc‡q‡Ýi D™¢e nj|1

Avi G Rb¨B eû weÁvbx e‡j _v‡Kb †h, gvbzl Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi g‡a¨ cÖ_g †h eo iKg cv_©K¨ ˆZwi nq †mUv

Av¸‡bi Kvi‡YB| Av¸b‡K Avq‡Ë G‡bB gvbzl Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx †_‡K wb‡R‡ì‡K DuPz ch©v‡q DcbxZ K‡i‡Q| cÖK…wZ‡Z

cÖvq mg Í cÖvYxi kw³B g‚jZ Zv‡ì kvixwiK kw³i Dci wbfiÖ K‡i| Avi kix‡ii kw³ wbfiÖ K‡i Zvi †ckxi

kw³gËv wKsev `vu‡Zi AvKv‡ii Dci| cÖvYxwU hw` cvwL nq Zvn‡j Wvbvi AvK…wZI Zvi kw³ Rvbvb †`q| hwÌ GUv

mZ¨ †h, wb‡Ri kvixwiK kw³i evB‡i wKQz wKQz cÖvYx cÖvK…wZK kw³‡KI Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ †mUvi Dci †Kvb

wbqš¿Y Zv‡ì _v‡K bv| †hgb, CM‡jiv Lze mnRvZfv‡eB wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i †Kv‡bv RvqMvq Mig evZvm eB‡Q

wKbv| ZLb Zviv †mLv‡b Zv‡ì cvLv †g‡j a‡i hv‡Z Mig evZvm Zv‡ì‡K †V‡j Dc‡ii w`‡K †Zv‡j| wKš‘ Mig

evZv‡mi GB ¯Íi¸‡jv †Kv_vq Ges KLb ˆZwi n‡e G e¨vcv‡i CM‡ji †Kv‡bv wbqš¿Y †bB| GgbwK hLb cvLv †g‡j

Zviv GB Mig evZvm eënvi K‡i Dc‡ii w`‡K I‡V ZLbI Zv‡ì †Kvb wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv GB evZv‡mi Dci|

evZv‡mi KZUzKz kw³ Zviv Kv‡R jvM‡Z cvi‡e GUv wbfiÖ K‡i Zv‡ì Wvbvi we¯Ív‡ii Dci, Zv‡ì B‡”Qi Dci

bq|

gvbzl hLb Av¸b‡K Avq‡Ë Avb‡Z wkLj, ZLb Zviv Ggb GKwU kw³i wbqš¿Y nv‡Z †c‡jv, hvi m¤¢ve¨ eënvi

AdzišÍ| CM‡ji †Kvb wbqš¿Y †bB Mig evZv‡mi ¯Í‡ii Dci| wKš‘ gvbzl †h †Kv‡bv mgq PvB‡jB Av¸b R¡vjv‡Z

cv‡i| GUv gvbz‡li wm×v‡šÍi e¨vcvi| Zvi †P‡q eo K_v n‡jv Av¸‡bi kw³ gvbz‡li kvixwiK kw³i Dci wbf©ikxj

bq| GKRb gvÎ gwnjv †h GKwU evwZ ev PKgwK cv_i eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i, †m PvB‡j NÈvLv‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ cz‡iv

GKwU eb R¡vwj‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| e¯ÍzZ Av¸b‡K Avq‡Ë AvbvUv wQj gvbz‡li fwel¨r‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi GKUv c‚e©vfvm

gvÎ| †m mgq Av¸b‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv wQj AvR‡Ki AvYweK †evgv evbv‡bvi c‡_ cÖ_g c`‡¶c!

nviv‡bv fvB-‡ev‡bi †Lvu‡R

Av¸‡bi eënvi AvqË Kivi c‡iI cÖvq †ò jvL eQi Av‡Mi gvbzl Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx‡ì †_‡K wb‡R‡ì Lze GKUv

Avjv`v K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡iwb| n¨vu, Av¸‡bi e‡`Šj‡Z Zv‡ì Szwj‡Z hz³ n‡q‡Q bZzb wKQz `¶Zv- Zviv GLb wmsn‡K


Kv‡Q †Nul‡Z †`q bv, kx‡Zi iv‡Z K…wÎg DËvc Dc‡fvM K‡i, GgbwK †QvULvU GKUv R½j R¡vwj‡q w`‡ZI cv‡i|

ZviciI, B‡›`v‡bwkqvi ØxcczÄ Avi AvB‡eixq DcØx‡c (eZ©gvb †¯úb I cZ©zMvj AÂj) ZLb me wgwj‡q †gvU 10

jvL gvbzlI wQ‡jv bv| wekvj ev¯ÍzZ‡š¿i gv‡S †mUv wQ‡jv wbZvšÍ bMY¨|

G mgqUv‡Z †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZwU c…w_ex‡Z wU‡K _vK‡jI Zv‡ì m¤ú‚Y© Dcw ’wZ wQ‡jv †Kej AvwdÖKvi GK

†Kv‡Y| weeZ©‡bi wVK †Kvb ch©vq †_‡K GB cÖvYxwU‡K †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ e‡j WvKv hvq †mUv wVKVvK wbY©q Kiv hvq

bv| Z‡e GLb †_‡K cÖvq †ò jvL eQi Av‡Mi c‚e© AvwdÖKvi gvbzl¸‡jv †`L‡Z †h wVK Avgv‡ì g‡ZvB wQ‡jv- G

e¨vcv‡i †ewkifvM weÁvbxB GKgZ| ZLbKvi GKUv gvbz‡li g…Z‡`n hw` NUbvP‡µ AvR‡Ki †Kv‡bv g‡M© P‡j Av‡m,

†m g…Z‡`n‡K †`‡L AvcvZ …wó‡Z †KD ej‡Z cvi‡e bv †mUv GLbKvi bv †ò jvL eQi Av‡Mi| †mB †ò jvL eQi

Av‡MB gvbz‡li `vuZ I †Pvqvj †QvU n‡q G‡m‡Q, Avi gw¯Í®‹ n‡q‡Q A‡bK eo| Gi cz‡iv K…wZZ¡ n‡jv Av¸‡bi|

we‡klÁiv G e¨vcv‡iI GKgZ †h, cÖvq 70 nvRvi eQi Av‡M wKQz †mwc‡qÝ c‚e© AvwdÖKv †_‡K Avie DcØx‡c

†cŠu‡Q| †mLvb †_‡K Zviv Lze ªæZ cz‡iv BD‡iwkqvq we Ívi jvf K‡i| BD‡iwkqv n‡jv BD‡ivc Ges Gwkqvi

GKwÎZ GjvKv|

‡mwc‡qÝ hLb ga¨ cÖv‡P¨ Av‡m ZLb BD‡iwkqvi †ewki fvM GjvKv Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZi gvbz‡l ficzi| cieZ©x mg‡q

†Kv_vq nviv‡jv gvbz‡li Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZi m`mïv? G e¨vcv‡i z‡Uv ci¯úiwe‡ivax ZË¡ Av‡Q| Zvi GKUv n‡jv m¼i

cÖRbb (Interbreeding) ZË¡| GB ZË¡ wb‡Ri cÖRvwZi m`m¨ Ges Ab¨ cÖRvwZi m`m¨‡ì mv‡_ GKwU cÖvYxi

cÖRbb m¤‡Ü Av‡jvPbv K‡i| G ZË¡ Abzmv‡i, AvwdÖKvi gvbzl c…w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q covi mv‡_ mv‡_ GK cÖRvwZi gvbzl

Av‡iK cÖRvwZi gvbz‡li mv‡_ cÖRb‡b wjß nq| Avi AvR‡Ki AvazwbK gvbzl GB m¼i cÖRb‡bi djvdj|

D`vniY ¯iƒc, hLb †mwc‡qÝ ga¨cÖvP¨ Ges BD‡iv‡c †cŠuQj ZLb Zv‡ì †`Lv n‡jv wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì mv‡_| Avgiv

Av‡MB Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ, wbqvÛv_©vjiv †ckxeûj wQj| Zviv †mwc‡qÝ‡ì †P‡q VvÛv AvenvIqvq A‡bK fv‡jvfv‡e

Lvc LvB‡q wb‡Z †c‡iwQj| Zv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‹i AvKviI †mwc‡qÝ‡ì †P‡q eo wQj| Zviv A‡ ¿i eënvi RvbZ, Av¸b

wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cviZ Ges meiKg wkKv‡i Zviv †mwc‡qÝ‡ì †P‡q A‡bK †ewk cvi`k©x wQj| czivZvwË¡‡Kiv kvixwiK

cÖwZeÜKZv wb‡q A‡bKw`b †eu‡P _vKv wbqvÛv_©vj gvbz‡li †`nve‡kl †c‡q‡Qb, hv †_‡K aviYv Kiv hvq Zviv Amz¯’

I ze©j‡ì hZœ wbZ| GLbKvi wewfbœ e¨v½wP‡Î wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì‡K Amf¨, wb‡e©va cïZzj¨ ¸nvgvbe iƒ‡c wPwÎZ Kiv

nq, wKš‘ mv¤cÖwZK cÖgvY †gv‡UB Zv e‡j bv|

m¼i cÖRbb ZË¡ e‡j, hLb †mwc‡qÝ wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì GjvKvq, gv‡b BD‡ivc Ges ga¨cÖv‡P¨ Qwo‡q coj ZLb Lze

¸iæZ¡c‚Y© GKUv NUbv NUj| †mwc‡qÝ Ges wbqvÛv_©v‡jiv wg‡j mšÍvb Drcv`b ïiæ Kij| Gfv‡e zwU cÖRvwZ wg‡j

wg‡k GKwU Rb‡Mvôx‡Z cwiYZ n‡jv| mwZ¨ hw` G NUbv N‡U _v‡K Zvn‡j GUv ¯úó cÖZxqgvb †h, BD‡ivc Ges

ga¨cÖv‡Pï †jv‡Kiv weï× †mwc‡qÝ bq, †mwc‡qÝ Ges wbqvÛv_©v‡ji wgkÖY| GKBfv‡e m¼i cÖRbb ZË¡ Abzhvqx

hLb †mwc‡qÝiv 60 nvRvi eQi Av‡M Px‡b †cŠu‡Q ZLb †mLv‡bI GKB NUbv N‡U| Zviv ’vbxq †nv‡gv B‡i±vm‡ì

mv‡_ †g‡k Ges mšÍvb Drcv`b kiæ K‡i| d‡j Pxb Ges c‚e© Gwkqvi †jvKRbI LvuwU †mwc‡qÝ bq, ’vbxq †nv‡gv

B‡i±vm Ges bevMZ †mwc‡qÝ‡ì mswgkÖY|


‡gvUvgzwU GB nj m¼i cÖRbb ZË¡ ev Interbreeding Theorz| GB Z‡Ë¡i wecix‡Z Av‡iKUv ZË¡ Av‡Q †hUvi

bvg cÖwZ¯’vcb ZË¡ ev Replacement Theorz| GB cÖwZ ’vcb ZË¡ cz‡iv wecixZ ai‡bi GKwU Mí e‡j

Avgv‡ì| G Mí AmwnòzZvi, G Mí N…Yvi Ges m¤¢eZ MYnZ¨viI|

cÖwZ ’vcb ZË¡ Abzhvqx †mwc‡q‡Ýi mv‡_ Ab¨ †Kvb cÖRvwZi gvbz‡li, wbqvÛv_©vj ev B‡i±vm Kv‡iv mv‡_ †Kv‡bv cÖKvi

†hŠb m¤Ü msNwUZ nqwb| †mwc‡qÝ Ges wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì †`‡ni MVb wfbœ wQj Ges Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Avjv`v Avjv`v

†hŠbwgjb cÖwµqv wQj| GgbwK Zv‡ì kix‡ii MÜI wfbœ wfbœ wQj| Ab¨ †Kvb cÖRvwZi mv‡_ †hŠb wgj‡b Ave×

nIqvi cÖwZ Zv‡ì Lze KgB AvMÖn wQj| hw` †Kvb wbqvÛv_©vj †ivwgI †mwc‡qÝ Rzwj‡q‡Ui †cÖ‡g c‡oI Ges Zv‡ì

hw` †Kv‡bv mšÍvbI nq- cÖwZ¯’vcb ZË¡ Abzhvqx G wkïwU n‡e eÜ¨v (Infertile)| wVK †hfv‡e Mvav Ges †Nvov

wgwjZ n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ Zviv ïaz cÖRbb-A¶g L”P‡iiB Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i| GKBfv‡e wbqvÛv_©vj †ivwgI Ges

†mwc‡qÝ Rzwj‡qU †Kej cÖRbb-A¶g m¼i cÖRvwZiB m…wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|

mzZivs, cÖwZ¯’vcb ZË¡ Abzhvqx †mwc‡qÝ Ges wbqvÛv_©vj GB zB Rbmgwó ¯úófv‡e Avjv`v n‡qB iBj| Zvici

hLb wbqvÛv_©vjiv gviv †M‡jv, wKsev Lzb n‡q †M‡jv, Zv‡ì wRb (Gene) ¸‡jvI †kl n‡q †M‡jv| wbqvÛv_©vj

gvbz‡li weeZ©bI †_‡g †M‡jv ZLbB|

GB …wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j †mwc‡qÝ Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv iKg m¤úK© ¯’vcb bv K‡iB Zv‡ì ¯’vb

m¤ú‚Y© `Lj K‡i wbj| GUvB hw` mZ¨ nq, Zvn‡j ejv hvq †h, AvR‡Ki c…w_exi cÖ‡Z¨KwU gvbzl †mB 70 nvRvi

eQi Av‡MKvi c‚e© AvwdÖKvi gvbz‡liB eskai, Avgiv mevB wb‡f©Rvj †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ|

weeZ©b cÖwµqvwU GZ axiMwZi †h Gi Rb¨ 70 nvRvi eQi Avm‡j LzeB Kg mgq| cÖwZ¯’vcb ZË¡ hw` mwZ¨ nq,

Z‡e GLbKvi me gvbz‡li me wRb Nz‡i wd‡i Kg‡ewk GKB iKg n‡e| Kv‡RB wfbœ wfbœ RvwZi gvbz‡li g‡a¨

wRbMZ cv_©K¨ n‡e LzeB mvgvb¨| Avevi m¼i cÖRbb ZË¡ mZ¨ n‡j AvwdÖKv, BD‡ivc I Gwkqvi gvbz‡li wR‡b eo

ai‡bi cv_©K¨ †`Lv hv‡e, †h cv_©‡Kï m‚Pbv n‡q‡Q nvRvi nvRvi eQi Av‡M|

mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q cÖwZ¯’vcb ZË¡ †ewk RbwcÖqZv †c‡q‡Q| Gi c‡¶ †Rviv‡jv cÖZœZvwË¡K cÖgvY wg‡j‡Q Avi GB ZË¡

ivR‰bwZK w`K †_‡K AwaK Dc‡hvMx (Avi weÁvbxivI AvazwbK gvbz‡li wR‡bi wfbœZv †`wL‡q mv¤cÖ`vwqK Kjn

ˆZwi Ki‡Z Pvbwb)| wKš‘ 2010 mv‡j Zv Avi a‡i ivLv m¤¢e nqwb| Pvi eQi †Póvi ci wbqvÛv_©vj wR‡bvg

(Genome) cÖKv‡ki d‡j Zv Avi Pvcv _v‡Kwb| wRb-we‡klÁiv dwmj †_‡K h‡_ó cwigv‡Y wbqvÛv_©vj gvbz‡li

wWGbG msMÖn Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Qb| GB wWGbGi mv‡_ mgKvjxb gvbz‡li wWGbG Zzjbv K‡i †h djvdj cvIqv

†M‡jv Zv Pg‡K †Ìqvi g‡Zv|

mgx¶vq †`Lv †M‡jv, ga¨cÖvP¨ Ges BD‡iv‡ci eZ©gvb gvbz‡li 1 †_‡K 4 kZvsk †gŠwjK wWGbG n‡jv wbqvÛvi_©vj

wWGbG| wg‡ji cwigvYUv Lze †ewk bv n‡jI G‡Kev‡i AMÖvn¨ Kivi g‡Zv bq| K‡qK gvm ci AviI eo GKwU PgK

Av‡m| †Wwb‡mvfv ¸nvq cÖvß Rxev‡k¥ iƒcvšÍwiZ gvbz‡li AvOz‡ji wWGbG gvbwPÎ ˆZix Kiv nq| djvd‡j †`Lv

†M‡jv, AvazwbK †gjv‡bwmqvb Ges A‡óÖwjqvi Avwèvmx‡ì wWGbGi mv‡_ †Wwb‡mvfv gvb‡ei wWGbG cÖvq 6 kZvsk

wg‡j hvq|


Z‡e GLbB †Kv‡bv Dcmsnvi bv UvbvB DwPZ, KviY G M‡elYv GLbI †kl nqwb, †kl ch©š‘ GB djvdj bvI wUK‡Z

cv‡i| hw` GB djvdj¸‡jvB wU‡K _v‡K, Z‡e m¼i cÖRbb Z‡Ë¡i mg_©K‡ì `vwe Av‡iKUz †Rviv‡jv n‡e| ZvB e‡j

cÖwZ ’vcb ZË¡‡K G‡Kev‡i †d‡j †Ìqv hv‡e bv| AvR‡Ki gvbz‡li wR‡b wbqvÛv_©vj I †Wwb‡mvfv gvbz‡li wR‡bi

cwigvY LzeB Aí, Zv †_‡K †evSv hvq †mwc‡qÝ‡ì mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ gvbe cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi Ôwg‡k hvIqviÕ m¤¢vebv †bB

ej‡jB P‡j| †mwc‡qÝ‡ì mv‡_ gvbz‡li Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZi wR‡bi cv_©K¨ GZ †ewk wQj bv hv‡Z Zv‡ì mšÍvb Rb¥`vb

e¨vnZ nq, wKš‘ Zvic‡iI Ggb NUbv wQj weij|

Zvn‡j RxeweÁv‡bi …wó‡KvY †_‡K Avgiv †mwc‡qÝ, wbqvÛv_©vj Avi †Wwb‡mvfvi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© Kxfv‡e ezSe? GUv

cwi®‹vi †h Giv †Nvov Ges Mvavi g‡Zv m¤ú‚Y© Avjv`v cÖRvwZ bq, Avevi Giv ezjWM I ¯ú¨vwb‡q‡ji g‡Zv GKB

cÖRvwZi Avjv`v m`mÏ wQj bv| Rxewe`¨vq cv_©K¨¸‡jv memgq mv`v-Kv‡jvi g‡Zv ¯úó nq bv, Gi gv‡S wKQz

m‡›`nRbK e¨vcvi m¨vcvi I _v‡K| GKB c‚e©cziæl †_‡K D™¢‚Z †Nvov Ges Mvav GK mgq GKB cÖRvwZi zwU wfbœ

ai‡Yi m`m¨B wQj, wVK ezjWM I ¯ú¨vwb‡q‡ji g‡ZvB| Zvn‡j wbðqB Ggb GKUv mgq wQj hLb GB zB ai‡bi

cÖvYxi AvšÍtcÖRb‡b cÖRbb¶g mšÍvb Rb¥ wb‡Z cviZ| Zvici Zv‡ì wR‡bi †Kv‡bv GKUv cwieZ©‡bi

(Mutation) Kvi‡Y †mUvI eÜ n‡q †Mj, Avi GB zwU cÖvYx‡K weeZ©b GwM‡q wb‡q †Mj zwU wfbœ c‡_|

Zvn‡j e¨vcviUv `vuov‡”Q Ggb †h, cÖvq 50 nvRvi eQi Av‡M †mwc‡qÝ, wbqvÛv_©vj Ges †Wwb‡mvfv wVK Ggb GKUv

cwieZ©‡bi gz‡L c‡owQj| Zviv cz‡ivczwi bv n‡jI cÖvq Avjv`v Avjv`v cÖRvwZ‡Z cwiYZ nw”Qj| c‡ii Aa¨v‡q

Avgiv †`Le, ZZw`‡b †mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZwU wbqvÛv_©vj Ges †Wwb‡mvfv cÖRvwZi m`m¨‡ì †_‡K ïaz kvwiixK ev

wRbMZ w`K w`‡qB bq eis mvgvwRK Kvh©Kjvc Ges wPšÍv‡PZbvi w`‡K †_‡KI A‡bKUv Avjv`v n‡q wM‡qwQj| wKš‘

weij NUbv n‡jI, ZLbI †mwc‡qÝ I wbqvÛv_©v‡ji wgj‡b cÖRbb¶g mšÍvb Rb¥`vb m¤¢e wQj| d‡j zB cÖRvwZi

gvbzl GKmv‡_ wg‡k †Mj bv wVKB, wKš‘ wKQz wbqvÛv_©v‡ji Lze mvgvb¨ cwigvY wRb †mwc‡q‡Ýi †`‡n mdjfv‡e

RvqMv K‡i wbj| GUv wPšÍv Kiv GKB mv‡_ A¯w ÍKi Ges †ivgvÂKiI †h †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ †Kv‡bv GK mg‡q Ab¨

GKwU wfbœ cÖRvwZi cÖvYxi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q‡Q Ges mšÍv‡biI Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q|

GKwU wbqvÛv_©vj wkïi KvíwbK czbM©Vb| wRbMZ cÖgvYvw` †_‡K Av›`vR Kiv hvq †h,

AšÍZ wKQz msL¨K wbqvÛv_©vj gvbz‡liv D¾¡j Pvgov Avi Pz‡ji AwaKvix wQj|


wbqvÛv_©vj Avi †Wwb‡mvfv gvbzl bv nq †mwc‡qÝ‡ì mv‡_ wg‡k †Mj bv, wKš‘ Zviv nvwi‡q †Mj †Kb? GKUv m¤¢vebv

n‡jv †mwc‡qÝivB Zv‡ì wejzß K‡i w`‡q‡Q| aiv hvK wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì K‡qK nvRvi eQ‡ii Avevm ejKvb DcZ¨Kvq

GKw`b GK`j †mwc‡qÝ G‡m †cŠuQvj| Zviv ILv‡b wM‡qB Lv‡`ï Rb¨ nwiY wkKvi Avi Mv‡Qi djg‚j msMÖn Ki‡Z

jvMj| G¸‡jvB wQj wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì cÖavb Lvevi| †mwc‡qÝiv wkKvi I msMÖ‡n A‡bK †ewk `¶ wQj, KviY Zv‡ì

cÖhzw³ wQj DbœZ Avi mvgvwRK eÜbI wQj …p| d‡j Zv‡ì ªæZ eske…w× n‡Z _vKj| Ab¨w`‡K wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì

c‡¶ h‡_ó cwigvY Lv`¨ msMÖn Kiv Ges †eu‡P _vKv w`b‡K w`b KwVb n‡q coj| Zv‡ì g…Z¨znvi †e‡o †M‡jv, Av‡ Í

Av‡ Í Zviv msL¨vq Kg‡Z Kg‡Z wejzwßi KvQvKvwQ P‡j †Mj| †K Rv‡b, wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì †kl K‡qKRb nq‡Zv

†mwc‡qÝ‡ì `‡jB wg‡k wM‡qwQj|

Avevi GgbI n‡Z cv‡i, hLb †mwc‡qÝ Avi wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì g‡a¨ Lv`¨ wb‡q Ø‡b&Øi m‚ÎcvZ n‡jv, ZLb GK `‡ji

gvbzl Ab¨ `‡ji gvbzl‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z ïiæ Kij| mwnòzZv wRwbmUv †mwc‡qÝ‡ì g‡a¨ eiveiB Kg| AvR‡Ki

w`‡bI Mv‡qi iO, ms¯‹…wZ wKsev a‡giÖ cv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y hviv Abvqv‡m wbR cÖRvwZi Ab¨ `‡ji Dci Lo&Mn¯Í nq,

Zviv wK wfbœ cÖRvwZi gvbz‡li Rb¨ Gi †P‡q †ewk mnbkxjZv †`Lv‡e? Kv‡RB GgbUv n‡ZB cv‡i †h, wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì

mv‡_ †mwc‡qÝ‡ì Ø‡b&Øi d‡jB N‡U BwZnv‡mi cÖ_g †MvôxMZ MYnZ¨v (Ethnic-cleansing)|

wejzwß †hfv‡eB NUzK, wbqvÛv_©vj Ges Ab¨vb¨ gvbe cÖRvwZ¸‡jv ÔKx n‡Zv hw`Õ bv‡g GKUv ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© cÖkœ †i‡L †M‡Q

Avgv‡ì mvg‡b| Kx nZ hw` wbqvÛv_©vj I †Wwb‡mvfv cÖRvwZi gvbz‡livI †mwc‡qÝ‡ì mv‡_ evm KiZ AvR‡Ki

c…w_ex‡Z? †Kgb n‡Zv wfbœ cÖRvwZi gvbz‡li mswgkÖ‡Y M‡o IVv †mB mgv‡Ri mvs¯‹…wZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK

KvVv‡gv? Kxfv‡e M‡o DVZ Zv‡ì ag©wek¦vm? ag©MÖš’¸‡jv wK wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì‡KI Av`g I B‡fi eskai e‡j ¯xK…wZ

w`Z? whïwLÖ÷ wK †Wwb‡mvfv cÖRvwZi gvbz‡li cv‡ci †evSv gv_vq wb‡q g…Z¨zeiY Ki‡Zb? †KviÕAv‡b ewY©Z Rvbœv‡Z

wK cÖRvwZ wbwe©‡k‡l mKj c‚Yëvb gvbzlB ’vb †c‡Zb? †ivgvb †mbvevwnbx wKsev Px‡bi wekvj ivRZ‡š¿ wK

wbqvÛv_©vj cÖRvwZi †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvix‡K †`Lv †hZ? Av‡gwiKvi ¯vaxbZvi †NvlYvc‡Î wK ÔmKj cÖRvwZi gvbzl‡KB

mgvbfv‡e m…wó Kiv n‡q‡QÕ- G K_vUv‡K mZ¨ e‡j a‡i †bIqv n‡Zv? Kvj© gv·© wK me cÖRvwZi gvbz‡li Rb¨B cÖPvi

Ki‡Zb mvgëv`?

weMZ 10 nvRvi eQi a‡i GB †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZwU wb‡R‡ì‡K c…w_exi GKgvÎ gvbe cÖRvwZ e‡j †f‡e

Avm‡Q| Zv‡ì GB aviYv GZB e×g‚j †h Zviv G e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv iKg wfbœgZ‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z ivwR bq| gvbz‡li

Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZi Dcw ’wZ‡K A¯xKvi K‡i gvbzl Lze mn‡R wb‡R‡ì‡K m…wói †miv Rxe Ges Ab¨ meiKg cÖvYx †_‡K

Avjv`v fve‡Z cv‡i| Pvj©m WviDBb hLb ej‡jb, gvbzl Avi `kUv cÖvYxi g‡ZvB Av‡iKwU cÖvYx, ZLb gvbz‡li

cÖwZwµqv †gv‡UB fv‡jv nqwb| AvR‡Ki w`‡bI †m Ae ’v †Zgb cvëvqwb| wbqvÛv_©vjiv hw` AvRI wU‡K _vKZ,

Zvn‡jI wK Avgiv wb‡R‡ì‡K mgMÖ cÖvwYRMr †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i †`LZvg? m¤¢eZ GUvB Avgv‡ì c‚e©m‚ix‡ì nv‡Z

wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì wbwðý nIqvi KviY| Zv‡ì mv‡_ Avgv‡ì wgj GZ †ewk wQj hv A¯xKvi Kiv KwVb, Avevi

cv_©KÏ GZ †ewk †h Zv‡ì mv‡_ mnve ’vb Ki‡ZI ivwR nqwb †mwc‡qÝ|

‡mwc‡qÝ `vqx †nvK ev bv †nvK, GUv †`Lv †M‡Q †h Zviv hLbB †Kv‡bv bZzb RvqMvq †cŠu‡Q‡Q ZLb †mLvbKvi

Avwèvmx Rb‡Mvôx wbwðý n‡q †M‡Q| †nv‡gv m‡jv‡qbwm‡mi me©‡kl Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖvq 50 nvRvi eQi

Av‡M| Zvi wKQz c‡iB †nv‡gv †Wwb‡mvfv cÖRvwZwU wejzß nq| wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì wejzwß N‡U cÖvq 30 nvRvi eQi Av‡M|


me©‡kl wejzß nq †d¬v‡iÝ Øx‡ci evgbvK…wZ gvbz‡li cÖRvwZwU, cÖvq 12 nvRvi eQi Av‡M| gvbz‡li GBme cÖRvwZ

nvwi‡q †M‡Q, wKš‘ Zviv c…w_ex‡Z †i‡L †M‡Q Zv‡ì †`nve‡kl, cv_‡ii nvwZqvi, Avgv‡ì wWGbGi gv‡S wKQz wRb

Avi A‡bK A‡bK AgxgvswmZ cÖkœ| Avi †i‡L †M‡Q Avgv‡ì, gvbz‡li me©‡kl cÖRvwZ †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ‡K|

‡mwc‡qÝ‡ì GB weczj mvd‡jï inm¨ Kx wQj? Kxfv‡e gvbzl GZ ªæZ c…w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q co‡jv? Kxfv‡e GZiKg

wfbœ cwi‡e‡k wU‡K _vKj Zviv? gvbz‡li Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZ¸‡jv‡K wbwðýB ev Kij Kxfv‡e? k³mg_©, ezw×gvb,

kxZmwnòz wbqvÛv_©vjivB ev †Kb wUK‡Z cvij bv †mwc‡qÝ‡ì Avµg‡Yi gz‡L? Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi LzuR‡Z Pj‡Q

AšÍnxb weZK©| Gme cÖ‡kœi GKUv m¤¢ve¨ DËi n‡Z cv‡i fvlv| fvlvi gZ Abb¨mvaviY GKwU êwkó¨B

†mwc‡qÝ‡ì mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q c…w_ex Rq Ki‡Z|



Av‡Mi Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †`Ljvg †h, †mwc‡qÝiv AvwdÖKv gnv‡`‡k cÖvq †ò jvL eQi a‡i emevm K‡i Avm‡jI, Zviv

AvbzgvwbK 70,000 eQi Av‡M †_‡K zwbqvRz‡o Qwo‡q co‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ges gvbe †Mv‡Îi Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZ¸‡jv‡K

wejzß K‡i †d‡j| Gi gvSvgvwS mgqUv‡Z, †mwc‡qÝiv †`L‡Z Avgv‡ì g‡Zv n‡jI Ges Zv‡ì gw¯Í®‹ Avgv‡ì

gw¯Í‡®‹i mgvb eo n‡jI, Zviv Zv‡ì ÁvwZfvB‡ì †_‡K Lze GKUv G‡Mv‡Z cv‡iwb| Zviv Gmgq †Zgb †Kv‡bv m‚²

hš¿cvwZ Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb wKsev cÖvwYKz‡ji Ab¨‡ì †P‡q we‡kl †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© Kv‡Ri bwRiI ivL‡Z

cv‡iwb|

GgbwK †mwc‡qÝ‡ì mv‡_ Zv‡ì Av‡iK mg‡MvÎxq wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì cÖ_g †h jovB‡qi K_v Rvbv hvq, Zv‡Z

wbqvÛv_©vjivB Rqjvf K‡iwQ‡jv| †m cÖvq 1 j¶ eQi Av‡Mi K_v| GB mg‡q wKQz †mwc‡qÝ AvwdÖKvi DË‡i bxj

b` Nz‡i wmbvB DcØxc †cwi‡q f‚ga¨mvMixq AÂ‡j †cŠuQvq| GB GjvKv ZLb wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì `L‡j wQ‡jv|

†mwc‡qÝiv GLv‡b †cŠuQvevi ci cÖv_wgKfv‡e GLv‡b ¯’vqx emwZ Mo‡Z e¨_© nq| ¯’vbxq †jvKR‡bi Amn‡hvwMZv,

êix Rjevqz Avi G AÂ‡ji A‡Pbv †ivM-evjvB GB e¨_©Zvi m¤¢ve¨ KviY n‡Z cv‡i| †h Kvi‡YB †nvK, †mwc‡qÝiv

GKmgq GB GjvKv †_‡K wcQz n‡U Ges wbqvÛv_©vjivB ga¨ Gwkqv Rz‡o emevm Ki‡Z _v‡K|

‡mwc‡qÝ‡ì GB civR‡qi BwZnvm we‡klÁ‡ì GB aviYv †`q †h, m¤¢eZ Zv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‹i Af¨šÍixY MVb Avgv‡ì

†_‡K wKQzUv n‡jI Avjv`v wQ‡jv| Zviv †`L‡Z Avgv‡ì g‡ZvB wQ‡jv – wKš‘ Zv‡ì †kLvi, g‡b ivLevi ev ci¯ú‡ii

mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kivi ¶gZv wQ‡jv LzeB mxwgZ| GB iKg GKRb †mwc‡qÝ Avgv‡ì AvazwbK †Kv‡bv fvlv wkL‡e,

ag© K‡giÖ K_v Rvb‡e ev weeZ©‡bi ZË¡ m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡e GgbUv Avkv KivB †evKvwg| Avevi, GiKg GKRb

†mwc‡q‡Ýi fvlv †kLv ev Zviv Kxfv‡e wPšÍv KiZ †mUv †evSvi †Póv Kiv Avgv‡ì eZ©gv‡bi gvbzl‡ì RbÏ †ek

KwVb GKUv KvR|

Gi c‡ii BwZnvm wKš‘ †ek PgKcÖ`| AvbzgvwbK 70,000 eQi Av‡M †_‡K †mwc‡qÝiv ZvK jvMv‡bvi gZ KvRKg©

ïiæ Ki‡jv| GB mgqKv‡j †mwc‡qÝiv wØZxq ev‡ii g‡Zv AvwdÖKv †_‡K †ewi‡q c‡o| Z‡e GBevi Zviv wbqvÛv_©vj

Ges gvbz‡li Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZ‡K ga¨ Gwkqv †_‡K †Zv e‡UB, GgbwK zwbqvi ezK †_‡KB cz‡ivczwi wbwðý K‡i †`q|

Lze Aí mg‡qi gv‡SB Zviv BD‡ivc Ges ga¨ Gwkqvq †cŠu‡Q hvq| cÖvq 45,000 eQi Av‡M Zviv mvMi cvwo w`‡Z

†k‡L Ges A‡÷Öwjqvq †cŠu‡Q hvq| Gi Av‡M GB gnv‡`‡k †Kv‡bv gvbz‡liB cv c‡owb| 70,000 eQi Av‡M †_‡K

30,000 eQi Av‡Mi GB mgqUv‡Z †mwc‡qÝ †bŠKv, †Z‡ji cÖ`xc, Zxi abzK GgbwK mzuB-mzZv Avwe®‹vi K‡i

†d‡j| kx‡Zi †`‡k Mig Kvco †evbvi Rb¨ GB mzuB-mzZv LzeB Riæix wQ‡jv|

‡ewkifvM M‡elKB g‡b K‡ib †h, GZme ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© Avwe®‹v‡ii †cQ‡b wbðqB †mwc‡qÝ‡ì ezw×e…wËK `¶Zvi

†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b `vqx| Zv‡ì `vex- †h †mwc‡qÝiv wbqvÛv_©vj bv‡gi cz‡iv GKwU cÖRvwZ‡K zwbqv †_‡K wPiw`‡bi

g‡Zv mwi‡q w`‡Z cv‡i, mvMi †cwi‡q A‡÷Öwjqvq emwZ ’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Rvg©vwbi †÷‡Wj ¸nvq KvíwbK

wmsn-gvb‡ei g‚wZ© evbv‡Z cv‡i Zviv wbðqB Avgv‡ì g‡ZvB ezw×gvb, Avgv‡ì g‡ZvB m…wókxj Ges Avgv‡ì

g‡ZvB ms‡e`bkxj wQj| mzZivs †Kv‡bvfv‡e hw` †÷‡Wj ¸nvq KvR Kiv †mBme wkíx‡ì mv‡_ Avgv‡ì †`Lv n‡q

hvq, Avgiv Zv‡ì‡K Avgv‡ì fvlv †evSv‡Z cvie Ges †Póv Ki‡j AvgivI Zv‡ì fvlv wkL‡Z cvie| Avgiv


Zv‡ì †kvbv‡Z cvie A¨vwjm Bb IqvÛvij¨vÛ Gi g‡Zv Kvwnbx ev †evSv‡Z cvie †Kvqv›Uvg c`v_©we`¨vi ZË¡|

GKBfv‡e ZvivI Avgv‡ì ej‡Z cvi‡e Zv‡ì gvbzl‡ì †Pv‡L †Kgb wQ‡jv Avgv‡ì c…w_ex|

70,000 eQi Av‡M †_‡K 30,000 eQi Av‡Mi GB mgqUvq †mwc‡qÝ‡ì GB †h bZzb fv‡e wPšÍv Kivi Ges

†hvMv‡hvM Kivi ¶gZvi m‚Pbv n‡jv, †mUv‡K Avgiv ejwQ – ezw×wfwËK wecøe| GB wecøe Kxfv‡e m¤¢e n‡jv? Avgiv

GLbI mwVKfv‡e †mUv Rvwb bv| GB cÖ‡kœi DËi wn‡m‡e †h ZË¡ me‡P‡q †ekx cÖPwjZ †mUv Rvbevi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì

GKUz weÁv‡bi AvwObv †_‡K Nz‡i Avm‡Z n‡e| weÁvb e‡j – ÔwRbÕ (gene) n‡jv RxešÍ cÖv‡Yi eskMwZi AvYweK

GKK| GKwU Rx‡ei eskMZfv‡e cÖvß êwkó¨¸‡jvi Rb¨ hv `vqx, Zv-B wRb| GB wRb¸‡jvi wewfbœZvi Kvi‡Y

GKwU Rxe‡Mvôxi wewfbœ m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ eskMZ êwk‡ó¨ cv_©K¨ m…wó nh | GB wfbœZvi Kvi‡YB †KD Rb¥MZfv‡e

GKUz ivMx, †KD PzcPvc| †KD †Ljvazjvq †PŠKm, †KD †jLv‡jwL‡Z| wR‡bi Af¨šÍixY MV‡bi cwieZ©b‡K Avgiv

ewj wR‡bi Ôcwie¨w³Õ (Mutation)| wR‡bi cwie¨w³i gva¨‡g Rx‡ei wbw ©ó †Kv‡bv eska‡i bZzb êwk‡óï D™¢e

n‡Z cv‡i ev czi‡bv êwk‡óï cwieZ©bI NU‡Z cv‡i|

Gev‡i Av‡Mi cÖ‡kœ †div hvK| †mwc‡qÝ‡ì Ôezw×wfwËK wecøeÕ Gi KviY wn‡m‡e me‡P‡q cÖPwjZ gZev‡` ejv nq

†gvUvgzwU 70,000 eQi Av‡M †mwc‡qÝ‡ì wR‡bi †Kv‡bv AvKw¯§K cwie¨w³ Zv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‹i wbDi‡bi gv‡S

ms‡hv‡Mi c×wZ cv‡ë †`q| Gi d‡j Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ AviI mv_©Kfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM Kivi Rb¨ m¤ú‚Y© bZzb

GK fvlv AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv GB iƒcvšÍ‡ii bvg w`‡Z cvwi – ÔÁvb e…‡¶i iƒcvšÍiÕ (Tree of Knowledge

mutation)| GLb ¯vfvweKfv‡eB cÖkœ Avm‡Z cv‡i ïaz †mwc‡qÝ‡ì wR‡bB †Kb GB iƒcvšÍi n‡jv – wbqvÛv_©vj ev

gvbz‡li Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZi †¶‡Î GB iƒcvšÍi n‡jv bv †Kb? Gi DË‡i ejv hvq, wR‡bi GB iƒcvšÍ‡ii e¨vcviUv

cz‡ivczwi AvKw¯§K| NUbvµ‡g GUv †mwc‡qÝ‡ì †¶‡Î N‡U‡Q – GUv wbqvÛv_©vj ev gvbz‡li Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖRvwZi

†¶‡ÎI NU‡Z cviZ| wKš‘ GB iƒcvšÍ‡ii Kvi‡Yi †P‡q GB ÔÁvb e…‡¶i iƒcvšÍiÕ Gi d‡j Kx Kx cwieZ©b n‡jv

†mUv Rvbv A‡bK †ewk Riæwi| cÖkœ Rv‡M, †mwc‡qÝ‡ì GB bZzb fvlvq Ggb Kx we‡klZ¡ wQ‡jv hv Zv‡ì‡K cz‡iv

zwbqv Rq Kivi ¶gZv w`‡q w`‡jv?

cÖm½Z e‡j †bIqv ìKvi †mwc‡qÝ‡ì GB fvlv wKš‘ zwbqvi cÖ_g fvlv bq| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvYxi

wb‡R‡ì fvlv Av‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K †cvKvgvKo, †hgb wcucov I †gŠgvwQ fv‡jv g‡ZvB Rv‡b Kxfv‡e wb‡R‡ì gv‡S

†hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z nq, Kxfv‡e Lvev‡ii LeivLei Ab¨‡ì Kv‡Q †cŠu‡Q w`‡Z nq| hw` ïaz gz‡Li fvlv we‡ePbv Kwi,

†mB wn‡m‡eI †mwc‡qÝ‡ì GB fvlv cÖ_g fvlv bq| A‡bK cÖvYxi †hgb Mwijv, wk¤úvwÄ Ges evb‡ii A‡bK

cÖRvwZi wbR¯ gz‡Li fvlv Av‡Q| D`vniY wn‡m‡e †mvbvjx-mezR ckgIqvjv GK RvZxq evb‡ii bvg Kiv hvq

(Green Monkez ev mezR evbi), hviv G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ †gŠwLK aŸwb eënvi K‡i|

RxeweÁvbxiv GiKg GKwU aŸwb ms‡KZ mbv³ K‡i‡Qb hvi A_© – Ômveavb! CMj Avm‡QÕ| GKUz Avjv`v GKUv aŸwb

ms‡KZ †evSvq – Ômveavb! wmsn Avm‡QÕ| M‡elKiv hLb cÖ_g aŸwb ms‡KZwU †iKW© K‡i GK`j mezR evbi‡K

†kvbvw”Q‡jb – ûU K‡i evbi¸‡jv †_‡g †Mj Ges fqvZ© †PvL wb‡q Dc‡ii w`‡K ZvKvj| hLb GKB evb‡ii `j‡K

wØZxq aŸwbms‡KZwU †kvbv‡bv nj – †hUv wmsn Avmvi ms‡KZ – mv‡_ mv‡_ evbi¸‡jv jvd w`‡q Mv‡Q P‡o emj|

†mwc‡qÝ evb‡ii †P‡q A‡bK †ewk ai‡bi aŸwb ms‡KZ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e wZwg Ges nvwZiI GiKg A‡bK

ai‡bi aŸwb ˆZwii ¶gZv Av‡Q| AvBb÷vBb aŸwb eënvi K‡i hv ej‡Z cv‡ib, GKUv †ZvZvcvwLI ï‡b ï‡b †mB


K_v¸‡jvB ej‡Z cv‡i, GgbwK †m †dvb evRvi kã, ìRv av°v‡bvi kã ev `gK‡ji mvB‡i‡bi kãI bKj Ki‡Z

cv‡i| Zvi gv‡b †evSv hv‡”Q, ïaz aŸwb D”PviY Ki‡Z cvivUvB AvBb÷vB‡bi we‡klZ¡ bq| A‡bK iKg aŸwb ˆZwii

¶gZv‡K ev` w`‡j, Kx †mB we‡kl welq hvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì fvlv GZUv ¸iæZ¡c‚Y©, GZUv Kvh©Ki?

GB cÖ‡kœi †ek mnR Ges eûj cÖPwjZ GKwU DËi Av‡Q| †mUv n‡jv – Avgiv gvbz‡liv wKQz mxwgZ msL¨K aŸwb Ges

cÖZxK‡K wewfbœfv‡e †Rvov jvwM‡q Amxg msL¨K evK¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvwi †hB evK¨¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨‡K wfbœ wfbœ A_© enb

K‡i| GBfv‡e Avgiv c…w_ex m¤ú‡K© A‡bK iKg Z_¨ Rvb‡Z cvwi, Rgv Ki‡Z cvwi Ges Ab¨‡ì Rvbv‡Z cvwi|

GKUv mezR evbi Zvi m½x‡ì wPrKvi K‡i Rvbvb w`‡Z cv‡i – Ômveavb! wmsn Avm‡QÕ| wKš‘ GKRb AvazwbK gvbzl

Zvi eÜz‡K Gfv‡e ej‡Z cv‡i †h, AvR mKv‡j b`xi av‡i GKUv wmsn GKUv evBmb‡K Zvov KiwQj| †m GUvI

ej‡Z cv‡i wVK †Kvb RvqMvq †m NUbvUv NU‡Z †`‡L‡Q, †Kvb †Kvb iv Ív w`‡q RvqMvUv‡Z †cŠuQv‡bv hvq| GB

Z_¨¸‡jv wb‡q Zvi m½x-mv_xiv Avjvc Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i G Ae ’vq evBmbUv‡K wkKvi

Ki‡Z hvIqvUv DwPZ KvR n‡e wK bv|

G e¨vcv‡i Av‡iKUv ZË¡ hv e‡j Zv n‡jv – †mwc‡qÝ‡ì GB fvlvi D™¢e n‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡ki c…w_ex m¤úwK©Z

Z_¨vw` G‡K Ab¨‡K Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨| Avi GUv †Zv Rvbv K_v †h, wmsn Avi evBm‡bi g‡Zv Rxe-Rš‘i Le‡ii †_‡K

Ab¨vb¨ gvbzl m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ Avgv‡ì A‡bK †ewk AvKl©Y K‡i| Avgiv gvbz‡liv Mí ïb‡Z, gvbzl‡K wb‡q Mí Ki‡Z

†ewk cQ›` Kwi| ZvB ej‡Z cvwi, Avgv‡ì fvlvi D™¢e n‡q‡Q g‚jZ wb‡R‡ì wb‡q Mí Kivi, AvÇvevwR Kivi

GgbwK wb›`v Kivi Dcvq wn‡m‡e| GB ZË¡vbzhvqx gvbzl Rb¥MZfv‡eB mvgvwRK cÖvYx| mvgvwRK mn‡hvwMZv Avgv‡ì

wU‡K _vKv Ges eskwe Ív‡ii Rb¨ Acwinvh©| ïaz wmsn ev evBm‡bi m¤ú‡K© RvbvB †Kv‡bv gvbz‡li Rb¨ h‡_ó bq|

Gi †P‡q GKB †Mvôxi gvbz‡li gv‡S †K Kv‡K wnsmv K‡i, Kvi mv‡_ Kvi we‡q n‡jv, †K mr Avi †K Amr GUv Rvbv

gvbz‡li Rb¨ A‡bK Riæwi|

nvwZi `vu‡Zi ˆZwi GKwU wmsn-gvb‡ei (wmsnx-gvbexI n‡Z cv‡i) g‚wZ©| GUv cvIqv

wM‡q‡Q Rvg©vwbi ÷¨v‡Wj ¸nvq (cÖvq 32 nvRvi eQi czi‡bv)| g‚wZiÖ kixiUzKz gvbz‡li

gZ wKš‘ gv_vUv wms‡ni gZ| GUvB m¤¢eZ gvbz‡li wk‡íi wKsev a‡giÖ wKsev Aev Íe

wRwbm Kíbv Kivi ¶gZvi cÖ_g AKvU¨ cÖgvY|


gvbz‡li mv‡_ gvbz‡li GB wbqZ cwieZ©bkxj m¤úK© m¤‡Ü †LvuR Lei ivL‡Z †M‡j hZLvwb Z_¨ msMÖn I msi¶Y

Kivi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o Zvi cwigvY wekvj (50 R‡bi GKwU `‡j, 1,225 fv‡e GK Rb gvbz‡li mv‡_ Avi‡KRb

gvbz‡li m¤úK© n‡Z cv‡i| GKRb gvbz‡li mv‡_ GKvwaK gvbz‡li m¤ú‡KiÖ iKg‡d‡ii wnmve KivUvB cÖvq Am¤¢e

gvbz‡li c‡¶)| mKj bievbi wb‡R‡ì GBme mvgvwRK m¤ú‡KiÖ Z_¨ m¤‡Ü Rvb‡Z AvMÖnx, wKš‘ fvlv mzweavRbK

bv nevi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì c‡¶ GB mKj welq wb‡q AvÇv †`qv ev Mí Kiv †ek KwVb wQj| GgbwK wbqvÛv_©vj ev

GK`g Avw`g hz‡Mi †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ‡ìI K_v ejvi GB e¨vcviUv wb‡q †ek mgm¨vq co‡Z n‡qwQj| wKš‘ GB K_v

ejvi e¨vcviUv A‡bKRb GKmv‡_ wg‡jwg‡k _vK‡Z †M‡j wbZvšÍB Acwinvh© wQj| bZzb ai‡bi fvlv – †hUv

†mwc‡qÝiv †gvUvgzwU 70,000 eQi Av‡M iß Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj- GB fvlv Zv‡ì‡K NÈvi ci NÈv LzbmzwU Kivi, Mí

Kivi GgbwK ciwb›`v Kivi GKUv mz‡hvM K‡i w`j| K_v e‡j gvbzl ezS‡Z wkLj `‡ji Kvi Dci fimv ivLv hvq,

Avi Kvi †_‡K mveav‡b _vKv fv‡jv| GB ezw× †QvU †QvU gvbe‡Mvôx‡K eo eo gvbe †Mvôx‡Z cwiYZ nevi mz‡hvM

K‡i w`j| †mwc‡qÝ Zvi d‡j AviI mwVKfv‡e AviI RwUj mvgvwRK m¤úK© M‡o Zzj‡Z m¶g nj|1

AvÇv, LzbmzwU ev ciPP©v Kivi Rb¨B †mwc‡qÝ‡ì fvlvi weKvk N‡U‡Q- GiKg GKwU ZË¡‡K Avgiv ÔciPP©v ZË¡Õ

(Gossip Theorz) bv‡g WvK‡Z cvwi| hwÌ ciPP©vi Rb¨B fvlvi weKvk N‡U‡Q- GB K_vUv ïb‡Z AvcvZfv‡e

A‡bK nvm¨Ki g‡b nq, wKš‘ G msµvšÍ A‡bK M‡elYvB wKš‘ GB ZË¡‡K mg_©b K‡i| GgbwK AvR‡Ki zwbqvi K_v

hw` fvwe – GLbI gvbz‡li mv‡_ gvbz‡li †ewkifvM Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi welq Rz‡o _v‡K Ac‡i Kx Kij, Kx †Lj,

†Kv_vq †Kvb gzL‡ivPK ev A™¢zZ NUbv NUj Gme wb‡q; †nvK †m B-‡gB‡j, †dv‡b wKsev msev`c‡Îi cvZvq| ciPP©v

Kivi e¨vcviUv Avgv‡ì GZUvB g¾vMZ †h gv‡S gv‡S mwZ¨B g‡b nq, ezwSev Mí-¸Re Avi ciwb›`v-ciPP©v Kivi

Rb¨B gvbz‡li fvlvi DrcwË I weKvk n‡q‡Q| Avcbv‡ì wK g‡b nq GKRb BwZnv‡mi Aa¨vcK zcz‡ii LvIqv

`vIqv Kivi mgq wØZxq wek¦hz‡×i KviY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib ev GKRb wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvbx Kwd LvIqvi dvu‡K

dvu‡K †KvqvK© wb‡q †Kv‡bv m‡¤§jb Gi e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv K‡ib? n¨vu, gv‡S g‡a¨ †h K‡ib bv Zv bq| wKš‘

†ewkifvM mg‡qB Zv‡ì Av‡jvPbv Rz‡o _v‡K †Kvb Aa¨vcK ciKxqv Ki‡Z wM‡q †eŠ‡qi Kv‡Q aiv coj, wefvMxq

cÖavb wKfv‡e wW‡bi mv‡_ Zzgzj SMov evavj wKsev †Kvb Aa¨vcK M‡elYvi UvKv †g‡i wejvmeûj Mvwo wKbj|

m¤¢eZ fvlvi DrcwË I weKv‡ki KviY wn‡m‡e ÔciPP©v ZË¡Õ Ges Ôb`xi-cv‡o-GKwU-wmsn-wQj ZË¡Õ G z‡UvB mwVK|

hwÌ gvbz‡li m¤ú‡K©, wms‡ni m¤ú‡K© ev …k¨gvb c…w_ex m¤ú‡K© Av‡kcv‡ki gvbzl‡K Rvbv‡bvi ¶gZvB gvbz‡li

fvlvi Abb¨ êwkó¨ bq| eis G fvlvi Abb¨ êwkó¨ n‡jv GB fvlvq gvbzl KvíwbK NUbv ev e Íz, ev Í‡e hvi †Kv‡bv

Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB Zvi Mí Ab¨‡ì Kv‡Q Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv hZ`‚i Rvwb, †mwc‡qÝB GKgvÎ cÖvYx hviv †hme wRwbm

KL‡bv †Pv‡L †`‡Lwb, ¯úk© K‡iwb wKsev NÖvY †bqwb †mme wb‡qI Ab¨‡ì mv‡_ Mí Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Ôezw×wfwËK wecøeÕ Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv DcK_v, czivY, Ck¦i Ges a‡giÖ D™¢e nj| Av‡M A‡bK cÖvYx,

GgbwK †mwc‡qÝI ejZ- Ômveavb! wmsn Avm‡QÕ| ezw×wfwËK wecø‡ei ci †_‡KB gvbzl GiKg K_v ejvi mz‡hvM

†cj- Ôwmsn n‡jv Avgv‡ì †Mv‡Îi Kzj‡èZvÕ| KvíwbK K_vevZ©v ejvi GB ¶gZvB gvbz‡li fvlvi me‡P‡q

kw³kvjx Ask|

GB K_vi mv‡_ m¤¢eZ Avgiv mevB GKgZ ne †h, GKgvÎ †mwc‡qÝB Ggb me welq wb‡q K_v ej‡Z cv‡i

†h¸‡jvi ev Íe †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB Ges GKw`b mKv‡ji bv¯Ív Ki‡Z e‡m Zviv QqUv evbv‡bv Mí wek¦vm K‡i em‡Z


cv‡i †h¸‡jv ev¯Í‡e Am¤¢e| aiv hvK, GKUv evbi‡K Avcwb M‡íi Q‡j ej‡jb AvR‡K hw` †m Avcbv‡K GKwU

Kjv †`q, ciKv‡j evb‡ii ¯‡M© †m `k nvRvi Kjv cv‡e| evbi‡K A‡bK Kó K‡i Avcwb GB cÖ ÍveUv †evSv‡bvi

ciciB †m Avcbvi nvZ †_‡K KjvUv wb‡q wbwj©ßfv‡e LvIqv ïiæ Ki‡e| †m Avcbvi evbv‡bv ciKv‡ji Mí †gv‡UB

wek¦vm Ki‡e bv| Ab¨w`‡K, A‡bK gvbzlB wKš‘ Gai‡bi Mí wek¦vm K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘, GZme K_v evwb‡q ejvi

cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wK? †K bv Rv‡b, evwb‡q evwb‡q ejv wg‡_¨ Mí Avgv‡ì fzj c‡_ PvwjZ Ki‡Z cv‡i? †Kvb gvbzl‡K

hw` cixi wg‡_¨ Mí †kvbv‡bv nq Ges †m cixi †Lvu‡R e‡bi Avbv‡P Kvbv‡P Nzi‡Z _v‡K Zvn‡j Zvi bvbviKg

wec‡ì Avk¼v _v‡K| †m hw` e‡b djg‚j ev nwi‡Yi mÜv‡b †hZ, Zvn‡j Zvi wec‡ì m¤¢vebv Kg _vKZ- KviY †m

mn‡RB djg‚j ev Lvevi msMÖn K‡i †dj‡Z cviZ| wVK GKB fv‡e †KD hw` eb‡èZvi evbv‡bv M‡í wek¦vm K‡i

mvivw`b Zvi AvivabvqB e¨¯Í _v‡K, Zvn‡j †m kÎzi mv‡_ hz× Ki‡e KLb, Lvevi †RvMvo Ki‡e KLb wKsev

eskwe¯Ív‡iiB ev mgq cv‡e KLb?

Avgiv †h †Kej ev¯Í‡ei evB‡ii wRwbm Kíbv Ki‡Z cvwi Zv-B bq, Avgiv A‡b‡K wg‡jI GKB wRwbm Kíbv Ki‡Z

cvwi| Avgiv mevB wg‡j GKmv‡_ RMr Kxfv‡e m…wó n‡jv Zv wb‡q Ríbv-Kíbv Kwi, GK GKUv m…wóZË¡ `vuov Kwi‡q

Zv‡Z wek¦vm Ki‡Z _vwK| Avgiv A‡÷Öwjqvi Avwèvmx‡ì wb‡q KíKvwnbx evbvB, AvazwbK iv‡óÖi Rb¨ Kíbv w`‡q

evbvB ÔRvZxqZvev`Õ| GBme KíbvRvZ aviYv gvbzl‡K A‡bK eo GKUv `j ev †Mvôx n‡q Rxeb aviY Kivi GK

AmvaviY mz‡hvM K‡i †`q| wcucov Ges †gŠgvwQivI GKmv‡_ A‡bK eo `j n‡q RxebaviY K‡i; wKš‘ Zv‡ì

KvRK‡giÖ cwiwa LzeB mxwgZ Ges Zv‡ì †hvMv‡hvM ïaz cwiwPZ‡ì gv‡SB mxgve×| †bK‡o Ges wk¤úvwÄi

KvRK‡giÖ cwiwa wKQzUv †ewk, wKš‘ Zv‡ì `j¸‡jv Lze †QvU †QvU nq Ges `‡j ïaz ZvivB _v‡K hv‡ì gv‡S

†PbvRvbv A‡bK †ewk| Aciw`‡K †mwc‡qÝiv AcwiwPZ AmsL¨ †jv‡Ki mv‡_ Lze mv”Q‡›`¨ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i,

GKmv‡_ _vK‡Z cv‡i| GB Kvi‡YB †mwc‡qÝ mviv zwbqvq ivRZ¡ Ki‡Q, Avi Iw`‡K wcucoviv Avgv‡ì Dw”Qó

Lv‡”Q, wk¤úvwÄiv Zvjve× n‡q Av‡Q Avgv‡ì evbv‡bv wPwoqvLvbvq A_ev M‡elYvMv‡i|

wcD‡Rv ÑGKwU iƒcK_v

Avgv‡ì ÁvwZfvB wk¤úvwÄiv †QvU †QvU `j ˆZwi K‡i emevm K‡i| cÖwZUv `‡j K‡qK WR‡bi g‡Zv wk¤úvwÄ

_v‡K| Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ Mfxi eÜzZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡i, GKmv‡_ wkKvi K‡i Ges Kvu‡a Kvua wgwj‡q †eezb, wPZv ev

kÎzc‡¶i wk¤úvwÄi mv‡_ jovBI K‡i| G‡ì mgv‡R GK ai‡bi Íiweb¨vm j¶¨ Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ cziæl

wk¤úvwÄivB Gme `‡ji `j‡bZv nq| `j‡bZv‡K ejv nq ÔAvjdv cziælÕ (Alpha Male)| cÖRv †hgb ivRv‡K

gv_v bZ K‡i KzwY©k K‡i, A‡bKUv †Zgb K‡iB wk¤úvwÄ `‡ji evwK m`mïv gv_v wbPz K‡i Ges †NvuZ‡NvuZ kã K‡i

`j‡bZvi cÖwZ AvbzMZ¨ cÖKvk K‡i| ÔAvjdv cziælÕ Zvi `‡ji gv‡S mvgvwRK k…•Ljv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ me©‡Zvfv‡e

†Póv K‡i| `‡ji zBR‡bi gv‡S gvivgvwi jvM‡j `j‡bZv GwM‡q hvq Ges gvivgvwi eÜ K‡i| GKUz zóz cÖK…wZi

`j‡bZv n‡j †m AwaKvi LvwU‡q †ewk Lvevi Lvq Ges wb‡Pi Í‡ii cziæl‡ì bvix wk¤úvwÄ‡ì mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡Z

evav †`q|

hLb zBRb wk¤úvwÄ `j‡bZv nevi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïiæ K‡i, Zviv ZLb Ab¨vb¨ wk¤úvwÄ‡ì bvbv †KŠk‡j

wb‡R‡ì `‡j †fov‡bvi †Póv K‡i| wb‡Ri `‡ji †jvKR‡bi mv‡_ †bZv c`cÖv_©xi AvšÍwiKZv wbf©i K‡i wKQz wel‡qi


Dci, †hgb- †m Zv‡ì mv‡_ wbqwgZ Avwj½b Ki‡Q wKbv, ev”Pv‡ì Pzgz Lv‡”Q wKbv, ZiæY‡ì bvbv wRwbm †kLv‡”Q

wKbv Ges wec‡` Avc‡` mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q wKbv| gvbz‡li mgv‡Ri †bZviv †hgb †fv‡Ui Av‡M mevi Kv‡Q hvb, nvZ

†gjvb, ev”Pv‡ì gv_vq nvZ ezwj‡q †`b, †miKg wk¤úvwÄ `‡ji †bZv c`cÖv_©xI Gmgq Rwo‡q ai‡Z, wcV Pvc‡o

w`‡Z Ges ev”Pv‡ì Avì Ki‡Z A‡bKUv mgq e¨q K‡i| gRvi e¨vcvi nj, me‡P‡q kw³kvjx wk¤úvwÄ ÔAvjdv

cziælÕ wnmv‡e wbe©vwPZ nq bv, hvi mg_©K msL¨v †ekx Ges hvi avivevwnK mg_©b Av‡Q Ggb wk¤úvwÄB ÔAvjdv

cziælÕ wnmv‡e wbe©vwPZ nq| GB mg_©K †kÖYx ïaz †h †bZv wbe©vP‡b Ae`vb iv‡L Ggb bq, ˆ`bw›`b bvbv Kv‡RI Giv

mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K| GKB `‡ji †jvKRb wb‡R‡ì mv‡_ †ewk mgq KvUvq, wb‡R‡ì Lvevi fvMvfvwM K‡i Lvq Ges

wec‡` G‡K Ab¨‡K mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|

wKš‘ mvgbvmvgwb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wfwË‡Z M‡o IVv GB †h †Mvôx ev `j, Gi GKUv mxgve×Zv n‡jv – Gfv‡e Lze eo

AvKv‡ii `j MVb Kiv m¤¢e bq| zB Rb wk¤úvwÄ hviv KL‡bv G‡K Aci‡K †`‡Lwb, GKmv‡_ jovB K‡iwb ev

GKmv‡_ kjv-civgk© K‡iwb, Zv‡ì c‡¶ GKRb Ab¨Rb‡K wek¦vm Kiv LzeB KwVb| GKRb A‡Pbv wk¤úvwÄ

Ab¨Rb‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e wK Ki‡e bv, zBRb A‡Pbv wk¤úvwÄi gv‡S Kvi mvgvwRK gh©v`v DuPz‡Z, Kvi wbPz‡Z Gme

Zv‡ì c‡¶ †evSv LzeB KwVb|2

GKB ai‡bi RxebvPiY Avgv‡ì c‚e©cziæl‡ì mvgvwRK Rxe‡bI cÖfve we Ívi K‡iwQ‡jv| wk¤úvwÄi g‡Zv gvbz‡li

gv‡SI `je× nevi, G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ cvZv‡bvi, mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨vm ˆZwi Kivi, `j‡eu‡a wkKvi ev jovB

Kivi GKUv mnRvZ cÖeYZv KvR KiZ| ¯vfvweKfv‡eB, mnRvZ cÖe…wË †_‡K M‡o IVv GBme †Mvôx ev `j¸‡jv

n‡Zv wk¤úvwÄ‡ì `j¸‡jvi g‡ZvB †QvU AvKv‡ii| hLbB `j¸‡jv eo n‡Z ïiæ KiZ, `‡ji gv‡S bvbviKg

wek…•Ljv †`Lv w`Z Ges `j¸‡jv bvbv fv‡M wef³ n‡q †hZ| GB †h eo `j wnmv‡e _vK‡Z bv cvivi e¨vcvi, GUv

†h ïaz Lvev‡ii mieivn ev Ab¨vb¨ mzweavwì Dci wbfiÖ Ki‡Zv Ggb bq| GKUv DeiÖ DcZ¨Kvq 500 Rb †jvK‡K

LvIqv‡bvi g‡Zv km¨ Rb¥v‡jI ZLbKvi w`‡b 500 Rb †jvK GKmv‡_ emevm Kiv Am¤¢e wQ‡jv| KviY, ZLbKvi

w`‡bi gvbzl GUv wVK Ki‡Z cviZ bv †h GZ¸‡jv †jv‡Ki gv‡S Kv‡K Zviv †bZv wnmv‡e gvb‡e, †K †Kvb GjvKvq

wkKvi Ki‡e Ges †K Kvi mv‡_ †hŠbm¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡e|

G Ae ’vi Aemvb NUj ezw×wfwËK wecø‡ei ci| gvbzl K_v ej‡Z wkLj| cÖwZ‡ekxi mgv‡jvPbv ev ciPP©v Ki‡Z

wkLj Ges Avðh©RbK n‡jI mwZ¨ GB ciPP©vB gvbzl‡K eo eo Ges A‡c¶vK…Z ¯’vqx `j ev †Mvôx M‡o Zzj‡Z

mnvqZv Kij| wKš‘ GKRb gvbzl KZR‡bi e¨vcv‡iB ev ciPP©v ev Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cv‡i? mgvRweÁvbwfwËK

M‡elYv¸‡jv †_‡K †`Lv hvq, Gfv‡e G‡K A‡bï mgv‡jvPbv ev ciPP©vi gva¨‡g m‡e©v”P 150 R‡bi GKUv `j MVb

Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, Gi †ewk bq| †ewkifvM gvbzlB 150 Rb gvbzl‡KI KvQ †_‡K Rvb‡Z ev Zv‡ì mevi m¤ú‡K©

gšÍe¨ ev mgv‡jvPbv Kivi e¨vcv‡i A¶g|

Avðh©RbKfv‡e, mgvRZvwË¡K GB M‡elYvwUi ev Íe cÖ‡qvM wKš‘ Avgiv AvR‡Ki mgv‡RI A‡bK †`L‡Z cvB| GKUz

†Lqvj Ki‡j †`Le, A‡bK eo eo cÖwZôv‡bi m`m¨ msL¨v GB 150 msL¨vwUi wb‡P ev Zvi KvQvKvwQ| GB msL¨vwUi

†P‡q Kg m`m¨ msL¨v n‡j †Kv‡bv `j, eëmv cÖwZôvb, mvgvwRK gva¨g ev †mbvevwnbx †Zgb †Kv‡bv AvBb Kvbzb

QvovB G‡K Aci‡K mvgbv-mvgwb †Pbvi gva¨‡g ev G‡K A‡bï mgv‡jvPbv Kivi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì †Mvôx ev `jwU

cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|3 wÎk R‡bi GK cvUzb ˆmb¨ ev 100 R‡bi GK †Kv¤úvwb ˆmb¨ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨


†mbvevwnbxi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv cèx wba©viY ev K‡Vvi AvBb cÖYq‡bi ìKvi c‡o bv| ˆmb¨‡ì wb‡R‡ì gv‡S mzm¤úK©

_vK‡j Ges mevB wKQzUv wbqgvbzewZ©Zv †g‡b Pj‡j mn‡RB †mUv Kiv m¤¢e| GB AvKv‡ii GKwU †Kv¤úvwb‡Z GKRb

m¤§vwbZ mv‡R©›U KL‡bv KL‡bv KwgkbcÖvß Awdmv‡ii †_‡KI †ewk ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib, n‡q DV‡Z

cv‡ib Zv‡ì wk‡ivgwY| GKB K_v cÖ‡hvR¨ cvwievwiK eëmv¸‡jvi †¶‡Î †hLv‡b mvaviYZ m`m¨msL¨v Lze GKUv

†ewk nq bv| GB eëmv¸‡jv †Kv‡bv cwiPvjbv cwil`, cÖavb wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v ev wnmvei¶Y wefvM QvovI m”Q‡›`

Pj‡Z cv‡i|

wKš‘ hLb †Mvôx ev `‡ji m`m¨msL¨v 150 Qvwo‡q hvq, Gfv‡e wbqg Kvbzb Qvov wb‡R‡ì g‡Zv K‡i †Mvôx cwiPvjbv

Kiv ZLb Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| GK cvUzb ˆmb¨ hZ mn‡R cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq, nvRvi nvRvi ˆmb¨ wb‡q MwVZ GKUv

wWwfkb †mB GKB Dcv‡q cwiPvjbv Kiv Am¤¢e| mdj cvwievwiK eëmv¸‡jvI ZLbB msK‡Ui m¤§zLxb nq hLb

Zviv AvKv‡i eo n‡q I‡V Ges A‡bK †jvKRb‡K Zv‡ì eëmvq wbhz³ K‡i| Zviv hw` GB evowZ †jvKRb‡K

mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi †Kv‡bv †KŠkj †ei Ki‡Z bv cv‡i, Zvn‡j Zv‡ì eëmv fÐzj n‡Z eva¨|

GB ch©v‡q G‡m Acwinvh©fv‡eB †h cÖkœUv g‡b Av‡m †mUv n‡jv †mwc‡qÝiv Kxfv‡e GB 150 R‡bi mxgv AwZµg

K‡i nvRvi nvRvi m`‡mï mgš‡q M‡o Zzjj bMi ev jvL jvL m`‡mï mgš‡q M‡o Zzjj mvgÖvR¨? Kíbv ev M‡íi

D™¢eB m¤¢eZ GB in‡mï mgvavb| GKwU †jvKK_v ev czivKvwnbx‡Z wek¦vm Kivi gva¨‡g weczj cwigvY †jvK

†Mvôxe× n‡q emevm Kivi ¶gZv AR©b K‡i †d‡j|

‡h †Kv‡bv eo AvKv‡ii gvbe msMVb- †nvK †mUv AvazwbK ivóÖ, ga¨hz‡Mi PvP©, cÖvPxb †Kvb bMi ev †Kvb cÖvPxb

b…ZvwË¡K Rb‡Mvôx – cÖwZwUi g‚‡jB Av‡Q wKQz mvaviY wek¦vm, wKQz DcK_v; hvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ïaz IB †Mvôxi mvgwóK Kíbvq

we`¨gvb| D`vniY¯iƒc, PvP©¸‡jvi g‚‡j i‡q‡Q mvaviY ag©xq wek¦vm| zBRb K¨v_wjK m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jvK, hviv †KD

KvD‡K †Kv‡bvw`b †`‡Lwb, ZvivI webv hzw³-Z‡K© GKmv‡_ gzmwjg wba‡bi Rb¨ ag©hz‡× †h‡Z ivwR n‡Z cv‡i ev

nvmcvZvj wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ GKmv‡_ Pvu`v Zzj‡Z cv‡i| KviY, Zviv zÕR‡bB GUv …pfv‡e wek¦vm K‡i †h, mÖóv gvbz‡li

iƒc aviY K‡i GB c…w_ex‡Z AeZxY© n‡qwQ‡jb Ges Avgv‡ì ztL ‚i Kivi Rb¨ †¯^”Qvq µzkwe× n‡q g…Z¨zeiY

K‡iwQ‡jb| ÔivóÖÕ bvgK cÖwZôvbwUi g‚‡j i‡q‡Q mevi GKB RvZxqZvev‡ì aviYvq wek¦vm| zÕRb mvwe©qvb hv‡ì

GKR‡bi mv‡_ Ab¨R‡bi Av‡M KL‡bv cwiPq nqwb, ZvivI KL‡bv KL‡bv G‡K Ab¨‡K evuPv‡bvi Rb¨ Rxeb evwR

ivL‡Z cv‡i| GUv m¤¢e nq KviY, Zv‡ì zÕR‡bB mvwe©qvb RvZxqZvev` wek¦vm K‡i, mvwe©qv‡K Zv‡ì gvZ…f‚wg

wn‡m‡e Rv‡b Ges mvwe©qvb cZvKv‡K m¤§vb I kÖ×v K‡i| wePvi eë¯’v¸‡jvi g‚‡j Av‡Q Ôb¨vqÕ bvgK aviYvwUi Dci

wek¦vm| zBRb AcwiwPZ AvBbRxex GK‡hv‡M †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡ì m¤ú‚Y© A‡Pbv g‡°j‡K evuPv‡bvi Rb¨| KviY

Zviv zBRbB wek¦vm K‡i AvBb, b¨vqwePvi Ges gvbevwaKvi‡K Ges Gm‡ei i¶vq Zv‡ì‡K cvikÖwgK wn‡m‡e

†Ìqv A_©‡K|

GB me¸‡jv aviYviB Aw ÍZ¡ ïaz gvbz‡li evwb‡q †Zvjv wKQz M‡í †h¸‡jv Zviv wek¦vm K‡i Ges G‡K Ac‡ii Kv‡Q

Qwo‡q †`q| gvbz‡li GB mgwóMZ Kíbvi evB‡i mgMÖ gnvwe‡k¦ †Kv‡bv ÔCk¦iÕ †bB, †Kv‡bv ÔivóÖÕ †bB, ÔUvKvÕ e‡j

wKQz †bB, ÔgvbevwaKviÕ †bB, ÔAvBbÕ †bB, †bB †Kv‡bv Ôb¨vqwePviÕ|

gvbzl G K_vUv mn‡RB ezS‡Z cv‡i †h, f‚Z-‡cÖZ wKsev AvZ¥vq wek¦vm Kivi ga¨ w`‡q cÖvPxb gvbz‡li gv‡S GK

ai‡bi mvgvwRK eÜb, GK ai‡bi mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv ˆZwi n‡qwQj| Ges GB wek¦vm¸‡jvB Zv‡ì w`‡qwQ‡jv cÖwZ


c‚wY©gvi iv‡Z Av¸‡bi Pvicv‡k Nz‡i Nz‡i bvPvi g‡Zv ixwZ ev AvPvi-Abzôvb| †hUv Avgiv mn‡R ezS‡Z cvwi bv ev

ezS‡Z PvB bv †mUv nj, AvazwbK mvgvwRK msMVb¸‡jvI wVK GKB wbq‡g M‡o I‡V| eëmv-evwY‡Rï zwbqvi K_vB

aiv hvK| AvazwbKKv‡ji eëmvqx Ges AvBbRxexiv G‡KKRb kw³kvjx Rv zKi| cÖvPxbKv‡ji gvbe‡Mvôx¸‡jv‡Z †h

ai‡bi Rv`zKi _vKZ Zv‡ì mv‡_ G‡ì GKUvB cv_©K¨| †mUv n‡jv, Zviv Av‡Mi Rv`zKi‡ì †_‡K A‡bK †ekx

PgKcÖ` Mí ej‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi PgKcÖ` M‡íi GKUv PgrKvi D`vniY n‡Z cv‡i ÔwcD‡RvÕ (Peugeot)

†Kv¤úvwbi BwZnvm|

c¨vwim †_‡K wmWwb ch©šÍ wewfbœ kn‡i hvZvqvZ Kiv †gvUiMvwo, UÖvK Ges †gvUimvB‡K‡ji Mv‡q Avav-wmsn Avav-

gvbz‡li (Stadel lion-man) cÖwZK…wZ m¤wjZ GKUv wPý cÖvqB †`Lv hvq| Avav-wmsn Avav-gvbz‡li GB wPýUv

Avm‡j Rvg©vwbi ÷¨v‡Wj ¸nvq cvIqv hvIqv A‡bK cÖvPxb GKwU g‚wZiÖ cÖwZiƒc| GB wPýUv wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbi ˆZwi

Kiv Mvwo¸‡jvi Rb¨ Acwinvh© GK AjsKvi| wcD‡Rv BD‡iv‡ci me‡P‡q czivZb Ges e…n`vKvi Mvwo cÖ ÍzZKvix

cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi gv‡S Ab¨Zg| wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb f¨v‡jbwUMwb (Valentignez) bv‡gi GKwU MÖv‡g cvwievwiK eëmv

wn‡m‡e Mvwo ˆZwi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| GB MÖvgwU wQ‡jv ÷¨v‡Wj ¸nv †_‡K 300 wK‡jvwgUvi ‚‡i| eZ©gv‡b GB

†Kv¤úvwb‡Z cÖvq zB jvL †jvK KvR K‡i hv‡ì †ewkifvMB G‡K Aci‡K †P‡b bv| wKš‘ GB A‡Pbv †jvK¸‡jv

ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ GZ wbuLzZfv‡e Kv‡Ri mgšq K‡i †h 2008 mv‡j wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb cÖvq 15 jvL wewfbœ ai‡bi

Mvwo ˆZwi K‡i Ges †mLvb †_‡K Zv‡ì gzbvdv Av‡m 550 †KvwU BD‡iv|

GLb, †Kvb A‡_© Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, wcD‡Rv (Peugeot SA) †Kv¤úvwbwUi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q? wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbi

evbv‡bv A‡bK Mvwo Av‡Q, wKš‘ Mvwo¸‡jv‡K wK GKwU †Kv¤úvwb ejv hvq? hw` wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbi evbv‡bv me¸‡jv

Mvwo †f‡O †djv nq Ges †jvnvj°‡oi †`vKv‡b †mB fvOv UzK‡iv-UvKiv ¸‡jv †e‡PI †Ìqv nq, ZviciI wKš‘

wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbwU †_‡K hv‡e| GUv AviI bZzb bZzb Mvwo ˆZwi Ki‡e Ges evwl©K Avq e¨‡qi cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk

Ki‡e| †Kv¤úvwbwUi Mvwo evbvevi KviLvbv Av‡Q, Av‡Q cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄvg Ges wewµ Kivi Rb¨ †`vKvb|

†Kv¤úvwb‡Z KvR K‡i A‡bK kÖwgK, wnmvei¶K Ges Kg©KZ©v wKš‘, G mewKQzi mgwó‡KI wKš‘ wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb ejv

hv‡e bv| KviY, †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK z‡h©v‡M †Kv¤úvwbi mKj Kg©Pvix gviv †h‡Z cv‡i, †Kv¤úvwbwUi mKj KviLvbv,

hš¿cvwZ Ges †`vKvb ¸‡jv aŸsmcÖvß n‡Z cv‡i| GiciI †Kv¤úvwbwU UvKv avi Ki‡Z cvi‡e, bZzb Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM

w`‡Z cvi‡e, bZzb K‡i KviLvbv evbv‡Z cvi‡e Ges hš¿cvwZ wKb‡Z cvi‡e| mzZivs Gm‡ei mgwó‡KI wcD‡Rv

†Kv¤úvwb ejv hv‡”Q bv| wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb‡Z Av‡Q A‡bK g¨v‡bRvi Ges Av‡Q A‡bK †kqvigvwjKI| wKš‘ ZvivI

wKš‘ †Kv¤úvwbi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Acwinvh© bq| me¸‡jv g¨v‡bRvi‡K PvKwi †_‡K eiLv¯Í Kiv n‡jI Ges †Kv¤úvwbi

me¸‡jv †kqvi wewµ K‡i †Ìqv n‡jI †Kv¤úvwbwU envj Zweq‡Z wU‡K _vK‡e|


wKš‘ GZme K_vi gv‡b wKš‘ GB bq †h, wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb Agi ev †Kv‡bvwKQz‡ZB Zvi Aw ÍZ¡ wejxb nevi †Kv‡bv

m¤¢vebv †bB| †hB gzn‡‚Ö&Z GKRb wePviK †Kv¤úvwb †f‡O †èvi †NvlYv †`‡eb, Gi mKj Kg©Pvix, Kg©KZ©v,

wnmvei¶K, g¨v‡bRvi, †kqvigvwjK mK‡j A¶Z _vK‡jI mv‡_ mv‡_B wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wejxb n‡q hv‡e|

G †_‡K †evSv hvq, ev Íe zwbqvi †Kv‡bv e Íz ev e¨w³B wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbi wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Acwinvh© bq Ges

wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb ev Íe RM‡Zi †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯Ízi mgwó bq| Zvn‡j cÖkœ DV‡ZB cv‡i ev Íe zwbqvq Av‡`Š wK

ÔwcD‡RvÕ e‡j †Kv‡bvwKQzi Aw ÍZ¡ Av‡Q?

wcD‡Rv nj Avgv‡ì mgwóMZ Kíbv Øviv m…ó GKwU mËv| AvBbRxexiv G‡K e‡jb ÔAvBbwm× MíÕ (legal

fiction)| Avcwb AvOzj Zz‡j KL‡bvB G‡K †`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb bv, KviY Gi †Kvb e¯ÍzMZ Aw ÍZ¡ †bB| wKš‘ GwU

GKwU AvBbwm× mË¡v wn‡m‡e mgv‡R wU‡K _v‡K| Avcbvi Avgvi g‡Zv GB A …k¨, KwíZ mË¡vwUI wbR †`‡ki

cÖPwjZ AvBb Kvbz‡bi Aaxb| GB KvíwbK mË¡vwU Avgv‡ì gvbzl‡ì g‡ZvB GKwU e¨vsK A¨vKvD›U Lzj‡Z cv‡i,

wKb‡Z cv‡i wb‡Ri bv‡g Rwg-Rgv-m¤úwË| Ges gvbz‡li g‡ZvB GB †Kv¤úvwb‡Z hviv KvR K‡i Zviv †Kv¤úvwb‡K

Awfhz³ Ges aŸsmI Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wcD‡Rv n‡jv GKwU we‡kl Nivbvi AvBbwm× M‡íi bvg hv‡K Avgiv ewj- ÔmxwgZ `vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwb (Limited

Liabilitz Companz)Õ| GB ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwbi D™¢e gvbz‡li Abb¨ D™¢vebx kw³i GK ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© …óvšÍ| j¶ j¶

eQi gvbzl GBme †Kv¤úvwb QvovB KvwU‡q‡Q| BwZnv‡mi AwaKvsk mgq Rz‡o †Kej gvbzl bv‡gi GB eo gMRIqvjv

i³gvs‡mi †`v‡c‡q cÖvYxwU‡KB m¤ú‡ì gvwjK n‡Z †`Lv wM‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯îƒc, Î‡qv`k kZ‡Ki dÖv‡Ý wRb bv‡gi

†KD hw` GKUv gvjMvwo ˆZwii KviLvbv w`Z, Zvn‡j wRb wb‡RB †mLv‡b n‡Zv eëmv cÖwZôvb| wR‡bi evbv‡bv

GKwU Mvwo †Kbvi GK mßvn ci †mUv‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j †µZv mivmwi wRb‡K †`vlv‡ivc Ki‡Z cviZ|

aiv hvK, KviLvbv ’vc‡bi Rb¨ wRb‡K 1000 ¯Y©gz Öv avi Ki‡Z n‡jv Ges †kl‡gk eëmv `vuov‡jv bv| †m‡¶‡Î

wRb‡K Zvi e¨w³MZ m¤úwË, Zvi evwo-Ni, Mevw`cï †e‡P †mB avi †kva Ki‡Z n‡Zv| GgbwK †¶Îwe‡k‡l Zv‡K

eva¨ n‡q mšÍvb‡ìI `vm wn‡m‡e wewµ Ki‡Z n‡Z cviZ| hw` Gic‡iI avi †kva bv nq‡Zv, Zvn‡j ivóÖ Zv‡K

wb‡¶c KiZ KvivMv‡i wKsev †m n‡q †hZ FY`vZvi `vm| Zvi KviLvbvi †h †Kv‡bv NUbv Ges cwiw¯’wZi Rb¨ †m

GKKfv‡e `vqx _vK‡Zv|


Avcwb hw` †m mg‡qi gvbzl n‡Zb, Zvn‡j Avcwb wb‡Ri GKUv cÖwZôvb †èvi Av‡M Avcbv‡K evievi GB SzuwK¸‡jv

wb‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡Zv| ZLbKvi w`‡b AvBb Ges ivóÖI e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjvi B”Qv‡K wbiærmvwnZ

KiZ| gvbzl bZzb bZ zb eëmv cÖwZôvb ˆZwii †Póv ev A_©‰bwZK SzuwK wb‡Z fq †cZ| wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii G‡Kev‡i

wbt¯ nIqvi Avk¼v _vKvq GiKg D‡`¨vM †bIqvi †Kv‡bv gv‡b Lzu‡R †cZ bv Zviv|

GBme Kvi‡YB gvbzl mgwóMZfv‡e mxwgZ `vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwb wb‡q wPšÍvfvebv ïiæ K‡i| GB ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwbi

gvwjK, wewb‡qvMKvix A_ev g¨v‡bRviiv AvBbvbzhvqx e¨w³MZfv‡e †Kv¤úvwbi fv‡jv g‡›ì Rb¨ `vqx _v‡K bv- me

`vq †Kv¤úvwbi Dci eZ©vq| K‡qK kZvãx n‡jv GB ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvB A_©bxwZ‡Z gzL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i

Avm‡Q Ges Avgiv Gme †Kv¤úvwbi e¨vcv‡i GLb GZUvB Af¨ Í n‡q c‡owQ †h, Avgiv fz‡jB wM‡qwQ, GB

†Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ïazgvÎ Avgv‡ì Kíbvq| hz³iv‡óÖ ÔmxwgZ `vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwbÕi GKUv †KZvwe bvg Av‡Q –

†mUv n‡jv ÔKi‡cv‡ikbÕ (Corporation)| bvgwUi Drm AbzmÜvb Kiv n‡j bvgwU‡K GKiKg cÖnmb e‡jB g‡b

nq| Bs‡iwR ÔCorporationÕ bvgwU G‡m‡Q j¨vwUb ÔCorpusÕ kã †_‡K| ÔCorpusÕ Gi A_© n‡jv †h †Kv‡bv

KvVv‡gvi cÖavb Ask ev kixi| A_P mxwgZ `vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv‡Z GB cÖavb KvVv‡gv e‡j Avm‡j wKQzB †bB|

†h‡nZz †Kv‡bv i³-gvs‡mi gvbzl †Kv¤úvwbi KvVv‡gv MVb K‡i bv, Av‡gwiKvi AvBb †Kv¤úvwb‡KB Ggbfv‡e we‡ePbv

K‡i †hb †Kv¤úvwbwU GKwU i³-gvs‡mi gvbzl Ges †Kv¤úvwbi me `vq-`vwqZ¡ GB KwíZ mË¡vi Dci eZ©vq|

wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbi BwZnvm †`L‡j cz‡iv e¨vcviUv Av‡iv cwi®‹vi n‡e| 1896 mvj| AvigvÛ wcD‡Rv (Armand

Peugeot) ˆcZ…Km‚‡Î GKwU avZe hš¿vsk ˆZwii KviLvbvi gvwjK| †m KviLvbvq ZLb w¯úÖs, KivZ, evBmvB‡Kj

Gme ˆZwi n‡Zv| Gici wZwb Mvwo ˆZwii eëmvq bvgvi e¨vcv‡i gbw ’i Ki‡jb| GB j‡¶¨ wZwb GKwU ÔmxwgZ

`vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwbÕ ˆZwi Ki‡jb| wb‡Ri bv‡g wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi bvgKiY Ki‡jb wKš‘ †h‡nZz GUv ÔmxwgZ

`vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwbÕ, ZvB wZwb e¨w³MZfv‡e Gi fv‡jv-g‡›ì Rb¨ `vqx _vK‡jb bv| mzZivs, hw` GB †Kv¤úvwbi

evbv‡bv †Kvb Mvwo †f‡O hvq ev G‡Z †Kv‡bv ÎzwU cvIqv hvq, Zvn‡j †µZv wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb‡K Awfhz³ Ki‡Z

cvi‡eb, e¨w³ AvigvÛ wcD‡Rv‡K bq| hw` †Kv¤úvwb j¶ j¶ dÖv¼ avi K‡i Ges eëmvq gvi †L‡q me©¯všÍ n‡q

hvq, Zez ÔAvigvÛ wcD‡RvÕ e¨w³MZfv‡e wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì GK dÖv¼I †kva Kivi `vq enb K‡ib bv| KviY, aviUv

wb‡qwQ‡jv wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb, e¨w³ AvigvÛ wcD‡Rv bb| gvbzl AvigvÛ wcD‡Rv 1915 mv‡j gviv hvb| †Kv¤úvwb

wcD‡Rv GLbI envj Zweq‡Z †eu‡P-e‡Z© Av‡Q|

‡KŠZ‚nj RvM‡ZB cv‡i, wVK Kxfv‡e gvbzl AvigvÛ wcD‡Rv, ÔwcD‡RvÕ †Kv¤úvwb ˆZwi Ki‡jb? Avm‡j GB ai‡bi

NUbv wKš‘ A‡bKKvj Av‡M †_‡KB P‡j Avm‡Q| GB GKB c×wZ AbzmiY K‡iB mvaz-mšÍ Ges hv`zK‡iiv hzM hzM

a‡i †è-‡èx Ges kqZvb ˆZwi K‡i Avm‡Qb, GKB c×wZ‡Z nvRvi nvRvi divwm hvRK cÖwZ iweev‡i Pv‡P© Kíbvq

whï wLÖ‡÷i kixi ˆZwi K‡ib| GB me¸‡jv wRwb‡miB DrcwË n‡q‡Q GKUv Mí ejv Ges gvbz‡li Kv‡Q †mUv

wek¦vm‡hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjvi gva¨‡g| divwm hvRK‡ì †¶‡Î MíUv wQ‡jv K¨v_wjK Pv‡PiÖ gvid‡Z ejv whï wLÖ‡÷i

Rxeb I g…Z¨zi KiæY Kvwnbx| GB Mí Abzhvqx, hw` GKRb K¨v_wjK ag©hvRK AvPvi-wbôv mnKv‡i cweÎ †cvkvK

cwiavb K‡i wZw_ Abzhvqx mwVK † ÍvÎ cvV K‡ib, Zvn‡j mvaviY iæwU Ges g` nVvr K‡i Ck¦‡ii gvsm Avi i‡³

iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| ag©hvRK cvV Ki‡Z _v‡Kb ÔHoc est corpus meum!Õ (j¨vwUb fvlvq ÔGB n‡jv Avgvi kixiÕ) –

e¨m, iæwU whï wLÖ‡÷i gvs‡m cwiYZ n‡jv! mevB †`‡L Zv‡ì ¸iæ KZ wbôv I wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ † ÍvÎ¸‡jv cvV Ges


wbqg Kvbzb¸‡jv cvjb K‡i| GBme †`‡L j¶ j¶ divwm K¨v_wjK wek¦vm Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i †h Ck¦i mwZ¨ mwZ¨B IB

DrmM© Kiv iæwU Ges g‡ì gv‡S Av‡Qb|

wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbi †¶‡Î MíUv n‡jv dÖv‡Ýi AvBb-Kvbzb, hvi iPwqZv dÖv‡Ýi AvBbmfv| dÖv‡Ýi AvBb cÖ‡YZv‡ì

g‡Z, hw` GKRb mvwU©wd‡KUavix AvBbRxex mKj wbqg-bxwZ cvjb K‡i, mKj ìKvwi kZ©vewj Ges cÖwZÁv GKwU

mz›ì KvM‡R (`wjj) wjwce× K‡i Ges †mB KvM‡Ri wb‡P Zvi GKwU g‚jëvb ¯v¶i w`‡q KvMRwU‡K gwngvwšZ

K‡i †Zv‡j – Ô‡nvKvm †cvKvmÕ – GKwU bZzb †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¥ n‡q †M‡jv| 1896 mv‡j AvigvÛ wcD‡Rv hLb †Kv¤úvwb

ˆZwii cwiKíbv K‡ib, ZLb wZwb AvBbRxex‡K GBme cweÎ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ UvKv w`‡jb| hLb AvBbRxex mwVKfv‡e

Zvi AvPvi-Abzôvb m¤úbœ Ki‡jb Ges mKj Rv zKix gš¿ Ges kc_ cvV Ki‡jb, j¶ j¶ divwm bvMwiK wek¦vm

Ki‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jv ÔwcD‡RvÕ bv‡g mwZ¨B GKwU †Kv¤úvwb Av‡Q!

Aek¨ wek¦vm‡hvM¨fv‡e Mí ejvI mnR bq| Mí ejvUv Ggwb‡Z Ggb †Kvb KwVb KvR bq, †mUv‡K wek¦vm‡hvM¨ K‡i

†Zvjvi KvRUvB KwVb| ÔKxfv‡e GKRb gvbzl Ck¦i, RvwZ ev mxwgZ `vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwb welqK GK GKUv Mí

evbvq hv jvL jvL, †KvwU †KvwU gvbzl mZ¨ e‡j wek¦vm K‡i?Õ – BwZnv‡mi GKUv eo Ask †KejgvÎ GB cÖ‡kœi

Av‡jvPbv wb‡qB AvewZ©Z nq| ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© e¨vcviwU n‡jv – †Kv‡bv †mwc‡qÝ hLb GB wek¦vm‡hvM¨fv‡e Mí ejvi KwVb

KvRwU‡Z mdj nq, ZLb Zv mg Í †mwc‡qÝ‡ì GK AmvaviY ¶gZv †`q| ZLb GKB M‡í wek¦vm Kiv jvL jvL

A‡Pbv gvbzl G‡K Aci‡K bv wP‡bI ci¯úi‡K mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges GK I Awfbœ j¶¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi

Rb¨ Kvu‡a Kvua wgwj‡q KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| †f‡e †`Lzb, Avgiv hw` ïazgvÎ ev Í‡e Av‡Q Ggb wRwbm wb‡q fveZvg

(‡hgb b`x, MvQ Ges wmsn) Ges †Kvb KvíwbK M‡í wek¦vm bv KiZvg Zvn‡j ivóÖ, PvP© Ges iv‡óÖi AvBb M‡o †Zvjv

KZUv KwVb n‡Zv!

Gfv‡e eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i, gvbzl µgvMZ RwUj †_‡K RwUjZi M‡íi Rvj ez‡b P‡j‡Q| GB wekvjKvq M‡íi

Rv‡j ÔwcD‡RvÕ Gi g‡Zv Mí¸‡jv ïaz wU‡KB _v‡K bv eis w`‡bi ci w`b Av‡iv kw³kvjx nq| GB M‡íi Rv‡ji

ga¨ w`‡q gvbzl †hme wRwb‡mi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ˆZwi K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K cÖvwZôvwbK cov‡kvbvi RM‡Z ÔKwíZ MíÕ (fictions),

ÔmgvRKvVv‡gvÕ (social construct) ev ÔKwíZ ev¯ÍeZvÕ (Imagined realities) bv‡g WvKv nq| mKj ÔKwíZ

ev¯ÍeZvÕB wKš‘ wg_¨v bq| G‡¶‡Î Ôwg_¨vÕ Kv‡K eje †mB welqUv GKUz cwi®‹vi nIqv ìKvi| aiv hvK, Avwg

wbwðZfv‡e Rvwb †h, b`xi cv‡o †Kv‡bv wmsn †bB| G K_v †R‡bI Avwg mevB‡K G‡m ejjvg- Ôb`xi cv‡o GKwU

wmsn Av‡QÕ| GUv GKUv Wvnv wg_¨v K_v| Aek¨, wg_¨v ejv Ggb †Kvb Avnvgwi bZzb e¨vcvi bq| mezR evbi Ges

wk¤úvwÄI wg_¨v ej‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq – mezR evbi A‡bK mgq B”Qv K‡iB Ômveavb, wmsn Avm‡QÕ –

GB K_vi ms‡KZ †`q hLb Av‡kcv‡k Av`‡c †Kv‡bv wmsnB _v‡K bv| GB ms‡KZ ï‡b Av‡kcv‡ki †Kv‡bv mezR

evbi †h nq‡Zv GBgvÎ GKwU Kjvi †LvuR †c‡q‡Q, Kjv †d‡j f‡q †mB RvqMv †_‡K cvwj‡q hvq| Ges Avgv‡ì

wg_¨vev`x mezR evbi ZLb †Kv‡bv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv QvovB Aviv‡g †mB KjvwU n¯ÍMZ K‡i| GLv‡b wg_¨vev`x mezR evbi

wKš‘ Rv‡b †Kv‡bv wec` †bB wKš‘ Abïv fv‡e mvg‡b A‡bK wec`|

GiKg Ôwg_¨vÕi mv‡_ ÔKwíZ ev¯ÍeÕZvi GKUv †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| ÔKwíZ ev¯ÍeZvÕ n‡jv Ggb GKUv e¨vcvi †hUv

GKB †MvÎ ev `jfz³ mevB wek¦vm K‡i| hZw`b GiKg GKUv KwíZ ev¯ÍeZvq mevB wek¦vm K‡i, ZZw`b †mB

KwíZ ev ÍeZv c…w_ex‡Z GKwU kw³ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| ÷¨v‡Wj ¸nvq †h wkíx KvR Ki‡Zb wZwb nq‡Zv mwZ¨ mwZ¨


wmsn-gvbe bv‡g Zv‡ì i¶vKvix †Kv‡bv †èZvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| wKQz Rv`zKi nq‡Zv fÛvwg Ki‡Z cv‡ib,

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1 Robin Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard

Universitz Press, 1998).

2 Frans de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins

Universitz Press, 2000); Frans de Waal, Our Inner Ape: A Leading Primatologist Explains Whz We Are

Who We Are (New York: Riverhead Books, 2005); Michael L. Wilson and Richard W. Wrangham,

ÔIntergroup Relations in ChimpanzeesÕ, Annual Review of Anthropologz 32 (2003), 363–92; M.

McFarland Szmington, ÔFission-Fusion Social Organization in Ateles and Pan, International Journal of

Primatologz 11:1 (1990), 49; Colin A. Chapman and Lauren J. Chapman, ÔDeterminants of Groups Size


in Primates: The Importance of Travel CostsÕ, in On the Move: How and Whz Animals Travel in Groups,

ed. Sue Boinskz and Paul A. Garber (Chicago: Universitz of Chicago Press, 2000), 26.

3 Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, 69–79; Leslie C. Aiello and R. I. M.

Dunbar, ÔNeocortex Size, Group Size, and the Evolution of LanguageÕ, Current Anthropologz 34:2

(1993), 189. For criticism of this approach see: Christopher McCarthz et al., ÔComparing Two Methods

for Estimating Network SizeÕ, Human Organization 60:1 (2001), 32; R. A. Hill and R. I. M. Dunbar,

ÔSocial Network Size in HumansÕ, Human Nature 14:1 (2003), 65.

4 Yvette Taborin, ÔShells of the French Aurignacian and PerigordianÕ, in Before Lascaux: The

Complete Record of the Earlz Upper Paleolithic, ed. Heidi Knecht, Anne Pike-Taz and Randall White

(Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993), 211–28.

5 G. R. Summerhazes, ÔApplication of PIXE-PIGME to Archaeological Analzsis of Changing Patterns of

Obsidian Use in West New Britain, Papua New GuineaÕ, in Archaeological Obsidian Studies: Method

and Theorz, ed. Steven M. Shacklez (New York: Plenum Press, 1998), 129–58.


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mKv‡ji Lvevi wn‡m‡e †LZ wjPz Avi e¨v‡Oi QvZv, Zvici zcz‡ii Lvevi wn‡m‡e djg‚j, kvgzK Avi K”Q‡ci gvsm

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G‡Kev‡iB Ab¨wKQz| Avi GB êwPÎc‚Y© Lv`¨vf¨vmB cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì meiKg cÖ‡qvRbxq czwó wbwðZ

K‡iwQj

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A‡bK mgq bv †L‡q _vKZ wKš‘ ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© e¨vcvi nj Zv‡ì Rb¨ GB ai‡bi z‡h©vM †_‡K DËiYUv A‡c¶vK…Z mnR

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wbZ A_ev Ab¨ †Kv_vI P‡j †hZ|

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Av‡M bq| †hme cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnKiv ïazgvÎ KzKzi‡K †cvl gvwb‡qwQj ZvivI wKš‘ GBme cwiYwZ †_‡K gz³

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nq‡Zv wb‡R‡ì KvQvKvwQ m¤úK©Uv Dc‡fvM KiZ wKš‘ †hme zf©vMviv Ab¨ m`m¨‡ì weivMfvRb n‡q †hZ Zv‡ì

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KiZ wKsev †g‡iB †djZ KviY †mBme m`m¨ Zv‡ì †Mvôxi mv‡_ GKB Zv‡j Pj‡Z cviZ bv| AbvKvw•LZ

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1960 mv‡ji AvM ch©šÍ †h A¨v‡P (Aché) †Mvôx c¨viv¸‡qi R½‡j emevm Ki‡Zv ZvivI wQj wkKvwi-msMÖvnK|

Zv‡ì‡K †`‡L Avgiv wkKvwi-msMÖvnK Rxe‡bi wKQz fqsKi w`K m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvwi| hLbB A¨v‡P‡ì †Kv‡bv

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GKevi GKRb gaëq¯‹ cziæl‡K Zvi †Mvôx Z¨vM Kij| KviY nj †mB †jvKUv nVvr Amz¯’ n‡q covq Ab¨‡ì mv‡_

Pj‡Z cviwQj bv| Zv‡K Zviv GKUv Mv‡Qi Zjvq †i‡L P‡j hvq| kKz‡biv Zvi gv_vi Dci Nz‡i †eovw”Qj fi‡cU

Lvev‡ii Avkvq| wKš‘ †mB gvbzlUv Avðh©RbKfv‡e Amz¯’Zv KvwU‡q D‡V ªæZ †nu‡U Zvi †Mvôx‡Z wd‡i †h‡Z

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Kzov‡ji GK AvNv‡Z Zvi gv_vUv Avjv`v K‡i †djZ| GKRb A¨v‡P cziæl Zvi R½j Rxe‡bi cÖ_g w`KKvi K_v

b…ZË¡we`‡ì ïwb‡qwQj- ÒAvwg cÖ_v Abzmv‡i eq¯‹ gwnjv‡ì nZ¨v KiZvg … Avwg mvaviYZ PvwP Lvjv‡ì gviZvg …

GBRb¨ gwnjviv Avgv‡K †ek fq †cZ … GLb, GBLv‡b GB mv`v Pvgov‡ì mv‡_ †_‡K Avwg ze©j n‡q †MwQÓ| †hme

wkïiv Pzj Qvov Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡Zv Zv‡ì Aczó g‡b Kiv n‡Zv Ges mv‡_ mv‡_B †g‡i †djv n‡Zv| GKRb bvix

¯§…wZPviY Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jwQ‡jb Zvi cÖ_g Kb¨vmšÍvb‡K †g‡i †djv n‡qwQj KviY †Mvôxi cziæ‡liv AviI GKwU

Kb¨vmšÍvb Pvqwb ZLb| Ab¨ GK mgq GKRb cziæl GKwU †QvÆ wkï‡K †g‡i †d‡jwQj KviY Zvi ZLb †eRvq

†gRvR Mig wQj Avi wkïUv ïaz Kvu`wQj| Avevi Ab¨ GKwU wkï‡K RxešÍ Kei †`qv n‡qwQj, KviY †m bvwK Lze

A™¢zZ †`L‡Z wQj Avi Ab¨vb¨ wkïiv Zv‡K †`‡L nvmZ!7

ZvB e‡j GBme Mí ï‡b ZvovZvwo K‡i A¨v‡P‡ì m¤ú‡K© fqsKi GKUv aviYv K‡i †djv wKš‘ GK`g wVK n‡e bv|

†hme b…ZË¡we‡ìv Zv‡ì mv‡_ emevm K‡i‡Qb Zviv e‡j‡Qb cÖvßeq¯‹ A¨v‡P‡ì g‡a¨ MÐ‡Mvj gvivgvwi Avm‡j

LzeB Kg n‡Zv| Avevi bvix cziæl Df‡qB wb‡Ri B”Qv gZ m½x e`jv‡Z cviZ| Zviv GKB mv‡_ †n‡m †L‡j _vKZ,


Zv‡ì †bZ…Z¡ wb‡q Lze †ewk gv_v e¨_v †Zv wQjB bv eis Zviv gvZeŸi ai‡bi †jvKRb‡K GK`g cvËv w`Z bv|

Zviv Zv‡ì Aí mnvq m¤úwË wb‡q LzeB mš‘ó wQj Avi †gv‡UB mvdj¨ wKsev m¤ú‡ì Rb¨ nv-ûZvk KiZ bv| †h

wRwbm¸‡jv‡K Zviv Rxe‡b me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡ w`Z Zv n‡jv mz›ì mvgvwRK m¤úK© Avi LzeB fv‡jv eÜzZ¡|8 Zviv wkï,

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K_v GLv‡b Rvwb‡q ivLv fv‡jv, GBme A¨v‡P‡ì‡K wKš‘ c¨viv¸‡qi mvaviY K…lKiv Lze wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v KiZ|

kÎz‡ì _vev †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi R‡b¨ ZvB A¨v‡P †Mvôx `‡ji ze©j m`m¨‡ì cÖwZ †ek iæ¶ AvPiY Ki‡Z eva¨B

n‡Zv ejv hvq|

mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z wK, Ab¨ me gvbe mgv‡Ri gZB A¨v‡P mgvRI Avm‡jB Lze RwUj wQj| mzZivs Zv‡ì m¤ú‡K© GB

mvgvb¨ fvmv fvmv aviYv wb‡q Zv‡ì mgvR eë ’v‡K Av`k© g‡b Kivi †Kv‡bv KviYB †bB| A¨v‡Piv †d‡ikZvI wQj

bv Avevi kqZvbI wQj bv- ZvivI gvbzlB wQj| Avi ejvB evûj¨, cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡KivI †mB gvbzlB wQj|

R¡xb-cix‡ì Mí

Av”Qv, cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK gvbzl‡ì Ava¨vwZ¥K ev gvbwmK Rxeb hvcb m¤ú‡K© Avgiv Kx ej‡Z cvwi? †m cÖ‡kœi

DËi cvIqvUv Lze GKUv mnR bq| Avgiv hw` wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì A_©‰bwZK Ae ’vbUv †evSvi †Póv Kwi Zvn‡j

Zvi R‡b¨ Avgv‡ì †mB mgqKvi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© wRwbm m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e| LzeB fv‡jv nq hw` †m¸‡jv cwigvc

Kiv hvq| †hgb, Avgiv wn‡me Kl‡Z cvwi GKRb gvbz‡li †eu‡P _vKvi R‡b¨ cÖwZw`b wVK KZ K¨vjwii ìKvi nq,

GK †KwR AvL‡ivU †_‡K KZ K¨vjwi cvIqv hvq Avi R½‡ji GK eM©wK‡jvwgUvi †_‡K KZ¸‡jv AvL‡ivUB ev

†RvMvo Kiv hvq| GB mg¯Í Z_¨ Avgv‡ì nv‡Z _vK‡j †mB mgv‡Ri Lv`¨vf¨v‡m AvL‡iv‡Ui ¸iæZ¡ KZLvwb †mUv

†gvUvgzwU ezS‡Z cvi‡ev|

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mgv‡Ri †Kv‡bv ZiæY Zvi †cÖwgKv‡K GKUv †ivgvw›UK RvqMvq wb‡q hvIqvi mgq wK AvL‡ivU MvQZjvi Qvqv‡Niv

cwi‡ekUvi K_v fveZ? Zv‡ì GBme wPšÍvi ev AbzfzwZi RMZ m¤ú‡K© RvbvUv Avm‡j †bnv‡qZB wKQz msL¨v w`‡q

wePvi Kiv hvq bv|

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GKUv e¨vcvi wQj| me©cÖvYev` gv‡b nj Ggb GK wek¦vm hv‡Z g‡b Kiv nq, mKj RvqMv, cÖvYx, MvQcvjv Avi mKj

cÖvK…wZK NUbviB Avm‡j m‡PZb mËv Av‡Q, Abzf‚wZ Av‡Q Ges Zviv gvbz‡li mv‡_ mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|

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cvIqv wKsev cÖ‡qvRb _vK‡Z cv‡i| cv_iUv nq‡Zv gvbz‡li †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ †i‡M †h‡Z cv‡i wKsev Avbw›`ZI

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gvbz‡livI nq‡Zv cv_iUvi †Kv‡bv bvg w`‡Zv cv_iUvi ¯ÍzwZ wKsev fr©mbv Kivi R‡b¨| ïaz cv_iB bq, cvnv‡oi

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c‡_i cv‡ki SY©vUv, Zvi Pvicv‡k †e‡o IVv †SvcSvo, gv‡Vi Bu zi, †kqvj Avi Miæ hviv †mB SY©vq cvwb Lvq- GB

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bq, †mLv‡b Ae ÍzMZ mËvI wQj| †hgb g…Z gvbz‡li AvZ¥v wKsev fv‡jv ev Lvivc wKQz mËv- wVK Avgv‡ì kqZvb,

cix wKsev †d‡ikZvi gZb|

me©cÖvYev`xiv g‡b K‡i gvbzl Avi Ab¨vb¨ mËvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we‡f‡ì †`qvj †bB| Zviv PvB‡jB K_v wKsev bvP Mvb

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†hb Zv‡ì GKRb wb‡R‡K DrmM© K‡i| wkKvi mdj n‡j wkKvwi nq‡Zv g…Z cÖvYxi Kv‡Q ¶gv PvB‡e| †KD hw`

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GKUv wbw ©ó MvQ, GKUv wbw ©ó SY©v wKsev GKUv wbw ©ó AvZ¥v|

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wbw ©ó mËv‡K †K› Ö K‡iI AvewZ©Z nZ bv|

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Avw ÍK wQj| K_vUv cz‡ivczwi wg‡_¨ bq| Avw ÍKZv (hvi Bs‡iwR ÔTheistÕ kãUv G‡m‡Q wMÖK ÔtheosÕ ev ÔgodÕ

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hv‡ì‡K Ck¦i ev †èZv bv‡g WvKv nq| GUv Aek¨B mZ¨ †h, †m‡K‡j K…lKiv †ewkifvMB Avw ÍK wQj| wKš‘ Gi

†_‡K Avgiv wbw ©ó K‡i Zv‡ì ag©xq wek¦v‡mi e¨vcv‡i wKQzB Rvb‡Z cvwi bv| AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki †cvj¨v‡Ûi Bûw` h©v

evBiv, g¨vmvPz‡mU‡mi mßv`k kZ‡Ki WvBwb czov‡bv wcDwiUvbiv, cÂ`k kZ‡Ki †gw·‡Kvi A¨vR‡UK cz‡ivwnZiv,

Øv`k kZ‡Ki Biv‡bi mzwd mvaKiv, `kg kZ‡Ki fvBwKs †hv×viv, wØZxq kZ‡Ki †ivgvb evwnbx wKsev cÖ_g kZ‡Ki

Pxbv Avgjviv- G‡ì wbR wbR …wófw½¸‡jv‡K Avovj K‡i me¸‡jv‡K GK bv‡g ÔAvw¯ÍKZvÕ ej‡j Avm‡j A‡bK

wKQzB Pvcv c‡o hvq| G‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Ab¨‡ì AvPvi I wek¦vm‡K GK`g D™¢U I †jŠwKKZv weewR©Z g‡b KiZ|

GKBfv‡e cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK †mB me me©cÖvYev`x‡ì ga¨Kvi AvPvi I wek¦v‡mi cv_©KÏ nq‡Zv GZUvB wekvj

gv‡ci wQj| Zv‡ì ag©xq Rxeb nqZ memgq D‡Øj wQj bvbv iKg Ø›`-msNvZ I cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q|

wKš‘ G K_vI mZ¨ †h, Avgv‡ì mxgvi g‡a¨ Avgiv hZ`‚i Aewa Rvb‡Z cvwi Zv w`‡q H mvaviYxKi‡Y wM‡qB

_vg‡Z nq| cÖvPxb, AcÖPwjZ Ava¨vwZ¥KZv wb‡q †h †Kv‡bv iK‡gi wbw ©ó e¨vL¨v †Ìqvi †Póv KivUv †bnv‡qZB


Abzgvb wbfiÖ n‡e| KviY Avgv‡ì nv‡Z †Zgb †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cÖgvYB †bB| Avi mvgvb¨ hv wKQz ev Av‡Q, †hgb nv‡Z

ˆZwi wRwbmcÎ wKsev ¸nvwPÎ- Gme †_‡K Avm‡j nvRvi iKg e¨vL¨v `vuo Kiv‡bv m¤¢e| †hme we‡klÁiv g‡b K‡ib

†h Zviv Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb †mB wkKvwi-msMÖvnKiv wVK †Kgb Abzfe KiZ, Zvu‡ì bvbviKg ZË¡ Avm‡j hZUv bv

cÖ Íi hz‡Mi ag©xq wek¦v‡mi e¨vcviUv †Lvjvmv K‡i Zvi †P‡q †Xi †ewk Zvu‡ì c¶cvZg‚jK …wófw½‡KB Zz‡j a‡i|

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1 Christopher Rzan and Cacilda Jethá, Sex at Dawn: The Prehistoric Origins of Modern Sexualitz (New

York: Harper, 2010); S. Beckerman and P. Valentine (eds.), Cultures of Multiple Fathers. The Theorz and

Practice of Partible Paternitz in Lowland South America (Gainesville: Universitz Press of Florida, 2002).

2 Noel G. Butlin, Economics and the Dreamtime: A Hzpothetical Historz (Cambridge: Cambridge

Universitz Press, 1993), 98–101; Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians (Szdnez: Allen & Unwin,

2002), 15; William Howell Edwards, An Introduction to Aboriginal Societies (Wentworth Falls, NSW:

Social Science Press, 1988), 52

3 Fekri A. Hassan, Demographic Archaeologz (New York: Academic Press, 1981), 196–9; Lewis Robert

Binford, Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analztical Method for Archaeological Theorz Building

Using Hunter-Gatherer and Environmental Data Sets (Berkelez: Universitz of California Press, 2001),

143.

4 Brian Hare, The Genius of Dogs: How Dogs Are Smarter Than You Think (Dutton: Penguin Group,

2013).

5 Christopher B. Ruff, Erik Trinkaus and Trenton W. Hollidaz, ÔBodz Mass and Encephalization in

Pleistocene HomoÕ, Nature 387 (1997), 173–6; M. Henneberg and M. Stezn, ÔTrends in Cranial

Capacitz and Cranial Index in Subsaharan Africa During the HoloceneÕ, American Journal of Human

Biologz 5:4 (1993): 473–9; Drew H. Bailez and David C. Gearz, ÔHominid Brain Evolution: Testing

Climatic, Ecological and Social Competition ModelsÕ, Human Nature 20 (2009): 67–79; Daniel J.

Wescott and Richard L. Jantz, ÔAssessing Craniofacial Secular Change in American Blacks and Whites

Using Geometric MorphometrzÕ, in Modern Morphometrics in Phzsical Anthropologz: Developments in

Primatologz: Progress and Prospects, ed. Dennis E. Slice (New York: Plenum Publishers, 2005), 231–45.


6 Nicholas G. Blurton Jones et al., ÔAntiquitz of Postreproductive Life: Are There Modern Impacts on

Hunter-Gatherer Postreproductive Life Spans?Õ, American Journal of Human Biologz 14 (2002), 184–

205.

7 Kim Hill and A. Magdalena Hurtado, Aché Life Historz: The Ecologz and Demographz of a Foraging

People (New York: Aldine de Gruzter, 1996), 164, 236.

8 Ibid., 78.

9 Vincenzo Formicola and Alexandra P. Buzhilova, ÔDouble Child Burial from Sunghir (Russia):

Pathologz and Inferences for Upper Paleolithic Funerarz PracticesÕ, American Journal of Phzsical

Anthropologz 124:3 (2004), 189–98; Giacomo Giacobini, ÔRichness and Diversitz of Burial Rituals in

the Upper PaleolithicÕ, Diogenes 54:2 (2007), 19–39.

10 I. J. N. Thorpe, ÔAnthropologz, Archaeologz and the Origin of WarfareÕ, World Archaeologz 35:1

(2003), 145–65; Razmond C. Kellz, Warless Societies and the Origin of War (Ann Arbor: Universitz of

Michigan Press, 2000); Azar Gat, War in Human Civilization (Oxford: Oxford Universitz Press, 2006);

Lawrence H. Keelez, War before Civilization: The Mzth of the Peaceful Savage (Oxford: Oxford

Universitz Press, 1996); Slavomil Vend, ÔStone Age WarfareÕ, in Ancient Warfare: Archaeological

Perspectives, ed. John Carman and Anthonz Harding (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999), 57–73.


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K‡iI wW‡cÖv‡UvWb nZ¨v K‡i, Zv‡ZI G‡ì g…Z¨znvi Rb¥nv‡ii †P‡q †e‡o hvIqvi K_v| Gfv‡eB c‡ii K‡qK

nvRvi eQ‡i msL¨vq Kg‡Z Kg‡Z GK mgq c…w_exi me©‡kl wW‡cÖv‡UvWbwUI gviv †Mj|4

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n‡q‡Q gvbzl, AR©b K‡i‡Q wkKv‡ii m‡e©v”P `¶Zv| †mB kvwYZ `¶Zv Kv‡R jvwM‡qB cÖvq Pvi j¶ eQi Av‡M †_‡K

gvbzl eo cÖvYx wkKvi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| †mB mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q AvwdÖKv Avi Gwkqvi eo cÖvYx¸‡jv gvbz‡li nvZ †_‡K

cvwj‡q evuP‡Z wk‡LwQj| GRb¨B Zviv gvbzl wKsev gvbz‡li gZ †`L‡Z mKj cÖvYx‡ì †_‡K wbivc` ‚iZ¡ eRvq

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e`‡j †Mj|

GB KviYUvi c‡¶ GKUv †Rviv‡jv cÖgvY nj A‡÷Öwjqvi Dw™¢¾ Rxevk¥| 45 nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi A‡÷Öwjqvq

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MvQ Av¸b cÖwZ‡ivax, ZvB gvbz‡li mvnv‡h¨ A‡÷Öwjqvi ebvÂ‡j ïiæ nj BDK¨vwjcUv‡mi GK”QÎ ivRZ¡|

Dw™¢` RM‡Zi GB cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve coj cÖvwYRM‡Z Z…Y‡fvRx I gvsmvkx Df‡qi Dci| †Kvqvjv‡ì cÖavb Lv`¨

wQj BDK¨vwjcUv‡mi cvZv, ZvB Zv‡ì Avi Lvev‡ii †Kv‡bv AfveB iBj bv, wKš‘ †ewki fvM cÖvYxB coj

gnvwec‡`| Lv`¨-Lv`‡Ki fvimvg¨c‚Y© m¤úK© †f‡O coj, d‡j ze©j cÖRvwZ¸‡jv Av‡iv GwM‡q †Mj wejzwßi c‡_|5

Z…Zxq e¨vL¨vUv e‡j- A‡÷Öwjqvi cÖvYxwejzwß‡Z gvbz‡li wkKvi I Av¸‡bi eënvi D‡jL‡hvM¨ KviY n‡jI Rjevqz

cwieZ©‡bi e¨vcviUv‡KI G‡Kev‡i AMÖvn¨ Kiv hvq bv| 45 nvRvi eQi Av‡M A‡÷Öwjqvi Rjevqz‡Z Pjgvb cwieZ©b

†mLvbKvi cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨‡K boe‡o K‡i w`‡qwQj, hv cÖvYx‡ì‡KI †V‡j w`‡qwQj GKUv SzuwKc‚Y© Ae ’vq|

mvaviY Ae ’vq Zviv nq‡Zv ILvb †_‡KI Ab¨vbëv‡ii gZ Nz‡i `vuov‡Z cviZ, wKš‘ Gev‡i gvbz‡li Dcw ’wZ


cwiw ’wZ‡K Av‡iv msKUgq K‡i †Zv‡j| cÖwZK‚j AvenvIqv Avi wkKvix gvbz‡li wØgzLx Avµg‡Y Zv‡ì Avi

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GB wZbwU Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ †KvbUv †h mwZ¨B `vqx, †mUv Av‡iv †ewk Z_¨-cÖgvY nv‡Z bv †c‡j wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq

bv| wKš‘ ZviciI GUzKz ejv hvq †h, hw` gvbzl A‡÷Öwjqvi cÖK…wZ‡Z GZLvwb n Í‡¶c bv KiZ, Zvn‡j nq‡Zv

AvRI †mLv‡b gvm©zwcqvj wmsn, wW‡cÖv‡UvWb wKsev weivU AvKv‡ii K¨v½viæi †`Lv cvIqv †hZ|

kø_‡ì wejzwßi c‡_ hvÎv

A‡÷Öwjqvi cÖvwYwejzwß m¤¢eZ c…w_ex‡Z gvbz‡li cÖ_g eo ÔKxwZ©Õ| cieZ©x‡Z Av‡gwiKv‡ZI GKB iKg wech©q

N‡U‡Q, Av‡iv eo AvKv‡i| gvbe cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝB cÖ_g cwð‡g †cŠuQvq cÖvq 16 nvRvi eQi

Av‡M, A_©vr 14 nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi w`‡K| Zviv †cŠu‡QwQj cv‡q †nu‡U, KviY ZLb mgz Öc…ô wbPz wQj e‡j DËi-c‚e©

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†P‡q GKUzI mnR wQj bv GB hvÎv| gvbzl‡K ZLb wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡q‡Q †giæej‡qi Pig AvenvIqvq, †hLv‡b kx‡Z

m‚‡hiÖ †`LvB cvIqv hvq bv Avi ZvcgvÎv gv‡S gv‡S k‚‡bï wb‡P cÂvk wWwMÖ ch©šÍ †b‡g hvq|

Gi Av‡M gvbz‡li †Kv‡bv cÖRvwZB DËi mvB‡ewiqvi gZ kxZj RvqMvq †h‡Z cv‡iwb, GgbwK kxZmwnòz

wbqvÛv_©vjivI bq| A_P AvwdÖKvi Z…Yf‚wgi Mi‡g Awf‡hvwRZ †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝivB Zv‡ì D™¢vebx †KŠk‡j †mB

ei‡di †`‡k wU‡K †Mj| kxZj AvenvIqvq †h‡Z †h‡ZB ZLbKvi hvhvei gvbzl ckg Avi Pvgov †mjvB K‡i

ei‡di Dci Pjvi RzZv Avi †cvkvK ˆZwi Ki‡Z wkLj| Zv‡ì wkKv‡ii A ¿ I †KŠkj zBB DbœZ nj, Avi †mUv

Kv‡R jvMj g¨vg‡_i gZ eo cÖvYx wkKvi Ki‡Z| Mig Kvco Avi DbœZ wkKvi †KŠkj – GB zB‡qi Dci fimv

K‡iB gvbzl Av‡iv kxZj ’v‡b †h‡Z mvnm Kij, Avi Zviv hZB DË‡i †Mj, Zv‡ì `¶Zv¸‡jvI evo‡Z jvMj Zvj

wgwj‡q|

wKš‘ †Kb? †Kb mvB‡ewiqvi kx‡Z gvbz‡li GB †¯”Qv-wbe©vmb? Zv‡ì †KD nq‡Zv wM‡qwQj hz× †_‡K cvwj‡q, †KD

RbmsL¨vi Pv‡c, †KD Avevi cÖvK…wZK z‡h©vM †_‡K evuP‡Z| Avevi A‡b‡K wVK cvwj‡q bq, eis DË‡i wM‡qwQj

cÖvwYR Avwg‡li cÖvPzh© †`‡L| ZLbKvi †giæejqRz‡o wQj cÖPzi üóczó g¨vg_ Avi eêvnwiY| GKUv g¨vg_ gv‡bB

cÖPzi cwigv‡Y gvsm| Avi †mUv `xN©Kvj msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ eidI wQj A‡Xj| Zvi mv‡_ cvIqv †hZ Pwe©, ckg Avi

g‚jëvb `vuZ| mvw½‡ii (Sungir, g‡¯‹v †_‡K cÖvq 200 wK‡jvwgUvi c‚‡e© cÖvPxb gvbz‡li emwZ) cÖZœZvwË¡K wb`k©b

†_‡K Rvbv hvq, ILvbKvi g¨vg_-wkKvix gvbemgvR K‡óm…‡ó bq, ixwZgZ cÖvYcÖvPz‡h© weKwkZ n‡qwQj| mg‡qi mv‡_

gvbz‡li `j Qwo‡q coj bvbv w`‡K| Zvi djkÖzwZ‡Z g¨vg_, g¨v‡÷vWb, MÐvi Avi eêvnwiY cwiYZ n‡Z jvMj

Zv‡ì Lv‡`¨| 14 nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi w`‡K GB cÖvYx‡ì avIqv Ki‡Z Ki‡ZB gvbzl DËi-c‚e© mvB‡ewiqv †_‡K

†cŠu‡Q †Mj Avjv¯‹vq| Avi Gfv‡eB †h bZzb GKUv gnv‡`k Avwe®‹…Z nj, gvbzl ev g¨vg_ †KDB †mUv ezS‡Z

cv‡iwb|


ïiæi w`‡K GB c_Uv eÜ K‡i †i‡LwQj weivU wngevn, ZvB Lze †ewk gvbzl Zvi Icv‡i †h‡Z cv‡iwb| Z‡e 12

nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi w`‡K êwk¦K Dòvq‡bi cÖ‡Kv‡c †mB eid M‡j wM‡q Avjv¯‹v hvevi c_ Lz‡j hvq| †mB bZzb

c‡_ gvbzl `‡j `‡j cvwo Rgvq bZzb gnv‡`‡k| †giæ AÂ‡ji kx‡Z Af¨ Í gvbzl ªæZB bZzb cwi‡ek Avi

AvenvIqv‡Z wb‡R‡ì Lvc LvB‡q †bq| mvB‡ewiqvi gvbz‡li eska‡iiv eZ©gvb hz³iv‡óÖi c‚e©w`‡Ki Nb R½j,

wgwmwmwci eØx‡ci Rjvf‚wg, †gw·‡Kvi giæf‚wg Avi ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi ebvÂ‡j emwZ ¯’vcb Kij| Avevi †KD †KD

P‡j †Mj AvgvRb b`xwe‡aŠZ GjvKvq, Av‡›`R ce©Zgvjvi DcZ¨Kvq wKsev Av‡R©w›Ubvi cv¤úvm mgf‚wg‡Z| cz‡iv

gnv‡`‡k Qwo‡q co‡Z gvbz‡li mgq †j‡MwQj eo‡Rvi zB nvRvi eQi| 10 nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi g‡a¨B gvbzl `w¶Y

Av‡gwiKvi me©`w¶‡Yi wZ‡qiv †`j dz‡q‡Mv (Tierra del Fuego) Øx‡c †cŠuQvq| gvbzl GZ ªæZ Av‡gwiKvi

Av‡`¨vcvšÍ `Lj Ki‡Z cvivi g‚j KviY Zv‡ì AZzjbxq ezw×gËv I Awf‡hvRb ¶gZv| Kvh©Z eo ai‡bi †Kv‡bv

wRbMZ cwieZ©b QvovB Avi †Kv‡bv cÖvYx GZiKg êwPÎ¨gq cwi‡e‡k GZ ªæZ wb‡R‡ì gvwb‡q wb‡Z cv‡iwb|6

Z‡e gvbz‡li Av‡gwiKv `L‡ji cÖwµqvwU †gv‡UB i³cvZnxb wQj bv| 14 nvRvi eQi Av‡M Av‡gwiKvi cÖvwYRMr

GLbKvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk mg…× wQj| Avjv¯‹v †_‡K `w¶‡Y, KvbvWv I cwðg hz³iv‡óªi mgf‚wg‡Z GwM‡q hvevi

c‡_ gvbzl mvg‡b †cj g¨vg_ I g¨v‡÷vWb, fvjz‡Ki gZ eo AvKv‡ii Bu zi, †Nvov I D‡Ui cvj Avi wekvjvKvq

wmsn| Av‡iv wQj Ggb wKQz wekvj cÖvYx hv AvR Avi †`Lv hvq bv| G‡ì g‡a¨ wQj j¤v `vuZIqvjv fq¼i`k©b

weovj Avi cÖvq Qq wgUvi j¤v, AvU Ub ch©šÍ IR‡bi ¯’jPi kø_| `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvi cÖvwYKzj wQj Av‡iv †ewk

êwPÎgq| †mLv‡bI wQj bvbv iKg ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx, mixm…c Avi cvwL| zB Av‡gwiKvB wQ‡jv cÖvYcÖvPz‡h© weKwkZ

weeZ©‡bi Av`k© jxjvf‚wg, hvi cÖvYx I Dw™¢`¸‡jv wQj AvwdÖKv I Gwkqvi Rxem¤¢vi †_‡K m¤ú‚Y© Avjv`v|

wKš‘ G meB gvbzl ILv‡b hvIqvi Av‡Mi K_v| gvbzl hvIqvi zB nvRvi eQ‡ii g‡a¨B G‡ì †ewkifvM cÖRvwZB

nvwi‡q †Mj| GLbKvi wnmve e‡j, GB Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B DËi Av‡gwiKvi mvZPwjøkwU cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ wejzß nq

†PŠwÎkwU, Avi `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvq lv‡Ui g‡a¨ cÂvkwU| wZb †KvwU eQi a‡i wU‡K _vKv j¤v `vu‡Zi weovj wejzß nj,

GKB cwiYwZ nj wekvj k_ Avi wms‡ni, Av‡gwiKvb cÖRvwZi †Nvov Avi D‡Ui, wekvj Bu`zi Avi g¨vg‡_i| Zvi

mv‡_ wejzß nj nvRvi nvRvi cÖRvwZi †QvU †QvU Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx, mixm…c, cvwL, GgbwK †cvKvgvKo Avi ciRxexI

(g¨vg_ wejzß nIqvi ci g¨vg‡_i meiKg DKzbI wejzß nq)|

`k‡Ki ci `kK a‡i Gme cÖvYxi Rxevk¥ Avi †`nve‡k‡li †Lvu‡R zB Av‡gwiKvi cvnvo I mgZ‡j P‡l †eov‡”Qb

we‡klÁiv| hLbB Zvuiv †Kv‡bv wKQz Lzu‡R cv‡”Qb cig h‡Zœ †m¸‡jv cvwV‡q w`‡”Qb M‡elYvMv‡i| †mUv n‡Z cv‡i

cÖvPxb Av‡gwiKvb D‡Ui nvo wKsev †mB weivU kø‡_i weôv| †mLv‡b cÖwZwU bgzbv cz•Lvbzcz•Lfv‡e cix¶v K‡i Zv‡ì

eqm wbY©q Kiv nq| me M‡elYvi dj cvIqv †M‡Q GKB iKg – mv¤cÖwZKZg bgzbv¸‡jvI †mB mg‡qi, hLb gvbzl

cÖ_g Av‡gwiKvq Av‡m, A_©vr 12 nvRvi †_‡K 9 nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi g‡a¨| Gi cieZ©x mg‡qi bgzbv cvIqv †M‡Q

†Kej K‡qKwU K¨vwiweqvb Øx‡c, wbw ©ó K‡i ej‡j wKDev I wnmcvwbIjvq| †mLv‡b cvIqv k‡_i weôv †gvUvgzwU 5

nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi wVK †h mg‡q gvbzl K¨vwiweqvb mvMi cvwo w`‡q ILv‡b †cŠuQvq|

Gi c‡iI wKQz we‡klÁ GBm‡ei Rb¨ gvbz‡li e`‡j Rjevqz cwieZ©b‡KB `vqx Ki‡Z Pvb (‡m‡¶‡Î a‡i wb‡Z nq

†h, 7 nvRvi eQi a‡i cwð‡gi me RvqMvi AvenvIqv e`‡j †M‡jI †Kv‡bv Ôinm¨gq Kvi‡YÕ K¨vwiweqvb Øx‡c

e`jvqwb)| wKš‘ Av‡gwiKvq cvIqv cÖgvY‡K A¯xKvi Kivi †Kv‡bv mz‡hvM †bB| AvgivB †h GB wej zwßi Rb¨ `vqx –


G mZ¨‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Gov‡bv hvq bv| hw` Rjevqzi cwieZ©b GLv‡b †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv †i‡LI _v‡K, Zez gvbz‡li

f‚wgKv wQj Zvi †P‡qI A‡bK †ewk|

b‚‡ni bv‡q VvuB n‡e Kv‡ì?

A‡÷Öwjqv, Av‡gwiKvi gZ gnv‡`k Avi wKDevi gZ Øx‡c cÖvYx‡ì †h MYwejzwß N‡UwQj, Zvi †P‡q GKUz KgB

N‡UwQj Av‡dÖv-Gwkqvb GjvKvq| †mLv‡b wejzß cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ ev‡` gvbz‡li Ab¨ cÖRvwZ¸‡jvI

wQj| GB †QvU-eo wejzwßi NUbv¸‡jv‡K GK mz‡Zvq Mvu_‡j †evSv hvq †h, c…w_exi me‡P‡q eo GKUv cwi‡ek

wech©‡qi cÖ_g av°vUv G‡mwQj gvbz‡li KvQ †_‡KB| G‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq eo eo †jvgk cÖvYx¸‡jv|

ezw×wfwËK wecø‡ei mg‡q GB c…w_ex cÖvq zBk iK‡gi eo (cÂvk wK‡jvMÖv‡gi †ewk IR‡bi) ’jPi ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYxi

Avevm wQj, Avi K…wlwecøe Avmvi ci wQj kÕLv‡b‡Ki gZ| †jLv‡jwL Ki‡Z †kLv, PvKv Avwe®‹vi wKsev †jvnvi

wRwbm evbv‡Z †kLvi A‡bK Av‡MB gvbzl wbwðý K‡i w`‡q‡Q GB c…w_exi me‡P‡q eo cÖvYx‡ì A‡a©KUv|

K…wl wecø‡ei ciI †mB GKB bvUK evievi gÂ ’ n‡q‡Q c…w_exi AmsL¨ Øx‡c, Av‡iKUz †QvU AvKv‡i| wewfbœ

czivZvwË¡K M‡elYvq †m MíB evievi D‡V Av‡m Avgv‡ì mvg‡b| †m bvU‡Ki cÖ_g …‡kï Kzkxje bvbv iK‡gi

cÖvYx- gvbz‡li †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv †mLv‡b †bB| wØZxq …‡k¨ N‡U gvbz‡li AvMgb (hvi cÖgvY †g‡j gvbz‡li nvo, ek©vi

djv wKsev gvwUi cv‡Îi UzK‡ivq), Avi Z…Zxq …‡k¨ gÂRz‡o †KejB gvbzl, Avi †QvU-eo A‡bK cÖvYx ZLb DavI|

GKUv fv‡jv D`vniY cvIqv hvq AvwdÖKv gnv‡`k †_‡K 400 wK‡jvwgUvi c‚‡e©i Øxc gv`vMv¯‹v‡i| j¶ eQ‡ii

weeZ©‡b GB wew”Qbœ f‚L‡Ð M‡o D‡VwQj †mLvbKvi ¯Zš¿ cÖvwYRMr| †mLv‡b wQj ÔGwjd¨v›U evW©Õ bv‡gi Do‡Z bv

cviv cvwL, wZb wgUvi D”PZv Avi Avav Ub IRb wb‡q GivB wQj c…w_exi me‡P‡q eo cvwL| mv‡_ wQj c…w_exi

me‡P‡q eo †giæ`Ðx cÖvYx cÖKvÐ †jgzi| †ò nvRvi eQi Av‡M GiKg A‡bK¸‡jv eo cÖvYx G‡Kev‡i nVvr K‡iB

†hb nvwi‡q †Mj – wVK gvbzl ILv‡b cv ivLvi ciciB|


`zwU cÖKvÐ kø_ (‡gMv‡_wiqvg) Avi Zv‡ì wcQ‡b zwU cÖKvÐ Avg©vwW‡jv| Aazbvjzß GB

Avg©vwW‡jv j¤^vq cÖvq wZb wgUvi Avi IR‡b `zB Ub ch©šÍ n‡Zv| k_¸‡jvi D”PZv

Qq wgUvi ch©šÍI n‡Zv, Avi IRb n‡Zv cÖvq AvU Ub|

cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡i MYwejzwßi cÖ_g AvNvZUv Av‡m cÖvq 1500 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi w`‡K| G mg‡qB cwj‡bwkqvi K…l‡Kiv

m‡jvgb ØxcczÄ, wdwR Avi wbD K¨vwj‡Wvwbqvq emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i| ZvivB cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e kZ kZ cÖRvwZi

cvwL, †cvKvgvKo, kvgzKmn ¯’vbxq bvbv cÖvYx‡K †kl K‡i †d‡j| GB wejzwßi †XD GwM‡q hvq DËi, `w¶Y I c‚‡e© –

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me‡k‡l 1200 wLÖ÷v‡ã wbDwRj¨v‡Û|

wVK GKB iK‡gi NUbv N‡U‡Q AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi, fviZ gnvmvMi, DËi gnvmvMi I f‚ga¨mvM‡i Qwo‡q wQwU‡q

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wKQz cÖvYx|

Z_¨m‚Î


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Archaeologz of Earlz Modern HumansÕ, in Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and

Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans, ed. Paul Mellars, Ofer Bar-

Yosef, Katie Bozle (Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2007), 395–410; James

F. OÕConnel and Jim Allen, ÔWhen Did Humans First Arrive in Greater Australia and Whz is it

Important to Know?Õ, Evolutionarz Anthropologz 6:4 (1998), 132–46; James F. OÕConnel and Jim

Allen, ÔDating the Colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia – New Guinea): A Review of Recent

ResearchÕ, Journal of Radiological Science 31:6 (2004), 835–53; Jon M. Erlandson, ÔAnatomicallz

Modern Humans, Maritime Vozaging and the Pleistocene Colonization of the AmericasÕ, in The First

Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World, ed. Nina G. Jablonski (San Francisco:

Universitz of California Press, 2002), 59–60, 63–4; Jon M. Erlandson and Torben C. Rick, ÔArchaeologz

Meets Marine Ecologz: The Antiquitz of Maritime Cultures and Human Impacts on Marine Fisheries and

EcoszstemsÕ, Annual Review of Marine Science 2 (2010), 231–51; Atholl Anderson, ÔSlow Boats from

China: Issues in the Prehistorz of Indo-China SeafaringÕ, Modern Quaternarz Research in Southeast

Asia 16 (2000), 13–50; Robert G. Bednarik, ÔMaritime Navigation in the Lower and Middle

PaleolithicÕ, Earth and Planetarz Sciences 328 (1999), 559–60; Robert G. Bednarik, ÔSeafaring in the

PleistoceneÕ, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 13:1 (2003), 41–66.

2 Timothz F. Flannerz, The Future Eaters: An Ecological Historz of the Australasian Lands and Peoples

(Port Melbourne: Reed Books Australia, 1994); Anthonz D. Barnoskz et al., ÔAssessing the Causes of

Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the ContinentsÕ, Science 306:5693 (2004): 70–5; Barrz W. Brook and

David M. J. S. Bowman, ÔThe Uncertain Blitzkrieg of Pleistocene MegafaunaÕ, Journal of Biogeographz

31:4 (2004), 517–23; Gifford H. Miller et al., ÔEcoszstem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a

Human Role in Megafaunal ExtinctionÕ, Science 309:5732 (2005), 287–90; Richard G. Roberts et al.,

ÔNew Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna: Continent Wide Extinction about 46,000 Years AgoÕ,

Science 292:5523 (2001), 1,888–92.

3 Stephen Wroe and Judith Field, ÔA Review of Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of

Australian Megafauna and an Alternative ExplanationÕ, Quaternarz Science Reviews 25:21–2 (2006),

2,692–703; Barrz W. Brook et al., ÔWould the Australian Megafauna Have Become Extinct if Humans

Had Never Colonised the Continent? Comments on ÒA Review of the Evidence for a Human Role in the

Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative ExplanationÓ bz S. Wroe and J. FieldÕ,

Quaternarz Science Reviews 26:3–4 (2007), 560–4; Chris S. M. Turnez et al., ÔLate-Surviving

Megafauna in Tasmania, Australia, Implicate Human Involvement in their ExtinctionÕ, Proceedings of

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Science, 292:5523 (2001), 1,893–6; OÕConnel and Allen, ÔPre-LGM SahulÕ, 400–1.

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Review of Ecologz, Evolution, and Szstematics 37 (2006), 215–50; Anthonz D. Barnoskz et al.,

ÔAssessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the ContinentsÕ, 70–5.

wØZxq ce©: K…wl wecøe


Kíbvi KvivMvi





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Kwi!

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fzM‡Q!

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weeZ©bxq mvdj¨ gvcv nq Zvi KZ¸‡jv wWGbG Abzwjwc wU‡K Av‡Q †mUv w`‡q| hw` †Kv‡bv GKwU cÖRvwZi †Kv‡bv

wWGbG AbzwjwcB wU‡K bv _v‡K, Zvi gv‡b †mUv wejzß n‡q †M‡Q Ges †mUv‡K GKwU weeZ©bxq hvÎvc‡_i mgvwß ev

e¨_©Zv wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq| Avi hw` †Kv‡bv GKwU cÖRvwZi AmsL¨ wWGbG Abzwjwc c…w_exi me©Î we Ívi jvf K‡i,

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†ewk †ewk †jvK‡K evuwP‡q ivLv!

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wejvwmZvi dvu`

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cÖwZK‚j mg‡q Avevi cÖvßeq¯‹ n‡Z †hgb †`wi nq †Zgwb AšÍtmË¡v nIqvi m¤¢vebvI Kg _v‡K|

GBme cÖvK…wZK Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi mv‡_ mv‡_ wKQz mvs¯‹…wZK e¨vcvi m¨vcviI RwoZ wQj| hviv beRvZK wKsev GK`g

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GBfv‡e P‡j Avmv nvRvi nvRvi eQi mg‡q gvbzl gv‡S gv‡SB M‡gi `vbv †L‡Zv, wKš‘ GUv wQj Zv‡ì Lvev‡ii

ZvwjKvi bMY¨ GKUv Ask| cÖvq 18 nvRvi eQi Av‡M, †kl eid hzM m‡i wM‡q c…w_exi ZvcgvÎv evo‡Z ïiæ K‡i

(global warming)| ZvcgvÎv hZ evoj, e…wócvZI evo‡Z _vKj| GB AvenvIqvUv ga¨cÖv‡Pï Mg Avi Ab¨vb¨

k‡mï Rb¨ Lze AbzK‚j wQj| d‡j Zviv Lze ªæZ Qov‡Z jvMj Pviw`‡K| gvbzl AviI †ewk †ewk Mg †L‡Z _vKj

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Avevi M‡gi MvQ Rb¥vZ| Gi d‡j wK nj? gvbz‡li emev‡mi RvqMvi Av‡kcv‡k AviI †ewk †ewk Mg Rb¥v‡Z

_vKj!

gvbzl eb R½j mvd K‡i †dj‡Z ïiæ Ki‡j †mUv M‡gi we Ív‡ii Rb¨ †ek mnvqK nj| Av¸‡b hLb eo eo MvQ,

¸j¥ me g‡i †Mj, ZLb Mg GKvB cz‡ivUv m‚h©v‡jvK, f‚Mf©¯’ cvwb I czwó †c‡Z _vKj| Gi d‡j M‡gi †hvMvb evoj,

mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ Lvev‡ii DrmI wQj wKQz| Avi GBevi gvbzl Zv‡ì hvhvei Rxeb †Q‡o †gŠmzgx wKsev ¯’vqx Avevmb

ˆZwi K‡i emevm ïiæ K‡i w`j|

cÖ_g w`‡K nq‡Zv Zviv dmj KvUvi mgq gvmLv‡b‡Ki Rb¨ Avevm Mvo‡Zv| cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖRb¥všÍ‡i ZLb M‡gi

Drcv`b evo‡Z _vKj, Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í GK gv‡mi RvqMvq †ò wK zgv‡mi emwZ n‡Z _vKj| Zvici GKmgq †mUv

GKUv ’vqx MÖv‡g cwiYZ nj| GBiKg emwZi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq cÖvq cz‡iv ga¨cÖvP¨ Rz‡oB| Gi g‡a¨ we‡kl K‡i

D‡jL Kiv hvq †jfv‡šÍi (Levant) bvg| mv‡o 12 nvRvi †_‡K mv‡o 9 nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi gvSvgvwS mg‡q

†mLv‡b bvZzwdqvb (Natufian) ms¯‹…wZ weKwkZ nq| bvZzwdqvbiv g‚jZ wkKvwi-msMÖvnK wn‡m‡eB Rxeb hvcb

KiZ| Zviv cÖvq WRbLv‡bK wewfbœ cÖRvwZi eb¨ cÖvYx wkKvi K‡i †L‡Zv| wKš‘ ZvivB Avevi ’vqx MÖv‡g emevm

KiZ Avi †ewki fvM mgq e¨q KiZ ez‡bv Lv`¨km¨ †RvMvo Kiv Ges †m¸‡jv LvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ ÍzZ Kivi Kv‡R| Zviv

cv_‡ii Ni evwb‡qwQj, GgbwK dm‡ji †MvjvI evwb‡qwQj| †mBme †Mvjvq Zviv cÖ‡qvR‡bi mg‡qi Rb¨ Lv`¨km¨

Rgv K‡i ivLZ| Zviv bZzb bZzb nvwZqviI evwb‡qwQj- †hgb cv_‡ii Kv‡ Í Ges hvuZvKj| G¸‡jv dmj KvUv Avi

gvovB‡qi Kv‡R eëüZ nZ|

mv‡o 9 nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi cieZ©x eQi¸‡jv‡Z bvZzwdqvb‡ì eska‡iiv bvbviKg Lv`¨km¨ msMÖn Kiv Ae¨vnZ

ivLj, wKš‘ GKB mv‡_ Zviv †m¸‡jv‡K bvbvb iKg bZzb Dcv‡q Pvl KivI wk‡L †djj| ez‡bv km¨`vbv msMÖn Kivi

mgq Zviv B‡”Q K‡iB wKQz Ask msMÖn bv K‡i †i‡L w`Z c‡ii evi ec‡bi Rb¨| Zviv Avwe®‹vi K‡i †d‡jwQj †h

k‡mï exR G‡jv‡g‡jv fv‡e gvwUi Dc‡i †d‡j ivLvi †P‡q Mfx‡i MZ© K‡i czu‡Z ivL‡j †ewk dmj cvIqv hvq|

GiciB Zviv Rwg‡Z wbovwb †Ìqv Avi nvjPvl Kiv ïiæ K‡i w`j| Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í Zviv AvMvQv cwi®‹vi Kiv, †mP


†Ìqv Avi ˆRe mv‡ii eënviI wk‡L †djj| Gi d‡j †hUv n‡jv, km¨ Pv‡l †ewk mgq †Ìqvi d‡j ez‡bv Rš‘

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ejvI Lze gzkwKj| Z‡e mv‡o AvU nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©vã bvMv` mviv ga¨cÖvP¨ Rz‡o M‡o D‡VwQj †Rwi‡Kvi g‡Zv A‡bK

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Gw`‡K ’vqx MÖv‡g emevm Kiv I h‡_ó Lvev‡ii gRz‡ì Kvi‡Y RbmsL¨v ªæZ evo‡Z jvMj| hvhvei Rxeb Z¨vM

Kivi d‡j GKRb bvix GLb cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨K eQiB GKwU mšÍvb Rb¥ w`‡Z cviZ| Lze Aí eqm †_‡KB wkï‡ì‡K

gv‡qi ez‡Ki za QvovI RvD‡qi gZ Ab¨vb¨ Lvevi LvIqv‡bv n‡Zv| bZzb wkï‡ì GB bZzb nvZ‡Rvov eo ìKvi

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Pvl Kiv ìKvi n‡q coj| Gw`‡K AviI GKUv NUbv NUj, gvbzl ZLb ¯’vqx NiemwZ‡Z emevm ïiæ Kivq

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KvovKvwo K‡iB †L‡Z n‡Zv Zv‡ì| GBme Kvi‡Y wkïg…Z¨znvi A‡bK †e‡o †Mj| †mB mg‡q †ewkifvM K…wlwfwËK

mgv‡R cÖvq cÖwZ wZbRb wkïi g‡a¨ GKRb gviv †hZ wek eQ‡i †cŠuQv‡bvi Av‡MB|5 wKš‘ GZ wKQzi ciI Rb¥nvi

g…Z¨znvi‡KI Qvwc‡q †Mj! Avi gvbzl †ewk †ewk wkï Rb¥ w`‡Z jvMj|

mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ M‡gi Dci GB Av ’v Av‡ Í Av‡¯Í GKUv †evSv n‡q `vuov‡Z jvMj| GKbvMv‡o wkï gi‡Z _vKj

Avi cÖvßeq¯‹‡ìI Nvg S‡i †hZ ïaz z‡Uv iæwU †RvMvo Kivi Rb¨| mv‡o 8 nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi †Rwi‡Kvi GKRb

mvaviY gvbzl, mv‡o 9 nvRvi wKsev 13 nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi GKRb mvaviY gvbz‡li Zzjbvq †Xi †ewk KwVb Rxeb

hvcb Ki‡Zv| wKš‘ †KD ezS‡Z cv‡iwb Avm‡j Kx nw”Qj| KviY GUv GKw`‡b nw”Qj bv eis cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖR‡b¥

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Zviv ïaz Aí wKQz †ewk wRwbm Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQj Zv‡ì K…wlKv‡R mzweavi Rb¨| ¯we‡ivax †kvbv‡jI †mBme GK

GKUv †QvU †QvU DbœwZ, †h¸‡jvi Rxeb‡K AviI mnR Kivi K_v wQj, †m¸‡jvB Mjvi KvuUv n‡q weua‡Z jvM‡jv

K…lK‡ì Rxe‡b|

Zvn‡j Kx Kvi‡Y gvbzl GiKg zf©vM¨RbK fzj Kij? †h Kvi‡Y gvbzl †MvUv BwZnvm Rz‡oB fzj K‡i G‡m‡Q, wVK

†mB GKB Kvi‡Y| gvbzl †gv‡UB ezS‡Z cv‡iwb Zv‡ì wm×všÍ¸‡jvi djvdj Kx n‡Z hv‡”Q| hLbB Zviv GKUv

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g‡b KiZ- Òn¨vu, Avgv‡ì nq‡Zv GKUz †ewk cwikÖg n‡e, wKš‘ Gi d‡j dmjI n‡e A‡bK †ewk! Avgv‡ì Avi

Acqv eQi¸‡jvi Rb¨ zwðšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e bv| Avgv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì Avi KL‡bv ¶zav wb‡q Nzgv‡Z †h‡Z n‡e bv|Ó

K_vq hzw³ wQj| †ewk cwikÖg Ki‡j mz›ì Rxeb cvIqv hv‡e- GUvB wQj g‚j cwiKíbv|

GB cwiKíbvi cÖ_g fvMUv †ek fv‡jvfv‡eB G‡Mvw”Qj| gvbzl Avm‡jB Av‡Mi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk LvUvLvUwb KiwQj|

wKš‘ Zviv G‡Kev‡iB †Lqvj K‡iwb †h, AwZwi³ Lv‡`ï mv‡_ mv‡_ †Q‡j‡g‡qi msL¨vI evo‡Z _vK‡e| Zvi d‡j,

Pvlvev` AviI fv‡jv n‡jI, A‡bK †ewk Mg gRz` _vK‡jI, GB †ewk Mg wKš‘ †ewk †ewk †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì g‡a¨ fvM

Ki‡Z n‡e| mzZivs gv_vwcQz Lvev‡ii cwigvY Ggb Avnvgwi wKQz evo‡e bv| †mB mgqKvi K…l‡Kiv Av‡M †f‡e


†`‡Lwb †h, †QvU †QvU †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì gv‡qi z‡ai e`‡j †ewk †ewk K‡i RvD LvIqv‡bvi d‡j Zv‡ì †ivM cÖwZ‡iva

¶gZv K‡g hv‡e| ZvQvov GKB RvqMvq emevm Kivi d‡j †mBme K…wlwfwËK mgv‡R wkï‡ì wewfbœ †ivM-RxevYz‡Z

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Zv‡ì fvebvq Av‡mwb †mUv nj, †Kej M‡gi Dci AwZgvÎvq wbf©ikxj n‡q _vKvi Kvi‡Y Livi g‡Zv z‡h©v‡Mi

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AbvKvwO&¶Z e¨vcvi¸‡jv Zv‡ì cÖv_wgK cwiKíbvUv‡K †f‡ Í w`j| GKUv mz›ì Rxeb cvIqvi Rb¨ KóUv GKUz

†ewkB n‡q †Mj|

Zvn‡j ¯vfvweKfv‡eB GKUv cÖkœ Av‡m †h, hLb Zviv †`LjB †h cwiKíbvUv KvR Ki‡Q bv ZLb †Kb Zviv Avevi

Zv‡ì czi‡bv Rxe‡b wd‡i †Mj bv? GKUv KviY nj, cwiKíbvUv †h wVK gZ KvR Ki‡Q bv †mUv ezS‡Z ezS‡ZB

Zv‡ì cÖR‡b¥i ci cÖRb¥ †K‡U †M‡Q| mzZivs †mUv evwZj K‡i czi‡bv Rxe‡b †divi R‡b¨ Zv‡ì A‡bK †`wi n‡q

wM‡qwQj Avm‡j| ZZw`‡b Zviv cÖvq fz‡jB wM‡qwQj wKfv‡e Zviv Av‡M Ab¨fv‡e Rxeb aviY Ki‡Zv| eo‡Rvi Zviv

Zv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì nq‡Zv Mí †kvbvZ †h Zviv hLb †QvU wQj ev Zv‡ì evev wKsev `v`v hLb †QvU wQj ZLb †¶‡Z

KZ Kg Mg nZ| nq‡Zv ej‡Zv †h Zv‡ì fve‡Z AevK jv‡M wKfv‡e AZ Aí Mg w`‡q Zv‡ì c‚e©cziæliv †L‡q

c‡i †eu‡P _vKZ| GBUvB Avm‡j ZLbKvi gvbzl g‡b †i‡LwQj †h K‡qK cÖRb¥ Av‡M Zv‡ì A‡bK Kg Lvevi wQj|

Av‡Mi Rxe‡b wd‡i bv hvIqvi Av‡iKUv KviY nj, RbmsL¨v z ©všÍ MwZ‡Z †e‡oB PjwQj Avi Zvi d‡j Av‡Mi

Rxe‡b wd‡i hvIqvi Rb¨ †mUv GKUv eo mgm¨v n‡q `vuwo‡qwQj| Zv‡ì c‚e©cziæl‡ì mg‡q †hLv‡b GKUv MÖv‡g

nq‡Zv †gvU 100 Rb gvbzl _vKZ, GLb †mLv‡b nq‡Zv 150 Rb _v‡K|GLb hw` Zviv Av‡Mi †mB Rxe‡b wd‡i

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†KDB ¯Ztù‚Z©fv‡e GUv Ki‡Z ivwR wQj bv| Av‡Mi Rxe‡b wd‡i hvIqvi Avm‡j Avi †Kv‡bv Dcvq wQj bv| dvu‡`

c‡o †mB c_ eÜ n‡q †M‡Q Av‡MB|

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A™¢zZ †kvbv‡jI Ggb NUbv wKš‘ IUvB †kl bq, eis gvbz‡li cz‡iv BwZnvm Rz‡o GB NUbviB czbive…wË †`Lv hvq|

GgbwK AvRI †mB GKB NUbv N‡U P‡j‡Q! A‡bK gvbzl Av‡Q hviv †QvU cwim‡i n‡jI wb‡Ri Rxeb †_‡KB ezS‡Z

cvi‡e K…wl wecø‡ei mgq Kx n‡qwQj| †hgb aiæb, GKRb K‡jR ev wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Qv‡Îi K_v| Ggb mvaviYZ

†kvbv hvq bv †h GKRb K‡jR QvÎ eo n‡q GKRb m½xZwkíx n‡Z Pvq| eis GUvB †ewk †kvbv hvq †h m½xZwkíx

n‡q GZ UvKv Kvgv‡bv hvq bv †hUv w`‡q wb‡Ri LiP Pvjv‡bv hv‡e| mzZivs GKRb mvaviY K‡jR QvÎ nq‡Zv

A_©bxwZ wKsev Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb A_ev Ab¨ Ggb GKUv wKQz co‡e †hUv nq‡Zv Avm‡j Zvi fv‡jv jv‡M bv|

ZviciI †m A‡bK cwikÖg Ki‡e| nq‡Zv GKUv Kw¤úDUvi msµvšÍ †Kv¤úvwb `vuo Kiv‡e, cÖ_g K‡qK eQi Lze

cwik Ög Ki‡e Avi A‡bK cqmv Kvgv‡e| Avi Zvici hLb Zvi eqm wZwik ev cuqwÎ‡ki KvQvKvwQ †cŠuQv‡e ZLb

†mB mKj UvKv cqmv wb‡q †m Aem‡i hv‡e| Avi ZLb †m mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wb‡Ri B‡”QgZ Rxeb hvcb Ki‡e, B‡”Q

n‡j m½xZwkíx n‡e| hwÌ †KD nq‡Zv Zv‡K Gi Rb¨ UvKvcqmv †`‡e bv, wKš‘ Zvi ZLb †mUv ìKviI n‡e bv|

GLv‡bI GB K‡jR Qv‡Îi mv‡_ †mB GKB NUbv NU‡Q hv N‡UwQj Avgv‡ì c‚e©cziæl‡ì mv‡_ K…wl wecø‡ei mg‡q|


A‡bK K‡jR QvÎB Avm‡j IiKg Kíbv K‡i| Zviv Avm‡j fz‡j hvq †h A‡bK iKg AbvKvwO&¶Z NUbv Zvi Rxe‡b

Avm‡e hvi d‡j kZKiv 99 fvM †¶‡ÎB Zvi cwiKíbvUv †f‡ Í hv‡e| n¨vu, GUv wVK †h Zvi Kv‡Q nq‡Zv h‡_ó

cwigvY UvKv cqmv _vK‡e wZwik eQi eq‡m, wKš‘ GKB mv‡_ Zv‡ì A‡bK `vwqZ¡ wKsev Af¨vmI _vK‡e †hUv †m

GLb fve‡ZB cvi‡Q bv| nq‡Zv ZLb Zvi ¿x-mšÍvb _vK‡e hv‡ì †`Lv‡kvbv Ki‡Z n‡e| mšÍvb‡ì †jLvcovi

eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| nq‡Zv GKUv evwo evbv‡bvi Rb¨ Zv‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz eÜK ivL‡Z n‡e ev e¨vsK †_‡K UvKv avi

wb‡Z n‡e| Zvi nq‡Zv GKvwaK Mvwo _vK‡e ev QzwU‡Z †`kwe‡`k Nzi‡Z hvIqvi g‡Zv wejvwmZv _vK‡e| mzZivs wÎk

eQi eq‡m Zvi Kv‡Q Av‡Mi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk UvKv _vK‡e wKš‘ Zvi A‡bK evaëvaKZvI _vK‡e| wÎk eQ‡i G‡m

†ewki fvM gvbzlB GUv fve‡e bv †h A‡bK n‡q‡Q, GLb Avwg GBme eD †Q‡j‡g‡q Nimsmvi †Q‡o Qz‡o P‡j hve

Avi m½xZwkíx ne| Ggb K‡i †Zv †KD fv‡eB bv, eis Zviv †mB `vm‡Z¡i Rxe‡bB Pj‡Z _v‡K KviY Zviv Zv‡ì

¯cœ c‚iY Kivi Rb¨ Avi wd‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv| Zviv wØ¸Y Drmv‡n `vm‡Z¡ wbgMœ _v‡K| Avi wVK GB NUbvUvB

N‡UwQj Avgv‡ì c‚e©cziæl K…lK‡ì †¶‡Î cÖvq 10 nvRvi eQi Av‡M|

GUv Avm‡j BwZnv‡mi wPišÍb weavb¸‡jvi (iron law) GKwU| BwZnv‡mi wKQz ixwZ Av‡Q †h¸‡jv memgqB mwZ¨|

wKš‘ †hUv me‡P‡q †ewk mwZ¨ Zv nj- wejvwmZv Av‡ Í Av‡ Í cÖ‡qvR‡b cwiYZ nq! hLbB gvbzl †Kvb GKUv wbw ©ó

Af¨v‡m Af¨ Í n‡q hvq, Zviv †mUv‡KB ¯vfvweK g‡b Ki‡Z _v‡K| Zvici GKmgq Zviv Ggb GKUv Ae ’vq †cŠu‡Q

hvq †h Zviv Avi I¸‡jv Qvov Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| Avgv‡ì mg‡qiB GKUv D`vniY w`‡q Avgiv e¨vcviUv †evSvi †Póv

Kwi| MZ K‡qK hzM a‡i Avgiv gvbz‡liv ARmÖ iK‡gi hš¿cvwZ evwb‡qwQ mgq evuPv‡bv Ges AviI Kvh©Ki Rxeb

hvc‡bi Rb¨| GB hš¿¸‡jvi Avgv‡ì Rxeb‡K AviI mnR Kivi K_v, KviY G¸‡jv Avgv‡ì A‡bK mgq evuwP‡q

w`‡”Q| GB hš¿¸‡jv, †hgb aiæb- Iqvwks †gwkb, f¨vKzqvg wK¬bvi, wWk Iqvkvi, †Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj †dvb,

Kw¤úDUvi Avi B-‡gBj – Avgiv †ewki fvM mgqB g‡b Kwi G¸‡jv Avgv‡ì Rxeb mnR K‡i w`‡”Q KviY G¸‡jv

Avgv‡ì A‡bK mgq evuwP‡q w`‡”Q| †hgb aiæb B-‡gBj| Av‡M Avgiv hLb Ab¨ †Kvb kn‡i wKsev †`‡k KvD‡K

GKUv wPwV wjLZvg, wPwVUv †jLv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Zvi nv‡Z †cŠuQv‡bv ch©šÍ A‡bK KvR Ki‡Z n‡Zv| wPwVUv wjL‡Z

n‡Zv, GKUv Lvg wKb‡Z n‡Zv, GKUv WvKwUwKUI| Zvici wPwVUv Lv‡g f‡i WvKwUwKUUv Lv‡gi Dci jvMv‡Z n‡Zv|

Zvici Lv‡gi Dci wVKvbv wjL‡Z n‡Zv Ges WvKev‡· wKsev †cv÷ Awd‡m wb‡q †h‡Z n‡Zv Avi UvKv w`‡Z n‡Zv|

Zvici wPwVUv †cŠuQv‡Z Avi Zvi DËi †c‡Z K‡qK w`b ev mßvn GgbwK gvmI †j‡M †hZ| Avgiv GLb GB mg Í

wKQz Ki‡Z cvwi gvÎ K‡qK †m‡KÛ wKsev wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨| Avgiv GKUv wPwV wjL‡Z cvwi, c…w_exi Ab¨cÖv‡šÍ Kv‡iv

Kv‡Q cvVv‡Z cvwi Avi gvÎ K‡qK wgwbU, NÈv wKsev w`‡bi g‡a¨B DËi †c‡q †h‡Z cvwi| GLb, hwÌ B-‡gBj

Avgv‡ì A‡bK mgq Ges cwikÖg evuwP‡q w`‡q‡Q wKš‘ GKevi wb‡R‡K cÖkœ Kiæb †Zv B-‡gBj wK Avgv‡ì

A‡c¶vK…Z mnR Rxeb w`‡q‡Q?

GKUz wPšÍv ïiæ K‡iB †h DËiUv †ewki fvM gvbzl †`q Zv nj, bv, Zv KLbB bq| n¨vu, GUv mwZ¨ †h Bmiv‡qj †_‡K

Av‡gwiKvq GKUv B-‡gBj cvVv‡bv, GKUv wPwV cvVv‡bvi †P‡q A‡bK †mvRv GLb| wKš‘ wVK †mB Kvi‡YB AvR

Avgiv w`‡b K‡qK WRb B-‡gBj cwo Avi DËi w`B| Avi cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Avkv K‡i Avwg Zvi B-‡gB‡ji DËi w`‡q

†è z-GK w`‡bi g‡a¨B| Avwg hw` GK mßv‡ni g‡a¨ DËi bv w`B Zviv gb Lvivc Ki‡e wKsev †i‡M hv‡e| †Zv

†`Lv hv‡”Q, 50 eQi Av‡M Avgvi †hLv‡b mßv‡n GKUv wK eo‡Rvi zBUv wPwV mvgjv‡Z n‡Zv, †mLv‡b AvR Avgv‡K

cÖwZw`b A‡bK †ewk mgq w`‡Z n‡”Q GKMv`v B-‡gB‡ji wcQ‡b| mzZivs hwÌ B-‡gBj wPwVi †P‡q A‡bK mnR


wKš‘ †hme gvbzl B-‡gBj eënvi K‡i Zv‡ì Rxeb †mBme wPwV eënviKvix‡ì †P‡q †gv‡UB mnR bq| eis A‡bK

†ewk DrKÉv Avi weiw³‡Z ficzi|

Avgiv Avgv‡ì Av‡kcv‡k Ggb gvbzlI cve hviv B-‡gBj A¨vKvD›U Lzj‡Z †gv‡UB AvMÖnx bv, KviY Zviv GB B-

‡gB‡ji Bu zi †`Š‡o Ask wb‡Z Pvq bv| GUv †gv‡UB bZzb wKQz bq| Avgiv hw` nvRvi nvRvi eQi Av‡M wd‡i hvB,

wVK K…wl wecø‡ei mg‡q Zvn‡jI Avgiv †`L‡Z †cZvg †h, mKj gvbe †MvôxB wKš‘ wkKvwi Rxeb †_‡K K…wl Rxe‡b

cv w`‡Z cÖ ÍzZ wQj bv| Zviv †m c‡_ cv evovqIwb| Ggb A‡bK †MvôxB wQj hviv Zv‡ì Av‡Mi Rxeb †Q‡o Mg

Avjz wKsev av‡bi Pvl Ki‡Z Pvqwb| wKš‘ Avmj NUbv n‡jv, K…wl wecøeUv mdj nIqvi Rb¨ me †MvôxiB Mg Pvl ïiæ

Kivi †Kv‡bv ìKvi wQj bv| GKUv GjvKvq gvÎ GKUv †Mvôx ïiæ Ki‡jB PjZ| hLbB GKUv gvbzl AvuU-NvU †eu‡a

Mg Pv‡li Rb¨ †¶Z ˆZwi‡Z †b‡g coj, †mUv ga¨cÖv‡P¨B †nvK ev ga¨ Av‡gwiKv, H GjvKvq K…wli AMÖMwZ Avi

†VKv‡bv m¤¢e wQj bv| KviY nj, K…wlKv‡Ri d‡j Lze ªæZ RbmsL¨vi e…w× n‡Z _vKj Avi Zvi djkÖzwZ‡Z K…l‡Ki

msL¨v, wkKvwi‡ì †P‡q A‡bK ªæZ evo‡Z _vKj| Avi hLbB GB zB `j ci¯ú‡ii gz‡LvgzwL `vuovj †Kv‡bv Ø‡b&Ø,

¯vfvweK fv‡eB K…l‡Kiv ïaz msL¨vMZ Kvi‡YB wR‡Z †Mj| mzZivs wkKvwiiv nq Ab¨ †Kv_vI cvwj‡q †h‡Z cviZ

bq †Zv kÎz‡ì wec‡¶ k³ Ae ’vb †bIqvi R‡b¨ wb‡RivI K…wl KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cviZ| †h †Kv‡bv w`K †_‡K wPšÍv

Ki‡jB †`Lv hvq, Av‡MKvi †mB wkKvwi-msMÖvnK Rxeb wU‡K _vKvi Avi †Kv‡bv m¤¢vebv wQj bv|

Zvn‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, wejvwmZvi dvu‡ì GB MíUv- ÒRxeb‡K DbœZ Kivi GKUv †Póv †h †kl‡gk Rxeb‡K

KwVb K‡i †d‡jÓ- GUv gvbeRvwZ‡K GKUv Lze ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© wk¶v †`q| Av‡iKUz mnR Rxe‡bi Rb¨ gvbe RvwZi wbqZ

AbzmÜvb Pvicv‡ki cÖK…wZ‡Z GKUv weivU cwieZ©b NUvq †hUv mg Í c…w_ex‡K Ggbfv‡e e`‡j †`q hv †KD KLbI

KíbvI K‡iwb| K…wl wecøeUvI †KD Avm‡j Kíbv K‡iwb| GUv N‡UwQj Avm‡j gvbz‡li G‡K G‡K †bIqv †ek wKQz

wbZvšÍ mvaviY wm×v‡šÍi djkÖzwZ‡Z, †h¸‡jvi g‚j D‡Ïk¨ wQj mvgvb¨ KUv gvbz‡li †cU fiv‡bv Avi GKUzLvwb

wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv| wKš‘ GB wm×všÍ¸‡jv mvgwMÖKfv‡e Avgv‡ì c‚e©cziæl‡ì m¤ú‚Y© e`‡j w`‡qwQj| Zv‡ì‡K

wkKvwi †_‡K K…lK evwb‡qwQj hviv zcz‡ii Kov †iv‡` b`x †_‡K evjwZ‡Z K‡i cvwb e‡q wb‡q †hZ M‡gi †¶‡Z|

‡e‡nkwZ Bkviv

GZ¶Y †h eY©bvUv Avgiv †`Ljvg †mUv †_‡K g‡b nq †h, K…wl wecøe Avm‡j †bnv‡qZB GKUv fzj wnmve wbKv‡ki

djvdj wQj| e¨vL¨vUv G‡Kev‡i g›` bq| BwZnvmRz‡o Gi †P‡q A™¢zZ me wnmv‡ei Miwg‡ji bgzbv Avgiv †`L‡Z

cve| wKš‘ ZviciI, K…wl wecøe‡K ïazB GKUv wnmv‡ei Miwgj wnmv‡e bv †`‡L Ab¨ …wó‡KvY †_‡K †`LviI mz‡hvM

Av‡Q| †Kej Av‡iKUz mnR Rxe‡bi AvkvB nq‡Zv gvbz‡li Rxe‡bi HiKg iƒcvšÍi NUvqwb| nq‡Zv †mwc‡q‡Ýi Ab¨

†Kvb D‡Ïk¨ wQj, hvi Rb¨ Zviv m‡PZbfv‡eB K‡Vvi cwikÖ‡gi Rxeb †e‡Q wb‡qwQj|

weÁvbxiv mvaviYZ Avgv‡ì BwZnv‡mi AMÖMwZ‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z A_©‰bwZK I RbwgwZK KviY¸‡jv‡KB mvg‡b wb‡q

Avm‡Z Pvb| KviY, GUv Zv‡ì wnmve wbKv‡ki c×wZi mv‡_ A‡bKUvB mvgÄm¨c‚Y©| Ab¨w`‡K, AvazwbK BwZnv‡mi

M‡elYvi †¶‡Î, we‡klÁ‡ì Kv‡Q `k©b ev ms¯‹…wZi gZ Ae ÍzMZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K AMÖvn¨ Kivi mz‡hvM _v‡K bv|

wjwLZ cÖgvY¸‡jv eis Zv‡ì AviI mvnvh¨ K‡i| †hgb aiæb, wØZxq wek¦hz× †h †bnv‡qZB Lv‡`ï Afv‡e wKsev


RbmsL¨vi Pv‡c nqwb GUv cÖgvY Kivi gZ h‡_ó `wjjcÎ, wPwV, ¯§…wZK_v Avgv‡ì msMÖ‡n Av‡Q| wKš‘ Avgiv hw`

cÖvPxb bvZzwdqvb ms¯‹…wZi K_v fvwe, Zvn‡j Avgv‡ì m¤ú‚Y© wbfiÖ Ki‡Z nq e ÍzMZ Dcv`v‡bi Dci| KviY

Avgv‡ì nv‡Z †mB mgqKvi †Kv‡bv `wjj `¯Ív‡eR †bB| mzZivs †mB mg‡qi gvbzlRb A_©‰bwZK KviY bvwK wek¦vm

†KvbUv Øviv †ewk cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv †mUv wbw ©ó K‡i ejv Lze gzkwKj|

‡mŠfvMëkZ, wKQz wKQz weij †¶‡Î Avgiv RjR¨všÍ wKQz cÖgvY †c‡qwQ| 1995 mv‡j cÖZœZË¡we‡ìv `w¶Yc‚e©

Zzi‡¯‹i †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡c (Gobekli Tepe) bv‡gi GKUv RvqMvq Lbb KvR ïiæ K‡ib| ILvbKvi GK`g wb‡Pi

czi‡bv ¯Íi¸‡jv‡Z Zviv †Kvb evwoNi wKsev †Kvb cÖvZ¨wnK Kv‡Ri wRwbmc‡Îi wb`k©b cvbwb| Zviv eis

KviæKvh©LwPZ wekvj wekvj ¯Í¤¢ I wKQz fv¯‹‡hiÖ wb`k©b †c‡q‡Qb| GiKg cÖwZUv ¯Í‡¤¢i IRb cÖvq 7 Ub ch©šÍ Avi

Gi D”PZv 5 wgUvi ch©šÍ| KvQvKvwQ GKUv Kz‡qv‡Z Zviv Av‡av-‡Lv`vB GKUv ¯Í¤¢ †c‡q‡Qb †hUvi IRb cÖvq 50

Ub| me wgwj‡q Zviv cÖvq 10Uv fv¯‹h© Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb, hvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q eoUv cÖvq 30 wgUvi PIov|

cÖZœZË¡we‡ìv Aek¨ GiKg fv¯‹‡hiÖ mv‡_ †ek cwiwPZ| mviv c…w_exRz‡oB Zviv G¸‡jv †`‡L‡Qb| D`vniY wn‡m‡e

ejv hvq weÖ‡U‡bi †÷vb‡n‡Äi (Stone Henge) K_v| ZviciI, †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡c wb‡q cov‡kvbvi mgq Zviv `viæY

wKQz e¨vcvi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| †÷vb‡nÄ AvbzgvwbK AvovB nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi mgqKvi Ges GUv evwb‡qwQj †gvUvgzwU

DbœZ K…wlwbfiÖ mgvR| wKš‘ †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡ci wb`k©b¸‡jv cÖvq mv‡o bq nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi| GQvovI Avi †h mg Í

cÖgvY cvIqv hvq Zv †_‡K Rvbv hvq GB fv¯‹h©¸‡jv evwb‡qwQj wkKvwi-msMÖvnK †Mvôx| cÖ_g cÖ_g cÖZœZË¡ m¤cÖ`vq

GB Avwe®‹vi‡K †Zgb GKUv cvËv w`‡Z Pvqwb, wKš‘ hZB cix¶v wbix¶v n‡Z _vKj, ZZB Gi czi‡bv mgq Avi

K…wl-c‚e© mgv‡Ri KvwiM‡ii e¨vcviUv wbwðZ nIqv †Mj| Avi GLvb †_‡KB †evSv †Mj wkKvwi-msMÖvnK mgv‡Ri

gvbzl‡ì `¶Zv, ¶gZv Avi Zv‡ì ms¯‹…wZi RwUjZv m¤ú‡K© Avgiv hv fvwe e¨vcvi¸‡jv †gv‡UB AZUv mnR bq|

Gme †`‡L cÖkœ RvM‡ZB cv‡i, GKUv wkKvwi-msMÖvnK mgvR †Kb H iKg GKUv wRwbm ˆZwi Ki‡Z hv‡e? wbðqB

Zv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡R Im‡ei †Zgb †Kv‡bv ìKvi wQj bv| H KvVv‡gv¸‡jv wekvj RxeRš‘ aivi †Kv‡bv dvuÌ wQj

bv wKsev e…wó ev wms‡ni nvZ †_‡K evuPvi AvkÖqI wQj bv| me iKg m¤¢ve¨ w`K †_‡KB g‡b nq GB KvVv‡gv ev

fv¯‹h©¸‡jvi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv ag©xq ev mvs¯‹…wZK D‡Ïk¨ RwoZ| cÖZœZË¡we‡ìv †mUvi A_© GL‡bv cz‡ivczwi

D×vi Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| Gi A_© D×vi Kivi †cQ‡b Zv‡ì A‡bK KvVLo †cvov‡Z n‡q‡Q, KviY Zv‡ì nv‡Z h‡_ó

Z_¨ DcvË wQj bv| †mBme ag©xq ev mvs¯‹…wZK D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv hvB †nvK bv †Kb, wkKvwi-msMÖvnK mgv‡Ri gvbz‡liv

†m¸‡jv‡Z GZUvB wek¦vm KiZ †h Zviv GKUv wekvj mgq Ges cwikÖg w`‡q †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡ci gZ KvVv‡gv wbg©vY

K‡iwQj| †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡c wbg©vY Kivi GKgvÎ Dcvq wQj wewfbœ †Mvôx ev †Mv‡Îi nvRvi nvRvi wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Ki

`xN© mgq a‡i GK‡Î KvR Kiv| ïazgvÎ Lze m‚² ag©xq ev Av`k©MZ PP©vi gva¨‡gB GiKg GKUv cÖ‡Póv‡K wUwK‡q

ivLv Ges Gi †cQ‡b †cÖiYv †hvMv‡bv m¤¢e|

Gme ev` w`‡jI, †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡ci wfZ‡i AviI GKUv z ©všÍ PvÂj¨Ki Z_¨ jzKv‡bv Av‡Q hvi mv‡_ K…wl ev

K…wlwfwËK mgv‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ nIqvi GKUv m¤úK© Av‡Q| †hme wRbZË¡we‡ìv Pvl‡hvM¨ M‡gi wWGbG wb‡q M‡elYv

K‡ib Zviv eû eQi a‡i Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡Qb †Kv_vq Ges K‡e cÖ_g Mg Pvl ïiæ nq| me ai‡bi M‡gi mv‡_

Pvl‡hvM¨ M‡gi Zzjbv K‡i mv¤cÖwZK M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h Pvl‡hvM¨ M‡gi cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AšÍZ GKUvi


(einkorn wheat) Avwef©ve n‡qwQj c‚e©-`w¶Y Zzi‡¯‹i GKUv cvnvwo GjvKvq †hUv wKbv †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡c †_‡K

gvÎ 30 wK‡jvwgUvi ‚‡i|6

GB †h gvbzl M‡gi Pvl ïiæ Kij, wKsev MgB gvbzl‡K ÔM…ncvwjZÕ K‡i †djj- GB NUbvi mv‡_ †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡ci

mvs¯‹…wZK †K‡› Öi wbðqB †Kv‡bv GKUv m¤úK© Av‡Q| KviY G z‡Uv NUbvi GKmv‡_ NUv‡K †mÖd KvKZvjxq e¨vcvi

ejv hvq bv| †hB gvbzl¸‡jv †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡c ˆZwi K‡iwQj Ges c‡i eënvi KiZ Zv‡ì LvIqv `vIqvi Rb¨ A‡bK

†ewk Lvev‡ii cÖ‡qvRb wQj| GLb Avgiv GiKg GKUv aviYv cvw”Q †h, `w¶Y-c‚e© Zzi‡¯‹i wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Kiv mv‡o

9 nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi w`‡K cÖ_gev‡ii gZ ez‡bv Mg msMÖn Kiv †Q‡o eo cwim‡i M‡gi Pvl Kiv ïiæ Kij| Avi

†mUv †gv‡UB Zv‡ì Rxeb‡K mnRZi Kivi j‡¶¨ bq wKsev Lvev‡ii †RvMvb evov‡bvi RbÏ bq eis Zv‡ì †mB

mvs¯‹…wZK †K› Ö ev gw›ì ˆZwi Ges Zvi †`Lv‡kvbvi Rb¨| mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv fvwe A‡bKUv GiKg- c…ô‡cvl‡Kiv

cÖ_‡g GKUv MÖvg ˆZwi K‡i Avi Zvici hLb MÖvgUv †ek fv‡jvg‡Zv Pj‡Z _v‡K ZLb Zviv GKUv gw›ì ¯’vcb

K‡i| MÖvgevmxiv gw›`‡i Av‡m cÖv_©bvi Rb¨| wKš‘ †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡c Avgv‡ì Rvbvq †h AšÍZ wKQz †¶‡Î MÖvg ˆZwi

nIqvi Av‡MB gw›ì ˆZwi n‡qwQj Avi Gi c‡iB MÖvg wKsev MÖvgevmxiv GUv‡K wN‡i R‡ov n‡qwQj| mzZivs K…wli

Avwef©ve n‡qwQj †Kv‡bv ag©xq wKsev mvs¯‹…wZK Kvi‡Y, †Kv‡bv A_©‰bwZK Kvi‡Y bq| Aek¨ GUv Avgiv GK`g

wbwðZ K‡i ej‡Z cvwi bv, KviY Avgv‡ì nv‡Z h‡_ó Z_¨ DcvË †bB| cÖZœZË¡we‡ìv GLbI †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡c‡Z

Lbb KvR Pvwj‡q hv‡”Qb Ges Avgiv Avkv Kwi AvMvgx wKQz eQ‡ii g‡a¨B Avgiv G e¨vcv‡i AviI cwi®‹vi GKUv

aviYv cv‡ev|

wecø‡ei ewj

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n‡qwQj †hUv Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx †hgb †fov, QvMj, ï‡qvi Avi gziwMi fvM¨ e`‡j w`‡qwQj| †h hvhvei †Mvôx ez‡bv †fov

wkKvi K‡i †eovZ, ZvivB wKš‘ cÖRb¥všÍ‡i †mBme †fovi kvixwiK MV‡bi cwieZ©‡b cÖfve †d‡jwQj| GUv m¤¢eZ

ïiæ n‡qwQj †e‡Q †e‡Q wkKvi Kivi gva¨‡g| Zviv ev”Pv †`qvi gZ eo ¿x †fov¸‡jv Avi GK`g ev”Pv †fov¸‡jv‡K

wkKvi KiZ bv hv‡Z Zv‡ì fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ Lvevi wbwðZ _v‡K| Gi c‡ii avcUv m¤¢eZ †mBme †fovi cvj‡K

Ab¨vb¨ wnsmÖ cï †hgb wmsn, †bK‡o wKsev Ab¨ wkKvwi-msMÖvnK m¤cÖ`vq †_‡K i¶v Kiv| Gici Zviv nq‡Zv

†fovi cvj¸‡jv‡K wb‡R‡ì ZË¡veav‡b Pwi‡q †eov‡bv ïiæ Kij hv‡Z Zv‡ì fv‡jvfv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| Avi

†kl‡gk, gvbzl AviI fvj K‡i †Lqvj K‡i †fovi cvj evQvB Ki‡Z jvM‡jv hv‡Z †mUv gvbz‡li Pvwn`v fv‡jvg‡Zv

c‚iY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hmg Í †fov †ewk eb¨ ¯fv‡ei wQj Avi wKQz‡ZB gvbz‡li wbqš¿‡Y _vK‡Z PvBZ bv Zv‡ì‡K

mevi cÖ_‡g nZ¨v Kiv n‡Zv (ivLv‡jiv mvaviYZ GKUz †ewk †KŠZ‚njx cï cQ›` K‡i bv KviY Zviv mn‡RB cvj

†_‡K ‚‡i P‡j hvq)| GKBfv‡e me‡P‡q wPKb Avi fMœ¯^v‡ ’ï ¯¿x †fov¸‡jv‡KI evuwP‡q ivLvi †Kv‡bv gv‡b wQj bv|

Gfv‡e A‡bK¸‡jv cÖRb¥ cvi nIqvi ci AviI †gvUvZvRv, AviI big-mig Avi Kg †KŠZ‚njx †fovi cvj ˆZwi

nj| GB‡Zv PvB! GZw`‡b ivLvj Ggb †fovi cvj †cj hviv Zvi evuwki †cQb †cQb Zv‡K AbzmiY K‡i Pj‡e|


Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, wkKvwiiv nq‡Zv †fov aiZ Avi Zv‡K eo KiZ| hLb Lvev‡ii Afve n‡Zv bv ZLb Zv‡K

LvB‡q †gvUvZvRv evwb‡q †djZ, Avevi hLb Lvev‡ii msKU ZLb a‡i †L‡q †djZ| GiKg Ki‡Z Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv

GK mgq Zviv AviI †ewk msL¨vq †fov a‡i ivL‡Z ïiæ Kij| G‡ì g‡a¨B †KD †KD cÖvßeq¯‹ n‡jv Avi ev”Pv

Drcv`b ïiæ Kij| Iw`‡K, †hme †fov Lze †eqvov wQj Zv‡ì‡K cÖ_‡gB mvevo K‡i †djv nZ| Avi hviv me‡P‡q

kvšÍwkó Avi üóczó Zv‡ì‡KB evuwP‡q ivLv nj hv‡Z Zviv AviI ev”Pv Drcv`b K‡i| Avi Gfv‡e GK cvj

M…ncvwjZ I AbzMZ †fov ˆZwi n‡jv|

GBme M…ncvwjZ cÖvYx (‡fov, gziwM, Mvav I Ab¨vb¨) †_‡K gvbzl A‡bK Lvevi (gvsm, za, wWg) I KvuPvgvj(Pvgov,

Dj) †c‡Z ïiæ Kij| cvkvcvwk G‡ì‡K bvbvfv‡e LvwU‡qI †bIqv †hZ| wRwbmcÎ Avbv †bIqv, Rwg Pvl, km¨

gvovB‡qi gZ †h KvR¸‡jv Gi AvM ch©šÍ gvbzl‡KB Ki‡Z n‡Zv, †m¸‡jv ZLb Zviv Hme cÖvYx‡ì w`‡q Kiv‡Z

jvMj| K…wlwfwËK mgvR¸‡jv‡Z gvbzl g‚jZ Pvlvev` wb‡qB e¨ Í _vKZ, cïcvjb wQj evowZ GKUv e¨vcvi| wKš‘

GB mg‡qB GKUv bZzb ai‡bi mgvR eë ’v Av‡¯Í Av‡ Í M‡o DV‡Z jvMj †hUv cÖavbZ wbf©i KiZ bvbvb iKg

M…ncvwjZ cÖvYxi Dci| GB bZzb ai‡bi mgv‡Ri bvg †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i Ôcïcvjb mgvRÕ|

gvbzl hZB mviv c…w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q co‡Z jvMj, mv‡_ Zv‡ì M…ncvwjZ cï¸‡jvI †h‡Z _vKj| `k nvRvi eQi

Av‡MI, me wgwj‡q gvÎ Aí K‡qK j¶ †fov, Miæ, QvMj, ez‡bv ï‡qvi Avi gziwM ïazgvÎ Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb GjvKvq

†`Lv †hZ| AvR‡Ki zwbqvq, 100 †KvwU †fov, 100 †KvwU ï‡qvi, 100 †KvwUiI †ewk Miæ Avi cÖvq 250 †KvwU

gziwM Av‡Q! Avi Giv mg¯Í c…w_ex Rz‡oB Av‡Q| M…ncvwjZ gziwMB nj me‡P‡q †ewk GjvKv Rz‡o _vKv cvwL †hUv

gvbzl gvsm Avi wW‡gi Rb¨ eënvi K‡i _v‡K| GLb GB c…w_ex‡Z RbmsL¨vi w`K †_‡K gvbz‡li c‡i wØZxq, Z…Zxq

I PZz_© eûj we Í…Z eo AvKv‡ii ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx¸‡jv nj h_vµ‡g M…ncvwjZ Miæ, ï‡qvi Avi †fov! Lze m‚²

weeZ©bxq …wófw½ †_‡K †`L‡j (‡hUv mvdj¨ ej‡Z ïaz wWGbG cÖwZwjwci msL¨v‡KB †ev‡S) K…wl wecøe Avm‡j

gziwM, Miæ, ï‡qvi Avi †fovi R‡b¨ wekvj GK Avkxe©v` wn‡m‡eB G‡mwQj!

zf©vMëkZ, GB weeZ©bxq …wófw½ Avm‡j mvd‡jï msÁvUv m¤ú‚Y©fv‡e w`‡Z cv‡i bv| GB …wófw½ mewKQz wePvi

K‡i ïazgvÎ wU‡K _vKv Avi eskwe¯Ívi w`‡q, e¨vw³MZ hš¿Yv ev mz‡Li †Kvb g‚j¨B †bB GLv‡b| gziwM wKsev Miæi

M…ncvwjZ nIqvUv nq‡Zv GKUv mvd‡jï Mí, wKš‘ ZvivB Avevi G hveZKv‡ji mKj cÖvYxi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q nZfvMv|

M…ncvj‡bi cÖ_vUv ïiæ n‡qwQj Lze b…ksm wKQz PP©vi ga¨ w`‡q †hUv cÖRb¥všÍ‡i AviI wbôziB n‡q‡Q|

ez‡bv gziwMi mvaviY RxebKvj †gvUvgzwU mvZ †_‡K 12 eQi, Avi ez‡bv Miæi wek cuwPk eQi| wKš‘ mwZ¨Kvi eb¨

cwi‡e‡k †ewkifvM gziwM wKsev Miæ Avm‡j Gi †P‡q †ek Kg eq‡mB gviv †hZ| ZviciI AšÍZ †ek KUv eQi

†eu‡P _vKvi Zv‡ì fv‡jvB m¤¢vebv wQj| Ab¨w`‡K, †ewkifvM M…ncvwjZ gziwM Avi MiæB Avm‡j K‡qK mßvn †_‡K

K‡qK gv‡mi g‡a¨ gvbz‡li Lvev‡i cwiYZ nq| KviY A_©‰bwZK w`K we‡ePbvq GB eqmUvB Zv‡ì nZ¨v Kivi Rb¨

Dchz³| (wZb gv‡mB hw` GKUv †gviM Zvi m‡e©v”P IR‡b †cŠu‡Q hvq Zvn‡j †Kvb zt‡L gvbzl Zv‡K wZb eQi a‡i

LvIqv‡Z hv‡e?)

wWg †`qv gziwM, z‡aj Mvfx Avi fvievnx cï‡ì gv‡S gv‡S A‡bK eQi evuP‡Z †Ìqv nq| wKš‘ GB ewa©Z Rxe‡bi

Rb¨ Zv‡ì g‚jÏ w`‡Z nq| Zviv Ggb GK Rxeb cvq †hUv Zv‡ì Avkv wKsev cÖ‡qvR‡bi mv‡_ G‡Kev‡iB †g‡j


bv| †hŠw³Kfv‡eB GUv a‡i †bqv hvq †h, GKUv lvuo wbðq mvivw`b Nvmfiv gv‡V Ab¨ lvuo‡ì mv‡_ P‡i †eov‡ZB

cQ›` Ki‡e, †m KLbB GKUv bievb‡ii Pvez‡Ki evwo †L‡Z †L‡Z Zvi †evSv eB‡Z wKsev nvj Pvl Ki‡Z PvB‡e bv|

lvuo, †Nvov, Mvav Avi DU‡K AbzMZ fvievnx cï‡Z cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì cÖvK…wZK cÖe…wË Avi mvgvwRK eÜb

†f‡½ w`‡Z n‡q‡Q, wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q Zv‡ì wnsmÖZv Avi †hŠbZv‡K, GgbwK iwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡ì Nz‡i

†eov‡bvi ¶gZvI| G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ K…lKiv bvbvb iKg Dcvq †ei K‡iwQj †hgb- †Lvuqvo ev LvuPvq cï‡ì AvU‡K

ivLv, `wo w`‡q †eu‡a ivLv, PvezK w`‡q wcwU‡q ev Q¨vuKv w`‡q KvR Kiv‡bv‡Z Af¨ Í Kiv| Avi cziæl cÖvYx‡ì

bczsmKiY †Zv LzeB ¯vfvweK GKUv NUbv| GB m‡ei d‡j cziæl cÖvYx‡ì AvMÖvmb K‡g †Mj Avi gvbzl AviI

fv‡jvgZ hvPvB evQvB K‡i wb‡Ri B”Qv gZ †mBme cÖvYxi czbiærcv`b wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z _vKj|

GB wPÎwU cvIqv †M‡Q AvbzgvwbK 1200 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi GKwU wgkixq mgvwa‡Z|

GLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q GK‡Rvov lvuo‡K w`‡q nvj Pvl Kiv‡bv n‡”Q| Ggwb‡Z eb¨

cwi‡e‡k †eu‡P _vKv GKwU Miæ Zvi cv‡ji mv‡_ B”QvgZ wePiY K‡i †eovZ| Zv‡ì

wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ GKUv RwUj mvgvwRK m¤úK©I wQj| Ab¨w`‡K bczsmK…Z Avi

M…ncvwjZ GKwU lvuo Zvi Rxe‡bi cÖvq cz‡ivUv mgqB bó K‡i Pvez‡Ki evwo †L‡q,

GKv wKsev Av‡iKR‡bi mv‡_ nvj P‡l Avi GKUv †QvÆ KzVzwii wfZ‡i emevm K‡i|

GB Rxeb Zvi kvixwiK wKsev gvbwmK †Kvb cÖ‡qvRbB †gUv‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvici,

hLbB †KvbI GKUv lvuo Avi Rwg Pl‡Z cv‡i bv ZLbB Zv‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| (Qwei

H wgkixq K…l‡Ki `vuovevi fw½UvI fv‡jv K‡i †Lqvj Kiæb, †m mvg‡bi w`‡K Szu‡K

Av‡Q †hUv Zvi kix‡ii Rb¨ †gv‡UB fvj bq| mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, GB gvbzlUvI lvuoUvi

g‡ZvB wb‡Ri kixi, gb Avi mvgvwRK Rxeb †_‡K ewÂZ n‡q GK hš¿Yvgq Ae¯’vq

w`b KvUv‡”Q|)

wbD wMwbi A‡bK mgv‡R GKRb gvbz‡li m¤ú` ej‡Z Zvi KZ¸‡jv ï‡qvi Av‡Q †mUv †evSv‡bv nq| ï‡qvi †hb

cvwj‡q †h‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ Zviv ï‡qv‡ii bvKUv †K‡U w`Z| Gi d‡j †hUv nZ, ï‡qvi hLbB MÜ ïuK‡Z †hZ Zvi

cÖPÐ e¨_v Ki‡Zv| GLb †h‡nZz MÜ bv ïuK‡Z cvi‡j ï‡qvi Lvevi wKsev c_ wKQzB Lzu‡R cv‡e bv mzZivs Zviv


cz‡ivczwi Zv‡ì gvbzl cÖfz‡ì Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q †Mj| wbD wMwbi Ab¨ GK GjvKvq Avevi ï‡qv‡ii †PvL Dc‡o

†djv Lze ¯vfvweK GKUv e¨vcvi| Gi d‡j ï‡qvi †Kvb w`‡K hv‡”Q ZvI †`L‡Z cvq bv|7

z»Lvgvi¸‡jv‡Z GKUz AbïKg Dcv‡q cï‡ì‡K B‡”QgZ eënvi Kiv nq| mvaviYZ Mvfx, QvMx wKsev †fox

ïazgvÎ evQzi ev ev”Pv R‡b¥i ciB za Drcv`b K‡i, ZvI ZZ¶Y ch©šÍB hZ¶Y Zv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì †mUv ìKvi nq|

GLb, Lvgv‡i z‡ai †RvMvb Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Rb¨ †hUv Kiv nq †mUv nj †mBme evQzi, QvM‡ji ev”Pv wKsev †fovi

ev”Pv‡ì R‡b¥i ci ciB nZ¨v Kiv nq| Avi Zvici hZw`b m¤¢e ZZw`b a‡i Zv‡ì gv‡q‡ì za †`vqv‡bv nq|

Zvici Avevi Zv‡ì AšÍtmË¡v evbv‡bv nq| GUv GLbI LzeB cÖPwjZ GKUv cš’v| GLbKvi A‡bK AvazwbK

z»Lvgv‡i GKUv za †`qv Mvfx‡K nZ¨v Kivi Av‡M †mUv †gvUvgzwU eQi cvu‡PK evu‡P| GB cvuP eQi mg‡qi cÖvq

cz‡ivUv Rz‡oB †m AšÍtmË¡v _v‡K| Zv‡K cÖwZ 60 wK 120 w`b ci ci wbwl³ Kiv nq hv‡Z m‡e©v”P za Drcv`b

wbwðZ Kiv hvq| Zvi mšÍvb‡K R‡b¥i ciciB Zvi KvQ †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i †djv nq| Mvfx¸‡jv‡K jvjb cvjb Kiv

nq c‡ii cÖR‡b¥i za Drcv`bKvix wn‡m‡e Avi lvuo¸‡jv cvwV‡q †Ìqv nq gvs‡mi Lvgv‡i|8

Ab¨ Av‡iKUv cš’v nj, evQzi wKsev ev”Pv¸‡jv‡K Zv‡ì gv‡q‡ì KvQvKvwQ ivLv wKš‘ Ggb wKQz eë¯’v Kiv hv‡Z

Zviv Lze †ewk gv‡qi za †L‡Z bv cv‡i| GUvi GKUv Lze mnR Dcvq nj evQziUv‡K cÖ_‡g Zvi gv‡qi za †L‡Z †`qv

n‡e, Zvici hLwb za cz‡iv gvÎvq cvIqv hv‡e, ZLwb evQziUv‡K mwi‡q †bqv n‡e| GB cš’v Aej¤b Ki‡Z wM‡q

mvaviYZ evQzi Avi Mvfx zBR‡bi KvQ †_‡KB †ek cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gz‡L co‡Z nq| ZvB wKQz wKQz ivLvj †hUv KiZ Zv

nj, evQziUv‡K †g‡i Zvi gvsm †L‡q †djZ wKš‘ Zvi PvgovUv w`‡q GKUv evQz‡ii gZ †`L‡Z czZzj ˆZwi KiZ|

Zvici †mUv MvfxUvi mvg‡b ivLZ hv‡Z Mvfxi za Drcv`b †e‡o hvq| mz`v‡bi bqvi (Nuer) DcRvwZi †jvKRb

†Zv Av‡iK avc GwM‡q †mB bKj evQz‡ii Mv‡q Zvi gv‡qi g‚Î †X‡j w`Z hv‡Z gv †mB czZzjUv‡K AviI †ewk Avcb

fve‡Z cv‡i! bqvi‡ì Av‡iKUv c×wZ wQj evQz‡ii gz‡L KvuUvIqvjv GKUv AvsUv cwi‡q †`qv| Gi d‡j evQzi za

†L‡Z †M‡j Mvfxi Mv‡q KvuUv dzU‡Zv Avi Mvfx ZLb wb‡RB evQzi‡K za †L‡Z w`Z bv|9 Iw`‡K, mvnvivi Zzqv‡iM

(Tuareg) DU cÖRbbKvwiiv DU kveK‡ì bv‡Ki evB‡ii Ask Avi †Vvu‡Ui Dc‡ii AskUv †K‡U w`Z hv‡Z Zv‡ì

Pzl‡Z Kó nq| Gfv‡eB Zviv kveK‡ì †ewk za LvIqv †_‡K weiZ ivLZ|10

mKj K…wlwfwËK mgvRB †h Zv‡ì †cvl¨ cÖvYx¸‡jvi cÖwZ Ggb AvPiY KiZ Zv bq| wKQz wKQz M…ncvwjZ cÖvYxi

Rxeb nq‡Zv †ek fv‡jvB wQj| D‡ji Rb¨ †cvlv †fovUv, †cvlv KzKziUv Avi †eovjUv †ek Aviv‡gB _vK‡Zv| hz‡×

wKsev cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq jovB Kivi †Nvov¸‡jvI Aviv‡g _vK‡Zv| †ivgvb mgÖvU K¨vwj¸jv (Caligula) m‡PZbfv‡eB

Zvi me‡P‡q wcÖq †Nvov BbwKZvZzm‡K (Incitatus) Zvi DwRi wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM Kivi cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb! ivLvj

Avi K…l‡Kiv cz‡iv BwZnvm Rz‡oB Zv‡ì cvwjZ cÖvYx‡ì †ek †Lqvj †i‡L‡Q, wVK †hgb `vmcÖfziv Zv‡ì `vm‡ì

cÖwZ `qv †`wL‡q‡Q| BwZnv‡mi w`‡K ZvKv‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB, hz‡M hz‡M A‡bK ivRv Ges ag©cÖPviK wb‡R‡ì

ivLv‡ji †e‡k Dc ’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Avi Zviv Zv‡ì cÖRv‡ì †mfv‡eB †Lqvj †i‡L‡Qb †hfv‡e ivLv‡jiv †Lqvj

ivL‡Zv Zv‡ì cïcv‡ji Dci| GLb wbðqB †evSv hv‡”Q GUv †Kvb KvKZvj wQj bv!

ivLvj ev cïcvj‡Ki …wófw½ †_‡K bv †`‡L cï‡ì …wófw½ †_‡K †`L‡j G K_v gvb‡ZB nq †h, †ewki fvM

M…ncvwjZ cïi Rb¨B K…wl wecøe GKUv fqvbK wech©q wn‡m‡eB G‡mwQj| Zv‡ì H weeZ©bxq Ômvdj¨Õ Avm‡j

A_©nxb| GKUv weij ez‡bv MÐvi hvi m¤ú‚Y© cÖRvwZ wbwðý n‡q hvIqvi ksKvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q, †mI H evQz‡ii †P‡q


A‡bK kvwšÍ‡Z Av‡Q †h wKbv Zvi †QvÆ RxebUv KvwU‡q w`‡”Q GKUv †QvÆ ev‡·i wfZ‡i, †gvUvZvRv n‡”Q wKQz mz¯v z

gvs‡mi UzK‡ivq cwiYZ nIqvi Rb¨| weij †mB MÐviwU Zvi cÖRvwZi †kl KRb m`m¨ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Ggb wKQz Kg

mzLx bq| Avevi msL¨vi weivU mvdjÏ wKš‘ †mBme evQzi‡ì e¨vw³MZ hš¿Yvi Rb¨ †Kvb mvšÍ¡bv n‡Z cv‡i bv|

weeZ©bxq mvdj¨ Avi e¨vw³MZ hš¿Yvi g‡aï GB Øb&ØUvB K…wl wecøe †_‡K Avgv‡ì cvIqv me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© wk¶v|

hLb Avgiv Mg wKsev fzÆvi gZ wewfbœ Dw™¢‡ì HwZnvwmK Ae ’vi cwieZ©b we‡ePbv Kwi ZLb nq‡Zv ev weeZ©bxq

…wófw½Uv †g‡b †bqv hvq| wKš‘ Miæ, †fov wKsev gvbz‡li gZ eo cÖvYx hv‡ì Abzf‚wZ I ms‡e`‡bi GK RwUj RMZ

i‡q‡Q, Zv‡ì †¶‡Î weeZ©bxq mvdj¨ Kxfv‡e e¨w³MZ AwfÁZvq iƒcvšÍwiZ nq †mUv Avgv‡ì Av‡M ezS‡Z n‡e|

mvg‡bi Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †`Le Kxfv‡e mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ bvUKxq fv‡e Avgv‡ì cÖRvwZi mw¤§wjZ ¶gZv evo‡Z

_v‡K, Avi Kxfv‡e †mUv Avgv‡ì e¨vw³MZ hš¿Yvi KviY n‡q `vuovq|

Z_¨m‚Î

1 The map is based mainlz on: Peter Bellwood, First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies

(Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2005).

2 Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton,

1997).

3 Gat, War in Human Civilization, 130–1; Robert S. Walker and Drew H. Bailez, ÔBodz Counts in

Lowland South American ViolenceÕ, Evolution and Human Behavior 34 (2013), 29–34.

4 Katherine A. Spielmann, ÔA Review: Dietarz Restriction on Hunter-Gatherer Women and the

Implications for Fertilitz and Infant MortalitzÕ, Human Ecologz 17:3 (1989), 321–45. See also: Bruce

Winterhalder and Eric Alder Smith, ÔAnalzzing Adaptive Strategies: Human Behavioral Ecologz at

Twentz-FiveÕ, Evolutionarz Anthropologz 9:2 (2000), 51–72.

5 Alain Bideau, Bertrand Desjardins and Hector Perez-Brignoli (eds.), Infant and Child Mortalitz in the

Past (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); Edward Anthonz Wriglez et al., English Population Historz from

Familz Reconstitution, 1580–1837 (Cambridge: Cambridge Universitz Press, 1997), 295–6, 303.

6 Manfred Heun et al., ÔSite of Einkorn Wheat Domestication Identified bz DNA FingerprintsÕ, Science

278:5341 (1997), 1,312–14.

7 Charles Patterson, Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust (New York:

Lantern Books, 2002), 9–10; Peter J. Ucko and G. W. Dimblebz (eds.), The Domestication and

Exploitation of Plants and Animals (London: Duckworth, 1969), 259.


8 Avi Pinkas (ed.), Farmzard Animals in Israel – Research, Humanism and Activitz (Rishon Le-Zizzon:

The Association for Farmzard Animals, 2009 [Hebrew]), 169–99; ÒMilk Production – the CowÕ

[Hebrew], The Dairz Council, accessed 22 March 2012, http://www.milk.org.il/cgi-

webaxz/sal/sal.pl?lang=he&ID=645657_milk&act=show&dbid=katavot&dataid=cow.htm.

9 Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political

Institutions of a Nilotic People (Oxford: Oxford Universitz Press, 1969); E. C. Amoroso and P. A. Jewell,

ÔThe Exploitation of the Milk-Ejection Reflex bz Primitive PeopleÕ, in Man and Cattle: Proceedings of

the Szmposium on Domestication at the Rozal Anthropological Institute, 24–26 Maz 1960, ed. A. E.

Mourant and F. E. Zeuner (London: The Rozal Anthropological Institute, 1963), 129–34.

10 Johannes Nicolaisen, Ecologz and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg (Copenhagen: National Museum,

1963), 63.

Kíbvi KvivMvi

gvbe BwZnv‡mi Ab¨Zg weZwK©Z welq nj K…wlwecøe| †KD †KD g‡b K‡i, GB K…wlwecøe gvbeRvwZi cÖMwZ I

mg…w×i zqvi Lz‡j w`‡qwQj, Avevi KviI g‡Z gvbz‡li mKj zM©wZi ïiæ †mLv‡bB| GB wØZxq `‡ji g‡Z,

BwZnv‡mi †gvo Nzwi‡q †Ìqvi †mB mgqUv‡ZB cÖK…wZi mv‡_ gvbz‡li wbweo m¤ú‡KiÖ mz‡ZvUv wQuo‡Z ïiæ K‡i, ïiæ

nq wew”QbœZv Avi †jv‡fi AvwacZ¨| †mLvb †_‡K Av‡Mi Rxe‡b wd‡i hveviI Avi †Kv‡bv c_ wQj bv, KviY

K…wlKv‡Ri djkÖzwZ‡Z gvbz‡li msL¨v GZ ªæZ †e‡o †Mj †h, Av‡Mi gZ Lv`¨ msMÖn wKsev wkKvi K‡i Abœms¯’vb

KivUv Zv‡ì Rb¨ Am¤¢e n‡q coj| `k nvRvi wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi w`‡K GB c…w_ex‡Z cÖvq 50 †_‡K 80 jvL hvhvei

wkKvwi gvbz‡li emevm wQ‡jv| wLÖ÷xq cÖ_g kZK cvi n‡Z bv n‡ZB Zv‡ì msL¨v K‡g n‡q †M‡jv 10 †_‡K 20

jv‡Li gZ (hv‡ì AwaKvskB wQ‡jv A‡÷Öwjqv, Av‡gwiKv I AvwdÖKvq)| kZKiv wn‡m‡e †mUv LzeB mvgvb¨, KviY

ZLb c…w_ex‡Z gvbz‡li msL¨v wQj 25 †KvwU|

Gici †ewkifvM K…lKB ’vqx emwZ †M‡o emevm Kiv ïiæ K‡i w`j; Aí wKQz cïcvjKB †Kej hvhvei †_‡K †Mj|

¯’vqx emwZ ˆZwi Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbe‡Mvôx¸‡jvi AvKvi A‡bKUv †QvU n‡q G‡jv| cÖvPxb wkKvwi gvbz‡liv wekvj

GjvKv Rz‡o _vK‡Zv, †¶Îwe‡k‡l hvi AvKvi n‡Zv K‡qKk eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| ÔevmvÕ ej‡Z Zviv ezS‡Zv †mB cz‡iv

GjvKvUv‡KB – †mLvbKvi cvnvo, b`x, eb, AvKvk – mewKQzB| Ab¨w`‡K K…lK‡ì w`‡bi †ewkifvMB KvU‡Zv GK

UzK‡iv Rwg‡Z KvR K‡i, Avi evwK mgqUv KvU‡Zv KvV, cv_i Avi gvwUi ˆZwi †QvÆ N‡i| wb‡Ri N‡ii cÖwZ K…lK

gvbz‡li †mB †h cÖej AvKl©Y Rb¥v‡jv ZviB mz ‚icÖmvix cÖfve c‡o‡Q gvbz‡li ¯’vcZ¨ I gb¯Í‡Ë¡| Ôwb‡Ri evmvÕi

cÖwZ AvKl©Y Avi cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì mv‡_ µgea©gvb ‚iZ¡ †mB cÖv‰MwZnvwmK AvZ¥‡Kw› ÖKZviB Qvc|

K…lK gvbz‡li emwZ¸‡jv cÖvPxb wkKvwi gvbzl‡ì GjvKv †_‡K †hgb wQ‡jv A‡bK †QvU, †Zgwb wQ‡jv bvbviKg

K…wÎgZvq c‚Y©| wkKvwi gvbz‡liv Zv‡ì _vKvi RvqMv‡Z †Zgb †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b K‡iwb – GK Av¸b R¡vjv‡bv Qvov|

wKš‘ K…lK gvbzl weczj kÖg e¨q K‡i †mB ez‡bv cwi‡e‡ki gv‡S Øx‡ci gZ K‡i ˆZwi K‡i wb‡jv wb‡R‡ì Avevm|


Zviv e‡bi MvQ †K‡U, Lvj †K‡U, gvV cwi®‹vi K‡i evbv‡jv wb‡R‡ì Ni, Pv‡li Rwg Avi d‡ji evMvb| GB RvqMvi

wfZ‡i emev‡mi AwaKvi wQ‡jv †Kej gvbz‡li, Avi gvbz‡li ÔAbz‡gvw`ZÕ cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡ì| †mUv wbwðZ Ki‡Z

gvbzl‡K Zv‡ì GjvKvi Pviw`‡K †eovI w`‡Z n‡jv| K…lK gvbz‡li A‡bKUv mgq †j‡M †hZ wewfbœ AbvKvwO&¶Z

AvMvQv Avi ez‡bv cÖvYx ‚i Ki‡Z| G‡ì †KD avIqv †L‡q cvwj‡q evuP‡Zv, Avi †KD †MvuqvZ©zwg Ki‡Z wM‡q gviv

co‡Zv gvbz‡li nv‡Z| †mB K…wlhz‡Mi Avi‡¤¢ hvi ïiæ, ZviB †ik a‡i AvR‡Ki w`‡bI c…w_exi jvL jvL gvbzl jvwV,

Pàj wKsev KxUbvkK wb‡q wcucov, †Zjv‡cvKv Avi gvKomvi weiæ‡× Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q †mB GKB hz×|

A‡bKw`b ch©šÍ gvbz‡li emev‡mi GjvKv¸‡jv wQ‡jv Lze †QvU †QvU| c…w_ex‡Z †gvU RvqMv Av‡Q 51 †KvwU eM©

wK‡jvwgUvi, hvi g‡a¨ WvOv cÖvq mv‡o 15 †KvwU eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| 1400 wLÖ÷v‡ãI c…w_exi K…l‡Kiv Zv‡ì hveZxq

MvQcvjv Avi cïcvwL wb‡q gvÎ 1.1 †KvwU eM© wK‡jvwgUvi RvqMv Rz‡o wQ‡jv, hv wKbv cz‡iv c…w_exi gvÎ 2

kZvsk|2 evwK RvqMv¸‡jv wQ‡jv Lze Mig, Lze VvÐv ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y K…wlKv‡Ri Abzc‡hvMx| Avi †mB 2

kZvsk RvqMv †_‡KB BwZnv‡mi hvÎv ïiæ nq|

wb‡Ri ˆZwi emwZ †Q‡o P‡j hvIqvUv µ‡gB gvbz‡li Rb¨ KwVb n‡q co‡jv| wb‡R‡ì Nievwo, dm‡ji †¶Z Avi

Lvev‡ii †Mvjv Z¨vM Kivi SzuwK gvbzl †bqwb| Avi GKB RvqMvq A‡bKw`b evm Ki‡Z Ki‡Z gvbz‡li ¯’vei m¤ú‡ì

cwigvYI evo‡Z jvM‡jv| †mB m¤ú‡ì gv‡S evuav co‡jv hvhvei gvbzl| K…lK mgvR m¤ú‡` Lze mg…× g‡b bv

n‡jI GKUv K…lK cwiev‡ii †gvU m¤ú` wQ‡jv cz‡iv GKUv wkKvwi-msMÖvnK mgv‡Ri †gvU m¤ú‡ì †P‡qI †ewk|

fwel¨‡Zi nvZQvwb

K…wlwfwËK mgv‡R gvbz‡li wePiY‡¶Î K‡g †M‡jv, wKš‘ K…wlKv‡Ri Rb¨ Av‡Mi †P‡q †ewk mgq e¨q Ki‡Z n‡jv

Zv‡ì| mvg‡bi gv‡m, GgbwK mvg‡bi mßv‡n Kx Lv‡ev – Ggb wPšÍv wkKvwi gvbz‡li gv_vq KL‡bv Av‡mBwb| wKš‘

K…lK gvbz‡li fwel¨r wPšÍvi mxgv‡iLv w`b, mßvn, gvm Qvwo‡q eQ‡ii †KvVvI †cwi‡q †M‡jv|

wkKvwi gvbzl wQ‡jv w`b G‡b w`b LvIqv gvbzl, cieZ©x mg‡qi Rb¨ wKQz evuwP‡q ivLvUv Zv‡ì Rb¨ KwVb wQ‡jv|

fwel¨‡Zi wPšÍv ZvB Zv‡ì Lze GKUv wQ‡jv bv| Z‡e fwel¨Z wb‡q Zviv †h G‡Kev‡iB wPšÍv Ki‡Zv bv GgbUv fvev

wVK n‡e bv| k‡f (Chauvet), jv‡¯‹v (Lascaux) Avi AvjZvwgivi (Altamira) ¸nvi †`qv‡ji Qwe¸‡jv hviv

Gu‡KwQ‡jv ZvivI wbðqB †P‡qwQ‡jv Qwe¸‡jv cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖRb¥všÍ‡i Qwo‡q hvK| wewfbœ mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK

we‡iva Avi mwÜ¸‡jvI wQ‡jv `xN©‡gqv`x| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv FY †kvaiv‡Z wKsev †Kv‡bv Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡ZI

A‡bK mgq K‡qK eQi †j‡M †h‡Zv| Zvi c‡iI, wkKvi wKsev msMÖn K‡i Lvevi †RvUv‡bv GB gvbzl¸‡jvi c‡¶

fwel¨r wb‡q †ewk ‚i wPšÍv Kiv m¤¢e wQ‡jv bv| gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv, GB AcviMZv Zv‡ì fwel¨r msµvšÍ gvbwmK

zwðšÍv A‡bKUvB Kwg‡q w`‡qwQ‡jv| †h fwel¨‡Zi Dci Avgvi †Kv‡bv wbqš¿Y †bB Zv‡K wb‡q wPšÍv K‡i Avgvi Kx

jvf?


K…wlwecøe gvbz‡li Kv‡Q fwel¨‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ AviI evwo‡q w`‡jv| K…lK‡ì memgq fwel¨‡Zi wPšÍv gv_vq †i‡L KvR

Ki‡Z n‡Zv| K…wlwfwËK A_©bxwZ wQj FZzP‡µi cvjve`‡ji Dci A‡bKvs‡kB wbf©ikxj `xN© mgq Drcv`b Avi

¯í mgq dmj msMÖ‡ni P‡µ eQi †K‡U †h‡Zv| gvVfiv dmj N‡i Zz‡j †h K…lK AvR iv‡Z gË n‡”Q Drm‡e, Kvj

†fv‡iB Zv‡K Avevi QzU‡Z n‡e gv‡V KviY Zvi N‡i AvMvgx w`b, AvMvgx mßvn, GgbwK AvMvgx gv‡mi Lvevi

_vK‡jI Zv‡K GLb c‡ii eQ‡ii K_vI fve‡Z nq|

GB fwel¨r wPšÍvi g‚j KviY wQ‡jv FZzP‡µi Dci wbf©ikxjZv, Avi dmj djvi wPišÍb AwbðqZv| †hme MÖv‡g Aí

wKQz dmj Pvl Avi cï cvjb Kiv n‡Zv, Liv eb¨v Avi gnvgvixi fq Zv‡ì wcQz Qvo‡Zv bv| Kv‡RB K…lK‡ì

memgq wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q †ewk Lvevi gRz` K‡i ivL‡Z n‡Zv| Av‡M †nvK ev c‡i, †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv eQi

Lvivc mgq Avm‡eB Avi †mB Lvivc mgqUv‡Z ch©vß Lvev‡ii gRz` bv _vK‡j bv †L‡q _vK‡Z n‡e| GB ‚i`wk©Zvi

Afv‡e A‡bK K…lK‡KB AKv‡j gi‡Z n‡q‡Q|

‡mB K…wlhz‡Mi ïiæ †_‡KB AbvMZ fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ zwðšÍv n‡q †M‡jv gvbz‡li wPim½x| †hme K…lK dm‡ji †¶‡Z

cvwbi Rb¨ e…wói Dci wbfiÖ Ki‡Zv, Zv‡ì cÖwZ el©vKvj ïiæ n‡Zv bZzb zwðšÍv wb‡q| Zv‡ì A‡bKUv mgq †h‡Zv

AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvwK‡q Avi evZv‡mi MÜ ïu‡K| mgqgZ e…wó n‡e wKbv, n‡jI cwigvYgZ n‡e wKbv, So G‡m dmj

Dwo‡q wb‡q hv‡e wKbv – GmeB wQ‡jv Zv‡ì wbZ¨w`‡bi wPšÍv| Avevi BD‡dÖwUm, wmÜz Avi †nvqvs‡nv b`xi

AeevwnKvi K…lK‡ì wPšÍvi welq wQ‡jv b`xi cvwbi D”PZv| Gme b`xi cvwb †e‡o zK‚j fvwm‡q w`‡Zv eb¨vq, Zv‡Z

me dm‡ji †¶‡Z †cŠuQ‡Zv cvwb, Avi Dc‡i Rg‡Zv DeiÖ cwjgvwUi ¯Íi| wKš‘ KL‡bv eb¨vUv mgqgZ bv n‡j, wKsev

Lze †ewk n‡jB nZ me©bvk|

ïaz GUzKzB bv, †Kv‡bv z‡h©vM Avm‡j Kxfv‡e †mUv mvgvj †Ìqv hv‡e †mB zwðšÍvI K…lK‡ì w`‡knviv K‡i

†dj‡Zv| †mRb¨B Zviv Av‡iv †ewk Rwg Pvl Ki‡Zv, Lvj KvU‡Zv Avi †ewk †ewk exR ezb‡Zv| MÖx®§Kv‡ji Kg©x

wcuc‡oi gZB D`qv Í cwikÖg Ki‡Zv GKRb K…lK| †N‡g †b‡q GKvKvi n‡q †m RjcvB MvQ jvMv‡Zv gv‡V, Avi

†mB RjcvB wc‡l †Zj †ei Ki‡Zv Zvi †Q‡jcz‡j Avi bvwZ-bvZwbiv| †mB Rwg‡q ivLv RjcvB‡qi †Zj Kv‡R

jvM‡Zv kxZKv‡j wKsev c‡ii eQ‡i|

gvbz‡li GB K…wlKv‡Ri cÖfve wQ‡jv e¨vcK| GLvb †_‡KB eo AvKv‡ii mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK eë¯’vi cËb nq|

Z‡e zt‡Li welq nj, GB cwikÖgx K…l‡Kiv KL‡bvB Zv‡ì AvKvwO&¶Z A_©‰bwZK mg…w×i †`Lv cvqwb| me

RvqMv‡ZB †`Lv †M‡Q K…l‡Ki DØ…Ë dmj †fvM Ki‡Z Avwef©‚Z n‡q‡Q bvbvb †kvlK I AwfRvZ‡Mvôx, Avi K…lK

AvUKv c‡o‡Q Zvi wPišÍb zwðšÍvi Ave‡Z ©|

GB DØ…Ë dmjB cieZ©x‡Z ivRbxwZ, hz×, wkíKjv I `k©‡bi weKv‡k BÜb †hvMvq| ax‡i ax‡i M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K

cÖvmv`, zM©, †mŠa Avi gw›ì| GB AvazwbK hz‡Mi ïiæi w`‡KI gvbz‡li 90 kZvskB wQ‡jv K…lK, hv‡ì mvivw`‡bi

nvofvOv LvUzwbi dj †fvM K‡i‡Q evwK 10 kZvsk – ivRv, ivRKg©Pvix, ˆmb¨, hvRK, wkíx I `vk©wb‡Ki gZ AwfRvZ

†kÖYx| GivB f‡i‡Q BwZnv‡mi cvZv, Avi evwK‡ì Rxeb †K‡U †M‡Q dm‡ji gv‡V|

KvíwbK KvVv‡gv


K…l‡Ki djv‡bv AwZwi³ Lvevi Avi Avwe®‹…Z bZzb cwienb eë¯’v – G zB‡qi djkÖzwZ‡Z A‡bK gvbzl GKmv‡_ eo

AvKv‡ii MÖvg ˆZwi K‡i emevm Ki‡Z ïiæ Kij| Kvjµ‡g eo MÖvg †_‡K kni, kni †_‡K bMi, Avi G mewKQz

wg‡j ˆZwi nj wekvj me ivR¨ Avi eëmv evwY‡Rï †K› Ö|

GB me eo bMi I ivR¨ cÖwZôvi ci †hme bZzb m¤¢vebvi Øvi Db¥z³ nj, Zvi m¤ú‚Y© mØënvi gvbzl Ki‡Z cv‡iwb,

KviY ïaz DØ…Ë Lv`¨ I cwienb eë ’vB Gi Rb¨ h‡_ó wQ‡jv bv| GKUv iv‡Rï jvL jvL gvbz‡li Rb¨ h‡_ó cwigvY

Lvevi _vK‡jI Zv‡Z Rwg I cvwbi eÈb, bvbv iKg we‡iva wb®úwË wKsev hz×Kvjxb KZ©‡eï gZ welq¸‡jv‡Z gvbzl

HK¨g‡Z †cŠuQv‡Z cv‡iwb| Lv‡`ï Afv‡e bq, eis GB H‡Kï Afv‡eB gvbz‡li gv‡S bvbv iKg Øb&Ø ïiæ nq|

divwm wecø‡ei ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jv abvX¨ DwK‡jiv, ¶zavZ© K…lK bq| f‚ga¨mvM‡ii Pviw`K †_‡K m¤ú` msMÖn K‡i

wLÖ÷xq cÖ_g kZ‡K †ivgvb mvgÖvR¨ KíbvZxZ A_© I ¶gZvi AwaKvix nq, A_P wVK †mB mg‡qB †mLvbKvi

ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gv‡Z fvOb aiwQ‡jv bvbv iKg AšÍN©v‡Z| 1991 mv‡ji hz‡Mv¯vwfqv‡ZI Lv`¨vfve wQ‡jv bv, Zez

GK i³¶qx hz‡× †`kwU UzK‡iv UzK‡iv n‡q hvq|

Gme Ab‡_iÖ g‚‡j wQ‡jv gvbz‡li h_vh_ weeZ©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mg‡qi Afve| gvbz‡li j¶ j¶ eQ‡ii weeZ©b

n‡q‡Q †QvU †QvU †Mvôx‡Z| K…wlKvR ïiæ Kivi ci †_‡K ivR¨ MVb ch©šÍ weeZ©‡bi Rb¨ †h K‡qK nvRvi eQ‡ii

mgq gvbzl †c‡q‡Q †mUv GZ eo †Mvôx MVb Kivi gvbwmKZv ˆZwii Rb¨ h‡_ó wQ‡jv bv|

‡mB Lvevi msMÖn Kivi hz‡M K‡qKk AcwiwPZ gvbzl †Kv‡bviKg ˆRweK Zvobv QvovB `j evua‡Z cviZ| Avi GUv

m¤¢e nZ wKQz wg‡_ (cÖPwjZ M‡í) Zv‡ì wek¦v‡mi d‡j| Aek¨ GB ai‡bi †Mvôx‡Z cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi mz‡hvM

Lze †ewk wQj bv| GB †QvU AvKv‡ii gvbe‡Mvôx¸‡jv wQ‡jv ¯qsm¤ú‚Y©, wb‡R‡ì cÖvq me cÖ‡qvRb Zviv wb‡RivB

†gUvZ| K…wlwecøe cieZ©x mgqUv‡K bv Rvbv wek nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi †Kv‡bv mgvRZvwË¡K nq‡Zv ej‡Zb wg‡_i

¶gZv Lze †ewk bq- GB eo‡Rvi k cvu‡PK gvbzl wg‡_i cÖfv‡e Kwo wewbgq Ki‡Z, A™¢zZ wKQz Drm‡e Ask wb‡Z

wKsev wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì GKUv `j‡K a‡i †cUv‡Z cv‡i, Gi †ewk wKQz bq| ZvB e‡j j¶ j¶ gvbzl‡K w`‡q GKB iKg

wPšÍv ev KvR Kwi‡q †bIqvUv wg‡_i c‡¶ Am¤¢e|

wKš‘ BwZnvm †ZgbUv e‡j bv| gvbz‡li gv‡S GKevi fv‡jvgZ Qwo‡q co‡Z cvi‡j wg‡_i ¶gZv n‡q hvq

AKíbxq| K…wlwecø‡ei ci hLb bMi Avi ivR¨ cÖwZôvi Dcµg nw”Q‡jv, †m mg‡qB gvbz‡li g‡a¨ ¶gZvai

†è‡èx wKsev gvZ…f‚wgi gZ welq¸‡jv wb‡q bvbviKg Mí-Kvwnbx ˆZwi nq| GB Mí¸‡jvB gvbz‡li ga¨Kvi

mvgvwRK m¤úK©‡K Av‡iv …p K‡i| weeZ©b G‡Mvw”Q‡jv Av‡Mi gZB Lze ax‡i, wKš‘ gvbz‡li Kíbvi †`Šo Gev‡i

Zv‡K nvwi‡q w`‡jv| GB Kíbvkw³i †Rv‡iB c…w_exi BwZnv‡m cÖ_gev‡ii gZ GZ GZ gvbzl mn‡hvwMZvi m¤ú‡K©

Ave× n‡jv|

8500 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi w`‡K c…w_exi me‡P‡q eo gvbeemwZ wQ‡jv †Rwi‡Kv MÖvg, hvi †jvKmsL¨v wQ‡jv K‡qKk|

7000 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ã Avbv‡Zvwjqvi PvZvwjqzK kn‡ii RbmsL¨v wQ‡jv 5 †_‡K 10 nvRv‡ii g‡a¨| †mUvI wQj

ZLbKvi c…w_exi e…nËg emwZ| wLÖ÷c‚e© cÂg I PZz_© mnmÖv‡ã bxj b‡ì AeevwnKv I eØx‡ci DeiÖf‚wg‡Z †h kni

M‡o D‡VwQ‡jv Zvi †jvKmsL¨v wQj AviI †ewk, Avi †m kn‡ii AvIZvq wQ‡jv Avkcv‡ki A‡bK MÖvg| 3100

wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi g‡a¨B m¤ú‚Y© bxjb` AeevwnKv cÖ_g wgkixq mvgÖv‡Rï Aaxb nq| ZLbKvi dvivIiv kvmb Ki‡Zb

nvRvi nvRvi eM©wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKvi j¶ j¶ gvbzl‡K| 2250 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi w`‡K gnvb mvM©b cËb K‡ib c…w_exi


cÖ_g mvgÖv‡Rï – Av°v`xq mvgÖvR¨| †m mvgÖv‡R¨ cÖRvi msL¨v wQ‡jv wbhz‡Zi N‡i, Avi †mbvevwnbx‡Z ’vqx m`m¨

wQ‡jv 5400 Rb| Avi 1000 †_‡K 500 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi g‡a¨ ga¨cÖv‡P¨ e…nr mvgÖv‡Rï D™¢e nq, hvi g‡a¨ wQ‡jv

Avwmixq, e¨vwejbxq I cvim¨ mvgÖvR¨| Gme mvgÖv‡R¨ cÖRvi msL¨v wQ‡jv †KvwUi KvQvKvwQ, Avi ˆmb¨ wQ‡jv `k

nvRv‡ii gZ|

221 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ã mgMÖ Pxb Rz‡o MwVZ nq Pxb (Qin) mvgÖvR¨, Avi Zvi wKQzKvj c‡iB †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï Aax‡b

Av‡m f‚ga¨mvMixq AÂj| Pxb mvgÖv‡Rï nvRvi nvRvi ¯’vqx ˆmb¨ Avi j¶vwaK ivRKg©Pvixi †eZb AvmZ cÖvq 4

†KvwU cÖRvi †Ìqv Ki †_‡K| Iw`‡K †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï ¯Y©hz‡M cÖvq 10 †KvwU cÖRvi KvQ †_‡K Ki Av`vq Kiv

n‡Zv| †mB K‡ii A_©B GKw`‡K AvovB †_‡K cvuP j¶ ˆm‡bï †LvivK †hvMv‡Zv, Ab¨w`‡K †mB A‡_©B ˆZwi nq cÖvq

1500 eQi a‡i eëüZ iv¯Ív| AvR Avgiv ILv‡b †hme w_‡qUvi Avi A¨vwçw_‡qUvi †`L‡Z cvB †m¸‡jvI ˆZwi

n‡q‡Q ZLbB|

cÖvPxb wgkixq Avi †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï j¶ j¶ gvbz‡li mn‡hvwMZvq Mov mgv‡Ri MíUv hZUv `viæY g‡b nq Avm‡j

e¨vcviUv †Zgb bq| Ômn‡hvwMZvÕ kãUv A‡bKUv wbt¯v_© †kvbv‡jI †mUv memgq ¯vaxbZv I mv‡gï K_v e‡j bv|

gvbz‡li eo eo msMV‡bi †ewki fvMB GK mgq AZ¨vPvi Avi †kvl‡Yi c‡_ GwM‡q †M‡Q| Ggb msMVb Movi g‚j¨

K…l‡Kiv PzwK‡q‡Qb Zv‡ì DØ…Ë Lv`ÜzKz w`‡q| Ki msMÖvn‡Ki Kj‡gi GKwU †LvuPvq K…lK‡K Zvi mviv eQ‡ii K‡Vvi

cwikÖ‡gi dmjUzKz nviv‡Z n‡Zv| †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï weL¨vZ A¨vwçw_‡qUvi M‡owQj †h µxZ`v‡mi `j, mgv‡Ri Ajm

abx‡ì Avb›` w`‡Z †mB µxZ`v‡mivB †mLv‡b jovB K‡i gi‡Zv M¨vwW‡qUi iƒ‡c| †RjLvbv Avi e›`x

wkwei¸‡jv‡KI GKiKg mn‡hvwMZvi mgvR ejv hvq, KviY †mLv‡bI A‡bK¸‡jv ARvbv-A‡Pbv gvbzl cvi¯úwiK

mn‡hvwMZvq GKmv‡_ GKB iKg Rxeb hvcb K‡i|

‡mB cÖvPxb †g‡mvc‡Ugxq kni †_‡K Pxb ev †ivgvb mvgÖvR¨ GB me¸‡jvB `vuwo‡q wQj GK KvíwbK KvVv‡gvi Dci|

†hme mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ †mme RvqMvq Pvjz wQ‡jv Zv gvbz‡li wfZi †_‡K ¯Ztù‚Z©fv‡e Av‡mwb, G‡m‡Q †mLv‡b

cÖPwjZ wg_¸‡jvi Dci gvbz‡li mw¤§wjZ wek¦vm †_‡K|

wg_ Kxfv‡e cz‡iv GKUv mvgÖvR¨‡K a‡i iv‡L? Ggb GKUv D`vniY Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨B †c‡qwQ – wcD‡Rv| BwZnv‡mi

me‡P‡q †ewk cwiwPZ z‡Uv wg_ †_‡K Gi DËi †LvuRv hvK| GKUv nj nvgzivwei AvBb, †hUv cÖvPxb e¨vwej‡b †mB

1776 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ã j¶ gvbz‡li mgvR M‡owQj, Avi AbÜv nj 1776 wLÖ÷v‡ã ¯v¶wiZ Av‡gwiKvi ¯vaxbZvi

†NvlYv, hv AvRI j¶ j¶ Av‡gwiKv‡bi cvi¯úwiK mnvqZvi wfwË wn‡m‡e wU‡K Av‡Q|

1776 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ã e¨vwejbB wQ‡jv c…w_exi e…nËg bMi| Avi e¨vwejbxq mvgÖvR¨ wQ‡jv c…w_exi me‡P‡q eo mvgÖvR¨,

hvi †jvKmsL¨v wQ‡jv `k j‡¶iI Dc‡i| GjvKvUv wQ‡jv †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv, hvi g‡a¨ wQ‡jv AvR‡Ki wmwiqv Avi

Biv‡bi wKQz Ask Avi Biv‡Ki cÖvq cz‡ivUvB| e¨vwej‡bi ivRv‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk hvi bvg †kvbv hvq, wZwb

nvgzivwe| Zvui GB L¨vwZi g‚j KviY nj Zvui cÖYxZ AvBb| GB AvBb¸‡jvi g‚j D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv nvgzivwe‡K GKRb

Av`k© ivRv wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ Kiv, e¨vwejbxq mvgÖv‡R¨ AvBbMZ mgZv Avbv Avi fwel¨‡Zi ivRv‡ì Rb¨ GKUv

…óvšÍ †i‡L hvIqv|


D‡Ïk¨ c‚iY n‡qwQj| cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i ezw×Rxex I AwfRvZ mgvR GUv‡K MÖnY K‡iwQj cÖvq ˆèevYxi gZB, Avi

Zv‡ì Abzmvixiv nvgzivwei g…Z¨zi c‡iI hZw`b mvgÖvR¨ wU‡K wQ‡jv ZZw`b GB AvB‡bi Abzwjwc ˆZwi K‡i †M‡Q|

ZvB †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi gvbz‡li mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ †evSvi Rb¨ nvgzivwei AvBb GKUv PgrKvi DcKiY|3

nvgzivwei AvB‡bi fvl¨ ïiæ n‡q‡Q †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi gw›`‡ii cÖavb †èZv Avbz, Gbwjj I gviWz‡Ki (Anu, Enlil

and Marduk) bv‡g, hvuiv nvgzivwe‡K wbhz³ K‡i‡Qb ÔwePvi cÖwZôv, z‡ói `gb I `ze©‡ji Dci me‡ji AZ¨vPvi‡K

cÖwZnZ Ki‡ZÕ|4 Gi c‡iB Av‡Q cÖvq 300 wU AvB‡bi ZvwjKv, hvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z †Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †Kgb wePvi

n‡e Zv wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ggb K‡qKUv AvBb †`Lv hvKt

196| hw` †Kv‡bv DuPz †kÖYxi gvbzl Av‡iK DuPz †kÖYxi gvbzl‡K AÜ K‡i †`q, Z‡e Zv‡KI AÜ K‡i †Ìqv n‡e|

197| †m hw` †Kv‡bv DuPz †kÖYxi gvbz‡li nvo †f‡O †`q, Z‡e ZviI nvo †f‡O †Ìqv n‡e|

198| †m hw` †Kv‡bv mvaviY gvbz‡li †PvL AÜ K‡i †`q ev nvo †f‡O †`q, Z‡e Zv‡K 60 †k‡Kj iƒcv Rwigvbv

w`‡Z n‡e|

199| †m hw` Av‡iKRb DuPz †kÖYxi gvbz‡li †Kv‡bv `v‡mi †PvL AÜ K‡i †`q ev nvo †f‡O †`q, Z‡e Zv‡K H

`v‡mi g‚‡jï A‡a©‡Ki mgvb iƒcv w`‡Z n‡e|5

209| hw` †Kv‡bv DuPz †kÖYxi gvbzl DuPz †kÖYxi †Kv‡bv bvix‡K AvNvZ K‡i Ges G‡Z H bvixi Mf©¯’ å‚‡Yi g…Z¨z nq,

Z‡e Zv‡K 10 †k‡Kj iƒcv ¶wZc‚iY w`‡Z n‡e|

210| G‡Z hw` H bvixi g…Z¨z nq, Zvn‡j Zvi Kb¨v‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡e|

211| †m hw` mvaviY †kÖYxi †Kv‡bv bvix‡K AvNvZ K‡i Ges G‡Z H bvixi Mf© ’ åz‡Yi g…Z¨z nq, Z‡e Zv‡K 5

†k‡Kj iƒcv ¶wZc‚iY w`‡Z n‡e|

212| G‡Z H bvixi g…Z¨z n‡j Zv‡K 30 †k‡Kj iƒcv Rwigvbv w`‡Z n‡e|

213| †m hw` †Kv‡bv DuPz †kÖYxi gvbz‡li `vmx‡K AvNvZ K‡i Ges G‡Z H `vmxi Mf©¯’ åz‡bi g…Z¨z nq, Z‡e Zv‡K 2

†k‡Kj iƒcv ¶wZc‚iY w`‡Z n‡e|

214| G‡Z H `vmxi g…Z¨z n‡j Zv‡K 20 †k‡Kj iƒcv Rwigvbv w`‡Z n‡e|6

GB ZvwjKvi c‡i nvgzivwe e‡j‡Qb,

ÒG¸‡jvB nj Rxe‡b mZ¨ I mwVK c‡_ Pjvi Rb¨ ivRv nvgzivwei cÖwZwôZ b¨vqm½Z wm×všÍ… Avwg, gnvb ivRv

nvgzivwe, †mme gvbz‡li cÖwZ D`vmxb bB, hv‡ì‡K Avgvi `vwq‡Z¡ †mvc © K‡i‡Qb †èZv Gbwjj, Avi hv‡ì c_

†`Lvevi `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡K w`‡q‡Qb †èZv gviWzK|7Ó


nvgzivwei AvBb Abzhvqx e¨vwej‡bi mgvR eë¯’v `vuwo‡q Av‡Q me©Rbxb I wPišÍb Ck¦i wb‡ ©wkZ b¨vqwePv‡ii Dci|

mvgvwRK Íiweb¨vm G AvB‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© welq| GB AvBb Abzhvqx gvbzl zB wj½ I wZb †kÖYx‡Z wef³|

†kÖYx wZbwU nj DuPz †kÖYxi gvbzl, mvaviY gvbzl Avi `vm| wfbœ wfbœ wj½ I †kÖYxi gvbz‡li g‚jÏ wfbœ| GKRb

mvaviY bvixi Rxe‡bi gzj¨ †hLv‡b 30 †k‡Kj iƒcv, †mLv‡b GKRb `vmxi Rxe‡bi g‚j¨ 20 †k‡Kj iƒcv| Avevi

GKRb mvaviY cziæ‡li †Pv‡Li g‚j¨B 60 †k‡Kj iƒcv|

GB AvBb cwiev‡ii wfZ‡iI gvbz‡li AwaKviµg wbw ©ó K‡i †`q| GLv‡b mšÍvb‡ì‡K Avjv`v gvbzl wnmv‡e bq,

eis Zv‡ì gv-evevi m¤úwË wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nZ| G Kvi‡YB, †Kv‡bv D”PZi gvbzl Av‡iKRb D”PZi gvbz‡li

†g‡q‡K nZ¨v Ki‡j kvw Í¯iƒc Zvi †g‡q‡KI nZ¨v Kiv nZ| nZ¨vKvix‡K kvw Í bv w`‡q Zvi wbiciva Kb¨v‡K nZ¨v

KivUv Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q LvcQvov g‡b n‡jI nvgzivwe I e¨vwej‡bi evwm›`v‡ì Kv‡Q GUvB wQ‡jv b¨vqm½Z| nvgzivwei

AvBb cÖYq‡bi Av‡M a‡i †bIqv n‡qwQ‡jv †h cÖRviv mevB hw` hvi hvi mvgvwRK Ae ’vb †g‡b †bq Zvn‡jB

mvgÖv‡Rï j¶ j¶ Awaevmx‡ì g‡a¨ GKUv mn‡hvwMZvi m¤úK© ˆZwi n‡e| ZLb mgv‡R Lv‡`ï Drcv`b I eÈb

mzôz n‡e, kÎzi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjv hv‡e Ges mvgÖvR¨‡K Av‡iv we Í…Z K‡i AviI †ewk m¤ú` I wbivcËv

wbwðZ Kiv hv‡e|

nvgzivwei g…Z zi cÖvq 3500 eQi c‡i, DËi Av‡gwiKvq weÖwUk‡ì †Z‡ivwU Dcwb‡e‡ki gvbzl‡ì g‡b n‡Z jvMj †h

weÖwUk ivRv Zv‡ì cÖwZ mzwePvi Ki‡Qb bv| GBme gvbz‡li K‡qKRb gzLcvÎ wdjv‡Wjwdqvq GKwÎZ n‡jb, Avi

1776 Gi RzjvB‡qi 4 Zvwi‡L †NvlYv Ki‡jb †h GB †Z‡ivwU Dcwb‡e‡ki gvbzl Avi weÖwUk iv‡Rï cÖRv bq|

Zv‡ì ¯vaxbZvi GB †NvlYv‡ZI wQj me©Rbxb I wPišÍb b¨vqwePv‡ii K_v, Avi wVK nvgzivwei AvB‡bi gZB

†m¸‡jvI wQj Ck¦iwb‡ ©wkZ| Z‡e Av‡gwiKvi Ck¦‡ii cÖ`Ë bxwZ¸‡jv e¨vwej‡bi Ck¦‡ii bxwZ †_‡K wQj wfbœ|

Av‡gwiKvi ¯vaxbZvi †NvlYv e‡jt

ÒG K_v Avgiv ¯Ztwm× mZ¨ e‡j a‡i wbw”Q †h, mKj gvbzl‡KB m…wó Kiv n‡q‡Q mgvbfv‡e Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡KB

m…wóKZ©vi KvQ †_‡K jvf K‡i‡Q wKQz Awe‡”Q`¨ AwaKvi, hvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q Rxeb, ¯vaxbZv Avi mz‡Li mvabv|Ó

nvgzivwei AvB‡bi gZ Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZvi GB †NvlYvcÎI e‡j †h, GB cweÎ bxwZgvjv †g‡b Pj‡j jv‡Lv gvbz‡li

gv‡S M‡o DV‡e mn‡hvwMZvi m¤úK©, GKwU b¨vqm½Z I cÖMwZkxj mgv‡R Zviv cv‡e wbivc` I kvwšÍc‚Y© Rxeb|

nvgzivwei AvB‡bi gZ Av‡gwiKvi ¯vaxbZvi †NvlYvI ¯’vb-Kv‡ji mxgv AwZµg K‡i‡Q – cieZ©x cÖRb¥¸‡jvi Kv‡QI

Zv mgvb MÖnY‡hvM¨| 200 eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq a‡i Av‡gwiKvi ¯‹zjMvgx QvÎQvÎxiv GUv wkL‡Q|

cvkvcvwk Zzjbv K‡i †`L‡j GB z‡Uv wbqg-bxwZ Avgv‡ì wØavq †d‡j †`q| nvgzivwei AvBb I Av‡gwiKvi

¯vaxbZvi †NvlYv – z‡UvB wb‡R‡K me©Rbxb I wPišÍb b¨v‡qi c_ e‡j `vwe K‡i| A_P †hLv‡b Av‡gwiKvi gvbz‡liv

e‡j me gvbzlB mgvb, †mLv‡b e¨vwej‡bi gvbz‡liv Av‡MB ¯xKvi K‡i wb‡”Q †h me gvbzl mgvb bq| G‡¶‡Î

Av‡gwiKvbiv Aek¨B ej‡e ZvivB wVK, nvgzivwei AvBb wVK bq| GKBfv‡e nvgzivweI ej‡eb wZwbB wVK,

Av‡gwiKvbiv bq| Avm‡j Df‡qB fzj| nvgzivwe I Av‡gwiKvi cÖwZôvZviv b¨v‡qi me©Rbxb I AcwieZ©bxq wfwË

wn‡m‡e z‡Uv KvíwbK ev ÍeZvi K_v Kíbv K‡iwQ‡jb hvi GKwUi wfwË wQj AvwacZ¨ Avi AciwUi wfwË wQj

mgZv| wKš‘ ev Í‡e GB zÕiKg me©Rbxb bxwZ gvbz‡liB gw¯Í®‹cÖm‚Z, Gi m‚Pbv nq Zv‡ì Kíbvq, Avi Gme †eu‡P

_v‡K Zv‡ì evwb‡q †Zvjv bvbv KvíwbK MíMv_vi gva¨‡g| GmKj ixwZbxwZi Avm‡j †Kvb e ÍzMZ wfwË †bB|


gvbzl‡K D”PZi I mvaviY †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kivi aviYvUv †h KíbvcÖm‚Z †mUv bvnq mn‡RB †g‡b †bIqv hvq| wKš‘ Ôme

gvbzlB mgvbÕ GB K_vUv? Avm‡jB wK me gvbzl mgvb? gvbz‡li Kíbvi evB‡i G‡m †Kvb wbi‡c¶ ev Íe wfwËi Dci

me gvbzl‡K mgvb e‡j `vwe Kiv hvq? kvixwiKfv‡eI wK me gvbzl mgvb nq? Avmzb, Avgiv Av‡gwiKvi ¯vaxbZvi

†NvlYvi me‡P‡q weL¨vZ jvBbwU‡K RxeweÁv‡bi fvlvq cÖKvk Kivi †Póv Kwit

ÒG K_v Avgiv ¯Ztwm× mZ¨ e‡j a‡i wbw”Q †h, mKj gvbzl‡KB m…wó Kiv n‡q‡Q mgvbfv‡e Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡KB

m…wóKZ©vi KvQ †_‡K jvf K‡i‡Q wKQz Awe‡”Q`¨ AwaKvi, hvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q Rxeb, ¯vaxbZv Avi mzLx nIqvi cÖ‡Póv|Ó

RxeweÁvb e‡j gvbz‡li Ôm…wóÕ nqwb, ÔweeZ©bÕ n‡q‡Q| Avi weeZ©b †gv‡UB mevi Rb¨ mgvb nq bv| mgZvi aviYv

m…wóZ‡Ë¡i mv‡_ Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e Rwo‡q Av‡Q| Av‡gwiKvbiv GB aviYv †c‡q‡Q wLÖ÷ag© †_‡K – †hLv‡b ejv nq cÖ‡Z¨K

gvbzl cweÎ AvZ¥vi AwaKvix Ges Ck¦‡ii †Pv‡L mKj AvZ¥vB mgvb| GLb, Avgiv hw` Ck¦i, m…wó, AvZ¥v – GB

wLÖ÷ag©xq kã¸‡jv‡K ev` w`‡q wPšÍv Kwi, Zvn‡j Ôme gvbzl mgvbÕ G K_vi A_© Kx `vuovq? weeZ©b cv_©K¨ ˆZwi

K‡i, mgZv bq| cÖ‡Z¨K gvbz‡li wfbœ wfbœ wRb ms‡KZ Av‡Q, hv R‡b¥i ci †_‡KB cwi‡e‡ki Øviv bvbvfv‡e cÖfvweZ

nq| Gfv‡eB gvbz‡li g‡a¨ bvbv iKg êwk‡óï weKvk N‡U Avi Zvi d‡j wU‡K _vKvi m¤¢vebvI nq GK GKR‡bi

GK GKiKg| Kv‡RB ÔmKj gvbzl‡KB m…wó Kiv n‡q‡Q mgvbfv‡eÕ bv e‡j ejv DwPZ Ôgvbzl wfbœ wfbœfv‡e weewZ©Z

n‡q‡QÕ|

RxeweÁv‡b †hgb gvbz‡li Ôm…wó nIqviÕ K_v †Kv_vI ejv nqwb, †Zgwb ejv nqwb †Kv‡bv ÔCk¦iÕ Ges Ck¦‡ii KvQ

†_‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz Ôjvf KiviÕ K_vI| †mLv‡b gvbeR‡b¥i wcQ‡b ïaz GKUv cÖwµqvB Pjgvb Av‡Q, Zv n‡jv AÜ-

D‡Ïk¨nxb weeZ©b| ZvB Ôm…wóKZ©vi KvQ †_‡K jvf K‡i‡QÕ bv e‡j ejv DwPZ gvbzl ÔR‡b¥‡QÕ|

GKBfv‡e ejv hvq, RxeweÁv‡b ÔAwaKviÕ e‡jI wKQz †bB| Av‡Q ïaz A½cÖZ¨½, `¶Zv I êwkó¨| cvwLi Iovi

AwaKvi Av‡Q e‡j †m I‡o bv, cvwL I‡o Zvi Wvbv Av‡Q ZvB| Avi Gme A½cÖZ¨½, `¶Zv I êwkóÏ ÔAwe‡”Q`¨Õ

bq, KviY G¸‡jviI cwie¨w³ (mutation) N‡U, d‡j G‡ì cwieZ©b nq, Avevi KL‡bv nvwi‡qI hvq, †hgb

DUcvwL nvwi‡q‡Q Zvi Iovi ¶gZv| Kv‡RB ÔAwe‡”Q`¨ AwaKviÕ Gi RvqMvq ejv DwPZ ÔcwieZ©bkxj êwkó¨Õ|

GLb, weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g D™¢‚Z êwkó¨¸‡jvi w`‡K bRi †`qv hvK| ÔRxebÕ e¨vcviUv wVK Av‡Q, wKš‘ Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ?

RxeweÁv‡b ¯vaxbZv e‡jI wKQz †bB| mgZv I AwaKv‡ii g‡Zv ¯vaxbZvI gvbz‡li KíbvcÖm‚Z GKUv aviYv|

RxeweÁv‡bi …wó‡Z †`L‡j MYZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri gvbz‡liv ¯vaxb Avi ˆ¯ikvm‡b _vKv gvbz‡liv civaxb – GiKg wKQz

ejv hvq bv| Avi ÔmzLÕ? AvR ch©šÍ †Kv‡bv êÁvwbK M‡elYv mz‡Li GKUv cwi®‹vi msÁv w`‡Z cv‡iwb, wKsev mz‡Li

Kg-‡ewk wba©vi‡Yi †Kv‡bv DcvqI Lzu‡R cvqwb| M‡elYvq hv cvIqv †M‡Q Zv n‡jv Avb›`, hv‡K Av‡iv mn‡R

msÁvwqZ ev cwigvc Kiv hvq| Kv‡RB ÔRxeb, ¯vaxbZv Avi mzLx nIqvi cÖ‡PóvÕ Gi e`‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi

ÔRxeb I Avb›`jvfÕ|

Zvn‡j RxeweÁv‡bi †Pv‡L Av‡gwiKvi ¯vaxbZvi †NvlYvi Av‡jvP¨ jvBbwU `vuov‡”Q Ggbt

ÒG K_v Avgiv ¯Ztwm× mZ¨ e‡j a‡i wbw”Q †h, mKj gvbzlB wfbœ wfbœfv‡e weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡KB R‡b¥‡Q

wKQz cwieZ©bkxj êwkó¨ wb‡q, hvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q Rxeb I Avb›`jv‡fi †Póv|Ó


welqwU‡K Gfv‡e †`L‡j mgZv I mgvbvwaKv‡ii c‡¶i †jv‡Kiv nqZ †¶‡c hv‡eb| ej‡eb, Ôme gvbzl †h

kvixwiKfv‡e mgvb bq Zv †Zv Avgv‡ì RvbvB Av‡Q, wKš‘ Avgiv hw` †g‡b wbB †h wfZ‡i wfZ‡i mevB mgvb,

Zvn‡j mevB wg‡j GKUv w¯’wZkxj mgvR M‡o †Zvjv hvq|Õ †m‡¶‡Î Avm‡j Avi wKQz ejvi †bB| GUvB nj GKUz

Av‡M ejv †mB ÔKvíwbK wfwËÕ| ÔmevB mgvbÕ – GUv a‡i †bIqvi KviY GB bq †h Zv mZ¨, eis KviYUv nj GB †h

GUv †g‡b wb‡j gvbz‡li g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZvi m¤úK©Uv Av‡iv …p nq, hv w`‡q GKUv mz›ì mgvR M‡o †Zvjv hvq| GB

KvíwbK wfwË †Kv‡bv lohš¿ wKsev wg‡_¨ †gvn bq, GUv nj A‡bK gvbzl‡K mn‡hvwMZvi m¤ú‡K© Ave× Kivi GKUv

Kvh©Ki Dcvq| Z‡e GUvI g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, GB GKB iKg hzw³ wKš‘ nvgzivweI Zvui †kÖYxwef³ mgvReë¯’v‡K

mwVK cÖgvY Ki‡Z eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb|

cÖK…Z wek¦vmx

G ch©šÍ c‡o wKQz cvVK wbðqB GKUz b‡oP‡o e‡m‡Qb| GUvB ¯vfvweK, KviY Avgv‡ì wk¶vB Avgv‡ì Gfv‡e

ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| nvgzivwei AvBb‡K wg_ e‡j †g‡b wb‡Z Avgv‡ì †Kv‡bv AvcwË †bB, wKš‘ me gvbz‡li mgvbvwaKvi‡K

wg_ wn‡m‡e †g‡b wb‡Z cvwi bv Avgiv| Avm‡jB, gvbzl hw` ezS‡Z cv‡i †h gvbz‡li mgvbvwaKv‡ii e¨vcviUv Ggb

K…wÎg Avi KvíwbK, Zvn‡j †mUv wK Avgv‡ì GB mgvR KvVv‡gvi cÖwZ GKUv ûgwK n‡q `vuov‡e bv? Ck¦i m¤ú‡K©

fj‡Zqvi e‡j‡Qb, ÒCk¦i e‡j †KD †bB, wKš‘ Avgvi PvKi‡K Avevi K_vUv ej‡Z †hI bv, iv‡Zi †ejvq I e¨vUv

hw` Avgv‡K Lzb K‡i †d‡jÓ| wVK GKB iKg K_v nq‡Zv nvgzivweI ej‡Zb Zvui †kÖYxwef³ mgvR wb‡q, Avi

Av‡gwiKvi msweav‡bi †jLK _gvm †Rdvimb ej‡Zb gvbevwaKvi wb‡q| gvKomv, nv‡qbv wKsev wk¤úvwÄi gZ

†nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ cÖvYxwUiI cÖvK…wZKfv‡e cÖvß we‡kl †Kv‡bv AwaKvi †bB| wKš‘ G K_v †Zv AÜwek¦vmx‡ì ejv hv‡e

bv, cv‡Q iv‡Z Lzb n‡q hvB|

GiKg Avk¼v Ag‚jK bq| cÖvK…wZK m¤úK© n‡jv GKUv w ’wZkxj m¤úK©| gvbzl hw` gva¨vKl©‡Yi Aw¯Í‡Z¡ Avi wek¦vm

bv K‡i, Zvn‡j Kvj mKvj †_‡K gva¨vKl©Y DavI n‡q hv‡e bv| Ab¨w`‡K, GKUv K…wÎg k…•Ljve× m¤úK© memgq

†f‡O covi SzuwKi gv‡S _v‡K| KviY, GiKg m¤úK©¸‡jv `vuwo‡q _v‡K wKQz wg‡_i Dci, Avi wg_¸‡jv wU‡K _v‡K

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1 Angus Maddison, The World Economz, vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization of

Economic Co-operation and Development, 2006), 636; ÔHistorical Estimates of World PopulationÕ,

U.S. Census Bureau, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.

2 Robert B. Mark, The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative (Lanham, MD:

Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002), 24.

3 Razmond Westbrook, ÔOld Babzlonian PeriodÕ, in A Historz of Ancient Near Eastern Law, vol. 1, ed.

Razmond Westbrook (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 361–430; Martha T. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia

and Asia Minor, 2nd edn (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997), 71–142; M. E. J. Richardson, HammurabiÕs

Laws: Text, Translation and Glossarz (London: T & T Clark International, 2000).

4 Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 76.

5 Ibid., 121.


6 Ibid., 122–3.

7 Ibid., 133–3.

8 Constance Brittaine Bouchard, Strong of Bodz, Brave and Noble: Chivalrz and Societz in Medieval

France (New York: Cornell Universitz Press, 1998), 99; Marz Martin McLaughlin, ÔSurvivors and

Surrogates: Children and Parents from the Ninth to Thirteenth CenturiesÕ, in Medieval Families:

Perspectives on Marriage, Household and Children, ed. Carol Neel (Toronto: Universitz of Toronto

Press, 2004), 81 n.; Lise E. Hull, BritainÕs Medieval Castles (Westport: Praeger, 2006), 144.


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eënvi Kiv nZ| †m Kvi‡Y bKjbwe‡ki gZ `vßwiK c‡ì Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ GKRb Qv‡Îi RbÏ mz‡gixq fvlvq K_v

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Z_¨m‚Î

1 Andrew Robinson, The Storz of Writing (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1995), 63; Hans J. Nissen,

Peter Damerow and Robert K. Englung, Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic

Administration in the Ancient Near East (Chicago, London: The Universitz of Chicago Press, 1993), 36.

2 Marcia and Robert Ascher, Mathematics of the Incas – Code of the Quipu (New York: Dover

Publications, 1981).

3 Garz Urton, Signs of the Inka Khipu (Austin: Universitz of Texas Press, 2003); Galen Brokaw, A

Historz of the Khipu (Cambridge: Cambridge Universitz Press, 2010).

4 Stephen D. Houston (ed.), The First Writing: Script Invention as Historz and Process (Cambridge:

Cambridge Universitz Press, 2004), 222.



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mgv‡R zB ¯Í‡ii ¯Íiweb¨vm cÖKU n‡q c‡o, GK`j mv`v Pvgovi BD‡ivcxqvb kvmK †kÖYx Avi GK`j Ae‡nwjZ

Kv‡jv Pvgovi AvwdÖKvb|

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emevmiZ mv`v Pvgovi BD‡ivcxqvb‡ìI cz‡ivczwi Z…ß Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ RvZ-‡Mvôxi Kv‡Q

wb‡R‡ì‡K gh©v`vc‚Y© K‡i †Zvjv Z_v wb‡R‡ì‡K Ávbx, b¨vqcivqY Ges wbi‡c¶ wn‡m‡e A‡bï Kv‡Q Zz‡j aivI

Zv‡ì GKUv Ab¨Zg j¶¨ wQj| Zv‡ì GB j¶¨ c‚i‡Y Ab¨Zg mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i ag©xq DcK_v Ges weÁvb

w`‡q †gvov‡bv KíKvwnbx¸‡jv| m…wóZ‡Ë¡i e¨vL¨vKvixiv mv`v Kv‡jvi êl‡gï e¨vL¨v w`‡jb Gfv‡e- AvwdÖKvb‡ì

Avw` wcZv n‡jb n¨vg| GB n¨vg b‚‡ni czÎ| b‚n Zvi czÎ n¨vg‡K GB e‡j Awfkvc †`b †h, fwel¨‡Z Zvi

DËimzixiv mevB `vm n‡q Rb¥ †b‡e| RxeweÁvbxiv `vwe Ki‡jb- Kv‡jviv mv`v‡ì †_‡K Kg ezw×gvb Ges

gvbweKZv, g‚j¨‡eva m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì aviYvI mv`v‡ì †_‡K Kg| wPwKrmKiv hzw³nxb Mí dvu`‡jb- Kv‡jviv gqjv,

AveR©bvi gv‡S emevm K‡i Ges ZvivB bvbviKg †ivMe¨vwa Qov‡bvi Rb¨ `vqx; GKK_vq, Kv‡jviv ‚l‡Yi GKwU

Drm|

mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ mv`v Kv‡jvi we‡f‡ì GBme MíMv_v, DcK_v¸‡jv cwðgv ms¯‹…wZi wkiv-Dcwkivq Qwo‡q c‡o|

hvi cÖwZdjb Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB Av‡gwiKvb ms¯‹…wZi gv‡S, †`L‡Z cvB Kg †ewk mKj cwðgv ms¯‹…wZi g‡a¨B|

Dwbk kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K weÖwUk mvgÖv‡R¨ AvBb K‡i `vmcÖ_v wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq Ges AvUjvw›UK mgz‡ Ö meiKg

`vm eëmv eÜ K‡i †Ìqv nq| Gi cieZ©x K‡qK `k‡K Av‡gwiKvi cÖvq mKj Dcgnv‡`‡kB `vm cÖ_v G‡K G‡K

wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv n‡Z _v‡K| j¶Yxq welq nj, GwUB wQj BwZnv‡m cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Ges GLb ch©šÍ GKgvÎ `vm

gvwjK‡ì wbR¯ D‡`¨v‡M `vmcÖ_v eÜ nevi NUbv| wKš‘ `vm‡ì‡K gz³ Kiv n‡jI `vmcÖ_v‡K mgv‡R hzw³m½Z

wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ mgv‡R †h Mí, DcK_v, gZvgZ Pvjz n‡qwQj †m¸‡jv GKiKg envj Zweq‡ZB wU‡K

_vKj| mgv‡R eY©‰elg¨g‚jK bvbv AvBb I mvgvwRK cÖ_vi gva¨‡g wfbœ e‡YiÖ gvbzl‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v K‡i ivLv

nj|

Avi GB wfbœ e‡YiÖ gvbzl‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v K‡i ivLvi d‡jB m‚Pbv nj êl‡gï AšÍnxb GK zóP‡µi| D`vniY

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msweav‡b `vmcÖ_v wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq| PZz ©k ms‡kvabx‡Z ejv nq, bvMwiKZ¡ Ges AvBbMZ †mev cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î

eY©‰elg¨‡K KLbI we‡ePbvq Avbv n‡e bv| wKš‘, ZZw`‡b zBk eQi a‡i P‡j Avmv `vmcÖ_vi Kvi‡Y †ewkifvM

Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbzliv n‡q c‡o‡Q mv`v‡ì †P‡q `wi Ö Ges mv`v‡ì †P‡q Kg wkw¶Z| †m Kvi‡Y 1865 mv‡j

Avjvevgvq Rb¥ †bIqv GKRb K…òv½ gvbz‡li wk¶vi mz‡hvM jvf ev fvj PvKix cvevi m¤¢vebv GKRb †k¦Zv½

gvbz‡li †P‡q A‡bKUvB Kg wQj| d‡j 1880 mvj I 1890 mv‡j Rb¥ †bIqv Zvi mšÍv‡biv †mB GKB mvgvwRK

êlg¨ wb‡qB Rxeb ïiæ K‡i‡Q| KviY, Zv‡ìI Rb¥ n‡q‡Q GKwU Awkw¶Z, `wi Ö cwiev‡i! cz‡iv e¨vcviUv A‡bKUv

`vwi‡ ªï zóP‡µi gZB|


wKš‘ †Kej A_©‰bwZK êlg¨B †h mv`v Avi Kv‡jv‡ì Avjv`v K‡i †i‡LwQj Ggb bq| Avjvevgvq ZLb mv`v

Pvgovi A‡bK Mixe †jvKI evm KiZ, Mixe nevi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì A‡bK ÁvwZfvB mv`v Pvgovi abx gvbzl‡ì mgvb

mz‡hvM-mzweav †_‡K Zviv ewÂZ wQj| A_©vr, Zv‡ì A_©‰bwZK Ae ’v wQj Kvj Pvgovi gvbzlR‡bi gZB| wKš‘, mv`v

Pvgovi gvbzl nevi Kvi‡Y Zviv Kv‡jv‡ì mv‡_ GK ai‡bi mvgvwRK ziZ¡ eRvq †i‡L PjZ| wkí wecø‡ei ci bvbv

†`‡ki, bvbv eY©-‡Mv‡Îi gvbzl Av‡gwiKvq emwZ ’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Av‡gwiKvb mgv‡R I A_©bxwZ‡Z

MwZkxjZvi m‚Pbv nq| †h †Kv‡bv eY© ev †Mv‡Îi †jvK, abx ev Mwie gvbzl A_©‰bwZK fv‡e m”Qj ev m¤ú`kvjx

nIqvi mz‡hvM jvf K‡i| wKš‘, Gm‡ei c‡iI mgv‡R wewfbœ e‡YiÖ gv‡S ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi e¨vcviwU †_‡KB hvq| hw`

†Kej A_©‰bwZK KviYB GB êl‡gï Rb¨ `vqx nZ, Zvn‡j Av‡gwiKvb mgv‡R wewfbœ e‡YiÖ gvbz‡li gv‡Si GB

we‡f` wU‡K _vKvi K_v bv| Avi †Kv‡bvfv‡e †nvK bv †nvK †KejgvÎ mv`v-Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbz‡li gv‡S we‡q-kvwì

gva¨‡gB GB we‡f` jzß n‡q hvevi K_v wQj|

wKš‘ ev Í‡e †mUv nqwb| 1865 mv‡ji gv‡SB, mv`viv †Zv e‡UB GgbwK Kv‡jv‡ì A‡b‡KB wb‡R †_‡KB GKiKg

¯xKvi K‡i †bb †h, Rb¥MZfv‡eB Kv‡jviv mv`v‡ì †_‡K GKUz Kg ezw×gvb, †ewk mwnsm, †hŠbZvi e¨vcv‡i

AwaKZi †¯”QvPvix, Ajm Ges e¨w³MZ cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZvi e¨vcv‡i Kg g‡bv‡hvMx| Gme Kvi‡Y Zviv b…ksmZv,

Pzwi, WvKvwZ, al©Y Ges †ivM-e¨vwai evnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GK K_vq, Zviv mgv‡Ri meiKg ‚l‡Yi Drm|

1895 mv‡j Avjvevgvi GKRb Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbzl h_vh_ wk¶v jvf K‡i e¨vs‡Ki GKwU m¤§vbRbK c‡` PvKwii

Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡j Zv‡K PvKwi cvevi Rb¨ GKRb mv`v Pvgovi PvKwicÖv_©xi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk cÖwZK‚jZvi

m¤§zLxb n‡Z nZ| Kv‡jviv Awek¦¯Í, Ajm, Kg ezw×gvb – Kv‡jv‡ì wb‡q mgv‡R cÖPwjZ GB mvaviY aviYv¸‡jvB

GBme cÖwZK‚jZv ˆZwi‡Z cÖfve‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb KiZ|

Avcwb GZ¶‡Y wbðqB GK_v fve‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Qb †h, mg‡qi AMÖMwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbzl‡ì wb‡q

cÖPwjZ GB aviYv¸‡jv †h fzj mevB †mUv GKw`b ezS‡Z cvi‡e| Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbzl¸‡jvI Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g

cÖgvY K‡i w`‡Z cvi‡e †h, ZvivI mv`v‡ì mgvb `¶, AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj Ges cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ| wKš‘, ev¯Í‡e

Gi D‡ëvUv N‡U‡Q| mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ mv`v Kv‡jvi Zdvr wb‡q GBme aviYv, GBme Kvwnbx AviI Mfxifv‡e

gvbz‡li gb¯Í‡Ë¡ RvqMv `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz me PvKwii me eo eo c` mv`v‡ì `L‡j, gvbzl fve‡Z ïiæ

K‡i‡Q Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbzl‡ì †hvM¨Zv Avm‡jB Kg| GKRb mv`v Pvgovi gvbz‡li Lze cÖPwjZ hzw³wU GiKg-

Ôev Íe zwbqvi w`‡K ZvKvb| Kv‡jviv K‡qK cÖRb¥ Av‡M gzw³ †c‡q‡Q `vmcÖ_v †_‡K, jvf K‡i‡Q ¯vaxbZv| wKš‘,

GZw`‡bI mgv‡R Kv‡jv Pvgovi cÖ‡dmi, AvBbRxex, Wv³vi, e¨vs‡Ki eo Kg©KZ©v cÖvq bvB ej‡jB P‡j| Kv‡jv

Pvgovi gvbzl¸‡jv †h Avm‡jB we`¨v ezw×‡Z Lv‡Uv Ges G‡Kev‡iB Ajm cÖK…wZi GUv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ GB mgqUv wK

h‡_ó bq?Õ w`‡bi ci w`b Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbzliv AvU‡K †M‡Q GB zóP‡µ| †h‡nZz mgvR Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbzl‡ì

Kg ezw×gvb, Ajm, AKg©Y¨ fv‡e, †mKvi‡Y mvaviYZ Zv‡ì eo eo PvKwi-evKwi‡Z mz‡hvM †`qv nq bv| Avevi,

mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvKv‡j †h‡nZz mevB †`‡L eo eo c‡` me mv`v Pvgovi gvbzl, Zv‡ì g‡b GB K_v

AviI ¯’vqx Avmb †M‡o e‡m †h, Kv‡jviv Avm‡jB AKg©Y¨, Ajm, ‚l‡Yi Drm!

GLv‡bB GB zóP‡µi †kl bq| mgv‡R Kv‡jv‡ì m¤ú‡K© †bwZevPK aviYvi cvnvo Rg‡Z Rg‡Z GKmgq Zv Rb¥

w`‡q‡Q eY©ev`x mvgvwRK AvB‡bi| GBme AvBb‡K hz³iv‡óÖi `w¶YvÂ‡j ÔwRg †µv AvBbÕ (Jim Crow Law)

e‡jI WvKv nq| GBme mvgvwRK AvBb I ixwZbxwZ M‡o I‡V eY©MZ weï×Zv eRvq ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨! Kv‡jv‡ì


wbe©vP‡b †fvU †`qv eviY, mv`v‡ì ¯‹z‡j cov eviY, mv`v‡ì †i÷z‡i‡›U LvIqv eviY, mv`v‡ì †nv‡U‡j ivwÎhvcb

eviY| GZme wewawb‡l‡ai †cQ‡b mv`v‡ì hzw³ GKUvB- Kv‡jviv †bvsiv, Ajm, zðwiÎ, †evKvi nÏ, AvuUKz‡o Ges

Awfkß| mzZivs, mv`v Pvgovi gvbzl‡ì‡K Kv‡jv‡ì †_‡K AvM‡j ivLv DwPZ, ‚‡i ivLv DwPZ| mv`viv Kv‡jv‡ì

mv‡_ GK †i‡ Ívivuq †L‡Z PvB‡Zv bv ev GK †nv‡U‡j ivwÎhvcb Ki‡Z PvBZ bv cv‡Q Kv‡jv‡ì †_‡K Zv‡ì gv‡S

†ivMevjvB Xz‡K c‡o| Amr m½ Ges mwnsmZvi f‡q mv`viv PvB‡Zv bv Zv‡ì †Kvb mšÍvb Kv‡jv‡ì ¯‹z‡j cov‡kvbv

KiæK| Kv‡jviv †h‡nZz AÁ Ges Zv‡ì gv‡S b¨vqbxwZi evjvB †bB, mv`viv PvB‡Zv bv Kv‡jviv wbe©vP‡b Ask wbK|

weÁvb Kv‡jv‡ì m¤ú‡K© GBme fxwZKi a¨vb-aviYvi wfZ †cv³ K‡iwQj Ges cÖgvY K‡iwQj Kv‡jviv A‡c¶vK…Z

Kg ezw×gvb| Zv‡ì †ivMe¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk Ges Zv‡ì gv‡S bvbviKg Aciv‡a wjß nIqvi NUbv

†ewk N‡U (GB M‡elYv¸‡jv GKUv welq Avg‡j Av‡bwb, †mUv nj M‡elYvq †`Lv‡bv msL¨v¸‡jv Kv‡jv‡ì cÖwZ

mv`v‡ì `xN©w`‡bi êlg¨g‚jK AvPi‡Yi cwiYwZ gvÎ)|

wek kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡qi g‡a¨ GKKv‡ji †hŠ_, Kb‡dWv‡iU ivóÖ¸‡jv‡Z eY©ev‡ì wfwË‡Z ˆZwi nIqv

êlg¨¸‡jv mvgvwRK I ivóÖxq AvB‡bi Ask n‡q co‡j Ae ’vi AviI AebwZ N‡U| 1958 mv‡j †K¬bb wKs

(Clennon King) bv‡gi GKRb Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbzl‡K wgwmwmwc wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZiÖ Av‡e`b Kivi Rb¨

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c‡¶ wgwmwmwc wek¦we`¨vj‡q cov‡kvbv Kivi K_v Kíbv KivB m¤¢e bv| mzZivs, Avmvgx Aek¨B gvbwmK weKviMÖ ’

Ges gvbwmK nvmcvZvjB Zvi Avmj wVKvbv nIqv DwPZ|

`zóPµt †hfv‡e GKwU ˆè HwZnvwmK NUbv GKwU i¶Ykxj mgvReë¯’vi Rb¥ w`j

GBmgq, `w¶‡Y emevmiZ Av‡gwiKvb‡ì Kv‡Q, GgbwK DËi Av‡gwiKvi A‡b‡Ki Kv‡QI Kv‡jv Pvgovi †Q‡j‡ì

mv‡_ mv`v Pvgovi †g‡qi we‡q ev †hŠb m¤úK© ¯’vcb wQj me‡P‡q Mwn©Z KvR| mv`v I Kv‡jv gvbzl‡ì gv‡S †h †Kvb

ai‡bi †hŠb m¤úK© ’vc‡bi welqwU wQj me‡P‡q wbwl× KvR, †h †KD GB KvR Ki‡j ev KviI gv‡S GiKg wKQz

Kivi m¤¢vebv †`Lv w`‡j Zv‡K Zvr¶wYKfv‡e Szwj‡q g…Z¨z`‡Ði gZ KwVb kvw¯Í †`qv nZ| mv`v‡ì GKwU †Mvcb

DMÖev`x msMVb Kz K¬v· K¬¨vb (Ku Klux Klan) GiKg A‡bK¸‡jv nZ¨vKvÐ Pvwj‡qwQj| G‡ì b…ksmZvi Kv‡Q

wn› z mgv‡Ri eY©cÖ_v j•N‡bi kvw Í ixwZg‡Zv bMY¨|


mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ GB eY©ev` ms¯‹…wZi bvbv Í‡i AviI †ewk K‡i Qwo‡q co‡Z _v‡K| mv`v‡ì †mŠ›`‡h©i Av`k©B

Av‡gwiKvb‡ì †Pv‡L Av`k© †mŠ›`‡hiÖ gvcKvwV n‡q I‡V| mv`v‡ì †`n êwkó¨ †hgb- mv`v Pvgov, †mvbvwj †mvRv

Pzj, GKUz Dc‡ii w`‡K evuKv‡bv bvK- G¸‡jv‡KB mz›ì wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡Z _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K Kv‡jv Pvgov,

†KvuKov Pzj, †fvuZv bv‡Ki gZ Kv‡jv‡ì mvaviY êwkó¨¸‡jv‡K KzrwmZ wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡Z _v‡K|

eY©‰elg¨‡K wfwË K‡i †mŠ›`‡hiÖ gZ GiKg me©Rbxb wel‡qi aviYv weKwkZ nIqvi d‡j wb‡Ri ARv‡šÍB eY©wfwËK

¯Íiweb¨vm Avgv‡ì †PZbvi AviI Mfx‡i wM‡q wkKo we Ívi K‡i|

mv`v-Kv‡jv Pvgovi êl‡gï gZ Íiweb¨v‡mi zóPµ¸‡jv Pj‡Z cv‡i kZvãxi ci kZvãx, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv zóP‡µi

cÖfve wU‡K _v‡K nvRvi nvRvi eQi| A_P Gm‡ei m‚Pbv nq mvaviYZ BwZnv‡m N‡U hvIqv AvKw¯§K †Kv‡bv NUbv,

†Kv‡bv we‡kl cwiw ’wZ ev Zvr¶wYK †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †_‡K| gvbz‡li mv‡_ gvbz‡li GB ai‡bi Ab¨vh¨ êlg¨ mg‡qi

mv‡_ mv‡_ AviI fqven iƒc aviY K‡i, Mfxifv‡e †Mu‡_ hvq GKwU mgv‡Ri ms¯‹…wZ‡Z| UvKvq UvKv Av‡b, `vwi ª¨

Av‡b AviI †ewk `wi ÖZv, wk¶v c_ †`Lvq AwaKZi DbœZ wk¶vi, Avi AÁZv †_‡K ev‡o AÁZv| GKBfv‡e,

†hme mgvR NUbvµ‡g gvbz‡li mv‡_ gvbz‡li êlg¨g‚jK AvPi‡Yi ms¯‹…wZi wkKvi nq, Zv‡ì AveviI GKB ev wfbœ

iKg êlg¨g‚jK Ae ’vi wkKvi nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| gRvi e¨vcvi nj, wVK GKB wbq‡g †hme mgvR GKevi

Ab¨‡ì †_‡K †ewk gh©v`vi ZKgv cvq, Zv‡ì m¤¢vebv _v‡K AveviI †mBiKg ZKgv ev gh©v`vc‚Y© Avmb cvevi!

‡ewkifvM mvgvwRK ev ivR‰bwZK Íiweb¨v‡mi g‚‡jB †Kvb hzw³m½Z wfwË ev †Kvb Awbevh© ˆRweK KviY KvR K‡i

bv| †m¸‡jvi wfwË AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB AvKw¯§K NUbv, AvKw¯§K cÖ‡qvRb Ges †mUv‡K hzw³m½Z ev cÖvK…wZK e‡j

AvL¨v †`qv †Kvb wg_ ev †jvKMv_v| †m Kvi‡YB BwZnvm Rvbv ìKvwi| hw` mv`v I Kv‡jvi wKsev eÖvþY I k‚‡ Öi

ga¨Kvi ¯Íiweb¨vm †KejB ˆRweK †Kvb e¨vcvi nZ, Zvn‡j RxeweÁvbB gvbe mgvR‡K †evSvi Rb¨ h‡_ó nZ|

†h‡nZz gvbz‡li mv‡_ gvbz‡li ˆRweK cv_©KÜzKz LzeB bMY¨, †m Kvi‡Y RxeweÁv‡bi GKvi c‡¶ fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki

eY©cÖ_v ev Av‡gwiKvi mv`v-Kv‡jvi ga¨Kvi ¯Íiweb¨vm e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e bq| Avgiv Gme †kÖYxweb¨vm ev êlg¨

Rvb‡Z cvwi IB mgqKvi NUbv Aa¨qb K‡i Ges ZrKvjxb mg‡qi ¶gZvi gvwjK‡ì cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© we‡ePbv

K‡i| GmeB mgv‡Ri Zz”QvwZZz”Q †Kvb NUbv, AvKw¯§K Ae ’v ev Kíbv‡KI w`‡Z cv‡i wekvjvKvi, wbg©g †Kvb

AvKvi-AvK…wZ| Avi AwcÖq mZÜv n‡jv GBiKg wbg©g AvKvi-AvK…wZi GKwU KvVv‡gv‡KB Avgiv ÔmvgvwRK KvVv‡gvÕ

e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i _vwK|

bvix I cziæl

G‡KKUv mgvR G‡KK iK‡gi KvíwbK ev ÍeZv ˆZwi ev MÖnY K‡i| †hgb, Mv‡qi is Av‡gwiKvb‡ì Kv‡Q hZUv

¸iæZ¡c‚Y© wQj, ga¨hz‡Mi gzmjgvb‡ì Kv‡Q †gv‡UB †ZgbUv wQj bv| eY©cÖ_v gza¨hz‡Mi fvi‡Z Rxeb-gi‡Yi GKUv

e¨vcvi wQj A_P AvazwbK BD‡iv‡c Gi Aw ÍZ¡B †bB| wKš‘ Ggb GKUv †kÖYxwefvM Av‡Q †hUv mKj mgv‡RB mgvb

fv‡e weivRgvb| †mUv nj wj½‰elg¨| mg Í RvqMvqB gvbzl wb‡R‡ì‡K cziæl Avi ¯¿xÕ‡Z wef³ K‡i †d‡j‡Q| Avi

Avðh©RbKfv‡e me †¶‡ÎB cziæ‡livB A‡c¶vK…Z †ekx mz‡hvM mzweav †c‡q G‡m‡Q| AšÍZ K…wlwecø‡ei ci †_‡K

†Zv e‡UB|


BwZnv‡mi GK`g cÖ_g w`KKvi Pxbv wjwç‡jv cvIqv hvq K”Q‡ci †Lv‡ji Ici †Lv`vB Kiv IivK‡j (oracle

bones), †h¸‡jv cÖvq 12k L…óc‚e©v‡ãi mgqKvi| GBme wjwc‡Z fwel¨‡Zi K_v †jLv _vK‡Zv| GiKg GKUv

†Lv‡j †jLv wQjt Ò‡jWx nvI‡qi mšÍvbfvM¨ †Kgb n‡e?Ó IB †Lv‡j GB DËiI †jLv wQjt Òhw` ev”PvwU R‡b¥ ÔwWs

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me A¯vfvweK n‡q hv‡e?

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bvix-cziæl Ges bvixZ¡-cziælZ¡

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¯¿x wj‡½i GKRb †mwc‡qÝ

= RxeweÁv‡bi †kÖYxwefvM

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mvs¯‹…wZK †kÖYxwefvM

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XX †µv‡gvR‡gi AwaKvix XX†µv‡gvR‡gi AwaKvix ‡fvUvwaKvi wQ‡jv bv ‡fvUvwaKvi Av‡Q

Rivqz we`¨gvb Rivqz we`¨gvb wePviK n‡Z cvi‡Zb bv wePviK n‡Z cv‡ib

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miKvwi Awd‡m PvKwi

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wKQzUv †U‡÷v‡Uib ni‡gvb

we`¨vgvb

wKQzUv †U‡÷v‡Uib ni‡gvb

we`¨vgvb

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cvi‡Zb bv

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cÖPzi B‡÷Öv‡Rb ni‡gvb

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g‚jZt wk¶vi AwaKvi

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cziæl‡Z¡i cix¶v w`‡q †h‡Z nq mvivRxeb| GK`g †`vjbv †_‡K Kei ch©šÍ Zv‡K GK AšÍnxb wµqvKjv‡ci ga¨

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hvq wb‡R‡K Avi Ab¨‡ì‡K GUv †evSv‡Z †h †m Avm‡jB GKRb bvix|

G e¨vcv‡i mvd‡jïI †Kvb wbðqZv †`qv hvq bv| we‡kl K‡i cziæ‡liv memgq Zv‡ì cziælZ¡ nviv‡bvi GKUv f‡qi

g‡a¨ emevm K‡i| cz‡iv BwZnvm Rz‡o Ggb A‡bK n‡q‡Q †h GKRb czswj‡½i AwaKvix †¯”Qvq A‡bK SzuwK wb‡q‡Q,

GgbwK Rxeb DrmM© ch©šÍ K‡i‡Q ïazgvÎ Ab¨‡ì Kv‡Q †kvbvi Rb¨ ÒH nj Avmj cziælÓ!

cziælZvwš¿KZvi KviY AbzmÜvb

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memgqB mzweavRbK wQj| cziælZvwš¿K mgvR GKUv †Q‡j‡K †QvU †_‡KB cziælvwj Kvq`v-Kvbzb †kLvZ Avi


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†g‡qjx e¨vcvi¸‡jv Kg `vwg GKRb Av`k© cziæl GKRb Av`k© bvixi †P‡qI mgv‡R †ewk ¸iæZ¡c‚Y©| ZvB bvix‡ì

¯v¯’ wKsev wk¶vq Lze Kg wewb‡qvM Kiv nq| d‡j Zv‡ì A_©‰bwZK mz‡hvM mzweav †Zgb †bB, ivR‰bwZK

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†`Šovq|

n¨vu, GUv mwZ¨ †h BwZnv‡m nv‡Z †Mvbv K‡qKRb bvix Lze cÖfvekvjx wKsev cÖavb wKQz c‡` AwawôZ n‡Z †c‡i‡Q|

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mKj wekc Avi AvP©wekc, ag©ZvwË¡K Avi cz‡ivwnZ, mKj Wv³vi Avi mvR©b, mKj K‡jR Avi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ-

wk¶K, kn‡ii †gqi Avi †kwid Ges †gvUvgzwU mKj †jLK, ’cwZ, Kwe, `vk©wbK, wPÎwkíx, m½xZwkíx Avi weÁvbx

Giv mevB wQj cziæl|

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mvgvwRK wecøe Avi A_©‰bwZK nvIqve`‡ji g‡a¨ wb‡Ri Ae ’vbUv cvKv‡cv³ †i‡L‡Q| D`vniY¯iƒc, wgki

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gv‡gjzK, ZzwK© Avi weÖwUkiv `Lj K‡i wQj wgki| ILvbKvi mgvR cz‡ivUv mgqRz‡oB †mB wcZ…Zvwš¿KB wQj| wgki

kvwmZ n‡q‡Q dvivI‡qi AvB‡b, wMÖK AvB‡b, †ivgvb AvB‡b, gzmwjg AvB‡b, A‡Uvgvb AvB‡b Avi weÖwUk AvB‡b|

Zviv mevB ÔAvmj cziælÕ‡ì‡KB †ewk cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Q|

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PµvKv‡i AvewZ©Z n‡”Q bv| GUv e‡j ivLv fvj †h, GgbwK 1492 mv‡ji Av‡MI Av‡gwiKv Avi Av‡dÖv-Gwkqvi

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ZLb| ZviciI Zviv mevB GKB mg‡q wcZ…Zvwš¿KB wQj| GLb Av‡d«v-Gwkqvi GB wcZ…Zvwš¿KZv hw` †Kvb GKUv

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cziæl I bvixi wbw ©ó msÁvq‡b mgv‡R mgv‡R fv‡jvB cv_©K¨ Av‡Q, wKš‘ ZvI †gvUvgzwU me mgvRB memgqB

cziælZ¡‡K bvix‡Z¡i Dc‡i ¯’vb w`‡q‡Q| GUv LzeB m¤¢e †h Gi †cQ‡b Avm‡j nq‡Zv †Kvb ˆRweK KviY Av‡Q|

Avgiv wVK wbwðZ K‡i Rvwbbv KviYUv wK| bvbvb iKg gZev` cvIqv hvq G e¨vcv‡i, wKš‘ †KvbUvB wVK MÖnY‡hvM¨

bv|

‡cwk kw³i cÖfve


bvix cziæ‡li g‡a¨ cziæ‡li cÖvav‡bï Rb¨ me‡P‡q RbwcÖq wKsev cÖPwjZ ZË¡wU nj- cziæl bvixi †P‡q †ekx

kw³kvjx, Avi Zviv Zv‡ì GB kvixwiK kw³i e‡jB bvix‡K Zv‡ì Aaxb n‡Z eva¨ K‡i‡Q| GB Z‡Ë¡i Av‡iKUz

†KŠkjx e¨vL¨v nj, Rwg Pvl Kiv ev dmj KvUvi gZ †ewk Kómva¨ KvR¸‡jv cziæliv Zv‡ì kvixwiK kw³i Kvi‡Y

wb‡Riv GK‡PwUqvfv‡e KiZ| Gi djkÖzwZ‡Z Lvevi Drcv`‡b Zv‡ì mivmwi wbqš¿Y P‡j Av‡m| GB wbqš¿YB

cieZ©x‡Z ivR‰bwZK nvwZqvi n‡q `vuovq|

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me KvR †_‡KB ‚‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv‡Z Avm‡j Lze KgB kvixwiK kÖ‡gi ìKvi nq (‡hgb cz‡ivwn‡Zi KvR,

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†¶‡Î bvix‡ì Dcw ’wZ eis †ek ¯vfvweKB| ZvB, hw` mvgvwRK Avwac‡Zï mv‡_ kvixwiK kw³i mivmwi †Kvb

m¤úK© _vK‡Zv, Zvn‡j bvix‡ì GLbKvi †P‡q A‡bK fvj Ae ’vq _vKvi K_v wQj|

Gi †P‡qI †ewk ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© e¨vcvi nj, gvbz‡li †¶‡Î Avm‡j kvixwiK kw³i mv‡_ mvgvwRK Avwac‡Zï mivmwi †Kvb

m¤úK© †bB| 60 eQi eq‡mi e…× wKš‘ wVKB 20 eQ‡ii hze‡Ki Dci Qwo †Nvivq| A_P H hzeK kvixwiK kw³i w`K

†_‡K e…‡×i †P‡q †Xi GwM‡q| Dwbk kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgqKvi A¨vjvevgvi GKRb mvaviY Avev`x Rwgi gvwjK‡K

wKš‘ Zvi Zzjvi †¶‡Zi kÖwgK‡ì †h †KD GK wbwg‡l †g‡i gvwU‡Z wc‡l †dj‡Z cvi‡Zv| ew·s g¨vP¸‡jv wKš‘

wgk‡ii dvivI wKsev K¨v_wjK †cvc‡ì g‡a¨ nZ bv| GgbwK †mB cÖvPxb wkKvwi msMÖvnK Rxe‡bI ivR‰bwZK

AvwacZÜv wKš‘ †ckxeûj kixi bv eis mvgvwRKZvi `¶Zvi DciB wbfiÖ Ki‡Zv| Lze cwiKwíZ mš¿v‡mi †¶‡ÎI

g‚j †nvZv wKš‘ †m bv hvi Mv‡q †Rvi †ekx| mvaviYZ †m nq GKRb ez‡ov †jvK †h mvaviYZ wb‡Ri nvZ †bvsiv bv

K‡i `‡ji ZiæY m`m¨‡ì w`‡q Gme KvR Kwi‡q †bq| †KD hw` g‡b K‡i †h GKUv wmwÛ‡KU `L‡j †bqvi fvj

Dcvq nj mivmwi Wb‡K †g‡i †djv, Zvn‡j wb‡Ri †evKvwgUv †evSvi Av‡MB †m wb‡RI gviv co‡e| GgbwK

wk¤úvwÄ‡ì g‡aÏ, Avjdv †gj Zvi c`weUv cvq †Mvôxi Ab¨vb¨ bvix cziæl m`m¨‡ì mv‡_ mnR mg‡SvZvi

m¤ú‡KiÖ Kvi‡Y, w`Mwew`KÁvbnxb wnsmÖZvi Rb¨ bq|

mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, gvbz‡li BwZnvm †_‡K GUv ¯úóB †`Lv hvq †h, kvixwiK †kŠh©ex‡h©i mv‡_ mvgvwRK `¶Zvi GKUv

wecixZ m¤úK© Av‡Q| †ewkifvM mgv‡RB mvaviYZ wbPz †kÖYxi gvbz‡livB mivmwi kvixwiK cwikÖ‡gi KvR¸‡jv K‡i|

GLvb †_‡K Lv`¨k…•L‡j †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi Ae ’v‡bi GKUv aviYvI Kiv hvq| hw` ïaz mivmwi kvixwiK cwikÖgB

Avg‡j †bqv nq, Zvn‡j Lv`¨k…•L‡j †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi Ae ’vb n‡Zv †gvUvgzwU gvSvgvwS| wKš‘ Avm‡j Zv‡ì

gvbwmK Avi mvgvwRK `¶ZvB Zv‡ì Lv`¨k…•L‡ji GK`g Dc‡ii Ae ’vbUv‡Z †cŠuQv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| mzZivs GUv

LzeB ¯vfvweK †h, cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ¶gZvi AvwacZÜv Zv‡ì gvbwmK Avi mvgvwRK `¶Zvi DciB wbf©i K‡i,

†bnv‡qZ kvixwiK kw³i Dci bq| ZvB gvbe BwZnv‡mi me‡P‡q w ’wZkxj mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨vmUv †bnv‡qZB bvixi

†P‡q cziæ‡li AwaKZi kvixwiK kw³i Kvi‡YB m¤¢e n‡q‡Q- G K_vUv †g‡b †bIqvUv mwZ¨B Lze KwVb|


mgv‡Ri Av¯ÍvKzuo

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cziæl‡K bvixi Zzjbvq A‡bK A‡bK †ewk wnsmÖ K‡i M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| bvix nq‡Zv N…Yv, †jvf wKsev KU‚w³i w`K w`‡q

cziæ‡li mv‡_ cvjv w`‡Z cvi‡e| wKš‘ hLwb cÖkœUv DV‡e av°v w`‡q Ab¨‡K mwi‡q †`qvi, ZLb Avi Zviv cvËv

cv‡e bv| cziæl memgqB mivmwi kvixwiK Avµg‡Yi e¨vcv‡i GKavc GwM‡q| GB Kvi‡YB BwZnvmRz‡o mg Í hz×

we‡klfv‡e cziæ‡liB AwaKv‡i|

hz‡×i mg‡q, hz×v‡ ¿i Dci cziæ‡li wbqš¿Y Zv‡ì‡K mgv‡RI cÖfzi Avm‡b emvq| Zvici Zviv mgv‡Ri Dci

Zv‡ì GB wbqš¿Y eënvi K‡i †ewk †ewk hz× K‡i| hZ †ewk hz× nq mgv‡Ri Dci Zv‡ì wbqš¿YI ZZ ev‡o| GB

PµvKvi m¤úK© †_‡KB Avm‡j Nb Nb hz× Avi cziæ‡li Avwac‡Zï e¨vcviUv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|

cziæl I bvixi ni‡gvb Avi wPšÍv cÖwµqv wb‡q mv¤cÖwZK M‡elYvI cziæ‡li AwaKZi wnsmÖZvi `vwe‡KB AviI

†Rviv‡jv K‡i Avi Zv‡ìB Av`k© hz×‰mwb‡Ki †LZve †`q| GLb, hw` ev GUv †g‡bI wbB †h, me ˆmwb‡Ki cziæl

nIqvB fvj, ZviciI cÖkœ †_‡K hvq- hviv c ©vi Avov‡j †_‡K hz×Uv wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q Avi hz‡×i mzweav †fvM Ki‡Q

Zv‡ìI cziæl nIqvUv wK Riæwi? mnR DËi- bv, Riæwi bq| hw` ZvB n‡Zv Zvn‡j †Zv †hme K…òv½ kÖwgKiv Zzjvi

†¶‡Z KvR Ki‡Q Zv‡ìB Kv‡iv †mB ZzjvevMv‡bi gvwjK nIqvUvI Riæwi| hw` me K…òv½ kÖwgK‡ì wbqš¿Y Kivi

Rb¨ †k¦Zv½‡ì kvmb ìKvi nq, Zvn‡j †mB Kvi‡YB ïazgvÎ GK`j cziæ‡li mgš^‡q ˆZwi GKUv †mbvevwnbx

cwiPvjbvi RbÏ bvix‡ì w`‡q MwVZ GKUv miKvi eë ’vB fvj nIqvi K_v| GgbwK AvswkKfv‡e bvix‡ì w`‡q

MwVZ n‡jI fvj| mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, BwZnvmRz‡o †ewkifvM mgv‡RB eo eo Awdmviiv Avm‡j mivmwiB Zv‡ì

Awdmvi c`weUv †c‡q hvq| wbPz c` †_‡K Zv‡ì msMÖvg K‡i Dc‡i DV‡Z nq bv| AwfRvZiv, cqmvIqvjv Avi

D”Pwkw¶Ziv †Zgb †Kvb Kó QvovB †c‡q hvq Zv‡ì Awdmvi cèx|

‡b‡cvwjqv‡bi wPikÎz, wWDK Ae I‡qwjsUb hLb AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m weÖwUk Avwg©‡Z †hvM`vb Ki‡jb, mv‡_ mv‡_B

Zv‡K Awdmvi c`we‡Z wbhz³ Kiv nj| wZwb Zvi wb‡Pi ¯Í‡ii ˆmb¨‡ì wb‡q Lze GKUv gv_v Nvgvb wb dÖv‡Ýi mv‡_

hz‡×i mgq GK AwfRvZ mnKg©x‡K wPwV‡Z wZwb wj‡LwQ‡jb- ÒAvgv‡ì ˆmwbK¸‡jv me zwbqvi AveR©bvÓ| G

ˆmwbK¸‡jv‡K mvaviYZ mgv‡Ri GK`g wbPz `wi`Ö †kÖYx wKsev RvwZMZ msL¨vjNz (‡hgb, AvBwik K¨v_wjKiv)

†_‡KB wbe©vPb Kiv nZ| †mbvevwnbxi DuPz c`¸‡jv‡Z Zv‡ì ’vb cvIqv cÖvq Am¤¢e wQj| KviY, DuPz c`¸‡jv

Avjv`v K‡i ivLv _vKZ wWDK, ivRczÎ Avi ivRv‡ì Rb¨| wKš‘ †Kb ïaz ivRcz‡Îi Rb¨, ivRKb¨vi Rb¨ bq †Kb?

AvwdÖKvq †h divwm mvgÖvR¨ M‡o D‡VwQj †mUv g‚jZ †m‡bMvwjR, Avj‡Rwiqvb Avi kÖwgK †kÖYxi divwm‡ì Nvg Avi

i³ w`‡qB Mov| AmsL¨ mvaviY c`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ m”Qj N‡i Rb¥v‡bv divwm‡ì msL¨v wQj bMY¨| wKš‘ Aí wKQz DuPz

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Z_¨m‚Î

1 Sheldon Pollock, ÔAxialism and EmpireÕ, in Axial Civilizations and World Historz, ed. Johann P.

Arnason, S. N. Eisenstadt and Björn Wittrock (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 397–451.

2 Harold M. Tanner, China: A Historz (Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co., 2009), 34.

3 Ramesh Chandra, Identitz and Genesis of Caste Szstem in India (Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2005);

Michael Bamshad et al., ÔGenetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste PopulationÕ, Genome

Research 11 (2001): 904–1,004; Susan Bazlz, Caste, Societz and Politics in India from the Eighteenth

Centurz to the Modern Age (Cambridge: Cambridge Universitz Press, 1999).

4 Houston, First Writing, 196.

5 The secretarz general, United Nations, Report of the Secretarz General on the In-depth Studz on All

Forms of Violence Against Women, delivered to the General Assemblz, UN Doc. A/16/122/Add.1 (6 Julz

2006), 89.

6 Sue Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Universitz Press, 1995). 113–

2.9.131–3.


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n‡e| GLb evRv‡i hw` GKk iK‡gi cY¨ _v‡K Zvn‡j mevB‡K †gvU 4 nvRvi 950 iK‡gi wewbg‡qi wnmve gv_vq

wb‡q Nzi‡Z n‡e| Avi GK nvRviUv cY¨ _vK‡j msL¨vUv `vuov‡e 4 j¶ 99 nvRvi 500!5 Gfv‡e wK P‡j?

GLv‡bB †kl bq| aiæb GK‡Rvov Rz‡Zvi e`‡j KZ¸‡jv Av‡cj †Ìqv hvq †mUvI †Kv‡bv GKfv‡e wVK Kiv

†M‡jv| Zvn‡jI wK †jb‡`b m¤¢e? wewbgq n‡Z n‡e zc‡¶i m¤§wZ‡Z| gzwP hw` e‡j Zvi Av‡c‡ji †Kv‡bv ìKvi

†bB, AvcvZZ †m Zvi ¿x‡K ZvjvK †Ìqvi c_ LzuR‡Q, Zvn‡j? Avcwb nq‡Zv fve‡jb, G Avi Ggb Kx, Av‡cj

wb‡Z Pvq Ggb GKRb DwKj‡K Lzu‡R †ei Ki‡Z cvi‡jB †Zv †ek GKUv wÎc¶xq wewbgq K‡i †djv hvq| wKš‘

DwKj hw` Avevi e‡j Av‡cj PvB bv, Pzj QvuUv‡Z PvB – ZLb?

GB mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z wKQz wKQz mgv‡R GKUv †K› Öxq wewbgq eë¯’v ˆZwi n‡jv| GB eë ’vq †h hv wKQz

Drcv`b K‡i Zv msMÖn Kiv n‡jv, Zvici †m¸‡jv mevi gv‡S cÖ‡qvRb Abzhvqx wewjeÈb K‡i †Ìqv n‡jv| GB

eë¯’vi me‡P‡q eo Ges e¨_© D`vniY wQ‡jv †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb| ILv‡b ÒmevB mva¨g‡Zv KvR Ki‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRb

Abzhvqx m¤ú` MÖnY Ki‡eÓ – GB bxwZUv ev Í‡e cv‡ë wM‡q n‡q †M‡jv ÒmevB h_vm¤¢e Kg KvR Ki‡e Ges hZ †ewk

m¤¢e m¤ú` Av`vq Ki‡eÓ| K‡qK RvqMvq GB D‡`¨vM wKQzUv mdj n‡qwQj, Zvi g‡a¨ GKUv n‡jv BbKv mvg ÖvR¨|

Z‡e Nz‡i wd‡i me mgvRB GKUv mgvav‡b w_Zz n‡q‡Q – †mUv n‡jv UvKv|


Kwo Avi wewo

UvKv wRwbmUv bvbv RvqMvq bvbvfv‡e Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q| UvKv Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ †Kv‡bv cÖhzw³MZ DrK‡liÖ ìKvi nqwb,

GUv wQ‡jv m¤ú‚Y© gvbwmK wecøe| lô Aa¨v‡q Avgiv gvbz‡li †hme mvgwóK KíbvwbfiÖ aviYv¸‡jvi K_v e‡jwQjvg,

Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv UvKv|

UvKv gv‡b avZe cqmv ev KvM‡Ri †bvU bq, UvKv n‡jv Ggb wKQz hv w`‡q †h‡Kv‡bv wKQzi GKUv mzwbw ©ó Zzjbvg‚jK

g‚j¨ wba©viY Kiv hvq| UvKvq g‚j¨ wba©viY Ki‡j Lze mn‡R wewfbœ wRwb‡mi wewbgq g‚j¨ †ei Kiv hvq| KZ¸‡jv

Av‡cj w`‡q GK‡Rvov Rz‡Zv cvIqv hv‡e †mUv Lze mn‡R †evSv hv‡e hw` Avgiv z‡Uv wRwb‡mi `vgB UvKvq wnmve

Kwi| UvKvi Kvi‡Y GB wewbgqUvI Lze mnR n‡q hvq, m¤ú` mÂq Ki‡ZI mzweav nq| UvKv A‡bK iK‡gi nq, Zvi

g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cwiwPZ iƒc n‡jv avZe cqmv| Z‡e cqmv ˆZwii eû Av‡MB gz Öv eë¯’v Pvjz nq| gz Öv wn‡m‡e A‡bK

wKQzB eëüZ n‡q‡Q – Kwo, M…ncvwjZ cï, Pvgov, jeY, Lv`¨km¨, Kvco wKsev cÖwZÁvcÎ (wbw ©ó cwigvY UvKv

cwi‡kva Kivi A½xKvi Kiv KvMR- A‡bKUv GLbKvi †P‡Ki g‡Zv)| 4 nvRvi eQi Av‡M AvwdÖKv, `w¶Y I c‚e©

Gwkqv Avi I‡kwbqv‡Z Kwoi gz Öv Pvjz wQ‡jv| weÖwUk kvwmZ DMvÛv‡Z MZ kZvãx‡ZI Kwo w`‡q Ki cwi‡kva K‡i‡Q

gvbzl|

AvR‡Ki w`‡bi †RjLvbv Avi e›`xwkwei¸‡jv‡Z gz Öv wn‡m‡e wmMv‡iU †ek P‡j| GgbwK Aa‚gcvqx e›`xivI GB

gz Övq †ePv‡Kbv K‡i| me ai‡bi Öe¨ I †mevi `vg wnmve Kiv nq wmMv‡iU w`‡q| AvDkwfrm (Auschwitz)

e›`xwkwei †_‡K †div GK hz×e›`xi gz‡LB †kvbv hvq, ÒAvgiv mevB wmMv‡iU‡K gz Öv wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡iwQjvg|

mewKQzi `vg wnmve KiZvg wmMv‡i‡U| … Ô¯^vfvweKÕ mg‡q, gv‡b hLb M¨vm †P¤v‡ii Rb¨ wbqwgZ bZzb K‡qwìv

AvmZ, ZLb ev‡ivUv wmMv‡iU w`‡q GKUv cvDiæwU cvIqv †hZ| wÎkUv wmMv‡iU w`‡q cvIqv †hZ GKUv wZbk MÖv‡gi

gvL‡bi c¨v‡KU, Avwk †_‡K zBk wmMv‡i‡U GKUv nvZNwo| GK wjUvi A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji `vg wQ‡jv cz‡iv PvikUv

wmMv‡iU!Ó6

mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, AvR‡Ki w`‡bI Qvcv‡bv †bvU Avi cqmvI UvKvi avibvi GKUv †QvÆ D`vniY ê Avi wKQz bq!

2006 mv‡j mviv c…w_exi me gvbz‡li †gvU A_©m¤ú‡ì cwigvY wQ‡jv 60 j¶ †KvwU Wjvi, wKš‘ c…w_exi me

KvM‡Ri †bvU Avi cqmv Ro Ki‡j Zvi †gvU g‚j¨gvb n‡Zv 6 j¶ †KvwU Wjv‡iiI Kg|7 A_©vr †gvU m¤ú‡ì 90

kZvs‡kiI †ewk n‡jv †mÖd e¨vs‡Ki LvZvq ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii wW‡¯‹ †jLv wKQz msL¨v| AvR‡Ki w`‡b †ewkifvM

eëmvwqK †jb‡`b n‡”Q B‡j±ÖwbK gva¨‡g| nv‡Z bM` UvKv †jb‡`b bv K‡i †mUv Kiv n‡”Q †P‡Ki gva¨‡g A_ev

GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K wKQz Z_¨ Ab¨ GK Kw¤úDUv‡i cvwV‡q| GK †divix Avmvgx Qvov Avi †KD wK AvR‡Ki w`‡b

GKUv evwo wKb‡Z e ÍvfwZ© UvKv wb‡q hv‡e? †bvU Avi cqmvi †P‡q UvKvi cwigvYUv B‡j±ÖwbK gva¨‡g GKUv Z_¨

wn‡m‡e enb Kiv A‡bK mnR, wnmve ivLvI mnR|

RwUj evwYwR¨K cwi‡e‡k GKUv gz Öveë¯’v _vKv Acwinvh©| GB gz Öveë¯’v _vKvi Kvi‡YB GKRb gzwPi ïaz wewfbœ

iKg R z‡Zvi `vg Rvb‡jB P‡j, GK‡Rvov Rz‡Zv KqUv Av‡c‡ji mgvb †mUv wb‡q Zv‡K gv_v Nvgv‡Z nq bv| Avevi

GB gz Öveë¯’vi Rb¨B GKRb Av‡cjPvlx‡K Rz‡Zvi Rb¨ Av‡cj-f³ gzwP Lzu‡R †eov‡Z nq bv| UvKvi me‡P‡q


†gŠwjK êwkó¨ m¤¢eZ GUvB †h, UvKv me©RbMÖvn¨| GKRb gvbz‡li Kv‡Q UvKv MÖnY‡hvM¨ KviY mgv‡Ri evwK mevi

Kv‡QI †mUv MÖnY‡hvM¨| UvKvi wewbg‡q mevB Zvi Drcvw`Z cY¨ ev †mev wewµ Ki‡Z ivwR, KviY UvKv w`‡q wb‡Ri

cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmUvI wK‡b †djv hvq|

UvKv n‡jv Ggb GK me©Rbxb gva¨g, hv e¨venvi K‡i †h‡Kv‡bv wKQz‡K Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq| GB

UvKvi gva¨‡gB †cwkkw³ Áv‡b cwiYZ nq hLb GKRb ˆmwbK QzwU wb‡q Zvi ˆmwbKRxe‡bi Rgv‡bv UvKv LiP K‡i

wek¦we`¨vj‡q co‡Z hvq| GKRb Rwg`vi hLb Zvui Rwg wewµ Kiv UvKvq Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb †`b, Avm‡j wZwb ZLb

Rwgi wewbg‡q AR©b K‡ib AvbzMZ¨| UvKvi gva¨‡gB ¯v¯’ ‡mev cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i AvBbMZ mvnv‡h¨ hLb GKRb

wPwKrmK Zvui cvwikÖwgK †_‡K DwK‡ji cvwikÖwgK †`b| GgbwK †hŠbZvi g‡Zv e¨vcvi‡KI ciKv‡ji cvcgzw³i

Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i GB UvKv cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z wKQz bvix cwZZve…wËi gva¨‡g AwR©Z UvKv LiP Ki‡Zb K¨v_wjK

wMR©v †_‡K cvcgzw³i mb` wKb‡Z|

UvKv ïaz GK wRwbm‡K Ab¨ wRwb‡m iƒcvšÍiB K‡i bv, UvKvi Av‡iKUv ¸Y n‡jv †mUv m¤ú` msi¶‡Yi RbÏ Lze

Dc‡hvMx| A‡bK g‚jëvb wRwbm Av‡Q hv a‡iB ivLv hvq bv, †hgb mgq ev †mŠ›`h©| Avevi A‡bK m¤ú` a‡i ivLv

hvq Aí mg‡qi Rb¨, †hgb ÷Ö‡ewi| wKQz m¤ú` Av‡Q hv †i‡L †Ìqv hvq, wKš‘ Zv‡Z RvqMv Avi hZœ zBB ìKvi,

†hgb Lv`¨km¨| Lv`¨km¨ eQ‡ii ci eQi ivLv hvq, wKš‘ †mRb¨ weivU †Mvjv evbv‡Z n‡e, km¨ ïK‡bv ivL‡Z n‡e,

†Pvi Avi Bu z‡ii nvZ †_‡K evuPv‡Z n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K UvKv, †mUv KvMR †nvK, Kwo †nvK ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii wW‡¯‹i

†Kv‡bv msL¨vB †nvK, GBme mgm¨v †_‡K gz³| Kwo c‡P hvq bv, Bu z‡i Lvq bv, Av¸‡bI †cv‡o bv, Avevi ivL‡Z

†ewk RvqMvI jv‡M bv|

m¤ú`‡K cwic‚Y©fv‡e eënvi Ki‡Z n‡j, m¤ú` ïaz GK RvqMvq †i‡L w`‡j P‡j bv, gv‡S gv‡S GK RvqMv †_‡K

Ab¨ RvqMvq wb‡q hvIqviI cÖ‡qvRb nq| ’vei m¤ú`, †hgb Nievwo, wb‡q hvIqv Am¤¢e| Lv`¨km¨ wb‡q hvIqv

m¤¢e, wKš‘ Kómva¨| Kíbv Kiæb UvKvi cÖPj‡bi Av‡Mi †mB cÖvPxb c…w_exi K_v| †mLv‡b GKRb abx K…l‡Ki Av‡Q

wekvj evwo Avi gvVfiv avb| †m hw` ‚‡i †Kv_vI P‡j †h‡Z Pvq, Zvi GZ m¤ú‡ì Kx n‡e? evwo Avi gv‡Vi avb

†Kv‡bvUvB mv‡_ †bIqvi g‡Zv bq| G¸‡jvi wewbg‡q †m cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Pvj ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv km¨ †RvMvo Ki‡Z cv‡i,

wKš‘ †mUv wb‡q hvIqvI wK GZ mnR? UvKv _vK‡j GUv †Kv‡bv mgm¨vB bq| †m †mvRv Zvi evwo Avi Rwg wewµ K‡i

†`‡e, Zvici GK_‡j Kwo mv‡_ wb‡q P‡j hv‡e †hLv‡b B”Qv|

UvKvi Zvi‡jï Kvi‡Y Zv‡K †h‡Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z cwiYZ Kiv hvq, Rwg‡q ivLv hvq, Avevi GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨

RvqMvq wb‡qI hvIqv hvq| GB ¸‡Yi Kvi‡YB eZ©gvb MwZgq A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi cÖwZôvi wcQ‡b UvKvi ¸iæZ¡

Acwimxg| UvKv Qvov Ggb wekvj, RwUj I MwZkxj A_©bxwZi K_v KíbvI Kiv †hZ bv|

UvKv Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i?

Kwo †_‡K Wjvi, †h iƒ‡cB _vKzK, UvKv g‚jëvb KviY Gi g‚j¨ Av‡Q Avgv‡ì mw¤§wjZ Kíbvq| GB g‚j¨ Kwoi

ivmvqwbK ¸Yv¸Y ev KvM‡Ri iO ev AvKvi-AvK…wZi Rb¨ bq| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j UvKv Avm‡j †Kv‡bv e¯Íz bq,

GKUv gvbwmK aviYvgvÎ| Zvi gv‡b Avgiv hLb wKQz wewµ K‡i UvKv wbB, ZLb UvKv ev¯Íe e Íz‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i


GKUv KvíwbK e Íz‡Z| ZvB cÖkœ Av‡m, GB aviYvUv KvR K‡i †Kb? †Kb GKRb K…lK gvVfiv av‡bi e`‡j KZ¸‡jv

Kwo MÖnY KiZ? †Kb AvR‡Ki w`‡b K‡qKUv isP‡O KvM‡Ri Rb¨ B”Qvq ev Awb”Qvq bvbv iKg KvR K‡i gvbzl?

gvbzl Gme KvR K‡i Zv‡ì mw¤§wjZ Kíbvi Dci wek¦vm †i‡L| c…w_ex‡Z hZ iKg gz Öveë¯’v Pvjz Av‡Q, Zv‡ì

cÖ‡Z¨KUvi g‚j wfwË n‡jv GB wek¦vm| GKRb K…lK hLb wKQz Kwoi wewbg‡q Zvi me m¤úwË †e‡P w`‡q ‚i‡`‡k

cvwo Rgvq, †m ZLb wek¦vm K‡i †h †m †hLv‡b hv‡”Q †mLvbKvi gvbzlI GB Kwoi wewbg‡q Zv‡K Lvevi I AvkÖq

†`‡e| UvKv‡K gvbz‡li cvi¯úwiK wek¦v‡mi DcKiY ej‡j Kg ejv nq, Avm‡j UvKv n‡jv mviv c…w_exi gvbz‡li

me©Rbxb I me©e…nr mgwšZ wek¦v‡mi Avavi|

GB wek¦vmUv GKw`‡b ˆZwi nqwb, GUv A‡bKw`‡bi ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK cÖwµqvi dj| Avwg †Kb Kwo,

¯Y©gz`Öv ev KvM‡Ri †bv‡U wek¦vm Kie? Avwg wek¦vm Kie KviY Avgvi Av‡kcv‡ki me gvbzl G‡Z wek¦vm K‡i|

Avevi Avgvi Avkcv‡ki gvbzl wek¦vm K‡i KviY Avwg G‡Z wek¦vm Kwi| Avgiv mevB wek¦vm Kwi KviY †`‡ki

ivRvI G‡Z wek¦vm K‡ib, LvRbv Av`vq K‡ib Gi gva¨‡gB| Avgv‡ì cz‡ivwnZivI G‡Z wek¦vm †i‡LB mKj LvRbv

MÖnY K‡ib| GKUv Wjv‡ii †bv‡Ui GKcv‡k _v‡K hz³iv‡óÖi †Kvlva¨‡¶i ¯v¶i, Ab¨cv‡k †jLv ÔCk¦‡i Avgv‡ì

wek¦vmÕ (In God We Trust)| GB wek¦vmB Avgv‡ì ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I Av`wk©K KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ gz Öveë¯’v‡K

Av‡ôc…‡ô Rwo‡q †d‡j‡Q| G m¤úK© GZB Mfxi †h ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZvq A_©‰bwZK m¼U †`Lv †`q,

eëmvqx‡ì †gRvR-gwRiÖ Dci wbfiÖ K‡i †kqvi evRvi I‡V Avi bv‡g|

ïiæ‡Z hLb ÔUvKvÕ wRwbmUvi cÖPjb nq, ZLb GB wek¦v‡mi e¨vcviUv wQ‡jv bv| ZvB ZLb gz Öv wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡Zv

Ggb wKQz hvi GKUv mwZ¨Kv‡ii g‚j¨ Av‡Q| gvbz‡li Rvbvg‡Z cÖ_g A_© wQ‡jv mz‡gixq GjvKvq eëüZ evwj©-UvKv|

gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv UvKv wn‡m‡e evwjiÖ cÖPjb n‡qwQ‡jv 3000 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi w`‡K, wVK hLb gvbzl †mB GKB

RvqMvq wjLb-c×wZ Avwe®‹vi K‡i| GB z‡Uv NUbv mgmvgwqK nIqvi KviY n‡jv, gvbzl wjL‡Z ïiæ K‡i g‚jZ

Zv‡ì cÖkvmwbK KvRK‡giÖ mzweav‡_©| Avi cÖkvmwbK ZrciZv †e‡o hvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbz‡li A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐI

†e‡o hvq| †mB ewa©Z A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi Pvwn`v c‚iY Ki‡ZB UvKvi D™¢e|

evwj©-UvKv Avm‡j evwj©B, GKUv wbw ©ó cwigvY evwj©‡K ZLb †Kv‡bv wRwb‡mi g‚j¨ cwigvc I wewbg‡qi Rb¨ GKK

wn‡m‡e aiv n‡Zv| me‡P‡q †ewk cÖPwjZ cwigvYUvi bvg wQ‡jv ÔwmjvÕ (sila), †mUv cÖvq GK wjUv‡ii mgvb| evwj©

cwigv‡ci Rb¨ GK wmjv cÖgvY AvqZ‡bi cvÎI ZLb cÖPzi cwigv‡Y ˆZwi Kiv n‡Zv, ZvB evwj© w`‡q †jb‡`b KivUv

†ek mnR n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jv| †m mgq Kg©x‡ì †eZbI †Ìqv n‡Zv evwj©‡Z| GKRb cziæl kÖwgK Zvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨

†cZ gv‡m lvU wmjv evwj©, bvix kÖwgK †cZ Zvi A‡a©K| kÖwgK‡ì m ©vi †cZ gv‡m 1200 †_‡K 5000 wmjv|

me‡P‡q eo Lv`‡Ki c‡¶I GK gv‡m 5000 wmjv evwj© LvIqv m¤¢e bq, Z‡e AwZwi³ evwj© w`‡q Ab¨ me ìKvwi

wRwbm †Kbv †hZ|8

evwjiÖ wb‡Ri GKUv g‚j¨ _vK‡jI GKUv cY¨‡K gz Öv wn‡m‡e eënv‡i Af¨¯Í n‡Z gvbzl‡K †ek †eM †c‡Z n‡qwQ‡jv|

nIqviB K_v| AvR hw` Avcwb GK e Ív evwj© wb‡q †Kv‡bv dv÷ dz‡Wi †`vKv‡b wM‡q †mUvi wewbg‡q GKUv wcRv

AW©vi †`b, †`vKv‡bi †jvKRb m¤¢eZ czwj‡k Lei †`‡e| Z‡e ÔUvKvÕ wRwbmUvi Dci mevB‡K †h wek¦vm ’vcb

Ki‡Z nq, evwjiÖ †¶‡Î †mUv †ek mn‡RB n‡qwQ‡jv| KviY e Íz wn‡m‡e evwjiÖ †Zv Avm‡jB GKUv mnRvZ g‚j¨

Av‡Q, wL‡` †c‡j †mUv LvIqv hvq| wKš‘ evwj© Rwg‡q ivLv ev wb‡q Nz‡i †eov‡bvUv ZZ mnR bq| UvKvi BwZnv‡m


me‡P‡q eo wecøeUv N‡U hLb gvbzl AvcvZ g‚j¨nxb, mÂq I enb‡hvM¨ †Kv‡bv e¯Íz‡K gz Öv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| †mUv

N‡UwQ‡jv wLÖ÷c‚e© Z…Zxq mnmÖv‡ãi gvSvgvwS mg‡q, †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv‡Z| iƒcv‡K gz Öv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i †mLvbKvi

gvbzl| G‡K ejv n‡Zv †k‡Kj (Shekel)|

‡mB iƒcvi †k‡Kj‡K wVK cqmv ejv hv‡e bv, †gvUvgzwU 8.33 MÖvg iƒcv‡K GK †k‡Kj ejv n‡Zv| nv¤§zivwei AvB‡b

†h ejv n‡qwQ‡jv †Kv‡bv D”PZi gvbzl †Kv‡bv `vmx‡K nZ¨v Ki‡j `vmxi gvwjK‡K wek †k‡Kj iƒcv ¶wZc‚iY †`‡e,

Gi gv‡b n‡jv Zv‡K 166 MÖvg iƒcv w`‡Z n‡e, wekUv †iŠc¨gz Öv bq| evB‡e‡ji Iì †U÷v‡g‡›Ui wKQz RvqMvqI

†iŠc¨gz Öv bq, iƒcv †Ìqvi K_v Av‡Q| †Rv‡m‡di fvB‡qiv Zv‡K wek †k‡Kj, A_©vr 166 MÖvg iƒcvi wewbg‡q †e‡P

w`‡qwQ‡jv Bmgv‡qwj‡ì Kv‡Q|

evwjiÖ mv‡_ iƒcvi cv_©K¨ n‡jv, evwjiÖ g‡Zv iƒcvi we‡kl †Kv‡bv Dc‡hvwMZv †bB| iƒcv LvIqv hvq bv, Mv‡qI †Ìqv

hvq bv, iƒcv w`‡q †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ hš¿cvwZI evbv‡bv hvq bv (iƒcv w`‡q jvO‡ji djv ev Z‡jvqvi evbv‡j cÖ_g

AvNv‡ZB †mUv zg‡o gzP‡o hv‡e)| n¨vu, GKUv Kv‡R †mUv jvMZ e‡U – †mvbv Avi iƒcv w`‡q Mqbv evbv‡bv n‡Zv, Avi

†mUv wQ‡jv AvwfRv‡Zï wPý| A_©vr iƒcv w`‡q †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb bv wgU‡jI wejvwmZvi Rb¨, mvgvwRK gh©v`v

evov‡bvi Rb¨ †mUv eëüZ n‡Zv| iƒcvi g‚j¨ wQ‡jv cz‡ivczwiB mvs¯‹…wZK|

g‚jëvb avZz¸‡jvi wbw ©ó IRb‡K gvb`Ð a‡i †jb‡`b Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GKmgq gvbzl avZe cqmv Avwe®‹vi K‡i

†d‡j| wLÖ÷c‚e© 640 mv‡ji w`‡K BwZnv‡mi cÖ_g cqmv ˆZwi nq cwðg Avbv‡Zvwjqvq, wjwWqvi ivRv Avwjqv‡Z‡mi

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Z_¨m‚Ît

1 Francisco López de Gómara, Historia de la Conquista de Mexico, vol. 1, ed. D. Joaquin Ramirez

Cabanes (Mexico Citz: Editorial Pedro Robredo, 1943), 106.

2 Andrew M. Watson, ÔBack to Gold – and SilverÕ, Economic Historz Review 20:1 (1967), 11–12; Jasim

Alubudi, Repertorio Bibliográfico del Islam (Madrid: Vision Libros, 2003), 194.

3 Watson, ÔBack to Gold – and SilverÕ, 17–18.

4 David Graeber, Debt: The First 5,000 Years (Brooklzn, NY: Melville House, 2011).

5 Glzn Davies, A Historz of Monez: From Ancient Times to the Present Daz (Cardiff: Universitz of Wales

Press, 1994), 15.


6 Szzmon Laks, Music of Another World, trans. Chester A. Kisiel (Evanston, Ill.: North-western

Universitz Press, 1989), 88–9. The Auschwitz ÔmarketÕ was restricted to certain classes of prisoners and

conditions changed dramaticallz across time.

7 Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Monez (New York: The Penguin Press, 2008), 4.

8 For information on barlez monez I have relied on an unpublished PhD thesis: Refael Benvenisti,

ÔEconomic Institutions of Ancient Asszrian Trade in the Twentieth to Eighteenth Centuries BCÕ (Hebrew

Universitz of Jerusalem, unpublished PhD thesis, 2011). See also Norman Yoffee, ÔThe Economz of

Ancient Western AsiaÕ, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, ed. J. M. Sasson (New York: C.

ScribnerÕs Sons, 1995), 1,387–99; R. K. Englund, ÔProto-Cuneiform Account-Books and JournalsÕ, in

Creating Economic Order: Record-keeping, Standardization and the Development of Accounting in the

Ancient Near East, ed. Michael Hudson and Cornelia Wunsch (Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press, 2004), 21–46;

Marvin A. Powell, ÔA Contribution to the Historz of Monez in Mesopotamia Prior to the Invention of

CoinageÕ, in Festschrift Lubor Matouš, ed. B. Hruška and G. Komoróczz (Budapest: Eötvös Loránd

Tudománzegzetem, 1978), 211–43; Marvin A. Powell, ÔMonez in MesopotamiaÕ, Journal of the

Economic and Social Historz of the Orient 39:3 (1996), 224–42; John F. Robertson, ÔThe Social and

Economic Organization of Ancient Mesopotamian TemplesÕ, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East,

vol. 1, ed. Sasson, 443–500; M. Silver, ÔModern AncientsÕ, in Commerce and Monetarz Szstems in the

Ancient World: Means of Transmission and Cultural Interaction, ed. R. Rollinger and U. Christoph

(Stuttgart: Steiner, 2004), 65–87; Daniel C. Snell, ÔMethods of Exchange and Coinage in Ancient

Western AsiaÕ, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, ed. Sasson, 1,487–97.

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evwnbx| wmwcI bzgvbwkqvb‡ì jovKz g‡bvfve Ges mgi‡KŠkj‡K m¤§vb Ki‡Zb, ZvB wb‡R‡ì ˆmb¨‡ì Ah_v


cÖvYnvwb Gov‡bvi Rb¨ wZwb i³¶qx hz× †_‡K wb‡R‡ì weiZ ivL‡jb| Gi cwie‡Z© wZwb wb‡jb GK Awfbe

iY‡KŠkj| wZwb bzgvbwkqvi Pvicv‡k e…ËvKvi zM© wbg©vY K‡i bzgvbwkqv kni‡K Pviw`K †_‡K wN‡i †dj‡jb Ges

evB‡ii zwbqvi mv‡_ bzgvbwkqvi †hvMv‡hvM cz‡ivczwi wew”Qbœ K‡i w`‡jb| ¶zavB †ivgvb‡ì cÖavb A ¿ wn‡m‡e KvR

Kij| GKeQ‡ii GKUz †ewk mgq ci bzgvbwkqv‡bi Lvev‡ii †hvMvb wb:‡kl n‡q Gj| bzgvbwkqvbiv hLb ezS‡Z

cvij Zv‡ì evuPvi Avi †Kvb Avkv †bB, Zviv wb‡RivB Zv‡ì Nievwo‡Z Av¸b jvwM‡q w`j Ges †ivgvb

HwZnvwmK‡ì g‡Z, bzgvbwkqvb‡ì †ewkifvMB wb‡R‡ì‡K †ivgvb‡ì `vm nIqv †_‡K evuPv‡Z AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡iwQj|

cieZ©xKv‡j, bzgvbwkqv ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì Kv‡Q ¯vaxbZv Ges g‡bve‡ji cÖZxK n‡q I‡V| Wb KzB‡·vU Dcb¨v‡mi †jLK

wg¸‡qj wW mvifvb‡Zm Ôbzgvbwkqv Ae‡ivaÕ (The siege of Numantia) bv‡g GKwU Uª¨v‡RwW †j‡Lb| GB

Uª¨v‡RwWi BwZ N‡U bzgvbwkqv bMi aŸs‡mi NUbvi ga¨ w`‡q, wKš‘ Zvi mv‡_ hz³ nq †¯ú‡bi D¾¡j fwel¨‡Zi

Avkvev`| bzgvbwkqvi ¯vaxbZvKvgx jovKz ˆmb¨‡ì Rb¨ Kwe iPbv K‡ib weRqMv_v, bzgvbwkqv Ae‡iv‡ai wPÎ wkíxi

Zzwji AvuP‡o ivRKxq gwngvq dz‡U I‡V K¨vbfv‡m| 1882 mv‡j bzgvbwkqvi aŸsmve‡kl‡K RvZxq ¯§…wZ¯Í‡¤¢i gh©v`v

†`qv nq Ges Zv n‡q I‡V †`k‡cÖwgK ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì Rb¨ GK Zx_©‡¶Î| 1950 Ges 1960 Gi `k‡Ki weL¨vZ

¯ú¨vwbk KwgK¸‡jvi g‚j PwiÎ mzcvig¨vb ev ¯úvBWvig¨vb wQj bv, wQj Gj nvev‡Zv (El Jabato), GK KvíwbK

AvB‡ewiqvb, whwb †ivgvb‡ì `gb cxo‡bi weiæ‡× mvnwmKZvi mv‡_ hz× K‡iwQ‡jb| †mKv‡ji bzgvbwkqvbiv AvR

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GZwKQzi c‡iI, †¯ú‡bi gvbzlRb ¯ú¨vwbk fvlv‡ZB bzgvbwkqvb‡ì D”Q¡wmZ cÖksmv K‡i| GwU GKUv †ivgvb fvlv

Ges GB fvlvi DrcwË n‡q‡Q mgibvqK wmwcI Gi j¨vwUb fvlv †_‡K| bzgvbwkqvbiv wb‡Riv K_v ejZ GK ai‡bi

†mwëK fvlvq hv AvR wejzß Ges g…Z| mvifvb‡Zm Zvi Ôbzgvbwkqv Ae‡ivaÕ UÖv‡RwW wj‡L‡Qb j¨vwUb wjwc‡Z Ges

bvUKwU‡Z wMÖm I †iv‡gi wkífvlvi Qvc ¯úó| bzgvbwkqvq †Kvb bvU¨kvjv wQj bv| bzgvbwkqvb‡ì exi‡Z¡ gz»

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Ggb K¨v_wjK PvP© †evSv‡bv n‡”Q hvi †bZviv GLbI †iv‡gB _v‡Kb Ges hv‡ì Ck¦i Pvb Zv‡K j¨vwUb bv‡g WvKv

†nvK| GKB fv‡e, AvazwbK †¯ú‡bi AvBb-Kvbzb D™¢‚Z n‡q‡Q †ivgvb‡ì AvBb-Kvbzb †_‡K, ¯ú¨vwbk ivRbxwZi

wfwË nj †ivgvb ivRbxwZ, Zv‡ì Lvevi `vevi Ges ’vcZ¨we`¨v hZUv bv AvB‡ewiqvq †më‡ì Kv‡Q FYx, Zvi †P‡q

A‡bK †ewk FYx †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï Kv‡Q| bzgvbwkqvi aŸsmve‡kl Qvov Avi wKQzB AvR Avi Aewkó †bB| GgbwK

bzgvbwkqvb‡ì GB BwZnvmUzKzI Rvbv †M‡Q †ivgvb HwZnvwmK‡ì †jLv †_‡KB| ¯vfvweKfv‡eB, GB BwZnvm †jLv

n‡q‡Q †ivgvb cvVK‡ì iæwPi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx K‡i Ges G‡Z bzgvbwkqvb‡ì Kvwnbx‡Z iO Pwo‡q Zv‡ì ¯vaxbZvKvgx

eeiÖ wnmv‡e Dc ’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| bzgvbwkqvb‡ì mv‡_ †iv‡gi weRq GZUvB me©MÖvmx wQj †h, Zviv civwRZ kw³i

BwZnvmI wb‡Ri gZ K‡i ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z †c‡i‡Q|

G ai‡bi Mí cvVKwcÖqZv cvq bv| Avgiv mvaviYZ ze©‡ji Rq †`L‡Z cQ›` Kwi| wKš‘, BwZnvm b¨vqwePv‡ii avi

av‡i bv| AZx‡Zi AwaKvsk ms¯‹…wZB KLbI bv KLbI †KvbI bv †KvbI wb ©q mvgÖv‡Rï wkKv‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q Ges

nvwi‡q †M‡Q we¯§…wZi AZj MnŸ‡i| mvgÖv‡Rï wb‡Ri cZbI Aek¨¤¢vex wKš‘ GKwU mvgÖvR¨ Zvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯’vqx Qvc

†i‡L hvq cieZ©x mg‡qi Kv‡Q| AvR‡Ki GKwesk kZ‡Ki cÖvq me gvbzl †Kvb bv †Kvb mvgÖv‡Rï DËim‚ix|


Kv‡K e‡j mvgÖvR¨?

mvgÖvR¨ nj Ggb GKwU ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gv hvi z‡Uv ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© êwkó¨ we`¨gvb| cÖ_gZ, mvgÖv‡Rï †LZve cvevi

Rb¨ Avcbv‡K Ggb wKQz gvbzl‡K kvmb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡ì mvs¯‹…wZK I †fŠ‡MvwjK cwiPq Avjv`v| cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i,

GiKg KZ ai‡bi wfbœ mvs¯‹…wZK I †fŠ‡MvwjK cwiP‡qi gvbzl kvmb Ki‡j Zv‡K mvgÖvR¨ ejv hv‡e? zB ev wZb

iKg wfbœZv mvgÖv‡Rï Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| Avevi wek ev wÎk ai‡bi wfbœZv cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³| mvgÖv‡Rï †fŠ‡MvwjK

I mvs¯‹…wZK wfbœZvi cwigvY nIqv DwPZ GB zB‡qi gvSvgvwS †Kvb msL¨v|

wØZxqZ, mvgÖv‡Rï †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbv wbw ©ó bq Ges Zv hZ Lzwk we Í…Z n‡Z cv‡i| GKwU mvgÖvR¨ bZzb bZzb RvwZ

Ges ivR¨‡K Zv‡ì Aax‡b Avb‡Z cv‡i wb‡Ri g‚j KvVv‡gv ev RvwZmËvi cwieZ©b bv NwU‡qB| AvR‡Ki weÖwUk

iv‡Rï †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbvUv wbw ©ó| GB †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbvUv GZUzKz evov‡Z PvB‡jI †mUv weÖwUk ivóÖKvVv‡gv ev

RvwZmËvi †Kvb †gŠwjK cwieZ©b Qvov m¤¢e n‡e bv| A_P, GKk eQi Av‡MI c…w_exi †h †Kvb ’vbB weÖwUk

mvgÖv‡Rï As‡k cwiYZ n‡Z cviZ|

mvs¯‹…wZK êwPÎ¨ Ges †fŠMwjK mxgv‡iLvi bgbxqZv mvgÖvR¨‡K ïaz GKUv bZzb Avw½K †`q Zv bq, eis G zwU

êwkó¨B BwZnv‡m mvgÖv‡Rï g‚j f‚wgKv wbw ©ó K‡i †`q| GB zÕ‡Uv êwk‡óï Kvi‡Y mvgÖvR¨ wewfbœ RvwZ-eY©-

AvenvIqv-Rjevqzi gvbzl‡K GKB ivR‰bwZK QvZvi wb‡P Avb‡Z cv‡i Ges c…w_exi e…nr †_‡K e…nËi Rb‡Mvôx‡K

µgvMZ: GKwÎZ Kivi cÖwµqvi m‚Pbv K‡i|

GLv‡b †h e¨vcviUv ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ ejv ìKvi Zv nj, GKwU mvgÖv‡Rï cwiPq †Kej Zvi mvs¯‹…wZK êwPZª¨ Ges

bgbxq †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbv ØvivB wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K| DrcwË ’j, kvmb KvVv‡gv, †fŠ‡MvwjK we Í…wZ ev RbmsL¨v

mvgÖv‡Rï cwiPq wba©viY K‡i bv| GKUv mvgÖv‡Rï Af¨z`‡qi Rb¨ mvgwiK AwfhvbI Acwinvh© bq| G‡_Ý

mvgÖv‡Rï m‚Pbv n‡qwQj GKwU †¯”Qv‡meK `j wn‡m‡e, n¨vemevM© mvgÖv‡Rï DrcwË n‡qwQj êevwnK m¤úK© †_‡K,

we‡qi gva¨‡g A‡bK¸‡jv cwievi‡K †Rvov w`‡qB ˆZwi n‡qwQj GB mvgÖv‡Rï wfZ| mvgÖv‡Rï Rb¨ GKRb mgÖv‡Ui

kvmb _vKviI evaëvaKZv †bB| G ch©šÍ gvbz‡li BwZnv‡mi me‡P‡q eo mvgÖvR¨ weÖwUk mvgÖv‡Rï kvmb c×wZ wQj

MYZvwš¿K| Ab¨vb¨ MYZvwš¿K (ev wb‡`bc‡¶ cÖRvZvwš¿K) mvgÖvR¨¸‡jvi gv‡S Av‡Q AvazwbK Ij›`vR, dÖvÝ,

†ejwRqvg Ges Av‡gwiKvi mvgÖvR¨ Ges cÖvK-AvazwbK hz‡Mi bf‡Mvh©vQW, †ivg, Kv‡_©R Ges G‡_Ý|

mv¤ªv‡Rï Rb¨ AvqZb ev RbmsL¨vI †Zgb †Kvb Riæwi welq bq| Lze †QvU AvqZ‡bi mvgÖv‡Rï Aw¯ÍZ¡I BwZnv‡m

†`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| G‡_Ý mvgÖv‡Rï ¯Y©hz‡M AvqZb I RbmsL¨vq G‡_Ý wQj AvR‡Ki wMÖ‡mi Zzjbvq A‡bK †QvU|

AvR‡Ki w`‡bi †gw·‡Kvi †_‡K A¨vR‡UK mvgÖv‡Rï AvqZb wQj A‡bK Kg| Zv m‡Ë¡I G‡_Ý Ges A¨vR‡UK wQj

mvgÖvR¨, wKš‘ AvR‡Ki MÖxm ev †gw·‡Kv mvgÖvR¨ bq| KviY, G‡_Ý Ges A¨vR‡UK kvmb KiZ K‡qK WRb †_‡K ïiæ

K‡i K‡qKk wfbœ ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gv‡K, GKv‡ji wMÖm ev †gw·‡Kv †hUv K‡i bv| G‡_Ý KZ©…Z¡ ¯’vcb K‡iwQj

GKkiI †ewk ¯vaxb bMiiv‡óÖi Dci, Ab¨w`‡K A¨vR‡UK, Zvi LvRbvi `wjj Abzhvqx, kvmb K‡iwQj wZbk

GKvËiwU wfbœ †Mv‡Îi gvbzl‡K|1

GZ me wfbœ †MvÎ, `j Ges mvs¯‹…wZK cwiP‡qi gvbzl‡K Kx K‡i GKv‡j GKwU AvazwbK iv‡óÖi mxgvbvi †fZi Avbv

m¤¢e n‡jv? GUv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q KviY AZxZKv‡j c…w_ex‡Z †h wfbœ wfbœ mvs¯‹…wZK Ges †fŠ‡MvwjK cwiP‡qi gvbz‡li


emevm wQj, Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki `‡ji m`m¨ msL¨v wQj Aí Ges Zv‡ì AwaK…Z f‚wgi cwigvYI wQj AvR‡Ki w`‡bi

gvbz‡li Zzjbvq Kg| f‚ga¨mvMi Ges RW©vb b`xi gaëZ©x †h f‚wg wb‡q AvR g‚jZ zRb gvbz‡li AnsKv‡ii jovB

Pj‡Q, †m mgq GB f‚wg‡ZB VvuB nZ K‡qK WRb RvwZ, †MvÎ, †QvU ivR¨ Ges bMi iv‡óÖi|

gvbz‡li mvs¯‹…wZK êwPZª¨ AvKw¯§Kfv‡e nÖvm cvIqvi GKUv cÖavb KviY mvgÖv‡Rï DÌvb| mvgÖvRëv`x kvm‡bi

w÷g‡ivjvi gvbz‡li bvbviKg ¯Zš¿ êwk‡ó¨‡K wc‡l †d‡j mevB‡K M‡o †Zvjvi †Póv K‡i‡Q mvgÖvRëv`x ixwZbxwZi

Qvu‡P (D`vniY¯iƒc bzgvbwkqvb‡ì K_v ¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i) Ges ˆZwi K‡i‡Q A‡bK eo AvKv‡ii gvbe msMVb|

mvgÖvR¨ wK Z‡e kqZvb?

AvazwbKKv‡j ivRbxwZ‡Z †bwZevPK kã¸wji g‡a¨ cÖwZwµqvkxjZv ev d¨vwmR‡gi ciB mvgÖvRëv`‡K ¯’vb †`qv

nq| mgv‡jvP‡Kiv mvgÖvRëv‡ì †hme †bwZevPK w`‡Ki K_v e‡jb †m¸‡jv‡K †gvUvgzwU zÕ‡Uv †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv

hvq-

cÖ_gZ, mvgÖvRëv` GKwU AKvh©Ki cÖwµqv| mvgÖvRëv`x cÖwµqvq Rq Kiv weczj Rb‡Mvôx‡K `xN©‡gqv‡` mzôzfv‡e

kvmb Kiv m¤¢eci nq bv|

wØZxqZ, hw` †mUv †Kvbfv‡e m¤¢eI nq, ZviciI mvgÖvRëv`‡K eR©b Kiv DwPZ| KviY, mvgÖvRëv` nj aŸsm Avi

†kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi| cÖwZwU Rb‡Mvôxi wb‡R‡ì m¤‡Ü wm×všÍ †bevi AwaKvi Av‡Q Ges Zv‡ì‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB

A‡bï kvm‡bi ek¨Zv ¯xKv‡i eva¨ Kiv DwPZ bq|

HwZnvwmK …wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j, cÖ_g `vwewU G‡Kev‡iB APj Ges wØZxqwU bvbvwea Ø‡b&Ø cwic‚Y©|

ev¯ÍeZv nj, MZ AvovB nvRvi eQi a‡i zwbqv Rz‡o mvgÖvR¨ wQj me‡P‡q †ewk cÖPwjZ ivR‰bwZK msMVb| GB

AvovB nvRvi eQi a‡i c…w_exi AwaKvsk gvbzl †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv mvgÖv‡Rï Aax‡b emevm K‡i‡Q| mvgÖv‡Rï

miKvieë¯’vi w ’wZkxjZvi e¨vcviwUI cÖkœvZxZ| †ewkifvM mvgÖvR¨B Lze mn‡R Zvi we‡`Övnx‡ì‡K `gb Ki‡Z

†c‡i‡Q| †gvUv`v‡M ej‡Z †M‡j, †ewkifvM mvgÖv‡Rï cZb N‡U‡Q cÖavbZ ewntkÎzi Avµg‡Y A_ev Zviv wef³

n‡q‡Q kvmK‡ì gZwe‡iv‡ai Kvi‡Y| Aciw`‡K, mvgÖv‡Rï wewRZ RbMY mvgÖvRëv`x kvmK‡ì KvQ †_‡K Zv‡ì

¯vaxbZv czbiæ×vi Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q Ggb bwRi †Zgb GKUv †Pv‡L c‡o bv| †ewkifvM †¶‡ÎB Zviv kZ kZ eQi

a‡i mvgÖvRëv`x kvmK‡ì Øviv kvwmZ n‡q‡Q| Kvjµ‡g, Zviv n‡q c‡o‡Q weRqx mvgÖv‡Rï Ask, ax‡i ax‡i gz‡Q

†M‡Q Zv‡ì ¯Zš¿ ms¯‹…wZ Avi cwiPq|

GKUv D`vniY †`qv hvK| 476 wLÖ÷v‡ã †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï cZb nq wKQz Rvg©vwbK †Mvôxi (Germanic tribes)

nv‡Z| wKš‘ GK_v fve‡j fzj n‡e †h, Gici bzgvbwkqv, Avifviwb wKsev n¨vj‡fwkqvb‡ì gZ Aaxb ’ †Mvôx¸‡jv

†ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï aŸsm¯Í‚c †_‡K gv_v DuPz K‡i `vuwo‡qwQj| Ggb Mí nq‡Zv cziv‡Y cvIqv hvq| †hgb, BDbzm bex

(Jonah) A‡bKUv mgq gv‡Qi †c‡U _vKvi ciI A¶Z Ae ’vq gv‡Qi †cU dzu‡o †ewi‡q Avm‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘

ev¯Í‡e Ggb bwRi †`Lv hvq bv| ¯vfvweKfv‡eB †ivgvb Aaxb ’ †Mvôx¸‡jvi †KvbUvB Avi wUK‡Z cv‡iwb| Zv‡ì


cieZ©x eskai‡ì g‡a¨ hviv hviv wb‡R‡ì‡K Zv‡ì mvgÖvR¨ c‚e©eZ©x †MvÎ ev `‡ji m`m¨ e‡j cwiPq w`Z, K_v

ej‡Zv Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì fvlvq, Dcvmbv Ki‡Zv Zv‡ì wbR¯ †è-‡èx‡K Ges cÖPvi Ki‡Zv wb‡R‡ì †Mv‡Îi

exiZ¡Mv_v, AvR Zv‡ì wPšÍv, fvlv, Avivabv meB †ivgvb‡ì gZ, hwÌ †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï wejzwß N‡U‡Q A‡bKKvj

Av‡MB|

A‡bK‡¶‡ÎB, mvgÖv‡Rï wejzwß Avi mvgÖv‡Rï Aaxb gvbzl¸‡jvi ¯vaxbZv – e¨vcvi z‡Uv mgv_©K wQj bv| eis, GKUv

mvgÖv‡Rï cZ‡bi ciciB k‚b¨ ’vb c‚iY Kivi Rb¨ †mLv‡b Av‡iKwU mvgÖv‡Rï DÌvb NUZ| ga¨cÖv‡Pï †¶‡Î GB

e¨vcviUv me‡P‡q ¯úófv‡e j¶¨ Kiv hvq| GLvbKvi eZ©gvb ivR‰bwZK ejq KZ¸‡jv c…_K ivR‰bwZK †Mvôxi

¶gZvi fvimvg¨ Øviv wbwg©Z hv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ¯’vqx ev A ’vqx †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbv Av‡Q| ga¨cÖv‡Pï GiKg ivR‰bwZK

Ae ’v weMZ K‡qKwU mnmÖv‡ã †`Lv hvqwb| †kl †hevi ga¨cÖvP¨ GiKg ivR‰bwZK Ae ’vi gz‡LvgzwL n‡qwQj †mUv

wQj 800 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ã, cÖvq wZb nvRvi eQi Av‡M! wLÖ÷c‚e© Aóg kZ‡K wbI-A¨vwmwiqvb mvgÖv‡Rï DÌv‡bi ci

†_‡K wesk kZ‡Ki ga¨fv‡M weÖ‡Ub I dÖvÝ mvgÖv‡Rï cZb ch©šÍ mgqUv‡Z ga¨cÖvP¨‡K wi‡j †i‡mi Qwoi gZ GK

mvgÖvR¨ †_‡K Av‡iK mvgÖv‡Rï Aax‡b †h‡Z n‡q‡Q| weÖ‡Ub Ges dÖvÝ mvgÖvR¨ Zv‡ì kvm‡bi QwoUv hLb †Q‡o w`j,

ZZw`‡b Zv‡ì c‚e©eZ©x ¯vaxb RvwZ Avivgvbm (Aramaeans), G‡gvbvBUm (Ammonites), wdwbwkqvbm

(Phoenicians), wdwjw Íb (Philistines), gvevBU (Moabites) Gm‡ei ¯vaxb Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avi †bB| A‡bK Kvj

Av‡MB Zviv nvwi‡q †M‡Q Kv‡ji AZj MnŸ‡i|

GK_v mZ¨, AvR‡Ki w`‡bi Bûw`, Av‡g©wbqvb Ges RwR©qvbiv wKQz b¨vqm½Z hzw³i mvnv‡h¨ `vwe K‡ib Zviv cÖvPxb

ga¨ Gwkqvq emevmKvix gvbzlR‡bi eskai| G‡ì `vweUzKz wbtm½ e¨wZµg nevi Kvi‡Y Zv mvgÖv‡Rï cÖfv‡e wewfbœ

†Mvôxi c…_K mvs¯‹…wZK cwiPq Aejzwßi `vwewU †Rviv‡jv K‡i †Zv‡j| A‡bK‡¶‡Î Bûw`, Av‡g©wbqvb Ges

RwR©qvb‡ì `vwe‡K AwZiwÄZI g‡b nq| KviY, GK_v ¯úó †h, eZ©gvb Kv‡ji Bûw`‡ì ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK

Ges mvgvwRK wPšÍv-‡PZbv MZ zB mnmÖvã a‡i Zv‡ì‡K AwaKvi Kiv mvgÖvR¨ Øviv hZUzKz cÖfvweZ, Bûw`‡ì cÖvPxb

ivR¨ whn‚w`qvi (Judaea) ixwZ-bxwZ Øviv ZZUzKz cÖfvweZ bq| hw` BmivB‡ji wØZxq ivRv †WwfW AvR †Kvb †Nvi

i¶Ykxj Bûw` Dcvmbvj‡qI Dcw ’Z nb, wZwb AevK n‡q j¶¨ Ki‡eb †mLvbKvi †jvKR‡bi ci‡b c‚e© BD‡ivcxq

†cvkvK, Zviv K_v ej‡Q Rvg©vwbi GKwU AvÂwjK fvlvq (Yiddish) Ges N›Uvi ci N›Uv a‡i Zviv GKwU eëwjbxq

ag©MÖ‡š’i (The Talmud) cv‡Vv×vi wb‡q evK-weZÐv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q|

mvaviYZ GKwU mvgÖv‡Rï cÖwZôv I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ weczj msL¨K gvbzl nZ¨v Ges wewRZ‡ì Dci wbg©g wbh©vZ‡bi

ìKvi c‡o| GKwU mvgÖvR¨ MV‡bi Rb¨ cÖPwjZ DcKiY¸wj nj – hz×, `vmcÖ_v, wbe©vmb Ges MYnZ¨v| 83 wLÖ÷v‡ã

†ivgvbiv hLb ¯‹Uj¨vÛ Avµgb K‡i, ZLb Zviv ’vbxq K¨v‡j‡Wvwbqvb †Mv‡Îi (Caledonian) KvQ †_‡K ZxeÖ

cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m¤§zLxb nq Ges djkÖzwZ‡Z †ivgvbiv cz‡iv †`kUv‡K k¥kv‡b cwiYZ K‡i| †ivgvb‡ì kvwšÍ cÖ Ív‡e

K¨v‡j‡Wvwbqvb †bZv K¨vjMvKvm (Calgacus) †ivgvb‡ì Ô`zwbqvi †miv mš¿vmxÕ AvL¨v †`b Ges e‡jb ÒjzÉb,

MYnZ¨v Avi WvKvwZ‡K Zviv mvgÖvR¨cÖwZôv bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i Avi GKwU Rbc`‡K k¥kv‡b cwiYZ Kivi bvg †`q

ÔkvwšÍ ’vcbÕÓ|2


Gm‡ei gv‡b GB bq †h, mvgÖv‡Rï DÌvb gvbz‡li Rb¨ wKQzB †i‡L †h‡Z cv‡iwb| mvgÖvR¨‡K BwZnv‡mi Kv‡jv Aa¨vq

wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i Zvi mKj DËivwaKvi‡K A¯xKvi Kiv n‡j gvbeRvwZi AwaKvsk mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨‡KB A¯xKvi

Ki‡Z nq| mvgÖv‡Rï DuPz c‡` _vKv †jvKRb ivR¨ AwaKv‡ii d‡j AwR©Z gzbvdv †Kej mvgwiK evwnbx Ges zM©

wbg©v‡YB e¨q Ki‡Zb bv, Zvi GKwU As‡ki eivÏ nZ `k©b, wkí, AvBb Ges †mevg‚jK Kv‡R| gvbz‡li mvs¯‹…wZK

AMÖMwZi GKwU eo Ask Zv‡ì Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ wewRZ RbM‡Yi †kvl‡Yi d‡j cvIqv m¤ú‡ì Kv‡Q FYx| †ivgvb

mvgÖv‡Rï AMÖMwZ Ges AwR©Z gzbvdvB wbwðZ K‡iwQj wm‡m‡iv (Cicero), †m‡bKv (Seneca) Ges †mB›U

AMvw÷‡bi (St Augustine) gZ gvbzl‡ì wPšÍvfvebv Ges †jLv‡jwLi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Aemi Ges Avbzlw½K

mz‡hvM mzweav| gzNj‡ì fviZ jzV K‡i Rgv‡bv UvKv-Kwo Qvov ZvRgnj wbg©vY m¤¢e nZ bv| n¨vemevM© mvgÖvR¨

¯¨vwfK, nv‡½wiqvb I Ab¨vb¨ †ivgvb fvlv-fvlx AÂj¸‡jv kvmb K‡i †h gzbvdv †cZ, †mLvb †_‡KB †`qv nZ

mziKvi †nB‡Wb (Hazdn) Gi cvwikÖwgK Ges m½xZ¸iæ †gvRv‡UiÖ fvZv| †KvbI K¨v‡j‡Wvwbqvb †jLK K¨vjMvKvm

(Calgacus) Gi e³…Zv‡K cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ wjwce× K‡i hvbwb| K¨vjM¨vKv‡mi e³…Zvi e¨vcv‡i Avgiv Rvb‡Z

cvwi †ivgvb HwZnvwmK U¨vwmUv‡mi (Tacitus) eqvb †_‡K Ges m¤¢eZ, e³…ZvwU U¨vwmUv‡mi wb‡RiB evbv‡bv|

†ewkifvM HwZnvwmK B`vbxs G e¨vcv‡i GKgZ nb †h, U¨vwmUvm †Kej K¨vjM¨vKv‡mi e³…ZvwUB evbvbwb,

mgibvqK K¨vjMvKv‡mi PwiÎwUB Zvi KíbvcÖm‚Z| wZwb K¨vjMvKvm PwiÎwU ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb wb‡Ri †`k m¤ú‡K©

Zvi wb‡Ri Ges DuPz †kÖYxi †ivgvb‡ì †h aviYv †mwU Zvi gzL w`‡q ewj‡q †bevi Rb¨|

GgbwK hw` Avgiv abx‡ì ms¯‹…wZ Ges D”P gv‡MiÖ wkíKjv †_‡K †PvL wdwi‡q mvaviY gvbz‡li Rxe‡bi w`‡KI

ZvKvB, †ewkifvM †¶‡ÎB AvazwbKKv‡ji gvbz‡li Rxebhvcb I ms¯‹…wZi gv‡S cvIqv hv‡e mvgÖv‡Rï cÖfve|

AvR‡Ki w`‡b Avgiv cÖvq mevB K_v ewj bvbv mvgÖv‡Rï g‚j fvlvq, †hme fvlv Avgv‡ì c‚e©cziæl‡ì Dci

†ckxkw³i cÖfv‡e †Rvi K‡i Pvwc‡q †`qv n‡qwQj| c‚e© Gwkqvi †ewkifvM gvbzl n¨vb (Han) mvgÖv‡Rï fvlvq K_v

e‡j, ¯cœ †`‡L| eskcwiPq hvB †nvK, Avjv¯‹vi e¨v‡iv DcØxc †_‡K ïiæ K‡i g¨v‡Mjvb cÖYvjx ch©šÍ, Av‡gwiKvi

zB gnv‡`‡ki mevB ¯ú¨vwbk, cZ©zwMR, divwm Ges Bs‡iwR GB PviwU mvgÖvR¨fvlvi †Kv‡bv GKwU eënvi K‡i|

AvR‡Ki wgk‡ii Awaevmxiv Aviex fvlvq K_v e‡j, wb‡R‡ì Avie fve‡Z Ges Avie mvgÖv‡Rï Awe‡”QÏ¨ Ask

wn‡m‡e cwiPq w`‡Z cQ›` K‡i| A_P GB AvieivB mßg `k‡K wgki `Lj K‡iwQj Ges Zv‡ì AvB‡bi cwicš’x

†h †Kvb wgkixq we‡ Övn‡K k³ nv‡Z `gb K‡iwQj| `w¶Y AvwdÖKvi Rzjz †Mv‡Îi cÖvq GK †KvwU gvbzl AvRI Zv‡ì

Dwbk kZ‡Ki †MŠiegq w`‡bi ¯§…wZPviY K‡i, A_P Zv‡ì AwaKvskB †mB me gvbz‡li eskai, hviv Rzjz

mvgÖvR¨we¯Ívi iæL‡Z GKw`b cÖvYc‡Y jovB K‡iwQj|

hv wKQz n‡”Q, fv‡jvi Rb¨B n‡”Q

cÖ_g †h mvgÖv‡Rï e¨vcv‡i wbwðZfv‡e Rvbv hvq Zv nj mgÖvU mviMb Gi Av°vw`qvb mvgÖvR¨ (mgqKvj wLÖ÷c‚e©

2,250 Aã)| mviMb †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi GKwU †QvÆ bMi ivóÖ wKk (Kish) Gi ivRv wn‡m‡e Zvi †ckvMZ Rxeb ïiæ

K‡ib| K‡qK `k‡Ki g‡a¨ wZwb †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi Ab¨vb¨ bMi ivóÖ Ges †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi evB‡ii A‡bK eo eo f‚LÐ

Rq K‡ib| mviMb Me©f‡i ej‡Zb, wZwb mgMÖ c…w_ex Rq K‡i‡Qb| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zvi ivRZ¡ wQj cvim¨ DcmvMi


†_‡K f‚ga¨mvMi ch©šÍ we Í…Z A_©vr AvR‡Ki BivK I wmwiqvi †ewkifvM Ask Ges Bivb I Zzi‡¯‹i mvgvb¨ wKQz

Ask Rz‡o wQj Zvi mvgÖv‡Rï we Ívi|

mviM‡bi g…Z zi ci Av°vw`qvb mvgÖvR¨ Avi †ewkw`b ¯’vqx nqwb| wKš‘, mviMb †i‡L †M‡Qb Ggb wKQz mvgÖvRëv`x

`xcwkLv hv i‡q †M‡Q Avcb gwngvq fv¯i| cieZ©x 1,700 eQi Rz‡o A¨vwmwiqvb, e¨vwejwbqvb Ges wnwÆ ivRv‡ì

Rb¨ mviMY wQ‡jb AbzKiYxq Av`k©, ZvivI Me©f‡i ej‡Zb, Zviv mgMÖ c…w_ex Rq K‡i‡Qb| Gici, wLÖ÷c‚e© 550

A‡ã, cvi‡mï mvBivm w` †MÖU Gi †P‡qI eo `‡¤¢vw³ wb‡q nvwRi n‡jb BwZnv‡mi g‡Â|

A¨vwmwiqvi ivRv wKš‘ memgq wb‡R‡K A¨vwmwiqvi ivRvB g‡b Ki‡Zb| GgbwK hLb wZwb wb‡R‡K cz‡iv c…w_exi

kvmK `vwe K‡ib, ZLbI GKUv e¨vcvi mevi Kv‡Q ¯úó wQj †h, Gme wKQzB Kiv n‡”Q A¨vwmwiqvi †MŠie e…w×i Rb¨

Ges †m Kvi‡Y ivR¨ `Lj Kiv, Rq Kiv Gme wb‡q A¨vwmixq‡ì gv‡S †Kvb Abz‡kvPbv wQj bv| Ab¨w`‡K mvBivm

cz‡iv c…w_ex kvmb Kivi `vwe K‡iB ¶všÍ n‡jb bv, eis wewRZ‡ì wZwb ej‡jb, Gme wKQzB wZwb Ki‡Qb me

gvbz‡li Rb¨| cviwmqvbiv ejj- ÔAvgiv †Zvgv‡ì Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨B †Zvgv‡ì‡K AwaKvi KiwQÕ| mvBivm PvB‡Zb

wewRZ †jv‡Kiv Zv‡K fvjevmzK Ges cviwmqvb mvgÖv‡Rï Ask nevi Rb¨ Zviv wb‡R‡ì †mŠfvMëvb g‡b KiæK|

civwRZ iv‡Rï gvbzl‡ì Abz‡gv`b cvIqvi Rb¨ mvBiv‡mi m…wókxj D‡`¨v‡Mi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q weL¨vZ nj Zvi GKwU

Av‡`k| GB Av‡`‡k wZwb e‡jb, wbe©vwmZ Bûwìv PvB‡j Zv‡ì gvZ…f‚wg‡Z wd‡i G‡m †mLv‡b Zv‡ì Dcvmbvjq

wbg©vY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GgbwK wZwb wbe©vwmZ‡ì A_©‰bwZK mn‡hvwMZviI Avk¦vm †`b| mvBivm wb‡R‡K Bûw`‡ì

AwaKvi Kiv GKRb cviwmqvb ivRv wn‡m‡e fv‡ebwb- eis wZwb wb‡R‡K Bûw`‡ì ivRvI fve‡Zb Ges †m Kvi‡Y

Zv‡ì fv‡jvg‡›ì †`Lfvj Kiv‡K wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡ g‡b Ki‡Zb|

c…w_exi mg Í gvbz‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ mg Í c…w_ex AwaKvi Kivi aviYvUv wQj PgKcÖ`| weeZ©b Ab¨ me ¯Íb¨cvqx

cÖvYx‡ì gZ gvbzl‡KI †R‡bv‡dvweK (xenophobic, hviv Ab¨ †`‡ki gvbzlRb‡K AcQ›` K‡i ev fq cvq)

wn‡m‡e M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| †mwc‡qÝ Zvi mnRvZ ˆRweK cÖe…wË †_‡KB mgMÖ gvbeRvwZ‡K memgq zwU fv‡M fvM K‡i –

ÔAvgivÕ Ges ÔZvivÕ| ÔAvgivÕ nj Avcbvi Ges Avgvi gZ †jvKRb hviv GKB fvlvq K_v e‡j Ges GKB ag© I

ixwZbxwZ AbzmiY K‡i| ÔAvgivÕ G‡K Ac‡ii fv‡jv-g‡›ì fvM wb‡Z ivwR, wKš‘ ÔZv‡ìÕ fv‡jv-g‡›ì fvM wb‡Z

ivwR bB| ÔAvgivÕ memgqB ÔZv‡ìÕ †_‡K Avjv`v wQjvg Ges ÔZv‡ìÕ Kv‡Q ÔAvgv‡ìÕ †Kvb FY ev ÔZv‡ìÕ cÖwZ

ÔAvgv‡ìÕ †Kvb `vq-`vwqZ¡ †bB| ÔAvgivÕ ÔZv‡ìÕ KvD‡K ÔAvgv‡ìÕ GjvKvq †`L‡Z PvB bv Ges fzjekZ ÔZvivÕ

ÔAvgv‡ìÕ GjvKvq Xz‡K co‡j hv wKQz NU‡e †mme wb‡q ÔAvgv‡ìÕ GZUzKz gv_ve¨_v †bB| ÔZvivÕ Avm‡j gvbz‡li

ch©v‡qB c‡o bv| mz`v‡bi ÔwWbKvÕ (Dinka) bvgK Rb‡Mvôxi fvlvq ÔwWbKvÕ k‡ãi A_© ÔRbMY ev gvbzlÕ| mzZivs,

hviv ÔwWbKvÕ bq, Zviv gvbzlB bq| wWbKv‡ì †Nvi kÎz nj Ôbz‡qiÕ (Nuer) Rb‡Mvôx| bz‡qi‡ì fvlvq Ôbz‡qiÕ Kx

A_© enb K‡i? Zv‡ì fvlvq Ôbz‡qiÕ k‡ãi A_© ÔAvmj gvbzlÕ| mz`vb giæf‚wg †_‡K nvRvi nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi ‚‡i

Avjv¯‹v Ges DËi-c‚e© mvB‡ewiqvi eidXvKv AÂ‡j BDwcK‡ì (Yupik) evm| BDwcK‡ì fvlvq ÔBDwcKÕ k‡ãi

A_© Kx? hv fve‡Qb wVK ZvB, Gi A_©I ÔAvmj gvbzlÕ!3

mvBiv‡mi mvgÖvRëv`x wPšÍvaviv RvwZ ev †MvôxMZ †kÖô‡Z¡i Ans‡ev‡ai wecix‡Z wM‡q mevB‡K wb‡q Ges mevi Rb¨

fvevi †Póv K‡i| hwÌ Zvi kvmbeë¯’vq cÖvqB kvmK I kvwm‡Zi eY©MZ I mvs¯‹…wZK cv_©‡Kï welqwU ¸iæ‡Z¡i

mv‡_ mvg‡b Avbv n‡q‡Q, Zv m‡Ë¡I mvBiv‡mi kvmbeë¯’v‡K mKj ¯’v‡bi, mKj mg‡qi gvbz‡li †hŠ_ AskMÖn‡Y


M‡o IVv GKwU GKK kvmbeë¯’vi wfwË wn‡m‡e aiv nq| GB eë ’v Abzhvqx gvbeRvwZ nj GKwU e…nr cwievi-

GLv‡b wcZvgvZvi cÖvavb¨ †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb Av‡Q mšÍv‡bi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ wcZvgvZvi `vwq‡Z¡i wb‡ ©k|

GB bZzb mvgÖvRëv`x Av`k© mvBivm Ges cviwmqvb‡ì nvZ Nz‡i †cŠuQvq mgÖvU Av‡jKRvÛvi Gi Kv‡Q, Zvi †_‡K

G Av`k© Qwo‡q c‡o †n‡jbxq ivRv, †ivgvb mgÖvU, gzmwjg Lwjdv I fviZxq ivResk¸‡jvi Kv‡Q Ges Kvjµ‡g Gi

cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvq †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Ges Av‡gwiKvb †cÖwm‡W›U‡ì gv‡S| mvgÖvRëv‡ì GB civ_©ci iƒc †Kej

†h mvgÖv‡Rï Aw Í‡Z¡i b¨vh¨Zv Zz‡j a‡i Avi mvgÖv‡Rï Aaxb gvbz‡li mvgwóK we‡ Öv‡ni m¤¢vebv Kgvq ZvB bq, GB

a¨vb-aviYv ¯vaxb e¨w³ gvbzl‡K mvgÖvR¨ we Ív‡ii wecix‡Z cÖwZev` Ki‡ZI wbiærmvwnZ K‡i|

g‚jZ ga¨ Av‡gwiKv, Avw›`R ce©Z msjMœ GjvKv Ges Px‡b ¯vaxbfv‡e cviwmqvb mvgÖvRëv`x Av`‡kiÖ Abziƒc

Av‡iKwU mvgÖvRëv`x Av`‡kiÖ Rb¥ nq| Px‡bi HwZnëvnx ivR‰bwZK ZË¡ Abzhvqx, ¯M© (Tian) c…w_exi mKj wKQzi

cÖK…Z AwaKZ©v| me‡P‡q †hvM¨ e¨w³ ev cwievi‡K wbe©vPb K‡ib ¯M© Ges ¯M©B †mB e¨w³ ev cwievi‡K kvm‡bi

AbzgwZ †`b| Gici IB e¨w³ ev cwievi ¯‡MiÖ Aaxb¯’ mewKQzi (Tianxia) AvÁven n‡q mKj cÖRvi Kj¨v‡Yi

D‡Ï‡k¨ ivR¨ kvmb K‡ib| mzZivs, GLv‡bI †`Lv hv‡”Q ¶gZvi P‚W všÍ gvwjKvbvi e¨vcviwU êwk¦K| hw` †KvbI

kvmK ¯‡MiÖ AbzgwZ nvivb Z‡e Zvi c‡¶ GKwU kniI kvmb Kiv m¤¢e bq| hw` †KvbI kvmK ¯‡MiÖ GB Abz‡gv`b

eRvq ivL‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j Zv‡K Aek¨B b¨vqwePvi Ges kvwšÍ-k…•Ljvi Av`k©‡K wek¦e¨vcx Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e| ¯‡MiÖ

GB Abz‡gv`b GKB mv‡_ G‡Ki †ewk cÖv_©x‡K †`qv n‡e bv, mzZivs GKwU wbw ©ó mg‡q G‡Ki †ewk AvBbm½Z,

mzk…•Lj ¯vaxb iv‡óÖi Abz‡gv`b †Ìh vI m¤¢e bq|

wPb wk ûqvsw` (Qín Shǐ Huángdì), GKxf‚Z Px‡bi cÖ_g mgÖvU, Me©f‡i †NvlYv K‡ib †h, Ôgnvwe‡k¦i Qq w`‡K hv

wKQz Av‡Q Zvi mewKQz Pxbv mvgÖv‡Rï Aaxb, … c…w_exi †h cÖv‡šÍ gvbz‡li cv‡qi GKwU QvcI c‡o‡Q †mLv‡b Ggb

†Kvb gvbzl †bB †h GB mvgÖv‡Rï Aaxb bq, … mgÖv‡Ui gnvbzfeZv GgbwK Mvfx Ges †Nvov‡ì Kv‡QI mzwew`Z| Ggb

†KD †bB †h GB kvm‡bi d‡j DcK…Z nqwb| mK‡jB mgÖv‡Ui kvm‡bi QvqvZ‡j wbivc‡` Ges kvwšÍ‡Z Av‡Q|Õ4

Pxbv‡ì ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡mi gZ Pxbv‡ì ivR‰bwZK `k©bI mvgÖvRëv`x Pxb‡K HK¨ Ges b¨vqwePv‡ii GK ¯Y ©hzM

g‡b K‡i| AvazwbK cwðgv …wófw½ Abzhvqx GKwU b¨vqcivqY c…w_ex A‡bK¸‡jv c…_K RvwZ iv‡óÖi mgš‡q MwVZ

nIqv DwPZ| cÖvPxb ˆPwbK we‡k¦ GB ivR‰bwZK wef³KiY wQj AÜKvi hz‡Mi wek…•Ljv Ges AwePv‡ii g‚Z© cÖZxK|

Px‡bi BwZnv‡m GiKg fvebv-wPšÍvi cÖfve wQj mz ‚icÖmvix| Px‡b hLbB GKwU mvgÖv‡Rï cZb N‡U‡Q, Zv‡ì

weivRgvb ivR‰bwZK fveaviv Zv‡ì DØz× K‡i‡Q †QvU †QvU Zz”Q ¯vaxb ivóÖ ev miKvi evwb‡q w_Zz bv n‡Z, Zv‡ì

DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q czbivq GKxf‚Z n‡Z| Ges †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e Zv‡ì GB GKxf‚Z nevi cÖqvm memgq mdj

n‡q‡Q|

hLb ÔZvivÕ ÔAvgv‡ìÕ AšÍf©z³ nj

mvgÖvR¨ A‡bK¸‡jv †QvU †QvU Rb‡Mvôxi c…_K mvs¯‹…wZK cwiP‡qi Aemvb NwU‡q e…nËi Rb‡Mvôxi AbzmiY Kiv Aí

wKQz mvs¯‹…wZK cwiwPwZi D™¢‡ei †cQ‡b cÖavb cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| ivR‰bwZKfv‡e wew”Qbœ A‡bK¸‡jv

¯vaxb GjvKvi †P‡q GKwU mvgÖv‡R¨ a¨vb-aviYv, gvbzl, cY¨ Ges cÖhzw³ A‡bK ªæZ we Ívi jvf K‡i‡Q| KLbI


KLbI mvgÖvR¨ wb‡RB a¨vb-aviYv, cÖwZôvb, AvBb Ges ixwZ-bxwZ cÖmv‡ii `vwqZ¡ wb‡q‡Q| mvgÖv‡Rï kvmK‡ì

Rxeb AviI Avqvmmva¨ Kiv G Kv‡Ri GKUv cÖavb j¶¨ wQj| cÖ‡Z¨KwU †QvU †QvU GjvKvi hw` wb‡R‡ì AvBb,

wb‡R‡ì wjLb c×wZ, wbR¯ fvlv Ges wbR¯ gz Öv eë¯’v _v‡K Zvn‡j mvgÖv‡Rï kvmK‡ì c‡¶ me¸‡jv GjvKv

kvmb Kiv mwZ¨B KwVb| mzZivs, wewfbœ GjvKvi GZme wfbœZv‡K GKwU wbw ©ó wbq‡gi AvIZvq Avbv mvgÖv‡Rï Rb¨

Acwinvh© wQj|

mvgÖvR¨¸‡jv †Kb mevi Rb¨ GKwU mvaviY AvPiYwewa ev ms¯‹…wZi we Ívi K‡iwQj Zvi wØZxq KviYwU n‡Z cv‡i-

me©Rbxb MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi cÖqvm| AšÍZ: mvBivm Ges wPb wk ûqvswì mgq †_‡K, mvgÖvR¨¸‡jv RbMY‡K GUv

†evSv‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q †h, iv¯Ív evbv‡bv ev MYnZ¨v hvB Kiv †nvK bv †Kb Zv mevi fv‡jvi Rb¨B Kiv n‡”Q; GKwU

DbœZ ms¯‹…wZi we Ív‡ii Rb¨ Gme Riæix Ges Zv‡Z jvf hZ bv mvgÖv‡Rï kvmK‡ì, Zvi †P‡q †Xi jvf

wewRZ‡ì|

‡KvbI †KvbI mgq GB jvf ¯úófv‡e †`Lv †hZ, †hgb- AvB‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM, bMi cwiKíbv, IRb Ges

cwigv‡ci gvcKvwV wbw ©ó Kiv| Avevi KLbI KLbI GB jvf wQj cÖkœwe×, †hgb- Ki cÖ`vb, †mbvevwnbx‡Z

†hvM`v‡bi evaëvaKZv Ges mgÖv‡Ui e›`bv Kiv| wKš‘ †ewkifvM †¶‡Î mvgÖv‡Rï D”Pc` ’iv g‡b Ki‡Zb Zviv

mvgÖv‡Rï mKj Awaevmx‡ì Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨B KvR Ki‡Qb| Px‡bi kvmK †kÖYx Zv‡ì cÖwZ‡ekx †`‡ki cÖRv‡ì

Amf¨, eeiÖ, zf©vMv g‡b KiZ Ges Zviv wek¦vm KiZ Pxbv mvgÖv‡Rï Aek¨B DwPZ GB gvbzl¸‡jv‡K wb‡R‡ì

mvgÖv‡Rï Aax‡b G‡b Zv‡ì RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ Kiv| Pxbv‡ì Dci ¯‡MiÖ †h Av‡`k Av‡Q Zv †Kej zwbqv‡K

Rq Kivi Rb¨B bq, gvbzl‡K gvbeZvi wk¶v †èvi R‡bÏ| ÔwKQz eeiÖ gvbzl‡K Avgiv kvwšÍ, mzwePvi Ges wkóvPvi

mg…× Rxe‡bi mÜvb w`w”QÕ GiKg `vwe K‡i †ivgvbivI Zv‡ì kvm‡bi b¨vh¨Zv cÖgv‡Yi †Póv KiZ| eb¨ Rvg©vb

Ges Mj m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvbzlRb‡K AvBb wk¶v w`‡q, Zv‡ì MY-‡MvmjLvbvq †Mvmj Kwi‡q cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ K‡i,

Zv‡ì `k©‡bi wk¶v w`‡q DbœZ Kivi AvM ch©šÍ †Zv Zviv Acwi”QbœZv Ges AÁZvi AÜKv‡iB wbgw¾Z wQj –

GgbUvB wQj †ivgvb‡ì wek¦vm| wLÖ÷c‚e© Z…Zxq kZvãx‡Z †gŠh© mvgÖvR¨ mviv c…w_exi AÜKviv”Qbœ gvbzl‡K †MŠZg

ez‡×i gnvb wk¶vi Av‡jvq Av‡jvwKZ K‡i †Zvjevi cÖqv‡m eÖZx n‡qwQj| gzmwjg Lwjdviv m¤¢e n‡j kvwšÍc‚Y©

Dcv‡q, Zv bv n‡j Zievwii kw³‡Z mviv we‡k¦ gnvbexi Dcjwä I evYx Qwo‡q †èvi GK ¯M©xq Av‡`k

†c‡qwQ‡jb| ¯ú¨vwbk Ges cZ©zwMR mvgÖvR¨ †NvlYv K‡iwQj, Zviv Bw›`R ce©‡Z I Av‡gwiKvq ab-m¤ú‡ì mÜvb

Ki‡Z Av‡mwb, G‡m‡Q gvbzl‡K mwZ¨Kv‡ii wek¦v‡mi `x¶v w`‡Z, cÖK…Z a‡g© Zv‡ì ag©všÍwiZ Ki‡Z| ¯vaxbZv I gz³

evRv‡ii gZ gnr aviYvi we Ívi Kivi Rb¨ weÖwUk mvgÖv‡R¨ m‚h© KLbI A¯Í †hZ bv| †mvwf‡qZiv abZš¿ †_‡K

cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ ev mvaviY gvbz‡li nv‡Z KvíwbK ¶gZv n ÍvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ BwZnv‡mi wbg©g c‡_ hvÎv‡K Zv‡ì

Aek¨KZ©e¨ g‡b KiZ| AvR‡Ki w`‡bi A‡bK Av‡gwiKvb g‡b K‡ib µzR wgmvBj wb‡¶c K‡iB †nvK Avi Gd-16

wegvb †_‡K †evgvel©Y K‡iB †nvK, Zv‡ì miKvi e ÍzZc‡¶ Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡K MYZš¿ Ges gvbevwaKv‡ii

mzdj †`qvi gnvb D‡Ïk¨ wb‡qB KvR K‡i hv‡”Q|

‡ewkifvM †¶‡ÎB mvgÖv‡Rï mvs¯‹…wZK iƒc‡iLv kvmK †kÖYxi wb‡R‡ì ˆZwi wQj bv| †h‡nZz mevB‡K wb‡q Ges

mevi Rb¨B M‡o D‡VwQj mvgÖvRëv`x ms¯‹…wZ, ZvB mvgÖv‡Rï AwfRvZ m¤cÖ`vq G‡K DMÖfv‡e GKwU GKK, e×

mvgvwRK wbqg-Kvbz‡bi MwÐ‡Z Ave× bv †i‡L cÖvqkB mvgÖv‡Rï Aaxb ’ RvwZ-‡Mvôxi wPšÍv-fvebv, AvPvi-AvPiY

Ges HwZn¨‡K mvgÖv‡Rï ms¯‹…wZi AšÍf©z³ Kivi †Póv Ki‡Zb| hwÌ wKQz wKQz mgÖvU mvgÖv‡Rï mvs¯‹…wZK ï×Zv


wb‡q wPwšÍZ wQ‡jb Ges Zviv wb‡Riv hv‡K Zv‡ì ms¯‹…wZi wkKo e‡j Rvb‡Zb, mvgÖv‡RÏ †mB mvs¯‹…wZK

cwigÐjB eRvq ivLvi †Póv Ki‡Zb| Z‡e, †ewkifvM †¶‡ÎB mvgÖv‡Rï mf¨Zv wQj Aaxb¯’ RvwZ-‡Mvôx¸wji

mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi wg‡kj| †ivg mvgÖv‡Rï ms¯‹…wZ M‡o D‡VwQj wMÖK Avi †ivgvb ms¯‹…wZi mgš‡q; cviwmqvb,

MÖxK Avi Avie‡ì ms¯‹…wZi mgš‡q M‡o D‡VwQj AveŸvwmW (Abbasid) mvgÖv‡Rï ms¯‹…wZ| mvgÖvRëv`x †gv½j‡ì

ms¯‹…wZ wQj ˆPwbK ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZwjwc gvÎ| mvgvRªëv`x hz³iv‡óÖ †Kwbqvb es‡kv™¢zZ GKRb †cÖwm‡W›U ¯”Q‡›` weÖwUk

Pjw”PÎ Ôj‡iÝ Ae A¨vivweqvÕ †`L‡Z cv‡ib †hLv‡b Avieiv ZzwK©‡ì weiæ‡× we‡`Övn K‡i| GgbwK Pjw”PÎ †`Lvi

mgq wZwb Av‡q‡k Kzogzo K‡i GKwU BZvwjqvb wcRvq KvgoI emv‡Z cv‡ib|

mvgÖv‡Rï ms¯‹…wZ M‡o IVvi mgq Aaxb¯’ RvwZ-‡Mvôx¸‡jvi mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`v‡bi GB wg‡kj AšÍM©Z RvwZ-

‡Mvôx¸wj‡K GB bZzb ms¯‹…wZ AvZ¥xKi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i‡Q GgbUv fvevi KviY †bB| mvgÖv‡Rï ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wewRZ

RvwZ-‡Mvôx‡ì A‡bK mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`vb AšÍf©z³ nIqvi d‡j †kl‡gk mvgÖv‡Rï ms¯‹…wZi †h msKi iƒ‡ci m…wó nq,

Zv wewRZ Rb‡Mvôxi wb‡R‡ì ms¯‹…wZ †_‡K wQj A‡bKUvB wfbœ| mzZivs, wewRZ RvwZ-‡Mvôx¸‡jvi Kv‡Q mvgÖv‡Rï

bZzb GB ms¯‹…wZi AvZ¥xKiY wQj GKUv fq¼i zt¯‡cœi gZ| GKw`‡K eûw`‡bi Af¨ Í ixwZ-bxwZ I AvPiY¸‡jv

Z¨vM Kiv Zv‡ì Rb¨ mnR wQj bv, Ab¨w`‡K ms¯‹…wZi bZzb Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K †evSv, †kLv I AvZ¥xKiY Kiv Zv‡ì

Rb¨ wQj AviI KwVb Ges Kómva¨| Gi †P‡qI Lvivc e¨vcvi nj, wewRZ RvwZ-‡Mvôx mvgÖv‡Rï ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Af¨¯Í

n‡q †M‡jI, mvgÖv‡Rï kvmK‡ì A‡bK A‡bK eQi †j‡M †hZ civwRZ RvwZ-‡Mvôxi gvbzlRb‡K wb‡R‡ì Ask

fve‡Z| ÔZv‡ìÕ †K ÔAvgivÕ wn‡m‡e ¯xKvi Ki‡Z| wewRZ RvwZ-‡Mvôx¸‡jvi Rb¨ GB gaëZ©x mgqUzKz wQj

fqven| KviY, Zviv ZZw`‡b Zv‡ì wbR¯ mvs¯‹…wZK cwiPq nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q Ges bZzb mvgÖv‡R¨ Zv‡ì mgvb

AwaKvi wb‡q AskMÖn‡Yi mz‡hvMI †bB| Avi GBw`‡K, mvgÖv‡Rï †h bZzb ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Zviv Af¨ Í n‡q D‡V‡Q, †mB

ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Zv‡ì cwiPq eeiÖ Qvov Avi wKQz bq|

bzgvbwkqvb‡ì cZ‡bi GKkÕ eQi c‡ii GKRb ¯”Qj AvB‡ewiqv‡bi K_v aiv hvK| wZwb Zvi evev-gvi mv‡_

wbLzuZ D”Pvi‡Y Zvi AwZ cwiwPZ †mjwUK fvlv‡ZB K_v e‡jb, wKš‘, eoKZ©v‡ì mv‡_ K_v ejv Ges eëmvcvwZ

cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GZw`‡b wZwb j¨vwUb fvlvUv †ek fvjgZB Avh Ë K‡i‡Qb, hwÌ D”PviYUv GLbI AZUv moMo

nqwb| ¯¿xi †mjwUK Nivbvi bKkv`vi Mqbvi cÖwZ AvKl©Y‡K wZwb †Kv‡bvg‡Z †g‡b †bb, wKš‘ Zvi mnawg©Yx †h

GLbI †mjwUK‡ì MZvbzMwZK iæwPi evB‡i †e‡iv‡Z cvij bv GUv wb‡q Zvi g‡b LvwbKUv Av‡¶cI KvR K‡i|

Avd‡mvm K‡ib, †ivgvb Mfb©‡ii ¯¿xi mv`vgvUv bKkvi Mqbvi †mŠ›`h©Uv hw` ezS‡Zb Zvi wcÖqZgv ¿x! wZwb wb‡R

†ivgvb‡ì gZ wUDwbK (AvRvbzjw¤Z, wXjv, Lv‡Uv Avw Íbhz³ ev Avw Íbnxb GK ai‡bi †cvkvK) cwiavb K‡ib,

Mevw`cïi eëmvq jvf nevi ìæY Ges †ivgvb evwYR¨ bxwZi mv‡_ Zvi eëmvi †Kvb Øb&Ø bv _vKvq †ivgvb‡ì

evwoi Av`‡j GKwU eomo evwoI wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb| GgbwK wZwb Abvqv‡m Ave…wË Ki‡Z cv‡ib weL¨vZ Kwe fvwR©j

(Virgil) Gi RwR©Km (Georgics) KweZvi Z…Zxq L‡Ði csw³gvjv| wKš‘, GZwKQzi c‡iI †ivgvbiv Zv‡K GKRb

Avav-eeiÖ wn‡m‡eB MY¨ K‡i| Pig nZvkv wb‡q wZwb j¶¨ K‡ib, miKvix c`¯’‡ì mv‡_ mv¶v‡Zi †Kvb mz‡hvM

wZwb cv‡”Qb bv, cv‡”Qb bv A¨vwçw_‡qUv‡ii mzweavRbK †Kvb Avmb|

Ebwesk kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K A‡bK wkw¶Z fviZxq‡ì Ae ’vI wQj GKBiKg| Zv‡ì weÖwUk cÖfzivI Zv‡ì mv‡_

GKB iKg AvPiY Ki‡Zb| G e¨vcv‡i Bs‡iwR fvlvq we‡klfv‡e cvi`k©x GKRb D”Pvwfjvlx fviZxqÕi GKwU Mí

ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| wZwb cwðgv bv‡Pi cÖwk¶Y wb‡qwQ‡jb, ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Qzwi Ges KvuUvPvgP w`‡q LvIqvi Af¨vmI


K‡iwQ‡jb| Gme mv‡nex Avè‡KZv †kLvi ci wZwb Bsj¨v‡Û hvb Ges BDwbfvwm©wU K‡jR jÛ‡b AvBb wel‡q

cov‡kvbv K‡i e¨vwi÷vix wWMÖx AR©b K‡ib| m zU-UvB civ †KZv zi Í GB ZiæY AvBbRxex Kvj Pvgovi gvbzlR‡bi

Rb¨ wba©vwiZ †UÖ‡bi Z…Zxq †kÖYx‡Z ågY Kivi e`‡j cÖ_g †kÖYx‡Z åg‡Yi B”Qv cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb| ïazgvÎ GB

Kvi‡Y Zv‡K `w¶Y AvwdÖKvi weÖwUk Dcwb‡e‡k GKwU †UÖb †_‡K Qzu‡o †djv n‡qwQj| †jvKwUi bvg wQj Ô‡gvnb`vm

KigPvu` MvÜxÕ|

wKQz wKQz †¶‡Î civwRZ‡ì mvs¯‹…wZK Awf‡hvRb Ges kvmK‡ì AvZ¥xKi‡Yi GB cÖwµqvwU GKmgq wewRZ Ges

kvmK‡kÖYxi ga¨Kvi we‡f‡ì †`qvj mwi‡q †dj‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| †m‡¶‡Î wewRZiv wb‡R‡ì‡K mvgÖv‡Rï Ask

fve‡Zb Ges kvmK‡kÖYxI wewRZ‡ì‡K wb‡R‡ì mgvb g‡b Ki‡Zb| kvmK Ges kvwmZ zBc¶B ÔZv‡ìÕ‡K

ÔAvgv‡ìÕ gZ fve‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| A‡bK kZ‡Ki mvgÖvRëv`x kvm‡bi ci †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï mKj Awaevmx‡KB

†ivgvb bvMwiKZ¡ †`qv nq| †ivgvb es‡kv™¢zZ bb Ggb A‡b‡KB †ivgvb ˆmbëvwnbx Ges ivóÖxq cwil‡` wb‡qvM jvf

K‡ib| 48 wLÖ÷v‡ã mgÖvU K¬wWqvm †ek wKQz msL¨K M¨vwjK (divwm) m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvbzl‡K ivóÖxq cwil‡` wb‡qvM †`b

Ges e‡jb ÔZviv Zv‡ì AvPvi-AvPiY, ms¯‹…wZ Ges weevn eÜ‡bi Øviv AvR Avgv‡ì GKRb n‡q D‡V‡QÕ| msm‡ì

A‡bK mf¨ RvwZMZfv‡e GKKv‡ji kÎz‡ì‡K i‡vgvb ivRbxwZi GK`g †K› Öwe› z‡Z mz‡hvM K‡i †Ìqvi GB

wm×v‡šÍi cÖwZev` K‡ib| DË‡i K¬wWqvm Zv‡ì GKwU AwcÖq mZ¨ K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`b| †mwU nj- mvsm`‡ì

†ewkifv‡MiB c‚e©cziæl wQj BZvwjqvb Avwèvmx hviv GKKv‡j †iv‡gi weiæ‡× jovB K‡iwQj Ges c‡i Zv‡ì‡K

†iv‡gi bvMwiKZ¡ †`qv nq| †ivgvb mgÖvU mevB‡K GUvI ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`b, Zvi wb‡Ri c‚e©cziælI wQ‡jb BZvwji

m¨vevBb (Sabine) †MvÎfz³|5

zBkZ wLÖ÷v‡ãi KvQvKvwQ mg‡q †ivgvb mvgÖvR¨ kvmb K‡ib AvB‡ewiqvq Rb¥ †bqv †ek wKQz mgÖvU, hv‡ì agbx‡Z

†KvbI bv †KvbI fv‡e eB‡Q †mB msMÖvgx AvB‡ewiqvb‡ì i³| UÖvRvb (Trajan), n¨vWwiqvb (Hadrian),

A¨v‡›Uvwbqvm wcqvm (Antoninius Pius), gvK©vm Awiwjqvm (Marcus Aurelius) – G‡ì kvmbvgj‡K

mvaviYfv‡e †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï ¯Y©hzM wn‡m‡e aiv nq| Gici †_‡K Nz‡P †M‡Q mevi c…_K RvwZMZ cwiPq| mgÖvU

†mcwUwgqvm †m‡fivm (Septimius Severus) (193-211) wQ‡jb wjweqvi wcDwbK cwiev‡ii m`m¨| BjvMvevjzm

(Elagabalus) (218-22) wQ‡jb GKRb wmwiqvb| mgÖvU wdwj‡ci (244-249) Av‡iK bvg wQj ÔAvi‡ei

wdwjcÕ| mvgÖv‡Rï cieZ©x cÖRb¥¸‡jv †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï ms¯‹…wZ‡K GZUvB Mfxifv‡e MÖnY K‡ib †h, †ivgvb

mvgÖv‡Rï cZ‡bi nvRvi eQi c‡iI, Zviv †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï fvlvqB K_v ej‡Z _vK‡jb, wek¦vm AUzU ivL‡jb

wLÖ÷a‡giÖ Ck¦‡ii cÖwZ †h ag© †ivgvb mvgÖvR¨ †c‡qwQj †jfvbUvBb (Levantine) A½ivR¨¸‡jv †_‡K Ges gvb‡Z

_vKj †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï mKj AvBb-Kvbzb|

Avie mvgÖv‡Rï NUbvI A‡bKUv GiKg| mßg kZvãxi gvSvgvwS mg‡q hLb GB mvgÖv‡Rï cËb nq, ZLb

mvgÖv‡Rï Avie-gzmwjg kvmK Ges AwaK…Z wgkixq, wmixq, Bivwb Ges evievi RvwZ hviv Avie ev gzmwjg †KvbUvB

wQj bv, Zv‡ì gv‡S êl‡gï GKwU ¯úó †f`‡iLv wQj| Aaxb¯’ A‡bK RvwZB c‡i Bmjvg a‡g© wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡i,

Aviwe fvlv‡K MÖnY K‡i Ges Af¨ Í n‡q c‡o mvgÖv‡Rï wgkÖ ms¯‹…wZ‡Z| Avi‡ei cÖvPxb kvmK‡kÖYx bZzb Rv‡Z IVv

Gme AwaK…Z‡ì kÎzZvi †Pv‡L †`LZ, Zv‡ì †fZi KvR KiZ GKvšÍ wbR¯ cwiwPwZ Ges mvgvwRK gh©v`v nvwi‡q

†djvi fq| Ab¨w`‡K, nZezw× ag©všÍwiZiv Gici mvgÖv‡R¨ Ges Bmjv‡gi zwbqvq Zv‡ì mgvb AwaKv‡ii `vex


Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| †kl‡gl Zv‡ì AvKvO&¶v c‚iY nq| wgkixq, wmixq Ges †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvbiv µgvMZ: ÔAvieÕ bv‡g

cwiwPwZ †c‡Z _v‡K| Avieiv, †m cÖvPxb Avie esk™¢zZ AvieB †nvK Avi bZzb iƒcvšÍwiZ AvieB †nvK, µgvMZ:

Abvie gzmwjg‡ì Øviv kvwmZ n‡Z _v‡K, we‡klZ Bivwb, ZzwK© Ges evievi RvwZi Øviv| Avie mvgÖv‡Rï me‡P‡q

eo mvdj¨ nj, GB mvgÖv‡Rï ms¯‹…wZ‡K A‡bK Abvie gvbzl AKzÉwP‡Ë MÖnY K‡i‡Q| cÖK…Z Avie mvgÖv‡Rï cZb

Ges cÖK…Z Avie‡ì AvwacZ¨ P‡j †M‡jI GivB GB ms¯‹…wZi i¶Yv‡e¶Y, Dbœqb Ges cÖmv‡i KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q|

Pxbv‡ì mvgÖvRëv`x cÖKí wQj AviI A‡bK †ewk mdj| GKmgq eeiÖ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ, RMvwLPzwo cvKv‡bv wewfbœ

b…ZvwË¡K I mvs¯‹…wZK †Mvôx zB nvRvi eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq a‡i ax‡i ax‡i mdjfv‡e Pxbv mvgÖv‡Rï ms¯‹…wZi Aš Íf©z³

nq Ges Ônvb PvBwbRÕ (GB bvgwU G‡m‡Q nvb mvgv‡Rª i bvg †_‡K hvi ¯’vwqZ¡ wQj 206 wLÖ÷c‚e©vã †_‡K 220

wLÖ÷vã ch©šÍ ) bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Pxb mvgÖv‡Rï me‡P‡q eo mdjZv nj GwU GLbI envj Zweq‡Z RxweZ,

hwÌ evB‡i †_‡K †`L‡j wZeŸZ Ges wkbwRqvs †K †Niv GKUv †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbv Qvov mvgÖv‡Rï Avi †Kvb

êwkó¨B †Pv‡L c‡o bv| Px‡b beŸB kZvs‡ki †ewk gvbzRb‡K Zviv wb‡Riv Ges evB‡ii †jvKRb GLbI ÔnvbÕ bv‡g

Rv‡b|

GKB c×wZ‡Z Avgiv zwbqvRz‡o MZ K‡qK `kK a‡i Pjv ¯vaxb ivóÖ cÖwZôvi (decolonisation) cÖwµqvwUI

e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvwi| AvazwbKKv‡j BD‡ivcxqiv DbœZ cwðgv ms¯‹…wZ cÖPv‡ii bv‡g cÖvq cz‡iv zwbqvUv‡KB Rq K‡i

†d‡j‡Q| Zviv G Kv‡R GZUvB mdj †h, †KvwU †KvwU gvbzl G‡K G‡K wb‡R‡ì Rxe‡b GB ms¯‹…wZi A‡bK Dcv`vb

MÖnY Ki‡Q| fviZxq, AvwdÖKvb, Avie, PvBwbR Ges gvIwiiv GLb †dÖÂ, Bs‡iwR ev ¯ú¨vwbk fvlv †k‡L| Zviv

GLb ÔgvbevwaKviÕ Ges Ôe¨w³-¯vaxbZvÕi aviYvq wek¦vm K‡i Ges Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ, ÔczuwRev`Õ, ÔmgvRZš¿Õ, Ôbvixev`Õ

Ges ÔRvZxqZvev‡ìÕ gZ cwðgv a¨vb-aviYv¸‡jv Zviv MÖnY Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q|

mvgÖv‡Rï Pµ

cÖ_‡g GK`j gvbzl GKUv mvgÖvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡i

‡mB mvgÖvR¨Rz‡o GKUv mvaviY ms¯‹…wZ M‡o I‡V

mvgÖv‡Rï cÖRviv ax‡i ax‡i †mB ms¯‹…wZ‡K MÖnY K‡i

Gici GB bZzb mvgÖvRëv`x g‚j¨‡ev‡a `xw¶Z RbMY kvmK‡Mvôxi mgvb AwaKvi †c‡Z m‡Pó nq ‡ivgvbiv ˆZwi

Kij †ivgvb mvgÖvR¨|

‡MÖ‡Kv-‡ivgvb ms¯‹…wZ|

RbMY j¨vwUb, †ivgvb AvBbKvbzb, †ivgvb ivR‰bwZK aviYv¸‡jv MÖnY Kij|

Bwjwiqvb, Mj Ges wcDwbKiv †ivgvb g‚j¨‡ev‡ai wfwË‡Z †ivgvb‡ì mgvb AwaKvi `vwe Kij| Avieiv ˆZwi

Kij Avie wLjvdZ|

Avie-gzmwjg ms¯‹…wZ|


RbMY Aviwe fvlv, Bmjvg ag© MÖnY Kij|

wgkixq, Bivwb Ges evieviiv Bmjvwg åvZ…‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z Avie‡ì mgvb AwaKvi `vwe Kij BD‡ivcxqiv ˆZwi Kij

BD‡ivcxq mvgÖvR¨|

cwðgv ms¯‹…wZ|

RbMY Bs‡iwR I divwm fvlv Ges mgvRZš¿, RvZxqZvev`, gvbevwaKvi BZ¨vw` aviYv MÖnY Kij|

fviZxq, Pxbv I AvwdÖKvbiv RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZš¿, gvbevwaKvi BZ¨vw` cwðgv g‚j¨‡ev‡ai †¶‡Î BD‡ivcxq‡ì

mgvb AwaKvi `vwe Kij |

wek kZ‡K, wewfbœ AvÂwjK †Mvôx, hviv cwðgv g‚j¨‡eva¸‡jv‡K MÖnY K‡iwQj, Zviv †mBme g‚j¨‡ev‡ai †`vnvB

w`‡qB Zv‡ì BD‡ivcxq kvmK‡ì Kv‡Q mgZvi `vwe †Zv‡j| e¨w³-¯vaxbZv, mgvRZš¿ Ges gvbevwaKv‡ii gZ

cwðgv a¨vb-aviYv¸‡jvB Rb¥ †`q cwðgv‡ì weiæ‡× A‡bK Dcwb‡ek we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi| †hfv‡e wgkixq, Bivwb

Ges ZzwKiÖv Avi‡ei cÖK…Z weRqx‡ì ms¯‹…wZ I g‚j¨‡eva MÖnY I cwigvR©b K‡iwQj, wVK GKB fv‡e AvR‡Ki w`‡bi

fviZxq, AvwdÖKvb Ges PvBwbRivI Zv‡ì c‚e©eZ©x cwðgv kvmK‡ì g‚j¨‡eva I ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K MÖnY K‡i

†m¸‡jv‡K wb‡R‡ì cÖ‡qvRb Ges HwZ‡nï Dc‡hvMx K‡i cwigvR©b K‡i wb‡”Q|

BwZnv‡mi bvqK, BwZnv‡mi LjbvqK

BwZnvm‡K fv‡jv Avi Lvivc GB zBwU mz¯úó Avjv`v fv‡M fvM K‡i †djvi cÖeYZv cÖvqkB †`Lv hvq| GB fv‡M

AwaKvsk †¶‡Î mvgÖvR¨ Avi Zvi kvmKiv c‡ob g‡›ì LvZvq| GUv mZ¨, †ewkifvM mvgÖv‡Rï Rb¥ n‡q‡Q wb ©q

i³cv‡Zi gva¨‡g, Avi mvgÖvR¨ wU‡K _v‡K hz× Avi eÂbvi ¯Í‡¤¢i Dci fi K‡i| wKš‘, GK_vI mZ¨ †h, AvR‡Ki

w`‡bi ms¯‹…wZ, mf¨Zv, ixwZbxwZi AwaKvskB G‡m‡Q mvgÖv‡Rï aŸsm Íz‡ci QvB †_‡K| mzZivs, mvgÖvR¨‡K cz‡ivczwi

Lviv‡ci ZvwjKvq †djv n‡j, wb‡R‡ì AvR‡Ki cwiPq, ixwZ, AvBb‡K Avgiv †Kvb ZvwjKvq †dje?

‡ek wKQz ivR‰bwZK gZv`k© Ges gZev` mvgÖvRëv` †_‡K mvs¯‹…wZK cwiPq‡K †Qu‡K wb‡q GKwU weï×, bZzb

mf¨Zvi K_v ej‡Z Pvq, †hLv‡b Lvivc †Kvb wKQzi Aw ÍZ¡ _vK‡e bv| GB ai‡bi ZË¡ ‡jv nq G‡Kev‡iB AcwicK¡

bZzev bZzb †gvo‡K †gvov DMÖ RvZxqZvev` Ges †Mvuovwgi wfbœ GKwU iƒc gvÎ| Avcwb nqZ GiKg `vwe Ki‡Z

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Z_¨m‚Ît

1 Nahum Megged, The Aztecs (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1999 [Hebrew]), 103.

2 Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 30 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Universitz Press, 1958), 220–1.


3 A. Fienup-Riordan, The Nelson Island Eskimo: Social Structure and Ritual Distribution (Anchorage:

Alaska Pacific Universitz Press, 1983), 10.

4 Yuri Pines, ÔNation States, Globalization and a United Empire – the Chinese Experience (third to fifth

centuries BC)Õ, Historia 15 (1995), 54 [Hebrew].

5 Alexander Yakobson, ÔUs and Them: Empire, Memorz and Identitz in ClaudiusÕ Speech on Bringing

Gauls into the Roman SenateÕ, in On Memorz: An Interdisciplinarz Approach, ed. Doron Mendels

(Oxford: Peter Land, 2007), 23–4.

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cÖvwYRM‡Z †m¸‡jvi Ae ’vb †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi mv‡_ GKB Í‡iB wQ‡jv| gvbzl †fov wkKvi KiZ e‡j Zviv †fovi

†P‡q D”P Í‡ii †Kv‡bv cÖvYx n‡q hvqwb, wVK †hgb gvbzl wkKvi K‡iI gvbz‡li Dc‡i ¯’vb cvqwb evN| gvbz‡l gvbz‡l

†hvMv‡hvM n‡Zv mivmwi, GjvKvi wbqg¸‡jv ˆZwi n‡Zv gvbz‡li Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g| Ab¨w`‡K K…wlwbf©i mgv‡R †`Lv

†M‡jv, K…lKB Zvi dmj Avi cïi gvwjK| Avi †m¸‡jv †m Avi Kv‡iv mv‡_ fvMvfvwM Ki‡Z AvMÖnx bq| Gfv‡eB

K…wlwecø‡ei nvZ a‡i m‚Pbv n‡jv cÖv_wgK ag©xq ixwZbxwZi, Avi MvQcvjv-cïcvwL cÖvwYRM‡Zi m`m¨ †_‡K cwiYZ

n‡jv m¤úwË‡Z|

Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ †`Lv w`‡jv GKUv eo mgm¨vI| K…lK PvBZ Zvi †fovi cv‡ji c‚Y© wbqš¿Y wb‡Ri nv‡Z wb‡Z, wKš‘

†m GI Rvb‡Zv †h Zvi ¶gZv mxwgZ| K…lK PvB‡j Zvi †fovi cvj‡K †Lvuqv‡o AvU‡K ivL‡Z cv‡i, Lvwm K‡i w`‡Z

cv‡i, wb‡Ri B”Qvg‡Zv mz¯’ †fovi g‡a¨ cÖRb‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †foviv †h mz¯’ mšÍvb Rb¥ †`‡e Gi

wbðqZv w`‡Z cv‡i bv| gnvgvixi nvZ †_‡K †fov¸‡jv‡K evuPv‡bvi mvaÏ Zvi wQ‡jv bv| Zvn‡j †m Zvi

†fov¸‡jvi eske…w× wbwðZ Ki‡e Kxfv‡e?

GB ai‡bi mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡ZB Ck¦‡ii ¸iæZ¡ †e‡o hvq- GgbwUB `vwe K‡i Ck¦‡ii DrcwË welqK GKwU ZË¡|

cÖvwYRM‡Z gvbzl hLb D‡V †Mj GK avc Dc‡i, Avi me cÖvYx I Dw™¢` ZLbI c‡o iBj mvavi‡Yi KvZv‡i|

DeiÖZvi †èx, AvKv‡ki †èZv, wPwKrmvi †èZvmn AviI bvbv †èZv n‡q †Mj Gme wbe©vK cïcvwL Avi

MvQcvjvi mv‡_ gvbz‡li †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g| G Kvi‡YB cÖvPxb czivY¸‡jvi †ewkifvMB ˆZwi n‡q‡Q A‡bKUv AvBbx

Pzw³i g‡Zv, †hLv‡b gvbzl †èZv‡ì †`‡e Zv‡ì wPi¯’vqx AvbzMZ¨, wewbg‡q Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K cv‡e MvQcvjv I

RxeRš‘i Dc‡i wb‡R‡ì AvwacZ¨| wLÖ÷xq m…wóZ‡Ë¡i eB‡qi ïiæi (Book of Genesis) w`‡Ki Aa¨vq¸‡jv Gi

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D`vniY| K…wl wecø‡ei ci †_‡K nvRvi nvRvi eQi a‡i gvbzl GB AwZcÖvK…Z kw³i Kv‡Q DrmM© Ki‡Q

†fov, g` wKsev iæwU, Avi wewbg‡q cÖv_©bv Ki‡Q dmj I cïm¤ú‡ì DË‡ivËi e…w×|

cv_i, SY©v ev f‚Z-‡cÖ‡Zi Avivabvi †h ag© Av‡M cÖPwjZ wQ‡jv, ïiæ‡Z Zvi Dci K…wl wecø‡ei cÖfve wQ‡jv

mvgvb¨B| wKš‘ ax‡i ax‡i G¸‡jv Zv‡ì Av‡e`b nviv‡Z ïiæ K‡i, Avi Zv‡ì RvqMv wb‡q †bq bZzb †èZviv|


hZw`b gvbz‡li wePiY Zv‡ì Av‡kcv‡ki K‡qKk eM©wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKvi gv‡S Ave× wQ‡jv ZZw`b Gme AvÂwjK

†èZv‡ì w`‡qB Zv‡ì KvR PjZ| wKš‘ Gici gvbzl hLb weivU GjvKv Rz‡o eëmv-evwYR¨ Ki‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jv,

cÖwZôv Kij‡v wekvj me ivR¨, ZLb †mB weczj f‚L‡Ði me gvbz‡li Dci cÖfve we Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb †Kv‡bv

kw³gvb mË¡vi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv w`‡jv|

GB cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡ZB GKmgq eû-Ck¦iev`x (polztheistic, wMÖK kã polz gv‡b ÔeûÕ, theos gv‡b ÔCk¦iÕ) a‡g©i

Avwef©ve N‡U| GBme ag©gZ Abzmv‡i, GB c…w_ex PvwjZ nq GKvwaK kw³kvjx †è‡èxi Øviv, †hgb DeiÖZvi †èx,

e…wói †èZv wKsev hz‡×i †èZv| gvbzl GBme †è‡èx‡K Zzó K‡i PjZ, Avi gvbz‡li Dcvmbv I Drm‡M© mš‘ó n‡j

†èZviv Zv‡ì `vb Ki‡Zb e…wó, mz¯v¯’ ev hz‡× weRq|

Z‡e eû-Ck¦iev`x a‡giÖ cÖfv‡e Av‡Mi †mB me©cÖvYev` wKš‘ G‡Kev‡i nvwi‡q hvqwb, eis †m¸‡jv GKxf‚Z n‡q †M‡Q

bZzb a‡giÖ mv‡_| cÖvq me eû-Hk¦wiK a‡g©B f‚Z-‡cÖZ, cix, cweÎ cv_i, SY©v ev Mv‡Qi K_v G‡m‡Q| gnvb

†è‡èxi ¶gZvi mvg‡b G‡ì ¸iæZ¡ A‡bKUv ¤øvb n‡q †M‡jI mvaviY gvbz‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb †_‡K G‡ì cÖ‡qvRb

G‡Kev‡i dzwi‡q hvq wb| iv‡Rï mgÖvU hLb ivRavbx‡Z hz×‡èZvi D‡Ï‡k GKkUv ¯v¯’ëvb †fov ewj w`‡q hz‡×

weRq cÖv_©bv Ki‡Zb, wVK †m mg‡qB nq‡Zv GKRb K…lK Zvi cz‡Îi †ivMgzw³i Avkvq †Kv‡bv cweÎ e…‡¶i wb‡P

R¡vj‡Zb GKwU †QvÆ cÖ`xc|

GBme †èZvi DÌv‡bi cÖfve hZUv bv c‡owQ‡jv †fov Avi f‚Z-‡cÖ‡Zi Dc‡i, Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk c‡owQ‡jv

cÖvwYRM‡Z †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZwUi Ae ’v‡bi Dci| Av‡Mi me©cÖvYev`xiv g‡b KiZ ZvivI c…w_exi Avi me

cÖvYxi g‡ZvB Av‡iKwU cÖvYx| wKš‘ eû-Ck¦iev`x gvbzl wb‡R‡ì Avi me cÖvYxi †P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© fve‡Z ïiæ

Kij| ZvB Gme a‡giÖ †Pv‡L c…w_exUv n‡q †Mj ïaz gvbzl I †èZvi m¤ú‡KiÖ cÖwZiƒc| Zviv fveZ, gvbz‡li me

cÖv_©bv, DrmM©, cvc I czY¨- G¸‡jvB c…w_ex I cwi‡e‡ki cwiYwZ wba©viY K‡i| ZvB Aí wKQz AcwiYvg`k©x

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wRivd, nvwZ| eû-Ck¦iev` ZvB ïaz †èZv‡ì ¶gZvB e…w× Ki‡jv bv, evwo‡q w`‡jv gvbz‡li gh©v`vI| Avi

RxeRM‡Zi evwK me m`m¨, hviv Gi Av‡Mi me©cÖvYev`x a‡g© gvbz‡li mgvb gh©v`vi AwaKvix wQj, Zviv Zv‡ì gh©v`v

nvwi‡q XvKv c‡o †M‡jv gvbzl I Ck¦‡ii bvUKxq m¤ú‡KiÖ Qvqvq|

czZzjc‚Rvi dwRjZ

cÖvq znvRvi eQ‡ii G‡Kk¦iev`x gMR‡avjvB‡qi Kvi‡Y AvR‡Ki cwðgv †`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbzl eû-Ck¦ievw`Zv‡K

GKiKg wbe©zw×Zv ev nvm¨Ki g‚wZ©c‚Rv wn‡m‡eB †`‡L| wKš‘ GUv hzw³nxbfv‡e †g‡b †bIqv cÖPwjZ GKwU aviYv

gvÎ| eû-Ck¦ievw`Zvi †fZiKvi hzw³¸‡jv ezS‡Z n‡j Av‡M Avgv‡ì‡K A‡bK¸‡jv Ck¦‡i wek¦v‡mi †cQ‡bi g‚j

KviYwUi AbzmÜvb Ki‡Z n‡e|

eû-Ck¦iev` gnvwe‡k¦i †K› Öxq †Kv‡bv GKK gnvkw³i Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K A¯xKvi K‡i bv| eis †ewkifvM eû-Ck¦iev`x,

GgbwK me©cÖvYev‡` wek¦vmx gvbzlI mKj †è‡èx, f‚Z‡cÖZ Avi cweÎ MvQ-cv_‡ii wcQ‡b AviI eo, cig GK

kw³i Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wek¦vm KiZ| eû-Ck¦iev`x wMÖK cziv‡Yi †èZv wRDm, †niv, A¨v‡cv‡jv I Ab¨vb¨ †è‡èxivI


me©MÖvmx, me©kw³gvb wbqwZi (Moira, Ananke wMÖK cziv‡Y wbqwZi e¨w³iƒc) Aaxb wQ‡jb| bwW©K †èZvivI

wQ‡jb wbqwZi `vm, hvi Rb¨ czivYg‡Z fwel¨‡Z h©v MbviK (Ragnarök) bvgK gnvwech©‡q gnvwe‡k¦i m‡½ webvk

n‡e Zvu‡ìI| cwðg AvwdÖKvi B‡qviæev (Yoruba) Rb‡Mvôxi eû-Ck¦iev`x a‡g© ejv nq mKj †èZvi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q

I‡jvWzgv‡i (Olodumare) bvgK me©kw³gvb Ck¦i †_‡K| wn› z ag©g‡Z mKj †èZv, Akixix, gvbzl, me Rxe I

Roe¯Íz‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i ÔAvZ¥vÕ| GB ÔAvZ¥vÕB G gnvRM‡Zi cÖvY, AvZ¥vB mKj cÖvYx I me NUbv‡K GK m‚‡Î †eu‡a

iv‡L|

G‡Kk¦iev` Ges eû-Ck¦iev` z‡Uv aviYv‡ZB GKwU GKK cig mË¡vi K_v ejv n‡jI eû-Ck¦iev‡ì g‚j †h

êwkó¨wU G‡K G‡Kk¦iev` †_‡K c…_K K‡i Zv n‡jv- eû-Ck¦iev‡` †h wek¦wbqšÍv cig kw³i K_v ejv nq Zv

meiKg †gvn I c¶cv‡Zi E‡aŸ©| gvbz‡li RvMwZK PvIqv-cvIqv, Avkv ev f‡qi mv‡_ †m kw³i †Kv‡bv m¤úK©

†bB| †m cig kw³i Kv‡Q hz‡× weRq, ¯v¯’ ev e…wói Rb¨ cÖv_©bv Kiv A_©nxb, KviY †mB me©e¨vcx mË¡vi Kv‡Q z`j

¶z`Ö gvbz‡li hz‡× †K wRZ‡jv †K nvi‡jv, †K evuP‡jv †K gi‡jv- †m wbZvšÍB Zz”Q| ZvB wMÖKiv wbqwZi D‡Ï‡k¨

GKUvI cï ewj †`qwb, wn› ziv AvZ¥v‡K c‚Rv w`‡Z evbvqwb †Kv‡bv gw›ì|

ZvB †mB cig kw³i wbKUeZ©x nIqvi GKgvÎ Dcvq wQ‡jv meiKg RvMwZK †gvn †_‡K wb‡R‡K gz³ Kiv, Avi

fv‡jvi cvkvcvwk g›`‡KI mgvbfv‡e MÖnY Kiv- `vwi ª¨, Riv, e¨vwa, GgbwK g…Z¨z‡KI| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ wn› z‡ì g‡a¨

A‡b‡KB mvaz-mbœ¨vmx n‡q cigvZ¥vi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q wb‡R‡K Av‡jvwKZ Ki‡Z mviv Rxeb DrmM© K‡i w`‡Zb| Zvuiv

†mB cigvZ¥vi …wó‡Z c…w_exUv‡K †`Lvi †Póv Ki‡Zb, ezS‡Z †Póv Ki‡Zb gnvKv‡ji Kv‡Q gvbz‡li cvw_©e me

AvKvO&¶v Avi fq¸‡jv KZUv A_©nxb, KZUv ¶Y ’vqx|

RM‡Z msmviZ¨vMx mbœ¨vmxi msL¨v Kg, welqx gvbz‡li msL¨vB †ewk| †ewkifvM wn› zB bvbviKg RvMwZK Kvgbv-

evmbvq RR©wiZ, wbe©vK-wbwe©Kvi AvZœv ZvB Zv‡ì Kv‡Q A_©nxb| RvMwZK Pvwn`v c‚i‡Yi †¶‡Î ZvB Zv‡ì fimv

wQ‡jv ÔAvswkK ¶gZvaiÕ †èZviv| M‡Yk, j²x, mi¯Zxi g‡Zv †è‡èx‡ì ¶gZv wQ‡jv mxwgZ, ZvB me©gq

AvZ¥vi g‡Zv Zvuiv wbwj©ß _vK‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| Gme †èZv‡ìI wewfbœ w`‡K AvMÖn wKsev c¶cvZ wQ‡jv| ZvB gvbzl

hz‡× †RZv wKsev †ivMgzw³i g‡Zv wel‡q Gme †èZvi Kv‡QB mvnvh¨ PvBZ| †Kv‡bv me©gq kw³‡K wfbœ wfbœ As‡k

fvM K‡i †dj‡Z †M‡j AeavwiZfv‡eB GKvwaK †èZvi Avwef©ve N‡U|

eû-Ck¦ievw`Zvi GB g‚jbxwZi Rb¨B Gme a‡g© ag©xq mwnòzZv †ewk †`Lv hvq| eû-Ck¦iev`xiv GKw`‡K wek¦vm K‡i

GKUv cig I wbwj©ß kw³‡Z, Ab¨w`‡K AvswkK ¶gZvi AwaKvix †èZvi Aw ÍZ¡I ¯xKvi K‡i †bq| GK †èZvi

Abzmvix Ab¨ †èZvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ I ¶gZvi K_v mnRfv‡eB MÖnY K‡i| GRb¨ eû-Ck¦iev`x ag©¸‡jv mnRvZfv‡eB

†Lvjv g‡bi cwiPq †`q, Avi Gme a‡g© ÔAwek¦vmxÕ ev Ôag©‡ ÖvnxÕ gvbzl‡K kvw Í †Ìqvi K_vI KgB †kvbv hvq|

GB eû-Ck¦iev`x gvbz‡liv weivU †Kv‡bv ivR¨ `Lj Ki‡jI Zvi Awaevmx‡ì Dci wb‡R‡ì ag© Pvwc‡q w`Z bv|

wgkixq, †ivgvb ev A¨vR‡UKiv KL‡bv Zv‡ì †èZv ImvBwim(Osiris), RzwcUvi(Jupiter) ev ûBUwR‡jv‡cv±wji

(Huitzilopochtli A¨vR‡UK‡ì cÖavb †èZv) Abzmvix evov‡Z Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k ag©cÖPviK ev ˆmb¨ †Kv‡bvUvB

cvVvqwb| cÖRv‡ì‡K iv‡Rï cÖfzi Dcvmbv Ki‡Z n‡Zv, KviY IB cÖfzB †Zv iv‡Rï i¶K| ZvB e‡j Zv‡ì

wb‡R‡ì †èZv I ag©xq AvPvi Z¨vM Ki‡Z nq wb| A¨vR‡UK mvgÖv‡Rï cÖRviv ûBUwR‡jv‡cv±wji gw›ì ˆZwi


Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡Zv e‡U, wKš‘ †m gw›ì ˆZwi n‡Zv †mLvbKvi AvÂwjK †èZvi gw›`‡ii cv‡kB, †mUv‡K A¶Z †i‡L,

†f‡O w`‡q bq| Avevi A‡bK mgq iv‡Rï AwfRvZ †kÖYxi gvbz‡livI AvgRbZvi ag©vPiY‡K MÖnY KiZ| †ivgvbiv

Gwkqvi †èx wmwewj (Czbele) ev wgk‡ii †èx AvBwm‡mi (Isis) g‚wZ©‡K mvb‡›` ¯’vb w`‡qwQ‡jv wb‡R‡ì c¨vwš’q‡b

(Pantheon, pan gv‡b ÔmKjÕ, theon gv‡b Ô‡èZvÕ)|

ïaz GKRb‡KB †ivgvbiv A‡bKw`b ch©šÍ †g‡b †bqwb, wZwb wLÖ÷a‡giÖ Ck¦i| †ivgvb mvgÖv‡R¨ wLÖ÷vb‡ì ag©Z¨vM

Ki‡Z ejv n‡Zv bv, wKš‘ Zv‡ì‡K ejv n‡Zv iv‡Rï Avi me †è‡èx I mgÖvU‡K m¤§vb Rvbv‡Z| gvbzl Aek¨

GUv‡K ivR‰bwZK AvbzMZ¨ Av`v‡qi c_ wn‡m‡e †`‡LwQ‡jv| wLÖ÷vbiv GB wb‡ ©k gvb‡Z A¯xK…wZ Rvbv‡j

†ivgvbivI †mUv‡K ivR‰bwZK we‡ivwaZv wnmv‡e MY¨ K‡i Ges Zv `g‡bi eë¯’v †bq| Z‡e G e¨vcv‡iI †ivgvb‡ì

†h Lze †ewk AvMÖn ev ZrciZv wQ‡jv GgbUv bq| whïwLÖ÷‡K µzkwe× Kivi ci †_‡K †ivgvb mgÖvU Kb÷¨vbwU‡bi

wLÖ÷ag© MÖn‡Yi gv‡Si 300 eQ‡i eû-Ck¦iev`x †ivgvb mgÖvU‡ì nv‡Z wLÖ÷vbiv wbh©vwZZ n‡q‡Q eo‡Rvi Pvi evi|

¯’vbxq cÖkvmK‡ì ØvivI GiKg wKQz NUbv N‡U‡Q| ZviciI, GB 300 eQ‡ii wbh©vZ‡b wbnZ nIqv †gvU wLÖ÷v‡bi

msL¨v K‡qK nvRv‡ii †ewk n‡e bv|1 Ab¨w`‡K c‡ii 1500 eQ‡i fv‡jvevmv I mnvbzf‚wZi ag© wLÖ÷a‡g©i wel‡q

mvgvb¨ gZ‡f‡ì Kvi‡Y wLÖ÷vbivB nZ¨v K‡i‡Q j¶ j¶ wLÖ÷vb‡K|

G cÖm‡½ †lvok I mß`k kZvãx‡Z cz‡iv BD‡ivcRz‡o msNwUZ K¨v_wjK I †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U‡ì ga¨Kvi ag©xq msNl©

we‡klfv‡e D‡jL‡hvM¨| G hz‡×i zc¶B wQ‡jv whïwLÖ‡÷i gwngv I Zvui fv‡jvevmvi evYx‡Z AbzcÖvwYZ| Zv‡ì

gZv‰bKÜvI n‡qwQ‡jv †mB fv‡jvevmvi cÖK…wZ wb‡qB| †cÖv‡U÷¨v›Uiv ejZ Ck¦‡ii fv‡jvevmv GZB gnvb †h wZwb

wb‡R i³gvs‡mi †`n wb‡q c…w_ex‡Z G‡m gvbz‡li Avw`g cv‡ci cÖvqwðË K‡i †M‡Qb wb‡R µzkwe× n‡q, Avi

wek¦vmx‡ì Rb¨ Lz‡j w`‡q‡Qb ¯‡MiÖ Øvi| K¨v_wjKivI GUzKz gvbZ, cvkvcvwk Zviv GUvI `vwe KiZ †h, ïaz

wek¦vmB h‡_ó bq| ¯M©jv‡fi Rb¨ gvbzl‡K wek¦v‡mi cvkvcvwk wbqwgZ wMR©vq †h‡Z n‡e, ag©xq AvPvi-Abzôv‡b Ask

wb‡Z n‡e Avi Ki‡Z n‡e fv‡jv KvR| GLv‡bB †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U‡ì AvcwË| Zviv e‡j G‡Z Ck¦‡ii Agh©v`v nq| ¯‡M©

hvIqv hw` wbR K…ZK‡giÖ Dc‡iB wbfiÖ K‡i Zvn‡j †Zv whïwLÖ‡÷i hš¿Yv‡fvM I Ck¦‡ii fv‡jvevmvi †P‡q wb‡R‡KB

†ewk ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv nq|

GB ag©xq gZwe‡iva †lvok I mß`k kZ‡K Pi‡g †cŠuQvq| K¨v_wjK I †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U – zB `‡ji gvbzlB Aci `‡ji

kZ kZ gvbzl‡K nZ¨v K‡i| 1572 mv‡ji 23 AvM‡÷ mrK‡giÖ mg_©K dÖv‡Ýi K¨v_wjKiv †m‡`‡ki †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U‡ì

Dci cÖPÐ AvNvZ nv‡b| †mB Avµg‡Y gvÎ PweŸk NÈvi g‡a¨ 5 †_‡K 10 nvRvi †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U cÖvY nvivq| GB

NUbv‡KB BwZnv‡m ejv nq †mB›U ev‡_©v‡jvwgD wè‡mi MYnZ¨v (St Bartholomews Daz Massacre)| GB

MYnZ¨vi Lei †iv‡g †cŠuQ‡j †cvc DjwmZ n‡q we‡kl cÖv_©bvi gva¨‡g Zv D`hvcb K‡ib, Avi wkíx RwR©I

fvmvwi‡K(Giorgio Vasari) `vwqZ¡ †`b f¨vwUK¨v‡bi GKUv N‡ii †`qvjRz‡o GB MYnZ¨vi Qwe Gu‡K ivL‡Z|2 H

PweŸk NÈvq wLÖ÷vb‡ì nv‡ZB hZRb wLÖ÷vb wbnZ nq, eû-Ck¦iev`x †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ cz‡iv

mg‡qI ZZRb wLÖ÷vb‡K nZ¨v Kiv nqwb|

Ck¦i GK Ges AwØZxq


eû-Ck¦iev`x ag© cvjb Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GK mgq wKQz gvbzl GK GKRb we‡kl †èZvi cÖwZ Abzi³ n‡q hvq| GB

fw³i Kvi‡Y Zviv Av‡ Í Av‡ Í eû-Hk¦wiK `k©b †_‡K m‡i Av‡m| Zviv wek¦vm Ki‡Z _v‡K, Zv‡ì IB GKRb

†èZvB GKgvÎ Ck¦i, Zvui nv‡ZB wek¦eÖþv‡Ði mKj ¶gZv| Avevi †m Ck¦‡ii cQ›`-AcQ›` I c¶cvZ Av‡Q,

mzZivs Zvui mv‡_ gvbz‡li Av`vb-cÖ`vb Pj‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡eB c…w_ex‡Z D™¢e n‡jv G‡Kk¦iev‡ì| Gme a‡giÖ

Abzmvixiv gnvwe‡k¦i cig kw³a‡ii Kv‡QB mivmwi mvnvh¨ PvB‡Z cv‡i| †mUv †ivM mviv‡bvi Rb¨B †nvK wKsev hz‡×

ev jUvwi‡Z †RZvi Rb¨B †nvK|

350 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ã dvivI Av‡Lbv‡Zb, Av‡Zb bv‡gi wgkixq c¨vwš’q‡bi GK †èZv‡K me©kw³gvb e‡j cÖwZôv

K‡ib| gvbz‡li Rvbvg‡Z †mUvB c…w_exi cÖ_g G‡Kk¦iev`x ag©| Av‡Lbv‡Zb mviv iv‡R¨ Av‡Z‡bi Dcvmbv Pvjz

K‡ib, mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ †è‡èx‡ì Dcvmbv eÜ Ki‡ZI m‡Pó nb| Z‡e a‡g© êcweK cwieZ©b Avbvi Rb¨ Zvui GB

†Póv †kl‡gk mdj nqwb| Zvui g…Z¨zi ci Av‡Z‡bi DcvmbvI eÜ n‡q hvq|

Gfv‡eB wewfbœ RvqMvq eû-Ck¦iev`x ag© †_‡K G‡Kk¦iev`x a‡giÖ D™¢e n‡Z _v‡K, wKš‘ †m¸‡jv cÖPvi I

me©RbxbZvi Afv‡e weKwkZ nq bv, GK RvqMvq AvU‡K _v‡K| GB †hgb Bûw` ag©g‡Z ci‡gk¦‡ii AvMÖn ev

c¶cvZ Av‡Q, wKš‘ †m AvMÖn †Kej Bmiv‡qj bvgK GKUv RvqMvi ¶z Ö Bûw` Rb‡Mvôx‡K wN‡i| Bûw`‡ì a‡g©

Ab¨vb¨ RvwZ‡K AvK…ó Kivi g‡Zv Dcv`vb wKQz wQj bv Ges Zviv †ewkifvM mg‡qB wQ‡jv cÖPviwegzL| G‡Kk¦iev‡ì

GB Ae¯’vwU‡K ÔAvÂwjK G‡Kk¦iev`Õ bv‡g WvKv †h‡Z cv‡i|

G Ae ’vi me‡P‡q eo cwieZ©b Av‡b wLÖ÷ag©| Gi DrcwË N‡U Bûw`‡ìB GKUv Ask †_‡K| Zviv Ab¨‡ì‡K

†evSv‡Z ïiæ K‡i †h, bvRv‡i‡_i whïB Zv‡ì eû cÖZxw¶Z D×viKZ©v (messiah)| GB `‡ji Ab¨Zg †bZv wQ‡jb

ga¨-`w¶Y Zzi‡¯‹i kni Uvimv‡mi ag©cÖPviK cj (Paul of Tarsus)| wZwb e‡jb, hw` gnvwe‡k¦i cig kw³ai

Ck¦i wbwj©ß bv nb, Avi wZwb i³gvs‡mi †`n wb‡q c…w_ex‡Z G‡m gvbe-gzw³i D‡Ï‡k¨ µz‡k cÖvY †`b, Zvn‡j †m

Ck¦‡ii K_v ïaz Bûw`‡ì gv‡S mxgve× bv †i‡L me gvbzl‡K Rvbv‡bv DwPZ| GiciB Ck¦‡ii evYx Avi whïi K_v

Qwo‡q co‡Z _v‡K c…w_exi me©Î|

c‡ji K_vq KvR n‡qwQ‡jv| wLÖ÷vbiv me gvbz‡li Kv‡Q wLÖ÷ag© †cŠu‡Q w`‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jv bvbviKg cÖPviYvg‚jK

Kg©KvÐ| Avi BwZnv‡mi wewPÎ †Lqv‡j Bûw`‡ì †mB †QvU Rb‡Mvôxi ag©UvB GKw`b `Lj K‡i em‡jv kw³kvjx

†ivgvb mvgÖvR¨|

wLÖ÷a‡giÖ GB mvdj¨ cieZ©xKv‡j Avie DcØx‡c m…ó Av‡iKwU G‡Kk¦iev`x a‡giÖ Rb¨ AbzKiYxq Av`k© n‡q `vuovq-

†m a‡giÖ bvg Bmjvg| wLÖ÷a‡giÖ g‡Zv BmjvgI GKUv †QvU GjvKvi ¶z Ö Rb‡Mvôxi gv‡S ïiæ nq, wKš‘ wLÖ÷a‡giÖ

†P‡qI bvUKxqfv‡e Zv Avie GjvKvi MwÐ Qvwo‡q G‡Kev‡i AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi †_‡K fviZ ch©šÍ we Í…Z nq|

Zvici †_‡K G‡Kk¦iev`x ag©¸‡jv we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|

G‡Kk¦iev`x gvbz‡li g‡a¨ cÖPvigzwLZv Avi †Mvuovwg, G z‡Uv wRwbm eû-Ck¦iev`x‡ì †P‡q A‡bK †ewk †`Lv hvq|

†Kv‡bv ag© hw` Ab¨vb¨ wek¦vm‡KI †g‡b †bq Z‡e Gi A_© n‡Z cv‡i ziKg- nq †m a‡giÖ Ck¦i me©kw³gvb bq,

A_ev †m ag© ci‡gk¦‡ii KvQ †_‡K cig m‡Zï GKUv Ask jvf K‡i‡Q, cz‡ivUv bq| G‡Kk¦iev`xiv wek¦vm K‡i †h


Ck¦i GKRbB Avi †m Ck¦‡ii m¤ú‚Y© evYxB Zviv †c‡q‡Q, ZvB Ab¨ me ag©‡K Zviv A¯xKvi Ki‡Z _v‡K| weMZ

znvRvi eQ‡i G‡Kk¦iev`xiv wfbœgZvej¤x‡ì wbg©‚j K‡i wb‡R‡ì kw³e…w×i †Póv K‡i‡Q eûevi|

wLÖ÷xq cÖ_g kZvãxi ïiæ‡Z c…w_ex‡Z G‡Kk¦iev`x gvbzl wQ‡jv bv ej‡jB P‡j| 500 wLÖ÷v‡ãi w`‡K †ivgvb

mvgÖv‡Rï kvmK‡Mvôx wQ‡jv wLÖ÷vb| we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg e…nr GB mvgÖvR¨ †_‡K ag©cÖPviKiv Qwo‡q co‡jv BD‡ivc,

Gwkqv I AvwdÖKvq| wLÖ÷xq cÖ_g mnmÖv‡ãi †kl bvMv` BD‡ivc, cwðg Gwkqv Avi DËi Avwd ÖKvi AwaKvsk gvbzlB

G‡Kk¦iev`x aviYvq wek¦vm Ki‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jv| AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi †_‡K wngvjq ch©šÍ hZ mvgÖvR¨ ˆZwi n‡qwQ‡jv

†m¸‡jvi meB ZLb wQj GKRb Ck¦i Øviv wbqwš¿Z| †lvok kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z Gwkqvi c‚e© Avi AvwdÖKvi `w¶Y Ask

Qvov wekvj Av‡dÖv-Gwkqv f‚L‡Ð wQj G‡Kk¦iev`x a‡giÖ Rq RqKvi| Avi AvR c‚e© Gwkqvi evB‡ii †ewki fvM

gvbzlB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv G‡Kk¦iev`x a‡giÖ Abzmvix| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZI Pj‡Q Gme a‡giÖ Dci fi K‡iB|

gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv, me©cÖvYev` †hgb eû-Ck¦iev‡ì g‡aÏ wU‡K wQ‡jv, wVK †Zgwb eû-Ck¦iev`x ag©I G‡Kk¦iev`x

a‡giÖ cvkvcvwk †eu‡P iB‡jv| ZvwË¡K w`K †_‡K †`L‡j, hw` cig kw³ai Ck¦iB gvbz‡li g½j-Ag½‡ji `vwqZ¡

†bb, Z‡e AvswkK ¶gZvi AwaKvix †èZvi c‚Rv †Kb Ki‡e gvbzl? ¯qs ivóÖcwZi Kvh©vj‡qi ìRv †Lvjv †c‡j †K

hv‡e Zvui Aaxb¯’ †Kv‡bv Avgjvi Kv‡Q? G‡Kk¦iev`x ag©¸‡jv ZvB Avi me †èZvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ A¯xKvi K‡i, Avi hviv

ci‡gk¦i ev‡` Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †èZvi AvkÖq †bq Zv‡ì Rb¨ wbwðZ K‡i ciKv‡j AbšÍ biKevm|

Z‡e ZË¡K_v I ev ÍeZv memgq †g‡j bv| A‡bK gvbzlB G‡Kk¦iev‡ì GB g‚j e¨vcviUv cz‡ivczwi AvZ¥ ’ Ki‡Z

cv‡iwb| Zv‡ì Kv‡Q c…w_exUv eiveiB ÔAvgv‡ìÕ Avi ÔZvu‡ìÕ- GB zB As‡k wef³| Zviv g‡b K‡i †mB gnvkw³

I gvbz‡li cvw_©e gvgzwj Kg©Kv‡Ði z¯Íi eëavb KL‡bv NzPevi bq| ZvB G‡Kk¦iev` G‡m czi‡bv †èZv‡ì mì

ìRv w`‡q cÎcvV weZvwoZ Ki‡jI, eû-Ck¦iev`x †PZbvi cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ RvbvjvUv Avevi wVKB †Lvjv †i‡L‡Q|

wLÖ÷ag© ˆZwi K‡i‡Q Av‡iK c¨vwš’qb, †hLv‡b †èZvi e`‡j Av‡Qb bvbvb mvaz-mbœ¨vmx| eû-Hk¦wiK †èZv‡ì

g‡ZvB Gme mvaz-mbœ¨vmx‡ì i‡q‡Q wbR wbR f³ I Abzmvixi `j|

‡èZv RzwcUvi †hgb †iv‡gi i¶K wQ‡jb, †Zgwb cÖ‡Z¨K wLÖ÷vb iv‡RïI GKRb K‡i cÖavb mbœ¨vmx _vK‡Zb| †mB

mbœ¨vmxi KvR wQ‡jv wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb Avi hz‡× wRZ‡Z IB iv‡Rï gvbzl‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv| Bsj¨v‡Ûi i¶vKZ©v

wn‡m‡e wQ‡jb †mB›U RR©, ¯‹Uj¨v‡Û †mB›U A¨vÛÖz, nv‡½wi‡Z †mB›U w÷‡db Avi dÖv‡Ý †mB›U gvwU©b| cÖ‡Z¨K kn‡ii

Rb¨, †ckvi Rb¨, GgbwK †iv‡Mi RbÏ Avjv`v Avjv`v mbœ¨vmx wQ‡jb| BZvwji wgjvb kn‡ii mbœ¨vmx wQ‡jb †mB›U

A¨vg‡eÖvm, †fwb‡m †mB›U gvK©| wPgwb cwi®‹vi Kiv †jv‡K‡ì i¶v Ki‡Zb †mB›U †d¬vwiqvb, Ki msMÖvnK‡ì wec‡`

GwM‡q Avm‡Zb †mB›U g¨vw_D| gv_ve¨_vq cÖv_©bv Ki‡Z †h‡Z n‡Zv †mB›U AvMvw_qv‡mi Kv‡Q, Avi `vuZ e¨_vi Rb¨

wQ‡jb †mB›U A¨v‡cv‡jvwbqv|

wLÖ÷vb mbœ¨vmxiv †h ïaz Av‡Mi eû-Hk¦wiK †èZv‡ì g‡Zv wQ‡jb Zv bq, A‡bK mgq †èZvB iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Zb

mbœ¨vmx‡Z| GB †hgb wLÖ÷ag© Pvjz nIqvi Av‡M †KwëK Avqvij¨v‡Ûi cÖavb †èx wQ‡jb weÖwR` (Brigid)|

Avqvij¨v‡Û wLÖ÷ag© cÖPj‡bi ci †KwëK Avqvij¨v‡Ûi GB †èx n‡q DV‡jb wLÖ÷vb‡ì †mB›U weÖwR`| AvR ch©šÍ

Avqvij¨v‡Ûi me‡P‡q †ewk gh©v`vi AwaKvix mbœ¨vwmbx wZwbB|


fvj Avi Lviv‡ci hz×

eû-Ck¦iev`x ag© †_‡K ïazgvÎ G‡Kk¦iev`x a‡giÖ DrcwË n‡q‡Q- GgbUv fve‡j fzj n‡e| ˆØZev`x (Dualistic)

a‡giÖ D™¢eI n‡q‡Q eû-Ck¦iev`x ag© †_‡KB| Gme ag© z‡Uv wecixZag©x kw³i K_v e‡j, fv‡jv Avi Lvivc|

G‡Kk¦iev`x ag©g‡Z GB g‡›ì DrcwË nq fv‡jv †_‡KB (A_©vr Ck¦‡ii KvQ †_‡K), wKš‘ ˆØZev`x a‡g© fv‡jv Avi

Lvivc z‡UvB ¯vaxbfv‡e weivR K‡i| Gme ag© e‡j †h GB RMr nj fv‡jv-g‡›ì GKUv hz×‡¶Î| hv wKQz N‡U, Zvi

meB GB Ø‡b&Øi Ask|

‰ØZev`x …wóf½x †ek AvKl©Yxq, KviY G‡Z gvbz‡li wPšÍvRM‡Zi GKUv †gŠwjK cÖ‡kœi †QvÆ, mij DËi cvIqv hvq|

cÖkœUv nj, Òc…w_ex‡Z g‡›ì Aw¯Í‡Z¡i KviY Kx? †Kb gvbz‡li GZ z‡f©vM? fv‡jv gvbz‡li mv‡_I †Kb Lvivc NUbv

N‡U?Ó G‡Kk¦iev` †h me©Á, me©kw³gvb I `qvjz Ck¦‡ii K_v e‡j, Zv w`‡q GB cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z G‡Kk¦iev`x‡ì

†ek †eM †c‡Z nq êwK| cÖPwjZ G‡Kk¦iev`x e¨vL¨v¸‡jvi GKUv e‡j †h, Ck¦i gvbzl‡K †h ¯vaxb B”Qvi mz‡hvM

w`‡q‡Qb, GUv †evSv‡ZB g‡›ì m…wó| RM‡Z hw` g›` bv _vKZ, Zvn‡j gvbzl fv‡jv Avi g‡›ì gv‡S †Kv‡bv

GKUv‡K †e‡Q wb‡Z cviZ bv| Aek¨ GB hzw³ Lze mnR‡eva¨ bq, Avi GLvb †_‡K AviI wKQz cÖkœ Rv‡M| B”Qvi

¯vaxbZv _vK‡j gvbzl fv‡jv †Q‡o g›`‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK gvbzl †mUv K‡iI| G‡Kk¦iev`x ag© e‡j, g›`‡K

†e‡Q †bIqvi Rb¨ Zv‡K kvw Í †fvM Ki‡Z n‡e| GLb me©Á Ck¦i hw` Av‡M †_‡KB Rv‡bb †h IB gvbzlwU †¯^”Qvq

g›`‡KB †e‡Q wb‡q AbšÍ biKevm †fvM Ki‡e, Zvn‡j wZwb IB gvbzlwU‡K m…wó Ki‡jb †Kb? G cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z

AmsL¨ eB †jLv n‡q‡Q| †mme DËi Kv‡iv Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq, Kv‡iv Kv‡Q nq bv| wKš‘ GUv ¯úó †h, G‡Kk¦iev`

GB cÖ‡kœi mnR †KvbI e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡i bv|

‰ØZev`xiv Lze mn‡R g‡›ì Aw¯Í‡Z¡i e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡ì g‡Z, fv‡jv gvbz‡li mv‡_I Lvivc NUbv N‡U, KviY

GB gnvwek¦ ïaz GKRb Ôfv‡jvÕ Ck¦‡ii nv‡ZB cwiPvwjZ nq bv| GLv‡b fv‡jvi cvkvcvwk g›Ì Av‡iKUv gnvkw³

wn‡m‡e ¯vaxbfv‡e weivR K‡i| †m gnvkw³B g›` NUbv¸‡jvi Rb¨ `vqx|

‰ØZev‡ìI mxgve×Zv Av‡Q| ˆØZev` g‡›ì Aw¯Í‡Z¡i e¨vLv w`‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ k…•Ljvi e¨vL¨v wVKg‡Zv w`‡Z cv‡i

bv| GB gnvRMr hw` GKRb Ck¦‡ii m…wó nq, Zvn‡j Kxfv‡e mewKQz GKUv wbw ©ó k…•Ljvi wfZi w`‡q Pj‡Q Zvi

DËi cvIqv hvq- hvui nv‡Z mewKQz ˆZwi, Zvui wbq‡gB Pj‡Q| wKš‘ RM‡Zi wbqš¿Y wb‡Z hw` fv‡jv-g‡›ì Aweivg

Øb&Ø Pj‡Z _v‡K, Zvn‡j †mB hz‡×i wbqg wVK K‡i †`q †K? z‡Uv †`‡ki g‡a¨ hz× Pj‡Z cv‡i, KviY zB †`kB

c`v_©we`¨vi wbqg †g‡b P‡j| fviZ‡K j¶¨ K‡i cvwK¯Ívb †¶cYv ¿ Qzuo‡Z cv‡i KviY gva¨vKl©Y zB RvqMv‡ZB

GKB iKg| wKš‘ hLb fv‡jvi mv‡_ jovB ev‡a g‡›ì, ZLb wVK †Kvb †Kvb wbqg zc¶B †g‡b P‡j? Avi †mme

wbqg wVK K‡iB ev †`q †K?

Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q, G‡Kk¦iev` RM‡Zi k…•Ljvi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ g‡›ì Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cwi®‹vi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡i

bv| Avevi ˆØZev` g‡›ì Aw¯ÍZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡jI k…•Ljvi wel‡q bxie| GB z‡Uv ZË¡‡K mgšq Kivi Rb¨

GKUv m¤¢ve¨ hzw³ n‡Z cv‡i Ggb- GB gnvwek¦ m…wó K‡i‡Qb GKRb me©kw³gvb Ck¦i, Avi wZwb GKB mv‡_ fv‡jv

Ges g›`| Z‡e †kl Lei cvIqv ch©šÍ GB hzw³Uv nRg Kivi g‡Zv gw¯Í®‹ †Kv‡bv gvbz‡li gv_vq MwR‡q‡Q e‡j Rvbv

hvqwb|


‰ØZev`x a‡giÖ D™¢e nq AvR †_‡K nvRvi eQ‡iiI †ewk Av‡M| 1500 †_‡K 1000 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv GK

mg‡q ga¨ Gwkqvq Riv_z÷Ö (Zoroaster/Zarathustra) bvgK GKRb ag©cÖPviK wQ‡jb| Zvui cÖPvwiZ wek¦vm

A‡bK cÖRb¥ cvi n‡q cwiYZ nq c…w_exi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© ˆØZev`x a‡g©, hvi bvg Riv_z÷Öev`

(Zoroastrianism)| GB ag©vbzmv‡i GB RM‡Z fv‡jv Ck¦i Avûiv gvR`v (Ahura Mazda) Ges Lvivc Ck¦i

Avsiv gvBwbD (Angra Mainzu) Gi g‡a¨ jovB Pj‡Q| gvbz‡li KZ©e¨ nj GB hz‡× fv‡jv Ck¦i‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv|

wLÖ÷c‚e© 550 †_‡K 330 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GwK‡gwb` cvim¨ mvgÖv‡R¨ (Achaemenid Persian Empire) GB ag©

we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ jvf K‡i| c‡i 224 †_‡K 651 wLÖ÷v‡ã mvmvwb` mvgÖv‡R¨ (Sassanid Persian Empire) GUvB nq

cÖavb ag©| G mg‡qi c‡i ga¨cÖvP¨ I ga¨ Gwkqvq D™¢‚Z cÖvq me a‡giÖ Dci Gi D‡jL‡hvM¨ cÖfve †`Lv hvq|

†bvw÷wmRg (Gnosticism) Ges g¨vwbwKqvwbRg (Manichaeanism) Gi g‡Zv ˆØZev`x a‡giÖ DrcwËI nq

Riv_z÷Öev` †_‡KB|

wLÖ÷xq Z…Zxq I PZz_© kZvãx‡Z g¨vwbwKqvb gZev` Pxb †_‡K DËi AvwdÖKv ch©šÍ Qwo‡q c‡o| GB wek¦vm GZ †ewk

we Í…Z nq †h GK mgq g‡b Kiv n‡Zv †ivgvb mvgÖv‡Rï Dci Gi cÖfve nq‡Zv wLÖ÷a‡giÖ †P‡qI †ewk n‡e| wKš‘

†kl ch©šÍ Zv Avi nqwb| mvmvwb` mvgÖv‡R¨ G‡Kk¦iev`x gzmwjg‡ì AvwacZ¨ ïiæ nIqvi ci GB ˆØZev`x wek¦vm

wSwg‡q c‡o| eZ©gv‡b fviZ I ga¨cÖv‡P¨ nv‡Z †Mvbv wKQz gvbe‡Mvôx GB wek¦vm a‡i †i‡L‡Q|

Zvic‡iI, G‡Kk¦iev‡ì DÌvb ˆØZev`‡K cz‡ivczwi gz‡Q †dj‡Z cv‡iwb| Bûw` ag©, wLÖ÷ag© I Bmjvg- GB wZbwU

G‡Kk¦iev`x ag©B ˆØZev‡ì A‡bK wek¦vm I AvPvi-AvPiY‡K wb‡Ri g‡a¨ aviY K‡i‡Q| G‡Kk¦iev‡ì A‡bK

†gŠwjK aviYvB Avm‡j ˆØZev` †_‡K D™¢‚Z| AmsL¨ Bûw`, wLÖ÷vb I gzmwjg GKUv Lvivc kw³i Aw Í‡Z¡ wek¦vm

K‡i, †h kw³ Ck¦‡ii weiæ‡× ¯vaxbfv‡e KvR K‡i| wLÖ÷a‡giÖ Ô‡WwfjÕ (Devil) ev Bmjvg a‡giÖ ÔkqZvbÕB n‡jv

†mB Lvivc kw³|

G‡Kk¦iev‡` wek¦vmx gvbzl Kxfv‡e Ggb ˆØZev`x wek¦vm‡K MÖnY K‡i? hzw³ w`‡q Gi e¨vL¨v †Ìqv hvq bv| nq

GKRb me©kw³gvb Ck¦‡i wek¦vm Ki‡Z n‡e, bq‡Zv zwU wfbœ ci¯úiwe‡ivax kw³‡K †g‡b wb‡Z n‡e hvi †Kv‡bvUvB

m‡e©v”P ¶gZvi AwaKvix bq| wKš‘ GKB mv‡_ zwU ci¯úiwe‡ivax hzw³‡K †g‡b †bIqvi GKUv A™¢zZ ¶gZv gvbz‡li

Av‡Q| ZvB j¶ j¶ avwg©K Bûw`, wLÖ÷vb I gzmwjg †h GKB mv‡_ Ck¦i I kqZv‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ I ¶gZvq wek¦vm K‡i-

G‡Z AevK nIqvi wKQz †bB| wKQz wKQz †¶‡Î GB wek¦vm GZB cÖej †h kqZv‡bi weiæ‡× jovB‡q Ck¦i‡K mvnvh¨

Ki‡Z ÔwRnv`Õ wKsev Ôµz‡mWÕGi bv‡g gvbzl cÖvY ch©šÍ wb‡Z wØav‡eva K‡i bv|

‰ØZev`x a‡giÖ Av‡iKUv we‡kl êwkó¨ nj †`n I AvZ¥vi mz¯úó wefvRb| we‡kl K‡i †bvw÷wmRg I

g¨vwbwKqvwbR‡g e ÍzMZ I Ae ÍzMZ RMr‡K Avjv`v K‡i †`Lvi e¨vcviUv j¶Yxq| G zwU gZev`B e‡j AvZ¥v I

Ae ÍzMZ mewKQz fv‡jv Ck¦‡ii m…wó, Avi kixi I mKj e¯Íz g›` Ck¦‡ii m…wó| Kv‡RB gvbzl‡K ejv hvq Ôfv‡jvÕ AvZ¥v

Avi Ôg›`Õ kix‡ii GKUv hz×‡¶Î| G‡Kk¦iev`x …wó‡KvY †_‡K GB wefvRb A_©nxb| †Kb kixi I AvZ¥vi gv‡S, e Íz

I Ae Ízi gv‡S Ggb mxgv‡iLv Uvb‡Z n‡e? Avi kixi Avi e¯ÍzB ev g›` e‡j MY¨ n‡e †Kb? mewKQzB †Zv GKRb

Ck¦‡iiB m…wó| wKš‘ G‡Kk¦iev`xiv GB wØ-wefvR‡bi aviYv †_‡K cz‡ivczwi m‡iI Avm‡Z cv‡i bv, KviY G Qvov


g›`‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi mnR †KvbI c_ †bB| GB zwU ci¯úiwe‡ivax ZË¡ †_‡KB Bmjvg I wLÖ÷a‡giÖ Ab¨Zg GKwU

wfwË cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| GB zB a‡giÖ gvbzl †h ¯M© (fv‡jv Ck¦‡ii Aaxb RMr) Ges biK (g›` Ck¦‡ii Aaxb RMr)

Gi aviYvq wek¦vm K‡i, Zv g‚jZ ˆØZev`x aviYv| evB‡e‡ji Iì †U÷v‡g‡›U Ggb †KvbI aviYvi †`Lv cvIqv hvq

bv| †mLv‡b g…Z¨z-cieZ©x Rxe‡bi wel‡qI wKQz ejv nqwb|

mg Í BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv hvq, G‡Kk¦iev`x, ˆØZev`x, eû-Ck¦iev`x I e¯ÍzcÖavb a‡giÖ aviYv¸‡jvi wgkÖ‡Y

ˆZwi n‡q‡Q AvR‡Ki G‡Kk¦iev`x `k©b| GLbKvi GKRb MocoZv wLÖ÷vb G‡Kk¦iev`x n‡q Ck¦‡i wek¦vm K‡i,

ˆØZev`xi g‡Zv kqZvb‡K wek¦vm K‡i, eû-Ck¦iev`x‡ì g‡Zv wewfbœ mvaz-mbœ¨vmx‡ì AbzmiY K‡i, Avevi cÖvPxb

me©cÖvYev`x‡ì g‡Zv f‚‡ZI wek¦vm K‡i| GB †h gvbzl K‡qK iKg wfbœ, GgbwK ci¯úiwe‡ivax wek¦vm‡K GKmv‡_

MÖnY Ki‡Q, ag©wekviìv Gi GKUv bvg w`‡q‡Qb| bvgUv n‡jv Szncretism, evsjvq ejv hvq mgwšZ ag©| m¤¢eZ

GB mgwšZ ag©B c…w_exi me‡P‡q eo ag©|

cÖK…wZi wbqg

G ch©šÍ hZ iK‡gi a‡giÖ wel‡q Av‡jvPbv nj Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki GKUv mvaviY êwkó¨ Av‡Q| †mUv nj, G‡ì

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GB ai‡bi ag©¸‡jv‡Z ejv nq gnvwe‡k¦i k…•Ljv Kvh©Ki _v‡K m¤ú‚Y© cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g, †Kv‡bv Ck¦i ev †èZvi B”Qvq

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mvg‡b Ck¦i, gvbzl, mKj cÖvYx I Dw™¢` mgvb| GB ag©xq eë ’vq †èZv‡ì Ae ’vb nvwZ wKsev mRviæi g‡ZvB,

A_©vr cÖK…wZ‡Z GKUv nvwZ hZUv cÖfve ivL‡Z cv‡i GKRb †èZvi cÖfve Zvi †P‡q GKUzI †ewk bq| Gi GKUv

eo D`vniY nj †eŠ×ag©| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K †hme cÖvK…wZK ag© ˆZwi n‡q‡Q, †eŠ×ag© †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q

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†`‡L GB ZiæY ivRKzgvi LzeB wePwjZ n‡q co‡jb| wZwb †`L‡jb, Zvui Pvicv‡k hZ bvix I cziæl, wkï I e…×-


meviB bvbv iK‡gi ztL| GB zt‡Li Drm †Kej hz× ev gnvgvixi g‡Zv ¶Y ’vqx NUbv bq, mv‡_ AviI Av‡Q gvbe

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†Kv_vq?

EbwÎk eQi eq‡m GK iv‡Z †MŠZg Ni Qvo‡jb| cwievi I mKj m¤ú` Z¨vM K‡i feNz‡i n‡q mviv DËi fviZ

P‡l †eov‡jb gvbz‡li ztL‡gvP‡bi Dcvq LzuR‡Z| A‡bK AvkÖ‡g †M‡jb, A‡bK ¸iæi m½ wb‡jb- wKš‘ Zvui cÖ‡kœi

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gvbz‡li z ©kvi KviY I cÖwZKvi wb‡q `xN© Qq eQi a¨vbgMœ †_‡K Ae‡k‡l DËi †c‡jb| wZwb wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡jb,

gvbz‡li GB zt‡Li KviY g›`fvM¨, mvgvwRK êlg¨ ev †Kv‡bv ˆè Av‡µvk bq| GB K‡ói g‚‡j Av‡Q gvbz‡li wbR

PwiÎ|

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Zvi Avb›` AviI evozK, AviI ¯’vqx †nvK| GB PvIqvi Kvi‡YB gvbz‡li gb KLbI kvwšÍ cvq bv, w ’iZv cvq bv|

Avgv‡ì AwfÁZv †_‡KB Avgiv GUv ezS‡Z cvwi| hLb Avgiv e¨_v cvB, †mB e¨_v †_‡K gzw³i Rb¨ Avgiv m¤¢ve¨

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kvwšÍ †`q bv, g‡bi g‡a¨ †R‡M _v‡K †mB Avb›` nvivevi fq| gvbzl fv‡jvevmvi †Lvu‡R eQ‡ii ci eQi KvwU‡q

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GB z ©kv _v‡K bv| zt‡Li mg‡q gzw³i Kvgbv Z¨vM Ki‡jB ztL Avi _v‡K bv, wKsev ztL‡eva Ki‡jI Zv gvbzl‡K

gvbwmK cxov †`q bv| welY&YZvi g‡aÏ Avm‡j GKiKg Hk¦h© _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avevi mz‡Li mg‡qI mzL P‡j hvIqvi

zwðšÍvUzKz †S‡o †dj‡jB mzLUzKz kvwšÍ‡Z Dc‡fvM Kiv hvq|

wKš‘ gvbz‡li gb GB KvgbvUv‡K Z¨vM Ki‡e Kx K‡i? †Kv‡bv cÖKvi Kvgbv Qvov wK mzL ev ztL‡K MÖnY Kiv hvq?

GUv m¤¢e Ki‡Z †MŠZg K‡qKwU bxwZ wba©viY Ki‡jb| GB bxwZ Abzkxj‡bi Rb¨ gvbzl‡K ÒKx n‡Z cviZÓ bv †f‡e

fve‡Z n‡e ÒKx n‡”QÓ| wb‡Ri wPšÍvaviv‡K Gfv‡e cwieZ©b KivUv KwVb KvR, wKš‘ G‡Kev‡i Am¤¢e bq|


gvbzl‡K GB Kvgbv-evmbv Gwo‡q ev ÍeZv‡K MÖnY Kivi mnR c_ wn‡m‡e †MŠZg K‡qKwU bxwZ cÖwZôv K‡ib| wZwb

Zvui Abzmvix‡ì nZ¨v, jvjmv I †PŠh©e…wË †_‡K weiZ _vKvi wb‡ ©k w`‡jb| KviY, GB KvR¸‡jvB gvbz‡li g‡b

¶gZv, †hŠbZv ev m¤ú‡ì †gvn ˆZwi K‡i| GB †gvngzw³i d‡j gvbz‡li gb wbf©vi, wbwðšÍ I cwic‚Y© nq| GB

Ae ’v‡KB †eŠ×a‡g© ejv nq Ôwbe©vYÕ jvf Kiv (Ôwbe©vYÕ-Gi kvwãK A_© ÔAv¸b wb‡f hvIqvÕ)| hviv wbe©vY jvf K‡i

Zviv me z ©kv †_‡K m¤ú‚Y© gz³ n‡q hvq| meiKg Kíbv I †gvn‡K ‚‡i mwi‡q Zviv mz¯úó ev¯Íe‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z

cv‡i| G‡Z Zviv ztL-e¨v_v Abzfe K‡i bv Zv bq, wKš‘ G¸‡jv Zv‡ì‡K Avi cxwoZ K‡i bv|

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Ôez×Õ (Gi A_© ÔAv‡jvwKZÕ)| ez× Zvui evwK Rxeb Rz‡o Zvui GB Ávb weZiY K‡i gvbzl‡K wbe©vY jv‡fi c_ †`Lvb|

Zvui GB wk¶v‡K GK ev‡K¨ mn‡R ejv hvq Gfv‡et Ò‡gvn †_‡K ztL Av‡m, ztL‡gvP‡bi GKgvÎ Dcvq †gvn †_‡K

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GB g‚jbxwZ‡K ejv nq Ôag©Õ (wKsev Ôa¤§Õ)| ÔAcÖvwß †_‡K ztL Av‡mÕ- †eŠ×ag© GUv‡K ’vb-Kvj wbwe©‡k‡l wPišÍb

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Av‡Q, wKš‘ ÔAcÖvwß †_‡K ztL Av‡mÕ- GB mZ¨‡K cwieZ©b Kivi ¶gZv Zv‡ì †bB| †gvngz³ gvbzl‡K ztL †Ìqvi

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gbzl¨‡Z¡i Avivabv


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hvq bv|

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Kiv nq|

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cwiYZ n‡ZB cv‡i|

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RxeweÁvbxiv bvrwm‡ì GB RvwZZË¡ Dwo‡q w`‡q‡Qb| 1945 Gi c‡ii A‡bK wRbZvwË¡K M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q

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GgbwK BZvwji gvbzl‡ì mxwgZ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi †mUviB D`vniY|

gvbeZvev`x ag©

D`vi‰bwZK gvbeZvev` mgvRZvwš¿K gvbeZvev` weeZ©bxq gvbeZvev`

cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ Avi me cÖRvwZ †_‡K m¤ú‚Y© Avjv`v|

gvbz‡li Kj¨vYB cig Kj¨vY|

ÔgvbeZvÕ GKwU e¨w³MZ welq, cÖ‡Z¨K †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi g‡a¨B †mUv Av‡Q|ÔgvbeZvÕ GKUv mvgwóK êwkó¨, ZvB

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gvbzl AviI DbœZ ev AbzbœZ cÖRvwZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i|

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†h‡Z bv w`‡q G‡K DbœZZi GK cÖRvwZ‡Z cwiYZ Kiv|

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AMÖMwZi Ae`vbB †ewk| †mw`K †_‡K wPšÍv Ki‡j wnUjvi †Kej wb‡Ri me©bvkB †W‡K Av‡bwb, eY©ev`x Av`‡kiÖI

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fv‡M fvM n‡q †Mj| cieZ©x‡Z, bvrwm‡ì gZv`‡kiÖ wfZ‡ii eY©ev`x wPšÍvavivi Kvi‡YB †mUv cwðgv we‡k¦ GKUv

cÖej N…Yvi e Íz n‡q `vuovj| Z‡e G cwieZ©b GKw`‡b nqwb| 1960 ch©šÍ Av‡gwiKvi ivRbxwZ‡Z RvwZMZ cÖvavb¨

fv‡jvfv‡eB wU‡K wQj| 1973 ch©šÍ A‡÷Öwjqv‡Z A-‡k¦Zv½ gvbz‡li c‚Y© cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wQj bv| 1960 ch©šÍ

A‡÷Öwjqvi Avwèvmx gvbz‡liv ivR‰bwZK mgvbvwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ wQj| Zv‡ì wbe©vP‡b †fvU †Ìqvi AwaKvi wQj

bv, KviY Zv‡ì‡K †`‡ki c‚Y© bvMwiK wn‡m‡eB we‡ePbv Kiv nZ bv|

bvrwmiv †h D`vi gvbeZvev`, gvbevwaKvi I mvgëv‡ì we‡ivax wQj, Zvi KviY GB bq †h Zviv gvbeZv‡K N…Yv

KiZ| eis Zv‡ì †Pv‡L gvbeZv wQj GK gnvN © e¯Íz, hv gvbeRvwZi weczj m¤¢vebvi Avavi| wKš‘ WviDB‡bi

weeZ©bev‡ì hzw³ †`wL‡q Zviv `vwe KiZ, cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g A‡hvM¨‡ì ev` cov DwPZ, ïaz †hvMïvB wU‡K

_vK‡e Avi eskwe Ívi Ki‡e| D`vibxwZ I mvgëv` AbzmiY Ki‡j GB A‡hvM¨ gvbz‡liv ïaz wU‡KB _vK‡e bv, hviv


†hvM¨ Zv‡ì mgvb mz‡hvM-mzweavI cv‡e| A‡hvM¨ gvbz‡livI hw` mgvbfv‡e eskwe¯Ívi K‡i Zvn‡j A‡hvM¨‡ì wf‡o

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hv‡e|

1942 mv‡ji Rvg©vwbi RxeweÁvb eB‡qi ÔcÖK…wZ I gvbzl †h wbq‡g P‡jÕ Aa¨v‡q ejv n‡Zv, wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ wbišÍi

Abz‡kvPbvnxb msMÖvgB cÖK…wZi m‡e©v”P wbqg| gvwUi `L‡ji Rb¨ Mv‡Qi msMÖvg, wKsev m½x cvIqvi Rb¨

†cvKvgvK‡oi msMÖvg‡K D`vniY wn‡m‡e †`wL‡q Gme eB‡q ejv n‡Zvt

Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivLvi ¶gvnxb KwVb jovBB Rxeb avi‡Yi GKgvÎ c_| G jovB A‡hvM¨‡ì wbg©‚j K‡i, Avi wUwK‡q

ivLvi Rb¨ †e‡Q †bq †hvM¨‡ì| … GB wbq‡gi †Kv‡bv e¨Z¨h †bB, cÖwZwU Rxe wU‡K _vKvi gva¨‡g †mUvB cÖgvY

K‡i| G jovB‡q †Kv‡bv ¶gvi AeKvk †bB| †h-B G wbq‡gi weiæ‡× `vuov‡e †m-B wbwðý n‡q hv‡e| RxeweÁv‡bi

GB wk¶v †Kej Dw™¢` I cÖvYx bq, eis Avgv‡ì Rxe‡bi me †¶‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨| GB jovBB Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ †eu‡P

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GKB K_v|Ó3

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Av‡iv DbœZ gvbzl m…wó Kivi K_v fv‡e|

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g‡a¨ †h cweÎ gvbeZv‡eva Av‡Q Zv AcwieZ©bxq I Awe‡”Q`¨| GB gvbeZvi Rb¨B RMr A_©gq| Avgv‡ì me

ˆbwZKZvi Drm GB gvbeZv| AvR‡Ki GB wek¦vm Avm‡j wLÖ÷a‡giÖ Ôme gvbzlB gz³, wPi ’vqx AvZ¥vi AwaKvixÕ-

GB wek¦v‡mi cwiewZ©Z iƒc| A_P MZ z‡kv eQ‡ii RxeweÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ GB wek¦vm‡K A‡bKUv ze©j K‡i w`‡q‡Q|

weÁvbxiv gvbz‡li me A½-cÖZ¨½ we‡klY K‡iI AvZ¥vi Aw ÍZ¡ Lzu‡R cvbwb| eis †`Lv †M‡Q †h gvbz‡li AvPvi-

AvPiY wbqš¿Y K‡i B”Qv bq, ni‡gvb, wRb I wbDi‡bi ms‡hvM- wVK wk¤úvwÄ, †bK‡o wKsev wcucovi g‡ZvB| cÖkœUv

n‡jv, Rxe‰eÁvwbK mZ¨ Avi Zvi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K AvBb Ges wePvi eë¯’vi ga¨Kvi GB †h KwíZ D`vi‰bwZK

†`qvj Zv‡K gvbzl Avi KZw`b wUwK‡q ivL‡Z cvi‡e?

Z_¨m‚Ît


1 W. H. C. Frend, Martzrdom and Persecution in the Earlz Church (Cambridge: James Clarke & Co.,

2008), 536–7.

2 Robert Jean Knecht, The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, 1483–1610 (London: Fontana Press,

1996), 424.

3 Marie Harm and Hermann Wiehle, Lebenskunde fuer Mittelschulen – Fuenfter Teil. Klasse 5 fuer

Jungen (Halle: Hermann Schroedel Verlag, 1942), 152–7

mvd‡jï inm¨

evwYR¨, mvgÖvR¨ Ges a‡g©i we Ívi wewfbœ gnv‡`‡ki wew”Qbœ †mwc‡qÝ‡ì‡K GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU GKxf‚Z gvbe mgvR

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cÖvY Z¨vM Ki‡ZI wØav †eva K‡i bv| wLÖ÷vb‡ì ¯M© AvKv‡k, wKsev Kg zwb÷‡ì ¯M© GB c…w_ex‡ZB- GBiKg

GKUv mvs¯‹…wZK aviYv‡K jvjb I cÖPvi Ki‡Z A‡bK gvbzl Zv‡ì mg Í Rxeb DrmM© K‡i †`q, A‡b‡K g…Z¨zeiY

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hvq| gv·©ev`x‡ì g‡Z ms¯‹…wZ nj Ab¨ gvbz‡li KvQ †_‡K mzweav Av`v‡qi Rb¨ wKQz gvbz‡li lohš¿, wKš‘ gvbwmK

ciRxexi aviYvUv wVK †mUv e‡j bv| GB aviYv Abzhvqx, ms¯‹…wZ nj NUbvP‡µ D™¢‚Z wKQz gvbwmK ciRxex, hviv

wb‡Ri wU‡K _vKvi ¯v‡_© AvµvšÍ gvbzl‡K eënvi K‡i gvÎ|

G ai‡bi e¨vL¨v‡K A‡bK mgq ejv nq ÔwggZË¡Õ (memetics)| Rx‡ei weeZ©b †hgb nq ÔwRbÕ (gene) Gi

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Ges wgg z‡UvB Z‡_ï ¶z ÖZg GKK, GKUv ˆRweK, AbÜv mvs¯‹…wZK|1 †hme ms¯‹…wZ Zv‡ì wgg¸‡jvi cÖwZwjwc

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cwiYwZ Kx n‡”Q †mUv GLv‡b AevšÍi|

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Ab¨ †L‡jvqv‡oi Rb¨ ¶wZKi n‡jI †mUvB †Ljvi wbqg wn‡m‡e †_‡K hvq Ges mevB †m wbqgUvB AbzmiY K‡i

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Ávb-ezw× ev ¶gZv _v‡K bv hv w`‡q BwZnvm‡K †m wb‡Ri mzweav Abzhvqx PvwjZ Ki‡e|

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Rvbv hvq bv| 1500 wLÖ÷v‡ãi w`‡K BwZnvm Ggb GKUv c_ †e‡Q wb‡qwQj hv cieZ©x‡Z ïaz gvbzl bq, mviv c…w_exi

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cwðg †Kv‡Y, BD‡iv‡c| Gi AvM ch©šÍ c…w_exi BwZnv‡m BD‡iv‡ci †Zgb †Kv‡bv f‚wgKvB wQj bv| A_P †mLvb

†_‡KB †Kb êÁvwbK wecøe ïiæ nj? †Kb Pxb ev fvi‡Z †mUv nj bv? †Kb †mUv wLÖ÷xq wØZxq mnmÖv‡ãi gvSvgvwS

†_‡K ïiæ nj? Gi zk eQi Av‡M, ev wZbk eQi c‡i †Kb bq? DËi Rvbv †bB| M‡elKiv Gi WRb WRb e¨vL¨v

w`‡Z cv‡ib, wKš‘ Zvi †Kv‡bvUvB ev¯ÍeZvi mv‡_ cz‡ivczwi Lvc Lvq bv|

BwZnv‡mi mvg‡b AmsL¨ m¤¢vebv, Gi g‡a¨ A‡bK¸‡jv‡KB Avgiv A‡bKmgq DcjwäI Ki‡Z cvwi bv| êÁvwbK

wecøe‡K ev` w`‡qI cÖR‡b¥i ci cÖRb¥ a‡i Pj‡Z _vKv gvbz‡li BwZnvm Kíbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GKBfv‡e fvev

†h‡Z cv‡i wLÖ÷ag©, †ivgvb mvgÖvR¨ A_ev ¯Y©gz Övi eënvi Qvov gvbz‡li Ab¨ †Kvb m¤¢ve¨ BwZnvm|

Z_¨m‚Ît

1 Susan Blackmore, The Meme Machine (Oxford: Oxford Universitz Press, 1999).


PZz_© ce© : êÁvwbK wecøe


weÁvb Avi mvgÖvRëv‡ì MvuUQov

czuwRev‡ì `k©b

wk‡íi i_

wPi ’vqx wecøe

AZtci Zviv mz‡L-kvwšÍ‡Z emevm Ki‡Z jvMj

‡mwc‡q‡Ýi †k‡li ïiæ



aiv hvK, AvbzgvwbK GK nvRvi wLÖ÷v‡ãi †Kvb GK iv‡Z GKRb K…lK Nzwg‡q co‡jb Ges Zvi Nzg fvOj cÖvq

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†mUv Zvi Kv‡Q wKš‘ Lze †ewk A‡Pbv e‡j g‡b n‡Zv bv| GB mg‡qi gv‡S cÖhzw³, gvbz‡li AvPvi-AvPiY Ges

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e‡jB g‡b n‡Zv| wKš‘, Kj¤v‡mi Rvnv‡Ri †Kvb bvweK hw` GiKg j¤v Nz‡g Zwj‡q hvb Ges cÖvq cvuPk eQi c‡i

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wR‡Ám Ki‡eb- ÔGUvB wK ¯M©? bvwK GiB bvg biK?Õ

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wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|4 GLb Avevi GKevi cwimsL¨vb¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvKvb- GB cvuPk eQ‡i gvbz‡li msL¨v n‡q‡Q †PŠÏ

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GZUzKz AvuPo bv jvwM‡q G‡K G‡K Abvqv‡m Wzwe‡q w`‡Z cvi‡e †mKv‡ji c…w_exi mKj civkw³i

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eB-cz¯ÍK Ges KvMR ev Pvgovq †gvov‡bv czuw_ wQj Zv‡Z wjwce× mKj Z_¨ aviY Ki‡Z cvi‡e AvR‡Ki w`‡bi

AvazwbK GKwU Kw¤úDUvi| cÖvK-AvazwbK hz‡M mKj iv‡Rï A_© GKwÎZ Ki‡j hv `vuovZ, AvR‡Ki GKwU e…n`vqZb

AvazwbK e¨vsK Zvi †P‡q †ewk cwigvY A_© msi¶Y K‡i|6

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Ges Lo ev ïK‡bv Nvm w`‡q, †mmgq GKwU wZb Zjv `vjvb‡KB AvKvkPz¤x BgviZ g‡b Kiv nZ| iv Ív¸‡jv‡Z †j‡M

_vKZ Mvwoi PvKvi `vM, MÖx®§Kv‡j iv Ív _vKZ az‡jvq fiv Avi el©vKv‡j Kv`vq gvLvgvwL| †mB iv Ív eënvi K‡iB

c_Pvix, †Nvov, QvMj, gziwM Ges Aí wKQz Miæi Mvwo c_ PjZ| kni GjvKvq k‡ãi AZ¨vPvi ej‡Z gvbzl Ges

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Lze mn‡R Ges wbivc‡` cz‡iv c…w_ex cÖ`w¶Y K‡i Avm‡Z cv‡ib|

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cvnv‡o| wKš‘, AvKvkUv ZLbI wQj cvwL, cix, †è-‡èx Avi kqZv‡bi `L‡j| 1969 mv‡ji wek RzjvB gvbzl

cÖ_g Pvu‡ì ez‡K cv ivLj| GUv †Kej GKwU HwZnvwmK NUbvB bq, GwU gvbz‡li BwZnv‡mi GKwU eo wecøe Ges

gvbz‡li GK gnvRvMwZK weRq| KviY, Gi Av‡Mi Pvik †KvwU eQ‡i RxeRM‡Zi †KD Pvu‡` cv A_ev ïuo ivLv †Zv

‚‡ii K_v, c…w_exi cwigÐ‡ji evB‡iB †ei n‡Z cv‡iwb|

BwZnv‡mi AwaKvsk mgq Rz‡o, AYzRxe‡ì m¤ú‡K© gvbz‡li †Kvb aviYvB wQj bv| A_P RxeRM‡Zi 99.99%

m`m¨B nj AYzRxe| GB bv Rvbvi KviY Ggb bq †h, Zv‡ì wb‡q gvbz‡li †Kvb gv_ve¨_v wQj bv| cÖwZwU gvbzl‡KB

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(Anton van Leeuwenhoek) Zvi wb‡Ri evmvq ˆZwi AYzex¶‡Y GKwU cvwbi we› zi gv‡S GiKg jvL jvL

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†cj| cieZ©x wZbk eQ‡i gvbz‡li mv‡_ GiKg A‡bK ai‡bi AvYzex¶wYK Rx‡ei cwiPq n‡q‡Q| †hme AYzRxe

bvbviKg fqsKi msµvgK †iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx Zv‡ì AwaKvskB gvbz‡li Kv‡Q civ¯Í n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K gvbz‡li Rb¨

DcKvix AYzRxe¸‡jv jvjbcvjb K‡i gvbzl Zv‡ì eënvi K‡i‡Q Ilza ˆZwii Kv‡R Ges wkíKviLvbvq| AvRKvj

Avgiv Ilza ˆZwi, ev‡qvM¨vm Drcv`b Ges ¶wZKi ciRxex `g‡bi Rb¨ ìKvwi e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Drcv`b wk‡L †MwQ|

wKš‘, MZ cvuPk eQ‡ii g‡a¨ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© Ges cÖfve we ÍviKvix gzn‚‡ZiÖ m‚Pbv nj 1945 mv‡ji 16B RzjvB‡q,

mKvj 5Uv 29 wgwbU 45 †m‡K‡Û| GB mg‡qB Av‡gwiKvi weÁvbxiv wbD †gw·‡Kvi A¨vjv‡gvMi‡Wv‡Z

(Alamogordo) cÖ_g AvYweK †evgvwUi we‡ùviY NUv‡jb| wVK GB gzn‚Z© †_‡KB gvbzl ezS‡Z cvij, BwZnv‡mi

MwZc_ e`‡j †èvi ¶gZvi g‡a¨B gvbzl Avi mxgve× †bB, BwZnv‡mi BwZ Uvbevi kw³I Zviv AR©b K‡i‡Q|

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bvg êÁvwbK wecøe| GB mgqUv‡Z gvbzl êÁvwbK M‡elYvq wewb‡qvM Kivi gva¨‡g weczj ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡q

DV‡Z †c‡i‡Q| GUv‡K Avgiv wecøe ejwQ KviY 1500 wLÖ÷v‡ãi AvM ch©šÍI c…w_exi gvbzl ¯v¯’ , mgi Ges

A_©bxwZi †¶‡Î Zvi bZzb m¤¢vebv ev AMÖMwZi e¨vcv‡i mw›`nvb wQj| hwÌ Gi Av‡M ivóÖ Ges abx c…ô‡cvl‡Kiv

wk¶v Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Ges e…wËi eë ’v Ki‡Zb, Z‡e bZzb bZzb D™¢ve‡bi cwie‡Z© AwR©Z Ávb‡K a‡i ivLvB wQj

Gm‡ei g‚j D‡Ïk¨| cÖvK-AvazwbK hz‡Mi GKRb MocoZv kvmK mvgvwRK k…•Ljv wbqš¿Y Ges AvBb-Kvbz‡bi êaZv

cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ ag©hvRK, `vk©wbK Ges Kwe‡ì †cQ‡b A_© e¨q Ki‡Zb| Zviv bZzb Ilza, hz‡×i wbZ¨bZzb A ¿ ev

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wMjMv‡gk cÖKí

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e¨vwa Ges eva‡KïÖ kvixwiK, ni‡gvbMZ Ges wRbMZ KviY AbzmÜv‡b wb‡qvwRZ| cÖwZwbqZ Zviv Avwe®‹vi K‡i


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nj|

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AvµvšÍ cv ev nvZ †K‡U †dj‡Zb| GB A½‡Q`b Ges `vuZ Zz‡j †djvi gZ †mKv‡ji cÖPwjZ Ab¨vb¨ wPwKrmv

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g‚j †hvM¨Zv|

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mß`k kZ‡Ki Bsj¨v‡Û cÖwZ nvRvi Rb m`¨ Rb¥ †bqv wkï‡ì gv‡S 150 RbB Zv‡ì eqm 1 eQi c‚iY nevi

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Gme msL¨v Avi cwimsL¨vb mwi‡q Avgiv hw` wKQz Mí ewj Zvn‡j cz‡iv e¨vcviUv m¤ú‡K© Av‡iKUz ¯úó aviYv

cvIqv m¤¢e n‡e| G cÖm‡½ ivRv cÖ_g GWIqvW© (1237-1307) Ges Zvi ¿x ivYx Bwjb‡ii (1241-90) cwievi

GKwU fv‡jv D`vniY n‡Z cv‡i| ga¨hz‡Mi BD‡iv‡c GKRb wkï hZUv hZœ Avi cwiPh©v †c‡Z cv‡i Zv‡ì mšÍvbiv

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dvqvi‡cm, cwi®‹vi cvbxq R‡ji †hvMvb Ges Zv‡ì †mevq wb‡qvwRZ wQj GK Mv`v `vm-`vmx Ges wPwKrmK|

wb‡P Avgiv ivYx Bwjb‡ii 1255 †_‡K 1284 mvj ch©šÍ Rb¥ †`qv 16 Rb mšÍv‡bi e¨vcv‡i Rvbe-

1| bvgnxb Kb¨v mšÍvb, 1255 mv‡j Rb¥, R‡b¥i mgqB gviv hvb|

2| Kb¨v K¨v_wib, m¤¢eZ: GK eQi ev wZb eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|

3| Kb¨v †Rvqvb, Qq gvm eq‡m gviv hvb|

4| czÎ Rb, cvuP eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|

5| czÎ †nbwi, Qq eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|

6| Kb¨v Bwjbi, DbwÎk eQ‡i gviv hvb|

7| bvgnxb Kb¨v, cvuP gvm eq‡mB gviv hvb|

8| Kb¨v †Rvqvb, cqwÎk eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|

9| czÎ Avjdb‡mv, `k eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|

10| Kb¨v gvM©v‡iU, AvUvbœ eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|

11| Kb¨v ev‡i‡Äwiqv, zB eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|

12| bvgnxb Kb¨v, R‡b¥i ciciB gviv hvb|

13| Kb¨v g¨vwi, †Zcvbœ eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|

14| bvgnxb czÎ, R‡b¥i ciciB gviv hvb|

15| Kb¨v GwjRv‡e_, †PŠwÎk eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|

16| czÎ GWIqvW©|


czÎ mšÍvb‡ì g‡a¨ me©Kwbô G&WIqvW©B †Kej ˆkk‡ei fq¼i eQi¸‡jv cvi n‡q Avm‡Z †c‡i‡Qb Ges wcZvi

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K‡ib|11

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Avkvev`x K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j wRbweÁvbxiv wmbinvewWwUm Gwj‡Mbm (Caenorhabditis elegans)

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PvwjZ Ki‡e|13 wKQz we‡kl‡Ái g‡Z, 2050 mvj bvMv` wKQz gvbzl ÔARiÕ n‡Z cvi‡e (ÔAgiÕ bq, KviY Zviv

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ch©šÍ †eu‡P _vK‡Z cvi‡eb)|

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Z_¨m‚Ît

1 David Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big Historz (Berkelez: Universitz of California

Press, 2004), 344–5; Angus Maddison, The World Economz, vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the

Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 636; ÔHistorical Estimates of World

PopulationÕ, US Census Bureau, accessed 10 December 2010,

http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.

2 Maddison, The World Economz, vol. 1, 261.

3 ÔGross Domestic Product 2009Õ, the World Bank, Data and Statistics, accessed 10 December 2010,

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf.

4 Christian, Maps of Time, 141.


5 The largest contemporarz cargo ship can carrz about 100,000 tons. In 1470 all the worldÕs fleets could

together carrz no more than 320,000 tons. Bz 1570 total global tonnage was up to 730,000 tons

(Maddison, The World Economz, vol. 1, 97).

6 The worldÕs largest bank – the Rozal Bank of Scotland – has reported in 2007 deposits worth $1.3

trillion. ThatÕs five times the annual global production in 1500. See ÔAnnual Report and Accounts

2008Õ, the Rozal Bank of Scotland, 35, accessed 10 December 2010,

http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/RBS/626570033}0}278481/eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3–

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7 Ferguson, Ascent of Monez, 185–98.

8 Maddison, The World Economz, vol. 1, 31; Wriglez, English Population Historz, 295; Christian, Maps

of Time, 450, 452; ÔWorld Health Statistic Report 2009Õ, 35–45, World Health Organization, accessed

10 December 2010 http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf.

9 Wriglez, English Population Historz, 296.

10 ÔEngland, Interim Life Tables, 1980–82 to 2007–09Õ, Office for National Statistics, accessed 22

March 2012 http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77–61850.

11 Michael Prestwich, Edward I (Berkelez: Universitz of California Press, 1988), 125–6.

12 Jennie B. Dorman et al., ÔThe age-1 and daf-2 Genes Function in a Common Pathwaz to Control the

Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegansÕ, Genetics 141:4 (1995), 1,399–406; Koen Houthoofd et al., ÔLife

Extension via Dietarz Restriction is Independent of the Ins/IGF-1 Signalling Pathwaz in Caenorhabditis

elegansÕ, Experimental Gerontologz 38:9 (2003), 947–54.

13 Shawn M. Douglas, Ido Bachelet and George M. Church, ÔA Logic-Gated Nanorobot for Targeted

Transport of Molecular PazloadsÕ, Science 335:6070 (2012): 831–4; Dan Peer et al., ÔNanocarriers As

An Emerging Platform for Cancer TherapzÕ, Nature Nanotechnologz 2 (2007): 751–60; Dan Peer et al.,

ÔSzstemic Leukoczte-Directed siRNA Deliverz Revealing Czclin Di as an Anti-Inflammatorz TargetÕ,

Science 319:5863 (2008): 627–30


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A_P 1750 †_‡K 1850- GB GKk eQ‡ii g‡a¨B c…w_exi ¶gZvi †K› Ö m‡i †Mj BD‡iv‡c| GB mg‡q BD‡iv‡ci

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wKš‘ †gwkbMv‡bi †P‡q †Kv‡bv As‡k Kg wQj bv|

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cÖhzw³i mzweav gvbzl ZLbI wb‡Z cv‡iwb, ZvB BD‡ivc, AvwdÖKv Avi Gwkqvi g‡a¨ kw³i cv_©K¨ Lze †ewk wQj bv|

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K¨v‡Þb û‡mb cvkv †Kb A‡÷Öwjqv `Lj K‡iwb? Zvi †P‡q eo K_v nj, 1770 mv‡j †h BD‡ivc cÖhzw³i w`K †_‡K

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wKQz Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z cvij bv †Kb?

we‡k¦i cÖ_g evwYwR¨K †ijc_ Pvjz nq weÖ‡U‡b, 1830 mv‡j| 1850 mv‡ji g‡a¨ cwðgv †`k¸‡jv cÖvq 40 nvRvi

wK‡jvwgUvi †ijjvB‡b †Q‡q †Mj, A_P Gwkqv, AvwdÖKv Avi j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvi †gvU †ijjvB‡bi ˆ`N © wQj eo‡Rvi

4 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi| 1880 bvMv` cwð‡gi †gvU †ijjvBb nj mv‡o 3 jvL wK‡jvwgUvi, Avi evwK c…w_ex‡Z 35

nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi| Gi †ewkifvMB wQj fvi‡Z, Avi †mUvI weÖwUk‡ìB ˆZwi|5 Px‡b cÖ_g †ijjvBb e‡m 1876

mv‡j| gvÎ 25 wK‡jvwgUvi j¤v, Ges BD‡ivcxq‡ì ØvivB ˆZwi| Aek¨ c‡ii eQiB Pxb miKvi †mUv bó K‡i

†d‡j| 1880 mv‡j Px‡b †ijc_ ej‡Z wKQz wQjB bv| Biv‡bi cÖ_g †ijc_ ˆZwi nq †Znivb Avi †mLvb †_‡K

wK‡jvwgUvi `‡kK ‚‡ii GKUv kn‡ii g‡a¨| †mUv 1888 mv‡ji K_v| GUvI ˆZwi K‡iwQj †ejwRqv‡gi GKUv

cÖwZôvb| 1950 mv‡j weÖ‡U‡bi †P‡q AvKv‡i mvZ¸Y eo †`k Biv‡bi †gvU †ijc‡_i ˆ`N © wQj gvÎ AvovB nvRvi

wK‡jvwgUvi|

Pxb Avi Biv‡bi gvbz‡li ev®ú BwÄb ˆZwi Kivi g‡Zv cÖhzw³MZ `¶Zv wQj bv, Zv wKš‘ bq| AšÍZ weÖwUk‡ìUv

†`‡L ˆZwi Kiv †hZ, A_ev Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K wK‡bI †Zv Avbv †hZ| wKš‘ Gfv‡e ªæZ GwM‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ weÖwUk

mgv‡Ri †hme g‚j¨‡eva, wg_, wePvieë ’v ev mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gv f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q, Pxb ev Biv‡b ZLb

†m¸‡jv wQj bv| G¸‡jv †Zv Avi A‡bïUv †`‡L ˆZwi Kiv hvq bv| dÖvÝ Avi hz³ivóÖ Zvj wgwj‡q G‡Mv‡Z †c‡i‡Q,

KviY Zv‡ì mgvR KvVv‡gv weÖwUk‡ì mv‡_ A‡bKUvB wg‡j hvq| Pxb Avi Bivb †mUv cv‡iwb, KviY Zv‡ì mgv‡Ri

weKvk n‡q‡Q AbïKgfv‡e|

GB KviY †`wL‡q 1500 †_‡K 1850 ch©šÍ mgqUv‡K A‡bKUv †evSv hvq| GB mv‡o wZbk eQ‡i ivR‰bwZK,

A_©‰bwZK, mvgwiK ev cÖhzw³MZ w`K w`‡q BD‡ivc Gwkqvi †P‡q Lze †ewk GwM‡q bv _vK‡jI m¤¢vebvUv ˆZwi n‡q‡Q

ZLbB| Gi djvdjUv nVvr K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q 1850 Gi c‡i| 1750 mv‡ji BD‡ivc, Pxb Avi gzmwjg wek¦‡K


mgkw³m¤úbœ g‡b n‡jI Avm‡j Zv bq| aiæb, zRb wgw ¿ z‡Uv UvIqvi evbv‡”Q| GKRb evbv‡”Q KvV Avi gvwU

w`‡q, Ab¨Rb B¯úvZ Avi KswµU w`‡q| ïiæ‡Z †`Lv hv‡e zR‡biB KvR mgvbfv‡e G‡Mv‡”Q| wKš‘ GKUv mg‡q

G‡m cÖ_g wgw ¿ KvR _vgv‡Z eva¨ n‡e, KviY eo UvIqvi ˆZwii ¶gZv gvwU Avi Kv‡Vi †bB| A_P wØZxq wgw ¿i

KvR GwM‡q hv‡e ZiZi K‡i|

wK‡mi †Rv‡i BD‡ivc G‡Kev‡i ïiæ‡ZB evwK c…w_exi `Lj wb‡q wbj? †h m¤¢vebvUv cÖ_‡g Zv‡ì g‡a¨ ˆZwi

n‡qwQj, †mUv Kx wQj? GB cÖ‡kœi ziKg DËi cvIqv hvq- GKUv nj AvazwbK weÁvb, AbÜv czuwRev`|

BD‡ivcxq‡ì wPšÍv Avi AvPi‡Y weÁvbgb¯‹Zvi Qvc c‡o‡Q GB AMÖMwZ ïiæ nIqvi A‡bK Av‡M| ZvB hLb Zv‡ì

nv‡Z bZzb bZzb cÖhzw³ Avmv ïiæ nj, †m¸‡jv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z Zv‡ì mgq †j‡M‡Q A‡bK Kg| BD‡ivcxq mvgÖvR¨

†h GKzk kZ‡Ki c…w_exi weÁvb Avi czuwRev`‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Q, †mUv †gv‡UB KvKZvjxq e¨vcvi bq| †mB

zwbqv‡Rvov BD‡ivcxq mvgÖvR¨ AvR †bB, wKš‘ weÁvb Avi czuwRev‡ì we¯Ívi wKš‘ †_‡g †bB| czuwRev‡ì e¨vcv‡i

c‡ii Aa¨v‡q we ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv n‡e, AvcvZZ BD‡ivcxq mvgÖvRëv` Avi AvazwbK weÁv‡bi g‡a¨Kvi wbweo

m¤úK©Uv Av‡iKUz fv‡jvfv‡e †`Lv hvK|

R‡qi Zvobv

AvazwbK weÁv‡bi weKvk n‡q‡Q BD‡ivcxq mvgÖv‡Rï nvZ a‡iB| n¨vu, Gi g‡a¨ wMÖm, Pxb, fviZ Avi gzmwjg‡ì

cÖPzi Ae`vb Av‡Q e‡U, wKš‘ weÁvb Zvi eZ©gvb Ae ’vq G‡m‡Q †¯úb, cZ©zMvj, weÖ‡Ub, dÖvÝ, ivwkqv Avi

†b`vij¨v‡Ûi mvgÖvR¨we¯Ív‡ii gva¨‡gB| êÁvwbK wecø‡ei ïiæi w`‡K ˆPwbK, fviZxq, gzmwjg, Av‡gwiKvb Avi

cwj‡bkxq‡ì mevB A‡bK KvR K‡i‡Q| A¨vWvg w¯§_ Avi Kvj© gv·©- zR‡bB gzmwjg A_©bxwZwe`‡ì †jLv

c‡o‡Qb| Av‡gwiKvi Avwèvmx wPwKrmK‡ì wPwKrmv c×wZ A‡bK Bs‡iwR eB‡q RvqMv K‡i wb‡qwQj|

cwj‡bkxq‡ì msM…nxZ A‡bK Z_¨ cwðgv b…Z‡Ë¡i eB‡q cvIqv hvq| GZw`b a‡i hviv mviv c…w_exi msM…nxZ Ávb

wb‡q weÁv‡bi bZzb bZzb kvLv ˆZwi Kij ZvivB wesk kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwSi w`‡K cz‡iv c…w_ex kvmb Ki‡Z jvMj| eo

eo weÁvbxivI †ewi‡q G‡jb Zv‡ì ga¨ †_‡KB| cÖv‡P¨ Avi gzmwjg we‡k¦I Ávbx gvbz‡li Avwef©ve n‡q‡Q, wKš‘

1500 †_‡K 1950 Gi g‡a¨ Gme GjvKv †_‡K Ggb wKQz Avwe®‹vi nqwb hv c`v_©weÁv‡b wbDU‡bi wKsev

RxeweÁv‡b WviDB‡bi Ae`v‡bi av‡i Kv‡Q †h‡Z cv‡i|

GLvb †_‡K †KD †hb bv fv‡e †h BD‡ivcxqiv Rb¥MZfv‡eB weÁvbgb¯‹ ev Zv‡ì wR‡bi wfZ‡iB GUv Av‡Q|

Avevi GgbI bq †h ZvivB wPiKvj weÁv‡bi nvj a‡i _vK‡e| Bmjvg ag© †hgb ïiæ n‡qwQj Avie‡ì g‡a¨ wKš‘

c‡i ZzwK© Avi cviwmK‡ì nv‡Z P‡j †M‡Q, wVK †Zgwb weÁv‡bi ïiæUv BD‡iv‡c †Rv‡i‡kv‡i n‡jI AvR †mUv me

RvwZi g‡a¨B Qwo‡q †M‡Q|

AvazwbK weÁvb Avi BD‡ivcxq mvgÖvRëv‡ì eÜbUv ˆZwi nj Kxfv‡e? Ebwesk I wesk kZ‡K cÖhzw³ hZUv ¸iæZ¡c‚Y©

wQj, AvazwbK hz‡Mi ïiæ‡Z ZZUv wQj bv| wKš‘ bZzb bZzb MvQcvjv Lzu‡R †eov‡bv GKRb Dw™¢`weÁvbx Avi bZzb


bZzb †`k Lzu‡R †eov‡bv GKRb bvwe‡Ki wPšÍvaviv wQj GKB iKg| ÒILv‡b Kx Av‡Q Avwg GLbI Rvwb bvÓ- GB

K_vUvq Zviv zR‡bB hvi hvi RvqMv †_‡K GKgZ| ZvB bZzb GKUv RvqMvq hvIqvi ZvobvUv KviI g‡a¨ Kg wQj

bv| bZzb wKQz Rvbvi GB AvMÖnB Av‡ Í Av‡¯Í cz‡iv c…w_exUv‡K Zv‡ì Aax‡b G‡b w`j|

BD‡iv‡ci mvgÖvRëv` BwZnv‡mi Ab¨ me mvgÖvRëv` †_‡K Avjv`v| Gi Av‡M hviv mvgÖvR¨we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q Zviv a‡iB

wbZ Zviv c…w_exUv‡K cz‡iv †R‡b †d‡j‡Q| Zviv †Kej wb‡R‡ì gZv`k© Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvq Qwo‡q w`‡Z †P‡q‡Q|

Avieiv wKš‘ ARvbv‡K Rvbvi Avkvq wgki, †¯úb ev fviZ Rq K‡iwb| †ivgvb, †gv½j Avi A¨vR‡UKiv bZzb RvqMv

Rq K‡i‡Q ïaz ¶gZv Avi m¤ú‡ì Rb¨| wKš‘ BD‡iv‡ci gvbzl ‚i ‚iv‡šÍ hvÎv K‡i‡Q ïaz bZzb RvqMv LzuR‡Z bq,

ARvbv‡K Rvbvi RbÏ|

Ggb wPšÍvaviv ïaz †Rgm Kz‡Ki GKviB bq, cÂ`k I †lvok kZvãxi †¯úbxq Avi cZ©zwMR bvweK‡ì g‡aÏ wQj|

cZ©zwMR ivRczÎ †nbwi (Prince Henrz the Navigator) Avi bvweK fv‡¯‹v `v Mvgv AvwdÖKvi Zxi a‡i hvÎvq

A‡bK Øxc Avi DcK‚j Rq K‡i‡Qb| wµ‡÷vdvi Kj¤^vm Av‡gwiKv ÔAvwe®‹viÕ Kivi ciciB †mLv‡b †¯ú‡bi ivRvi

AwaKvi cÖwZôv K‡ib| dvw ©bv›` g¨v‡Mjvb bZzb GKUv c_ Avwe®‹vi K‡i wdwjwc‡Ý †cŠu‡Q †mLv‡b †¯úbxq Dcwb‡ek

ˆZwi K‡ib|

Gici hZ w`b †Mj, ZZB ÁvbvR©‡bi Awfhvb Avi R‡qi Awfhvb AviI †ewk ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Rwo‡q †Mj| Aóv`k

Avi Ebwesk kZ‡K BD‡ivc †_‡K hZ¸‡jv mvgwiK Awfhvb ïiæ n‡q‡Q Zvi cÖvq cÖwZUv‡ZB weÁvbx‡ì mv‡_ †bIqv

n‡Zv| hz× Kivi Rb¨ bq, bZzb wKQz Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨| 1798 mv‡j †b‡cvwjqb hLb wgki AvµgY K‡ib, ZLb Zvui

mv‡_ 165 Rb cwÐZI wQ‡jb| †mB cwÐZ‡ì nvZ a‡iB ïiæ nj Ôwgkiwe`¨vÕ (Egzptologz) bvgK Áv‡bi GK

bZzb aviv| ag©, fvlvweÁvb Avi Dw™¢`we`¨vq A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb Zvuiv|

1831 mv‡j `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvi DcK‚j, dKj¨vÛ I Mvjvcv‡Mvm Øxccz‡Äi gvbwPÎ ˆZwi Ki‡Z weÖwUk †bŠevwnbxi

RvnvR GBPGgGm weMj iIbv nq| hz‡×i AvMvg cÖ ÍzwZi Rb¨ ILv‡b †Kv_vq Kx Av‡Q Rvbv ìKvi wQj| †m

Rvnv‡Ri K¨v‡Þb wQ‡jb †kŠwLb weÁvbx| wZwb mv‡_ K‡i GKRb f‚‡Mvjwe`‡K wb‡q †h‡Z PvB‡jb, bZzb †hme f‚LÐ

mvg‡b Avm‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jv LzuwU‡q †`Lvi Rb¨| K‡qKRb f‚‡Mvjwe` Zvui Avgš¿Y wdwi‡q †Ìqvi ci wZwb wM‡q

ai‡jb †KgweÖR †_‡K cvm Kiv GK evBk eQ‡ii hzeK‡K| hze‡Ki bvg Pvj©m WviDBb| WviDBb wMR©vi cvw Ö

nIqvi Rb¨ cov‡kvbv Ki‡jI evB‡e‡ji †P‡q f‚Z‡Ë¡B Zvui AvMÖn †ewk wQj| K¨v‡Þ‡bi Avgš¿‡Y ivwR n‡jb

WviDBb, Gi c‡iiUzKz †Zv BwZnvm| Rvnv‡Ri K¨v‡Þb hLb mgz‡ Öi gvbwPÎ ˆZwi KiwQ‡jb, ZLb WviDBb Zvui

wb‡Ri †RvMvo Kiv Z_¨-DcvË wb‡q bZzb ZË¡ `vuo Kivw”Q‡jb, cieZ©x‡Z hv weeZ©bZË¡ bv‡g cwiwPZ nq|

1969 mv‡ji 20 RzjvB wbj Avg©÷Ös Avi evR AjwWÖb Pvu‡ì gvwU‡Z cv iv‡Lb| GB P› Övwfhv‡bi K‡qK gvm Av‡M

†_‡KB A¨v‡cv‡jv 11 Gi hvÎxiv cÖwk¶Y wbw”Q‡jb hz³iv‡óÖi cwð‡gi GK giæf‚wg‡Z| †mLv‡b ZLb wKQz Avwèvmxi

emevm wQj| ILvbKvi GK evwm›`vi mv‡_ b‡fvPvix‡ì wKQz K_vevZ©v n‡qwQj e‡j †kvbv hvq|

GKw`b cÖwk¶‡Yi mgq b‡fvPvix‡ì mv‡_ GK Avwèvmx e…‡×i †`Lv nq| e…× b‡fvPvix‡ì Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb

Zvuiv ILv‡b Kx Ki‡Qb| DË‡i Zvuiv ej‡jb wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B Zvuiv Pvu‡` hv‡eb| e…× wKQz¶Y Pzc K‡i †_‡K

Zvu‡ì‡K GKUv KvR K‡i w`‡Z Abz‡iva Ki‡jb|


ÒKx KvR?Ó, Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb b‡fvPvixiv|

ÒAvgv‡ì †Mv‡Îi †jv‡Kiv wek¦vm K‡i †èZviv Pvu‡` _v‡Kb| ZvB fvewQ Avcbv‡ì w`‡q Zvu‡ì Kv‡Q GKUv evZ©v

cvVv‡bv hvq wK bv|Ó

Òejzb, Kx Avcbvi evZ©v?Ó

e…× Zvui wb‡Ri fvlvq wKQz GKUv e‡j †mUv b‡fvPvix‡ì w`‡q K‡qKevi ewj‡q wbwðZ Ki‡jb †h Zvu‡ì †mUv gzL ’

n‡q‡Q|

ÒGi A_© Kx?Ó, Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb GKRb|

Ò‡mUv †Zv ejv hv‡e bv| GUv Avgv‡ì †Mvcb fvlv, ïaz Avgiv Rvwb Avi †èZviv Rv‡bb|Ó

b‡fvPvixiv K¨v‡¤ú wd‡i IB A‡bK Lzu‡R IB fvlv ezS‡Z cv‡i Ggb GKRb‡K Lzu‡R †ei Ki‡jb| Zv‡K e…‡×i

wkwL‡q †Ìqv K_vUv Abzev` K‡i w`‡Z ej‡j †jvKUv nvm‡Z ïiæ K‡i| nvwm _vg‡j †jvKUv Zvu‡ì K_vUv ezwS‡q

†`q| GZ Kó K‡i Zvuiv †h K_vUv gzL ’ K‡i G‡m‡Qb, Zvi A_© nj, ÒGiv hv ej‡Q Zvi GKUv K_vI wek¦vm †Kv‡iv

bv, Giv Avm‡j †Zvgv‡ì †`k `Lj Ki‡Z G‡m‡Q|Ó

dvuKv gvbwPÎ

c…w_exi wewfbœ mg‡q AvuKv gvbwPÎ †`L‡j GB ÔAvwe®‹vi Ges RqÕ Kivi e¨vcviUv fv‡jvfv‡e †evSv hvq| GB

AvazwbK hzM Avmvi A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB c…w_exi bvbv RvqMvi gvbzl gvbwPÎ Gu‡K‡Q| Z‡e Zv‡ì †KDB cz‡iv c…w_exi

†Kv_vq Kx Av‡Q RvbZ bv| Av‡dÖv-Gwkqv GjvKvi gvbzl Av‡gwiKvi K_v RvbZ bv, Av‡gwiKvi gvbzl Av‡dÖv-Gwkqv

AÂ‡ji K_v RvbZ bv| ZvB Zv‡ì gvbwP‡Îi ARvbv AskUzKz nq _vKZB bv, bq‡Zv †mLv‡b KvíwbK †Kv‡bv wKQzi

Qwe Av uKv _vKZ| gvbwP‡Î †Kv‡bv RvqMv dvuKv _vKZ bv| ZvB †mUv †`‡L g‡b n‡Zv c…w_exi †Kv_vq Kx Av‡Q meUvB

Zv‡ì Rvbv|

cÂ`k I †lvok kZvãx‡Z BD‡ivcxq gvbz‡liv †hme gvbwPÎ Gu‡KwQj †m¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK dvuKv RvqMv †`Lv †hZ|

Gi g‡a¨ GKw`‡K †hgb Zv‡ì weÁvbgb¯‹Zvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq, †Zgwb Zv‡ì mvgÖvRëv`x wPšÍvavivI dz‡U I‡V|

Gme gvbwP‡Îi dvuKv RvqMv¸‡jv cÖgvY K‡i, BD‡ivcxqiv c…w_exi meUzKz ZLbI †`‡Lwb|

1892 mv‡j GKUv ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© NUbv N‡U| wµ‡÷vdvi Kj¤vm ZLb †¯úb †_‡K c‚e© Gwkqvq hvIqvi Rb¨ cwðg w`‡K

hvÎv Ki‡jb| wZwb ZLbI czi‡bv Am¤ú‚Y© gvbwPÎ‡KB wVK Rvb‡Zb| †mB gvbwPÎ Abzhvqx wZwb wnmve K‡i †ei

Ki‡jb, Rvcvb †¯úb †_‡K cÖvq 7 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi cwð‡g| wKš‘ Avm‡j ‚iZ¡Uv 20 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUv‡iiI †ewk,

Avi gvSLv‡b i‡q‡Q GKUv weivU f‚LÐ †hUvi K_v ZLbI †KD RvbZ bv| 1492 Gi 12 A‡±vei zczi z‡Uvi w`‡K

Kj¤v‡mi †bŠeni †mB f‚L‡Ð †cŠuQvq| en‡ii Ôwc›UvÕ bv‡gi Rvnv‡Ri gv Ízj †_‡K bvweK ûqvb iw Ö‡MR ev‡g©‡Rv

GKUv Øxc †`‡L ÒWvOv! WvOv!Ó e‡j †PuwP‡q I‡V| †mB ØxcUv‡K AvR Avgiv evnvgv bv‡g Rvwb|


Kj¤v‡mi aviYv wQj IUv c‚e© Gwkqvi †Kv‡bv Øxc| wZwb H Øx‡ci gvbzl‡ì ej‡jb ÔBwÛqvbÕ, KviY Zvui aviYv

n‡qwQj RvqMvUv n‡”Q ÔBwÛRÕ- hv‡K Avgiv GLb B÷ BwÛR ev B‡›`v‡bwkqv ØxcczÄ ewj| Kj¤vm Zvui evwK Rxeb

GB fz‡ji g‡a¨B KvwU‡q‡Qb| wZwb †h G‡Kev‡i bZzb GKUv gnv‡`k Lzu‡R †c‡q‡Qb †mUv Zvui ev Zvui mg‡qi

†jv‡K‡ì gv_v‡ZB Av‡mwb| nvRvi nvRvi eQi a‡i wPšÍvwe`, cwÐZ, GgbwK ag©MÖš’¸‡jvI ïaz BD‡ivc, Gwkqv Avi

AvwdÖKvi K_vB e‡j G‡m‡Q| evB‡ej wK Avi A‡a©KUv c…w_exi K_v †egvjzg ev` w`‡q w`‡Z cv‡i? aiæb 1969 mv‡j

Pvu‡ì w`‡K cvVv‡bv A¨v‡cv‡jv 11 wM‡q bvgj c…w_ex‡K wN‡i Nz‡i Pjv Ab¨ GKUv DcMÖ‡n †hUv †KD GZw`b

†`‡LBwb| Zviv wK ezS‡Z cviZ †h IUv Pvu` bq? ga¨hz‡Mi gvbzl Kj¤v‡mi aviYv wQj c…w_exi meUvB Zvui †Pbv,

hwÌ wZwb wb‡RB GKUv Av¯Í ARvbv gnv‡`k Avwe®‹vi K‡i e‡m Av‡Qb!

BZvwji bvweK Av‡gwi‡Mv †fmczwP (Amerigo Vespucci) 1499 †_‡K 1504 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †ek K‡qKevi

Av‡gwiKv Awfhv‡b hvb| 1502 Avi 1504 mv‡j Gme Awfhvb wb‡q BD‡iv‡c cÖKvwkZ zwU †jLvq †fmczwPi K_v

ejv nq| †mLv‡b ejv nq, Kj¤vm †h bZzb †`kUv Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb †mUv c‚e© Gwkqv †Zv bqB, eis †mUv bZzb GKUv

gnv‡`k hvi K_v ZLbKvi †Kv‡bv f‚‡Mvjwe` Rvb‡Zb bv, †Kv‡bv ag©MÖ‡š’I †bB| GB †jLvq cÖfvweZ n‡q 1507

mv‡j cÖwm× gvbwPÎ-AvuwK‡q gvwU©b Iqvìwmgzjvi (Martin Waldseemüller) c…w_exi GKUv bZzb gvbwPÎ

Avu‡Kb| BD‡ivc †_‡K cwð‡g †M‡j gvbzl †hLv‡b †cŠuQvq, Iqvìwmgzjv‡ii gvbwP‡Î cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv †mUv‡K GKUv

Avjv`v gnv‡`k wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv nq| GLb gvbwP‡Î †h‡nZz RvqMvUv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, ZLb Zvi GKUv bvg †Zv

†Ìqv jv‡M| Iqvìwmgzjvi Rvb‡Zb †h RvqMvUv Av‡gwi‡Mv †fmczwPi Avwe®‹vi, ZvB wZwb RvqMvUvi bvg w`‡q

w`‡jb ÔAv‡gwiKvÕ| Zvui †mB gvbwPÎ mviv c…w_ex‡Z A‡bK RbwcÖqZv cvq, Ab¨vb¨ gvbwPÎ-AvuwK‡qiv †mUv †_‡KB

AviI gvbwPÎ Avu‡K| ZvB bZzb gnv‡`‡ki Av‡gwiKv bvgUvB wU‡K †Mj| c…w_exi f‚L‡Ði cÖvq Pvifv‡Mi GKfvM,

mvZ gnv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ z‡Uvi bvgKiY nj Ggb GKRb ¯í-cwiwPZ BZvjxq bvwe‡Ki bv‡g, hvi g‡a¨ ÔRvwb bvÕ ejvi

g‡Zv mvnmUzKz wQj|

Av‡gwiKv Avwe®‹vi êÁvwbK wecø‡ei wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g GKw`‡K BD‡ivcxqiv ezS‡Z cvij

czi‡bv Áv‡bi †P‡q bZzb ch©‡e¶Y †ewk Riæwi, Ab¨w`‡K GB bZzb †`kUv‡K fv‡jv K‡i Rvbvi cÖej B”Qv RvMj

Zv‡ì g‡a¨| bZzb cvIqv GB RvqMvUv‡K hw` `L‡j ivL‡Z nq, Zvn‡j †mB RvqMvUvi m¤ú‡K© hZ †ewk m¤¢e Z_¨

†RvMvo Kiv ìKvi| †mLvbKvi f‚ZË¡, Rjevqz, MvQcvjv, RxeRš‘, †mLvbKvi gvbz‡li fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ, BwZnvm- me|

wLÖ÷xq ag©MÖš’, f‚‡Mv‡ji czi‡bv eB Avi gvbz‡li gz‡L gz‡L †kvbv Mí- me †mLv‡b APj|

Gici †_‡K BD‡iv‡c ïaz f‚‡Mvjwe` bq, weÁv‡bi mKj kvLvi gvbzlB Zv‡ì AvuKv gvbwP‡Îi ARvbv AskUv dvuKv

ivL‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Zv‡ì Ávb †h m¤ú‚Y© bq, Zv‡ì Rvbvi evB‡iI †h AviI wKQz _vK‡Z cv‡i- †mUv Zviv ¯xKvi

K‡i wb‡Z ïiæ Kij|

‡mB mgq †_‡KB gvbwP‡Îi dvuKv RvqMv¸‡jv BD‡iv‡ci gvbzl‡K Pz¤‡Ki g‡Zv Uvb‡Z _v‡K| GB dvuKv gvbwPÎ c‚iY

Kivi Rb¨ BD‡ivc †_‡K †bŠeni †Mj AvwdÖKvq, cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi cvi n‡q fviZ gnvmvM‡i, Avi mviv c…w_ex‡Z

wb‡R‡ì Dcwb‡ek cÖwZôv Kij| ZvivB cÖ_g mviv wek¦ Rz‡o mvgÖvR¨ ˆZwi K‡i eëmv-evwYR¨ Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i|

BD‡ivcxq gvbz‡li GBme mvgÖvRëv`x Awfhv‡bi d‡jB mviv c…w_exi bvbv RvqMvi wew”Qbœ gvbe‡Mvôx¸‡jv wg‡j

GKUv gvbeRvwZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡jv, Avi †mLvb †_‡KB e`‡j †Mj c…w_exi BwZnvm|


BD‡ivcxq‡ì GB bZzb RvqMv Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z wM‡q †mUv `Lj K‡i Avmvi c×wZUv Avgv‡ì GZ cwiwPZ †h

†mUv‡K Avgv‡ì A¯vfvweK e‡j g‡bB nq bv| wKš‘ GiKg NUbv Gi Av‡M KL‡bvB N‡Uwb| GZ ‚‡i `‚‡i wM‡q †`k

`Lj KivUv †gv‡UB ¯vfvweK bq| Avm‡j BwZnv‡mi ïiæ †_‡KB gvbzl wb‡Ri GjvKvi hz×weMÖn wb‡q GZ e¨ Í wQj

†h ‚‡ii †`k Rq Kivi K_v Zv‡ì gv_vqB Av‡mwb| †ewkifvM eo mvgÖvR¨B †Kej Zv‡ì Avkcv‡ki GjvKv¸‡jv

`Lj K‡i K‡i eo n‡q‡Q| GBRb¨ †ivgvbiv †ivg‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ BÎzwiqv (Etruria) `Lj K‡i (wLÖ÷c‚e© 350-

300), Zvici BÎzwiqv‡K evuPv‡Z `Lj K‡i †cv DcZ¨Kv (wLÖ÷c‚e© 200), Zvici †mUv‡K evuPv‡bvi Rb¨ †cÖv‡fÝ

(wLÖ÷c‚e© 120), †cÖv‡fÝ‡K evuPv‡Z Mj (wLÖ÷c‚e© 50) Avi Mj‡K i¶v Ki‡Z Zviv weÖ‡Ub `Lj K‡i (50 wLÖ÷vã)|

Gfv‡e †ivg †_‡K jÛb ch©šÍ mvgÖvR¨we¯Ívi Ki‡Z Zv‡ì mgq jv‡M Pvik eQi| wKš‘ wLÖ÷c‚e© 350 mv‡j †Kv‡bv

†ivgvb fv‡ewb †h Rvnv‡R K‡i †mvRv weÖ‡Ub wM‡q RvqMvUv `Lj K‡i †djv hvq|

A‡bK mgq A‡bK D”PvKv•Lx m¤ªvU ‚‡ii †`k Rq Ki‡Z †h‡Zb, wKš‘ Zvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡Zv cz‡ivczwi evwYwR¨K wKsev

ïazB RvqMv `Lj Kiv| mgÖvU gnvb Av‡jKRvÛvi wKš‘ bZzb mvgÖvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ibwb, †Rvic‚e©K cvi‡mï kvmb¶gZv

`Lj K‡i‡Qb †Kej| BD‡ivcxq mvgÖv‡Rï c‚e©m‚ix cÖvPxb A¨v‡_Ý I Kv‡_©R (Athens and Carthage), wKsev

ga¨hz‡Mi B‡›`v‡bwkqv GjvKvi gvRvcvwn‡Zi (Majapahit) BwZnv‡m †`Lv hvq, GB wZbUv mgz ÖwfwËK mvgÖv‡Rï

gvbz‡liv KLbI A‡Pbv mgz‡ Öi w`‡K †hZ bv| Zviv Av‡kcv‡ki GjvKvq †hUzKz Awfhvb Pvwj‡q‡Q †mUv cieZ©x mg‡q

BD‡ivc hv K‡i‡Q Zvi Zzjbvq wKQzB bv|

A‡bK BwZnvmwe` e‡jb, Px‡bi wgs mvgÖvR¨ †_‡K A¨vWwgivj †Ss †n (Zheng He) †hme Awfhvb Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb

†m¸‡jv BD‡ivcxq‡ì Awfhvb¸‡jv‡KI ¤øvb K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| 1405 †_‡K 1433 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †Ss mvZUv wekvj

†bŠeni wb‡q fviZ gnvmvM‡ii A‡bK ‚i ch©šÍ hvb| Gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q eo en‡i cÖvq wZbk RvnvR wQj, Avi Zv‡Z

gvbzl wQj 30 nvRv‡ii g‡Zv|7 A‡bK RvqMv Nz‡iwQj †mme RvnvR- B‡›`v‡bwkqv, kÖxj¼v, fviZ, cvim¨ DcmvMi,

†jvwnZ mvMi Avi c‚e© AvwdÖKv| †mme RvnvR †bvOi †d‡jwQj †nRvR (Hejaz) e›`‡ii cÖavb cÖ‡ekc_ †RÏvq

(Jedda) Avi †Kwbqvi DcK‚‡ji gvwjw›`‡Z (Malindi)| Gw`‡K Kj¤v‡mi 1492 mv‡ji Awfhv‡b wQj wZbUv †QvU

RvnvR Avi Zv‡Z 120 Rb gvbzl| †Ss Gi en‡ii Zzjbvq †mUv A‡bKUv GK`j WÖvM‡bi mvg‡b wZbUv gkvi

g‡Zv|8

wKš‘ Gi †P‡qI eo GKUv cv_©K¨ wQj| †Ss †Kej mgz‡`Ö mgz‡ Ö Nz‡i‡Qb, †`k `Lj Kivi †KvbI †PóvB K‡ibwb|

ZvQvov Zvui Awfhv‡bi wcQ‡b †KvbI ivR‰bwZK ev mvs¯‹…wZK KviYI wQj bv| Awfhvb PjvKv‡j 1430 G hLb

Px‡bi kvmK e`jvq, ZLb bZzb ivRv G‡mB †Ss Gi Awfhvb evwZj K‡i †`b| Awfhvb †f‡¯Í †M‡j gvbz‡liv bvbv

w`‡K P‡j hvq, Avi Zv‡ì †RvMvo Kiv weczj cwigvY Z_Ï nvwi‡q hvq| AZ eo †bŠeni Px‡bi †Kv‡bv e›ì †_‡K

Avi KLbI †ei nqwb| Gi c‡i hZ ivRv e‡m‡Qb Px‡bi wmsnvm‡b, Zvu‡ì †KDB Avi Gme wb‡q gv_v Nvgvbwb|

‡Ss †ni Awfhvb †`‡L †evSv hvq, ZvK jvMv‡bvi g‡Zv cÖhzw³ †Kej BD‡ivcxq‡ì GKviB wQj bv| wKš‘ Zv‡ì

bZzb RvqMv Avwe®‹vi Avi Rq Kivi †h A`g¨ ¯ú…nv wQj †mUvB Zv‡ì‡K Ab¨‡ì †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i w`‡q‡Q|

†ivgvb‡ì ¶gZv wQj, wKš‘ Zviv KLbI fviZ wKsev ¯‹¨vwÛ‡bwfqv `Lj Ki‡Z hvqwb| cvi‡mï gvbzlI hvqwb †¯úb

ev gv`vMv¯‹vi `Lj Ki‡Z| Px‡bi kvm‡Kiv me‡P‡q Kv‡Qi †`k Rvcv‡bi w`‡KI nvZ evovqwb| wKš‘ †mUv †Zv

A¯vfvweK wKQz bv| A¯vfvweK GUvB †h BD‡iv‡ci gvbzl‡K ‚‡ii ARvbv me †`‡k hvIqvi †bkvq †c‡q e‡mwQj|


ZvB Zviv m¤ú‚Y© ARvbv †Kv‡bv †`‡k, A‡Pbv gvbzl Avi ixwZbxwZi gvSLv‡b `vuwo‡q DuPz Mjvq ejZ, ÒAvR †_‡K

GUv Avgvi ivRvi †`k!Ó

evB‡ii AvµgY

1517 mv‡ji w`‡K K¨vwiweqvb mvM‡i GKUv KvbvNzlv ïiæ nj- †gw·‡Kvi gvSvgvwS RvqMvq bvwK GKUv kw³kvjx

ivR¨ Av‡Q| K¨vwiweqvb mvM‡i wePiYiZ ¯ú¨vwbk `Lj`vi‡ì Kv‡bI †Mj K_vUv| Gi eQi Pv‡i‡Ki g‡a¨B †`Lv

†Mj, A¨vR‡UK‡ì (Aztec) ivRavbxUv GKUv aŸsm Íz‡c cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| A¨vR‡UK mvgÖvR¨ n‡q †Mj AZx‡Zi K_v,

†mB RvqMvq nvb©vb K‡U©‡Ri (Hernán Cortés) cÖwZwôZ ¯ú¨vwbk ivRÜvB n‡q †Mj eZ©gvb|

ivRÜv Rq K‡i ¯ú¨vwbkiv wb‡Ri‡ì wcVUv GKUz Pvc‡o w`‡ZI mgq bó K‡iwb| GLvb †_‡KB Zviv me w`‡K

ÔAvwe®‹vi I R‡qiÕ Awfhvb ïiæ K‡i| ga¨ Av‡gwiKvq GZw`b hviv wQj, A_©vr A¨vR‡UK, †Uvj‡UK (Toltecs) ev

gvqviv (Maza) Zviv †KD Rvb‡ZvB bv †h Zv‡ì `w¶Y w`‡K `w¶Y Av‡gwiKv e‡j wKQz GKUv Av‡Q, †mw`‡K

hvIqvi †Zv cÖkœB I‡V bv| zB nvRvi eQi a‡i IB RvqMv‡Z Zv‡ì evm, A_P Zv‡ì †KD `w¶Y w`‡K cv evovqwb|

Gw`‡K ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì †gw·‡Kv R‡qi gvÎ `k eQ‡ii g‡a¨B dÖvwÝm‡Kv wcRv‡iv (Francisco Pizarro) BbKv mf¨Zv

(Inca Empire) Avwe®‹vi K‡i †d‡jb| cÖm½Z D‡jL¨ †h BbKv mf¨Zv 1532 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wejzß nq|

GB A¨vR‡UK Avi BbKviv hw` wb‡R‡ì †`k †Q‡o GKUz evB‡i †ei n‡Zv, hw` Rvb‡Z cviZ ¯ú¨vwbkiv Zv‡ì

DË‡ii GjvKvUv Kxfv‡e MÖvm K‡i wb‡”Q, Zvn‡j nqZ AvR BwZnvm AbïKg n‡Zv| nqZ Zviv ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì

AvµgYUv †VwK‡qI w`‡Z cviZ| Kj¤vm cÖ_g Av‡gwiKv hvb 1492 mv‡j| Avi nvb©vb K‡U©R †gw·‡Kv hvb 1519

G| GB mg‡qi g‡a¨ ¯ú¨vwbkiv K¨vwiexq mvM‡ii AwaKvsk Øxc `Lj K‡i †bq| IBme Øx‡c _vKv Avwèvmx‡ì

Rb¨ RxebUv biK n‡q D‡VwQj| `Lj`vi †jvfx gvbz‡liv Zv‡ì †Rvi K‡i Lwb Avi †¶ZLvgv‡i KvR Ki‡Z eva¨

K‡i| †KD mvgvb¨Zg cÖwZev` Ki‡jB Zv‡K Lzb K‡i †djv n‡Zv| GB cÖPÐ cwikÖg, AZ¨vPvi Avi evB‡ii

bvweK‡ì mv‡_ Avmv bvbv iKg †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y †mme RvqMvi AwaKvsk Avwèvmx gvbzlB gviv hvq| wek eQ‡ii g‡a¨

ILvbKvi Avwèvmx gvbz‡liv G‡Kev‡i †kl n‡q hvq| Zv‡ì ïb¨ ’vb c‚iY Ki‡Z ¯ú¨vwbkiv AvwdÖKv †_‡K `vm

Avb‡Z ïiæ K‡i|

GB MYnZ¨v wKš‘ PjwQj A¨vR‡UK mvgÖv‡Rï G‡Kev‡i †`vi‡Mvovq| A_P K‡U©R A¨vR‡UK iv‡Rï c‚e© DcK‚‡j

nvwRi nIqvi AvM ch©šÍ Zviv †mUv †UiB cvqwb| AvRKvj gv‡Sg‡a¨ †hme wfbMÖ‡ni cÖvYxi AvMg‡bi Mí †kvbv

hvq, A¨vR‡UK‡ì Kv‡Q ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì AvMgbUv wQj A‡bKUv †miKg| A¨vR‡UKiv wek¦vm KiZ Zviv cz‡iv c…w_exUv

†`‡L †d‡j‡Q, Avi Zv‡ì ivRÜvB nj m¤ú‚Y© c…w_ex, Gi evB‡i Avi wKQz †bB| AvR Avgiv †h RvqMvUv‡K †fiv

µzR (Vera Cruz) ewj, K‡U©R †mBLv‡b G‡m nvwRi n‡j A¨vR‡UKiv cÖ_g evB‡ii gvbzl †`‡L|

Kx Ki‡Z n‡e GUvB A¨vR‡UKiv cÖ_‡g ez‡S DV‡Z cv‡iwb| GB bZzb Avmv gvbzl¸‡jv Zv‡ì fxlY weåvwšÍ‡Z †d‡j

†`q| Giv mevB gvbz‡li g‡ZvB †`L‡Z, A_P G‡ì Mv‡qi iO mv`v| mevi gz‡L cÖPzi †Mvud`vwo| Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Pz‡ji

iO Avevi †mvbvwj| Avi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Mv‡q fqven zM©Ü| ZLb ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì †P‡q A¨vR‡UK‡ì Ae ’v A‡bK ¯v¯’ Ki


wQj| cÖ_g cÖ_g ¯ú¨vwbkiv †hLv‡bB †hZ, Avwèvmxiv Zv‡ì mv‡_ a‚c R¡vwj‡q wb‡q †hZ| †mUv †`‡L ¯ú¨vwbkiv

fveZ Zv‡ì †èZv †f‡e m¤§vb †`Lv‡bv n‡”Q| wKš‘ c‡i A¨vR‡UK‡ì wKQz †jLv †_‡K Rvbv hvq, Zviv Avm‡j GUv

KiZ zM©‡Üi nvZ †_‡K evuPvi Rb¨|

GB ewnivMZ‡ì eënvh© mvgMÖx wQj AviI wewPÎ| Zviv †hme Rvnv‡R P‡o G‡mwQj, A¨vR‡UKiv AZ eo RvnvR

†`‡LBwb †Kv‡bvw`b| Zviv eo eo ªæZMvgx Rš‘i wc‡V P‡o Nz‡i †eovZ| Zv‡ì nv‡Zi avZe jvwV¸‡jv †_‡K eRÖ

†ei nZ| Zv‡ì nv‡Z wQj j¤v j¤v Zievwi Avi Mv‡q wQj KwVb me eg©| AvR‡UK‡ì Kv‡Vi Z‡jvqvi Avi cv_‡ii

ek©v Zv‡Z AvuPoI KvU‡Z cviZ bv|

A¨vR‡UK‡ì †KD †KD fveZ Giv †evanq †èZv| Avevi †KD ejZ †èZv bq, Giv kqZvb, f‚Z wKsev Rv`zKi|

¯ú¨vwbk‡ì wbg©‚j Kivi Rb¨ me©kw³ wb‡qvM bv K‡i Zviv eis Av‡cv‡l hvIqvi †Póv Kij| Zviv †f‡ewQj,

K‡U©‡Ri `‡j Av‡Q eo‡Rvi mv‡o cvuPk †jvK| GB jvL jvL gvbz‡li †`‡k Giv Avi KxB ev Ggb Ki‡e?

K‡U©RI A¨vR‡UK‡ì e¨vcv‡i wKQzB Rvb‡Zb bv, wKš‘ Zvui `j A‡bKUvB mzweavRbK Ae ’v‡b wQj| A¨vR‡UKiv

GBme evB‡i †_‡K Avmv A™¢zZ`k©b zM©Ügq gvbzl‡ì †`‡L weåvšÍ n‡q hvq| wKš‘ ¯ú¨vwbkiv wVKB RvbZ †h mviv

c…w_ex‡Z AviI bvbv Rv‡Zi gvbzl Av‡Q| Avi bZzb RvqMvq wM‡q †mLvbKvi gvbzl‡K †g‡i‡K‡U RvqMvUv `Lj K‡i

†bIqvi AwfÁZvq †Zv Zv‡ì av‡iKv‡QI †KD wQj bv| weÁvbx‡ì g‡Zv GBme nvbv`vi evwnbxI bZzb †Kv‡bv

RvqMvq †h‡Z GKUzI fq †cZ bv|

K‡U©R hLb 1519 mv‡ji RzjvB‡q †gw·‡Kv hvb, KZ©e¨w¯’i Ki‡Z Zvui mgq jv‡Mwb GKUzI| AvRKvjKvi êÁvwbK

KíKvwnbx‡Z †hgb †`Lv hvq, wewPÎ †Kv‡bv b‡fvhvb †_‡K wfbMÖnevmxiv †b‡g G‡m e‡j, ÒAvgiv †Kv‡bv ¶wZ Ki‡Z

Avwmwb| Avgv‡ì‡K †Zvgv‡ì †bZvi Kv‡Q wb‡q Pj|Ó, K‡U©‡Ri AvMgbI wQj wVK †Zgb| wZwb ILvbKvi

†jvK‡ì ej‡jb, wZwb †¯ú‡bi ivRvi ‚Z, mgÖvU wØZxq g‡›URzgvi (Montezuma II) mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z Pvb|

(G‡Kev‡i wbj©¾ wg‡_¨ K_v| K‡U©‡Ri Awfhvb †Kv‡bv ivRvi wb‡ ©‡k wQj bv| †¯ú‡bi ZLbKvi ivRv A¨vR‡UK‡ì

†Zv ‚‡ii K_v, K‡U©R‡KI wPb‡Zb bv|) Gici K‡U©R‡K c_cÖ`k©K, Lvevi Avi ˆmb¨cÖniv- meB †Ìqv nj| wZwb

wbwð‡šÍ P‡j †M‡jb A¨vR‡UK‡ì ivRavbx †U‡bvKwUUjv‡b (Tenochtitlan)|

A¨vR‡UKiv GB bevMZ‡ì h_v‡hvM¨ gh©v`vmnKv‡i ivRavbx ch©šÍ wb‡q wM‡q mgÖvU g‡›URzgvi mv‡_ †`Lv Kivi

eë¯’v K‡i w`j| †mB mv¶v‡Zi GK ch©v‡q K‡U©‡Ri Bkvivq Zvi mn‡hvMxiv mgÖv‡Ui †`ni¶x‡ì nZ¨v K‡i| Zv‡ì

B¯úv‡Zi A‡ ¿i mvg‡b KvV Avi cv_‡ii A ¿avix ˆmwb‡Kiv wKQzB Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| d‡j Lze mn‡RB AwZw_ wRw¤§

K‡i †djj M…nKZ©v‡K|

Aek¨ K‡U©‡Ri Ae ’vI ZLb †ek bvRzK| mgÖvU‡K wZwb wRw¤§ K‡i‡Qb e‡U, wKš‘ Pviw`K †_‡K Zvu‡K wN‡i Av‡Q

nvRvi nvRvi kÎz‰mb¨ Avi jvL jvL we¶zä RbZv| Avi GB ARvbv A‡Pbv †`‡k Zvui m¤j gvÎ K‡qKk gvbzl|

me‡P‡q Kv‡Qi ¯ú¨vwbk Dcwb‡ekI wKDev‡Z, †ò nvRvi wK‡jvwgUv‡iiI †ewk ‚‡i|

K‡U©R g‡›URzgv‡K Zvui cÖvmv‡`B e›`x K‡i iv‡Lb, †`‡L g‡b nq mgÖvU mgÖv‡Ui g‡ZvB Av‡Qb, Avi GB Ô¯ú¨vwbk

‚ZÕ Av‡Qb Zvui AwZw_ n‡q| A¨vR‡UK mvgÖv‡Rï me ¶gZvi g‚‡j wQ‡jb mgÖvU, GB cwiw ’wZ‡Z †mUv †ek boe‡o

n‡q †Mj| g‡›URzgv mgÖv‡Ui g‡ZvB KvR Ki‡Z jvM‡jb, Avi mgv‡Ri AwfRvZ †jv‡KivI Zvui AbzMZ n‡qB iBj|


Gi A_© nj, Zv‡ì AvbzMZÜv Avm‡j K‡U©‡Ri cÖwZI wQj| GB Ae ’v Pjj K‡qK gvm| GB mg‡q K‡U©R g‡›URzgv

Avi Zvui Kg©Pvix‡ì †Riv K‡i A‡bK wKQz Rvb‡jb, K‡qKRb‡K A¨vR‡UK‡ì fvlv wkwL‡q †`vfvlx evwb‡q

†dj‡jb Avi A¨vR‡UK mvgÖv‡Rï †Kv_vq Kx Av‡Q †mUv AviI fv‡jv K‡i Rvb‡Z Pviw`‡K †jvK cvVv‡jb|

GKmgq A¨vR‡UK‡ì AwfRvZ mgvR we‡ Övn K‡i, g‡›URzgv Avi K‡U©R zR‡bi weiæ‡×B| Zviv GKRb bZzb mgÖvU

wbe©vPb K‡i, Avi ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì †U‡bvKwUUjvb †_‡K nwU‡q †`q| wKš‘ ZZw`‡b kvmbeë¯’vq dvUj a‡i †M‡Q| K‡U©R

†mUviB mz‡hvM wb‡jb| wZwb A¨vR‡UK‡ì wfZ‡i we‡f` ˆZwi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb iv‡Rï A‡bK cÖRv‡KB `‡j

wfwo‡q †d‡jb| GLv‡bB Zviv GKUv eo fzj K‡i e‡m| cÖRv‡ì A‡b‡KB kvmK‡ì AcQ›` KiZ, wKš‘ K¨vwiexq

Øxç‡jv‡Z ¯ú¨vwbkiv Gi Av‡M Kx K‡i G‡m‡Q †mB Lei †Zv Zviv ivLZ bv| ZvB Zv‡ì A‡b‡KB fvej,

¯ú¨vwbk‡ì mvnvh¨ wb‡q Gevi Zviv A¨vR‡UK kvmb †_‡K gzw³ cv‡e| dvuKZv‡j ¯ú¨vwbkivI †h †`kUv `Lj K‡i

†dj‡Z cv‡i- GUv Zv‡ì gv_vqB Av‡mwb| Zviv †f‡ewQj K‡U©‡Ri †Zv †jvKRb †ewk †bB, Zviv hw` c‡i

D‡ëvcvëv wKQz K‡iI e‡m, Zvn‡jI Zv‡ì mn‡RB kv‡q Ív K‡i †djv hv‡e| GB we‡ Övnx RbZv‡K mv‡_ wb‡q

K‡U©R †c‡q †M‡jb GKUv weivU †mbvevwnbx| †mB evwnbx‡K mv‡_ wb‡q K‡U©R †U‡bvKwUUjvb kniUv `Lj K‡i

wb‡jb|

Gi g‡a¨ cÖPzi ¯ú¨vwbk ˆmb¨ Avi `Lj`vi gvbzl †gw·‡Kv‡Z G‡m c‡o- †KD wKDev †_‡K, Avevi †KD †mB †¯úb

†_‡KB| †jvKRb hLb e¨vcviUv ai‡Z cvij, ZZ¶‡Y A‡bK †`wi n‡q †M‡Q| †mB K‡U©‡Ri †fiv µz‡R AvMg‡bi

w`b †_‡K GKk eQ‡ii g‡a¨B †mLvbKvi Avw` Rb‡Mvôxi cÖvq 90 kZvskB †kl n‡q †Mj| Gi cÖavb KviY wQj

¯ú¨vwbk‡ì mv‡_ Avmv bZzb wKQz †ivMe¨vwa| Avi hviv wU‡K wQj, Zv‡ì Ae ’v wQj AviI †kvPbxq| Gi †P‡q

A¨vR‡UK kvm‡bi mg‡qB Zviv AviI fv‡jvfv‡e †eu‡P wQj|

K‡U©‡Ri †gw·‡Kv hvIqvi `k eQi ci wcRv‡iv BbKv mvgÖv‡R¨ †cŠuQvb| Zvui ˆmb¨msL¨v wQj K‡U©‡Ri †P‡qI Kg-

gvÎ 168 Rb| wKš‘ Zv‡Z Kx, wcRv‡ivi mv‡_ wQj Av‡Mi me Awfhv‡bi AwR©Z Ávb Avi AwfÁZv| Iw`‡K BbKviv

A¨vR‡UK‡ì cwiYwZi K_v wKQzB RvbZ bv| wcRv‡iv cz‡ivczwi K‡U©‡Ri †`Lv‡bv c‡_B Pj‡jb| cÖ_‡g wb‡Ri

cwiPq w`‡jb †¯ú‡bi ‚Z wn‡m‡e, mgÖvU AvUvûqvjcv‡K (Atahualpa) Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡jb, Zvici Zvu‡K AvU‡K

ivL‡jb| Zvici wcRv‡iv †mB fO&¸i mvgÖv‡Rï wKQz gvbzl‡K `‡j †fov‡jb, Zvici cz‡iv †`kUvB `Lj K‡i

wb‡jb| A_P BbKviv hw` GKUzI A¨vR‡UK‡ì Lei ivLZ, Zvn‡j wKQz‡ZB Zviv wb‡R‡ì fvM¨ wcRv‡ivi nv‡Z

mu‡c w`Z bv|

ïaz wb‡R‡ì wb‡q e¨ Í _vKvi g‡bvfv‡ei Rb¨B Av‡gwiKvi Avw` evwm›`v‡ì GB Pov g‚j¨ w`‡Z nj| Gwkqvi hZ

eo eo mvgÖvR¨ wQj- A‡Uvgvb, mvdvwf`, gzNj Avi Pxb- mevB ªæZB Rvb‡Z cv‡i †h BD‡iv‡ci gvbzl A‡bK eo

eo Avwe®‹vi K‡i †dj‡Q| Zvic‡iI Zviv †mm‡e †Zgb AvMÖn †`Lvqwb| ZLbI Zviv fveZ GwkqvB c…w_exi

mewKQz| Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`k ev cÖkvšÍ I AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡ii `Lj wb‡Z Zviv BD‡iv‡ci mv‡_ cvjv w`‡Z

hvqwb| BD‡iv‡ci czuP‡K †`k ¯‹Uj¨vÛ Avi †Wbgv‡KiÖ gvbzlI Av‡gwiKvq z‡qKUv Awfhvb Pvwj‡q‡Q, wKš‘ Gwkqvi

eo eo wZbUv mvgÖv‡Rï GKUvI Iw`‡K hvqwb- Avwe®‹vi Ki‡ZI bv, `Lj Ki‡ZI bv| BD‡iv‡ci evB‡i Av‡gwiKvq

cÖ_g mvgwiK AwfhvbUv ïiæ K‡i Rvcvb| 1942 mv‡ji Rz‡b Rvcv‡bi GKUv †bŠeni Avjv¯‹vi DcK‚‡ji z‡Uv †QvU


†QvU Øxc wK¯‹v Avi AvZz (Kiska and Attu) `Lj K‡i| †m Awfhv‡b Zviv e›`x K‡i `kRb Av‡gwiKvb †mbv Avi

GKUv KzKzi‡K| ILv‡bB †kl- Av‡gwiKvi g‚j f‚L‡Ði w`‡K Rvcvb Avi G‡Mvqwb|

A‡Uvgvb Avi Pxb †h A‡bK ‚ieZ©x ivR¨ wQj, wKsev cÖhzw³MZ, A_©‰bwZK Avi mvgwiK w`‡K †_‡K Zviv wcwQ‡q

wQj- Ggb wKš‘ bq| 1420 Gi w`‡K †Ss †n †h cwigvY m¤ú` wb‡q Pxb †_‡K AvwdÖKvq †MwQ‡jb †mUv w`‡q

Av‡gwiKvqI †cŠuQv‡bv †hZ| wKš‘ †mB B”QvUzKzB Zv‡ì wQj bv| 1602 mv‡ji Av‡M Px‡bi gvbwPÎ¸‡jv‡Z

Av‡gwiKvi bvgMÜI wQj bv| Avi cÖ_g †h Pxbv gvbwP‡Î Av‡gwiKv †`Lv hvq, †mUvI Gu‡KwQj ILvbKvi BD‡ivcxq

wgkbvwiiv|

wZbk eQi a‡i BD‡iv‡ci gvbzl Av‡gwiKv I A‡÷Öwjqv gnv‡`‡k Avi cÖkvšÍ I AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡i wbwe©‡N&b ivRZ¡

K‡i †M‡Q| †mLv‡b ejvi g‡Zv †hme †ilv‡iwl n‡Zv, †m¸‡jv n‡Zv BD‡iv‡ci z‡Uv †`‡ki g‡a¨B| GZw`b a‡i

BD‡ivc †h cwigvY m¤ú‡ì gvwjK nq, Zvi fimv‡ZB Zviv Gici Gwkqvi mvgÖvR¨¸‡jv‡K G‡K G‡K Rq K‡i

wb‡Riv fvMvfvwM K‡i †bq| A‡Uvgvb, cvim¨, fviZ Avi Pxb mvgÖv‡Rï gvbzl †mw`‡K fv‡jvfv‡e g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z

wM‡q ezS‡Z cv‡i, A‡bK †`wi n‡q †M‡Q|

wesk kZvãxi w`‡K G‡m BD‡iv‡ci evB‡ii gvbzl cz‡iv c…w_ex m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z ïiæ K‡i| c…w_exe¨vcx BD‡iv‡ci

AvwacZ¨ Le© nIqvi GUv Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| Gi d‡jB Avj‡Rwiqvi ¯vaxbZv hz‡× (1954-1962) Avj‡Rwiqvi

†Mwijviv msL¨vq, cÖhzw³‡Z Avi A_©‰bwZK fv‡e GwM‡q _vKvi Kvi‡Y divmx ˆmb¨‡ì nvwi‡q †`q| Zv‡ì R‡qi

KviY wQj Ab¨vb¨ Dcwb‡ekwe‡ivax‡ì mg_©b Avi MYgva¨‡g wb‡R‡ì‡K Zz‡j aiv| GgbwK dÖv‡Ýi gvbzlI Zv‡ì

mg_©b †`q| DËi wf‡qZbv‡gi g‡Zv †QvU GKUv †`‡kI weivU †`k Av‡gwiKvi civR‡qi KviYI wQj GUvB-

wb‡R‡ì †`‡ki msMÖvgUv‡K cz‡iv c…w_exi mvg‡b Zz‡j aiv| mgÖvU g‡›URzgvI hw` †¯ú‡bi gvbzl‡K Zvu‡ì K_v

Rvbv‡Z cvi‡Zb Avi dÖvÝ, cZ©zMvj wKsev A‡Uvgvb mvgÖv‡Rï mg_©b Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb, BwZnvm nq‡Zv AvR

Ab¨fv‡e †jLv n‡Zv|

weij gvKomv, nviv‡bv wjwc

AvazwbK weÁvb Avi AvazwbK mvgÖvR¨- z‡Uvi †cQ‡bB Av‡Q GKB iKg wPšÍvaviv, Rvbvi mxgvbvi evB‡i †Kv_vq Kx

Av‡Q †mUv Rvbvi A`g¨ Zvobv| ZvB G z‡Uvi m¤úK© GZ Mfxi| ïaz ZvobvUzKzB bq, z‡Uvi Kv‡Ri c×wZI GKB

iKg| AvazwbK BD‡ivcxq‡ì Rb¨ mvgÖvR¨ ˆZwi KivUv A‡bKUv êÁvwbK cÖK‡íi g‡Zv, Avevi êÁvwbK M‡elYvI

GK GKUv ivóÖxq cÖKí|

gzmwjgiv hLb fviZ `Lj K‡i, Zv‡ì mv‡_ †Kv‡bv czivZË¡we` G‡m fvi‡Zi BwZnvm Rvb‡Z Pvqwb, †Kv‡bv

b…ZË¡we` G‡m †mLvbKvi ms¯‹…wZ wb‡q cov‡kvbv K‡iwb, bZzb RvqMvi gvwUi ¸Yv¸Y †`L‡Z Av‡mwb †Kv‡bv

f‚ZË¡we`, wKsev fvi‡Zi RxeRš‘¸‡jv Kv‡Q †_‡K †`Lvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvwYweÁvbxI Av‡mwb| A_P weÖwUkiv hLb

fviZ `Lj K‡i, ZLb Zv‡ì mv‡_ G‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡KB G‡mwQj| 1802 mv‡ji 2 GwcÖ‡j mviv fviZe¨vcx Rwic ïiæ

nq| GB Rwic P‡jwQj 60 eQi a‡i| nvRvi nvRvi †`kx kÖwgK Avi we‡klÁ‡ì mv‡_ wb‡q Zviv mgMÖ fvi‡Zi

wbLzuZ gvbwPÎ ˆZwi K‡i| GgbwK Gfv‡i÷mn wngvj‡qi cÖ‡Z¨KUv ce©‡Zi D”PZvI Zviv wbY©q K‡i †d‡j| weÖwUkiv


fvi‡Zi mvgwiK kw³ Avi †mvbvi Lwbi †Lvu‡R †h AvMÖn wb‡q mviv fviZ P‡l †ewo‡q‡Q, wVK mgvb AvMÖn wb‡q Zviv

Lzu‡R †ewo‡q‡Q weij cÖRvwZi gvKomvi Lei Rvb‡Z, cÖRvcwZi ZvwjKv evbv‡Z, fvi‡Zi wejzß nIqv fvlv¸‡jvi

g‚j LzuR‡Z Avi gvwU Lzu‡o cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi nviv‡bv wb`k©b †ei Ki‡Z|

Mv‡½q DcZ¨Kvi gvbemf¨Zvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb kni wQj g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv (Mohenjo-daro)| wLÖ÷c‚e© Z…Zxq kZ‡K

ˆZwi nIqv GB kni 1900 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi w`‡K aŸsm n‡q hvq| weÖwUk‡ì Av‡M hviv fviZ kvmb K‡i‡Q- †gŠh©, ¸ß,

w`jxi mzjZvb, GgbwK civµgkvjx gzNj- †KDB †mme aŸsm Í‚‡ci w`‡K wd‡iI ZvKvqwb| Iw`‡K 1922 mv‡ji

GK Rwi‡c weÖwUkiv †mUv Lzu‡R cvq, Zvici weÖwUk‡ìB GKUv `j gvwU Lzu‡o †ei K‡i Av‡b fviZxq mf¨Zvi GB

cÖvPxbZg wb`k©bwU| A_P fviZxqivB G Kv‡R †Kv‡bviKg AvMÖn †`Lvqwb|

‰eÁvwbK wel‡q weÖwUk‡ì †KŠZ‚n‡ji Av‡iKUv D`vniY nj Zv‡ì Kzwbdg© (Cuneiform) wjwci A‡_©v×vi|

ga¨cÖv‡P¨ cÖvq 3 nvRvi eQi a‡i GB wjLb-c×wZ P‡j‡Q, wKš‘ GB fvlv co‡Z cvivi g‡Zv me©‡kl gvbzlwUI gviv

hvq wLÖ÷xq cÖ_g kZvãx‡Z| Gici †_‡K IB GjvKvi gvbz‡liv bvbvb RvqMvq GB †jLv †`‡L‡Q- eo eo †mŠ‡a,

cÖ Íidj‡K wKsev fvOv †Kv‡bv gvwUi cv‡Îi Mv‡q| wKš‘ GBme wewPÎ wP‡ýi ga¨ w`‡q Zv‡ì c‚e©cziæ‡liv †h Kx

ej‡Z †P‡q‡Q, Zv Zv‡ì †KD co‡Z cv‡iwb, ev ejv fv‡jv c‡o †`Lvi †PóvB K‡iwb| 1618 mv‡j GBme †jLv

weÖwUk‡ì bR‡i Av‡m| cvi‡m¨ _vKv ¯ú¨vwbk ‚Z hLb cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi (Persepolis) cÖvPxb kn‡ii aŸsmve‡kl

†`L‡Z hvb, ZLb GB wPý¸‡jv Zvui †Pv‡L c‡o| G¸‡jvi A_© Kx, †mUv ezwS‡q †Ìqvi g‡Zv KvD‡K †c‡jb bv

wZwb| GB Lei BD‡ivcxq cwÐZ‡ì Kv‡b †M‡j Zvuiv †KŠZ‚njx n‡q I‡Vb| Zvuiv 1657 mv‡j cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi Kzwbdg©

wjwci GKUv †jLv cÖKvk K‡ib| Gici AviI A‡bK †jLvB cÖKvwkZ nq, wKš‘ zBk eQi a‡i cwðgv cwÐ‡Ziv

A‡bK †Póv K‡iI †m¸‡jvi A_© †ei Ki‡Z e¨_© nb|

1830 Gi `k‡K cvi‡mï kvn‡K Zvui ˆmb¨‡ì BD‡ivcxq Kvq`vq cÖwk¶Y w`‡Z †nbwi iwjbmb (Henrz

Rawlinson) bvgK GK weÖwUk †mbv Kg©KZ©v Av‡mb| Aemi mg‡q wZwb Gw`K Iw`K Nz‡i †eov‡Zb| GKw`b wZwb

K‡qKRb MvBW‡K mv‡_ wb‡q RvM‡ivm (Zagros) ce©Z‡kÖYx †`L‡Z hvb| †mLv‡bB wZwb †`‡Lb †ewn Íz‡bi weivU

wkjvwjwc (Behistun Inscription)| c‡bi wgUvi j¤v Avi cuwPk wgUvi PIov GB cÖ ÍidjKwU 500 wLÖ÷c‚e©v‡ãi

w`‡K ivRv cÖ_g `vwiD‡mi (Darius I) wb‡ ©‡k GK DuPz cvnv‡oi GKcv‡k †Lv`vB Kiv nq| IUv‡Z Kzwbdg© wjwc‡Z

wZb fvlvi †jLv wQj- cÖvPxb cviwmK fvlv, GjvgvBU (Elamite) Avi e¨vwejbxq fvlv| ILvbKvi me gvbzlB IUvi

K_v RvbZ, wKš‘ †KDB IUv co‡Z cviZ bv| iwjbmb ezS‡jb, IB †jLvUvi cv‡Vv×vi Ki‡Z cvi‡j cz‡iv ga¨cÖvP¨

Rz‡o hZ †jLv Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q, Zvi me¸‡jvB †evSv hv‡e| GKUv nviv‡bv RM‡Zi ìRv Lz‡j w`‡Z cv‡i GB

†jLvUv|

Kv‡Ri cÖ_g avc wQj IB †jLvUvi ûeû Abzwjwc ˆZwi K‡i BD‡iv‡c cvVv‡bv| iwjbmb g…Z¨zi SzuwK wb‡q †mB Lvov

cvnvo †e‡q D‡V KvRUv K‡ib| G Kv‡R ¯’vbxq K‡qKRb †jvKI Zvu‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i| GKUv Kzw © †Q‡j me‡P‡q

Dc‡ii me‡P‡q zM©g RvqMvi †jLvUv wj‡L wb‡q Av‡m| 1847 mv‡j GB KvR †kl nq| cz‡iv †jLvUvi GKUv wbLzuZ

Abzwjwc cvVv‡bv nq BD‡iv‡c|


GUzKz K‡iB iwjbmb wKš‘ e‡m _v‡Kbwb| †mbv Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e Zvui mvgwiK I ivR‰bwZK KZ©e¨ †Zv wQjB, wKš‘

Zvi g‡aÏ wZwb GB †jLvi Rb¨ wbqwgZ mgq w`‡Zb| wewfbœfv‡e wZwb GB †jLvi A_© †ei Kivi †Póv K‡ib| †kl

ch©šÍ wZwb cÖvPxb cviwmK wjwci A_© †ei Ki‡Z mg_© nb| cÖvPxb cviwmK wjwc AvazwbK wjwci Lze KvQvKvwQ,

iwjbmbI †mUv Rvb‡Zb, ZvB GB c×wZUvB wQj me‡P‡q mnR| †jLvi GKUv As‡ki A_© †R‡b hvIqvi Kvi‡Y

GjvgvBU Avi e¨vwewjbxq wjwci A_© †ei Kivi Dcvq †c‡q †M‡jb wZwb| †mB nviv‡bv RM‡Zi ìRv †kl‡gk

Lzjj| †m ìRvi Icvk †_‡K mz‡gixq evRv‡ii nvuKWvK, ivRv-ivRov‡ì Av‡`k-wb‡ ©k, ivRKg©Pvix‡ì ZK©weZK©-

me GK GK K‡i mvg‡b G‡m nvwRi nj| iwjbmb wKš‘ weÁvbx wQ‡jb bv, wQ‡jb ivRKg©Pvix| A_P ZvuiB †KŠZ‚nj

I †Póvi Kvi‡Y cÖvPxb ga¨cÖv‡Pï A‡bK ARvbv Z_¨ c…w_exi gvbz‡li Kv‡Q Db¥z³ n‡q †Mj|

GiKg Av‡iK ivRKg©Pvix cwÐZ wQ‡jb DBwjqvg †Rvbm (William Jones)| 1783 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤‡i fvi‡Z

Avmvi ci †_‡K wZwb evsjvi mzwcÖg †Kv‡UiÖ wePvicwZ wn‡m‡e KgiÖZ wQ‡jb| fviZ Zvu‡K GZUvB gz» K‡iwQj †h

Avmvi Qq gv‡mi g‡a¨ wZwb GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU (Asiatic Societz) cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB ms ’vwUi KvR wQj

Gwkqvi, we‡kl K‡i fvi‡Zi ms¯‹…wZ, BwZnvm Avi mgvReë ’v wb‡q cov‡kvbv Kiv| gvÎ zB eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †Rvbm

ms¯‹…Z fvlvi Dci Zvui ch©‡e¶Y¸‡jv cÖKvk K‡ib| GUv‡KB Zzjbvg‚jK fvlvweÁv‡bi (Comparative

Linguistics) Gi m‚Pbv ejv hvq|

‡Rvbm Zvui †jLvq cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi cweÎ fvlv ms¯‹…‡Zi mv‡_ wMÖK I j¨vwUb fvlvi wKQz we¯§qKi wgj Zz‡j a‡ib|

ms¯‹…‡Z ÔgvÕ‡K ejv nq ÔgvZvÕ, j¨vwUb fvlvq †mUv Ôgv‡ZiÕ (mater) Avi cÖvPxb †KwëK fvlvq Ôgvw_iÕ (mathir)|

Gme wgj †L‡K †Rvbm aviYv K‡ib †h c…w_ex‡Z cÖPwjZ me¸‡jv fvlviB D™¢e n‡q‡Q Aazbvjzß GKUv fvlv †_‡K|

cieZ©x‡Z GB fvlv¸‡jv‡K GKmv‡_ B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlvmgwó bvg †Ìqv nq|

‡Rvbm †h GiKg GKUv eomo aviYv‡K mvg‡b wb‡q G‡mwQ‡jb, GUvB wKš‘ Zvui me‡P‡q eo Ae`vb bq| eis z‡Uv

fvlvi Zzjbv Ki‡Z wZwb †h c×wZ¸‡jv AbzmiY Ki‡Zb, †m¸‡jv cieZ©x‡Z fvlv M‡elYvq mviv c…w_exi fvlvwe`‡ì

A‡bK mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q|

mvgÖvRëv‡ì cÖZ¨¶ mvnv‡h¨ weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q fvlvweÁvb| BD‡ivcxqiv wek¦vm KiZ †h wVKg‡Zv mvgÖvR¨ Pvjv‡Z

n‡j cÖRv‡ì fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ Lze fv‡jvfv‡e Rvb‡Z n‡e| fvi‡Z Avmv weÖwUk Kg©KZ©v‡ì KjKvZv K‡j‡R wZb eQi

a‡i cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z n‡Zv| †mLv‡b Zvuiv Bs‡iR AvB‡bi cvkvcvwk wn› z I gzmwjg AvBb wkL‡Zb, wMÖK Avi j¨vwUb

fvlvi mv‡_ mv‡_ ms¯‹…Z, D`©z Avi dviwm wkL‡Zb, MwYZ, A_©bxwZ Avi f‚‡Mv‡ji mv‡_ wkL‡Zb Zvwgj, evsjv Avi

fviZxq ixwZbxwZ| fviZxq fvlv¸‡jvi e¨vKiY †kLvi RbÏ GB fvlvwk¶v A‡bK Kv‡R jvMZ|

GB DBwjqvg †Rvbm Avi †nbwi iwjbm‡bi g‡Zv gvbzl‡ì Kv‡Ri Rb¨B BD‡iv‡ci kvm‡Kiv Zv‡ì we Í…Z

mvgÖvR¨‡K Lze fv‡jvfv‡e Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQj| A‡bK e¨vcv‡i Zviv Av‡Mi kvmK, GgbwK ¯’vbxq gvbz‡li †_‡KI †ewk

RvbZ| Áv‡bi cÖZ¨¶ mzdj Zviv †c‡qwQj| GB Ávb bv _vK‡j Aí wKQz weÖwU‡ki c‡¶ †KvwU †KvwU gvbz‡li

fviZ‡K zBk eQi a‡i kvmb Kiv wKQz‡ZB m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| Ebwesk kZ‡Ki cz‡ivUv Avi wesk kZ‡Ki ïiæi w`K

Rz‡o GB Dcgnv‡`‡k weÖwUk Kg©KZ©vi msL¨v wQj 5 nvRv‡iiI Kg| ˆmb¨ wQj 40 †_‡K 70 nvRvi, Avi eëmvqx,


cwi`k©K Avi Zv‡ì ¯¿x I mšÍvb wg‡j wQj GK jv‡Li g‡Zv| Avi GB gvbzl¸‡jvB kvmb K‡i‡Q fvi‡Zi cÖvq 30

†KvwU gvbzl‡K|9

BD‡ivcxq mvgÖvR¨ †h ïaz kvm‡bi mzweavi Rb¨B fvlvweÁvb, Dw™¢`weÁvb, f‚‡Mvj Avi BwZnvm M‡elYvq UvKv

†X‡j‡Q- Zv wKš‘ bq| eis GBme êÁvwbK M‡elYv Zv‡ì mvgÖvR¨we Ív‡ii †cQ‡b Av`k©MZ mg_©b w`Z| AvazwbK

BD‡ivcxqiv wek¦vm KiZ, bZzb Ávb AR©b KivUv memgqB fv‡jv KvR| GB mvgÖvR¨ †_‡K †h cÖwZwbqZ bZzb bZzb

Ávb Avm‡Q, GUvB wQj Zv‡ì cÖMwZkxjZvi cwiPvqK| AvRI weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvi BwZnv‡m †`Lv hvq, weÁv‡bi

AMÖMwZi †cQ‡b BD‡ivcxq mvgÖv‡Rï c‡iv¶ n‡jI Ae`vb Av‡Q| Dw™¢`weÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m A‡÷Öwjqvi Avwèvmx‡ì

KiæY cwiYwZi K_v †bB, wKš‘ †Rgm KzK Avi †Rv‡md e¨v¼‡mi cÖkw Í Av‡Q wVKB|

G QvovI, memgq ev Í‡e bv n‡jI AšÍZ KvM‡R Kj‡g †`Lv‡bv hvq, mvgÖvR¨we¯Ív‡ii mv‡_ Avmv bZzb Ávb bZzb

cÖRv‡ì g‡a¨ ÔcÖMwZÕ mÂvi K‡iwQj| GB cÖRviv †c‡q‡Q DbœZ wk¶v I wPwKrmv, †`‡k †ijjvBb e‡m‡Q, Lvj Lbb

Kiv n‡q‡Q, mzkvmb I mzwePvi cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| GB mvgÖvRëv`x gvbz‡liv A‡bK mgq GUvI `vwe K‡i †h, Zv‡ì GB

mvgÖvR¨we¯Ívi ïaz `Lj Kiv Avi wb‡R‡ì jv‡fi Rb¨ bq, eis BD‡iv‡ci evB‡ii gvbzl‡K AMÖMwZ G‡b †Ìqvi GK

wbt¯v_© Awfhvb| G wb‡q ivWBqvW© wKcwjsGi (Rudzard Kipling) GKUv KweZv Av‡Q Ômv`v gvbz‡li †evSvÕ

(The White ManÕs burden) bv‡g-

Take up the White ManÕs burden –

Send forth the best ze breed –

Go bind zour sons to exile

To serve zour captivesÕ need;

To wait in heavz harness,

On fluttered folk and wild –

Your new-caught, sullen peoples,

Half-devil and half-child.

ev¯ÍeZv wKš‘ Ab¨ K_v e‡j| fvi‡Zi me‡P‡q mg…× cÖ‡`k wQj evsjv| 1764 mv‡j weÖwUkiv evsjv `Lj K‡i|

evsjvi GB bZzb kvm‡Kiv jzUcvU Qvov Avi †Zgb †Kv‡bv w`‡KB g‡bv‡hvM †`qwb| Zviv Ggb GKUv A_©‰bwZK bxwZ

wba©viY K‡i hvi d‡j K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ GLv‡b zwf©¶ †j‡M hvq (The Great Bengal Famine)| 1769 G ïiæ

nIqv GB zwf©¶ 1770 G Pi‡g †cŠuQvq, Pj‡Z _v‡K 1773 ch©šÍ| GB K‡qK eQ‡i evsjvi cÖvq GK †KvwU gvbzl

gviv hvq, hv wQj evsjvi m¤ú‚Y© RbmsL¨vi wZb fv‡Mi GK fvM|10

GB BD‡ivcxq mvgÖvRëv‡ì mv‡_ †kvlY I AZ¨vPvi wKsev gwngvwšZ Ômv`v gvbz‡li †evSvÕ- †hUvB ejv †nvK,

†Kv‡bvUvB cz‡ivczwi †g‡j bv| Avm‡j BD‡iv‡ci gvbzl GZ †ewk RvqMv `Lj K‡i‡Q †h Zv‡ì m¤ú‡K© †h hvB ejzK

Zv wKQzUv n‡jI Lv‡U| †KD hw` ej‡Z Pvq GB mvgÖvRëv` mviv c…w_ex‡Z †Kej AZ¨vPvi, AwePvi Avi g…Z zB Qwo‡q


w`‡q‡Q, Zvn‡j Zv‡ì mg Í Aciv‡ai weeiY w`‡q †gvUv †gvUv eB‡qi cvZv fwi‡q †djv hv‡e| Avevi †KD hw` e‡j

GB mvgÖvR¨we¯Ív‡ii Kvi‡YB Zv‡ì cÖRviv DbœZ wPwKrmv, A_©‰bwZK ¯v”Q›`¨ Avi wbivc` Rxeb †c‡q‡Q, Zvn‡j

†mUv wb‡qI A‡bK A‡bK eB wj‡L †djv hvq| weÁvb‡K Lze fv‡jvfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡Z †c‡i BD‡ivcxq mvgÖvR¨

Acwi‡gq ¶gZvi AwaKvix nq| GB ¶gZv w`‡q Zviv c…w_ex‡K GZUvB e`‡j w`‡q‡Q †h Zv‡ì‡K mivmwi fv‡jv

wKsev Lvivc †Kv‡bvUvB ejvi Dcvq †bB| AvR‡Ki c…w_ex‡K Avgiv †hfv‡e Rvwb Avi †hme …wófw½ w`‡q Zvi wePvi

Kwi- Zvi mewKQz GB mvgÖvR¨ A‡bK Av‡MB wVK K‡i †i‡L‡Q|

wKš‘ weÁvb‡K †h memgq fv‡jv Kv‡RB eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv wKš‘ bq| A‡bK RxeweÁvbx, b…ZË¡we`, GgbwK

fvlvweÌ êÁvwbKfv‡e cÖgvY Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, BD‡ivcxqivB me‡P‡q DrK…ó Rv‡Zi gvbzl, ZvB Zviv hw` evwK

c…w_ex kvmb K‡i Zvn‡j †mUv fzj wKQz bq| DBwjqvg †Rvbm hLb ej‡jb me B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlviB DrcwË

n‡q‡Q †Kv‡bv GKUv cÖvPxb fvlv †_‡K, ZLb G wel‡qi A‡bK weÁvbxB †mB fvlvfvlx gvbz‡li e¨vcv‡i Drmvnx nb|

Zvuiv †`L‡jb cÖvPxb ms¯‹…‡Z K_v ejv gvbz‡liv ga¨ Gwkqv †_‡K G‡m wZb nvRvi eQ‡iiI †ewk Av‡M fviZ AvµgY

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Z_¨m‚Ît

1 Stephen R. Bown, Scurvz: How a Surgeon, a Mariner and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical

Mzsterz of the Age of Sail (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. MartinÕs Press, 2004); Kenneth John

Carpenter, The Historz of Scurvz and Vitamin C (Cambridge: Cambridge Universitz Press, 1986).

2 James Cook, The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific, as Told bz Selections of his Own

Journals 1768–1779, ed. Archibald Grenfell Price (New York: Dover Publications, 1971), 16–17;

Gananath Obezesekere, The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mzthmaking in the Pacific

(Princeton: Princeton Universitz Press, 1992), 5; J. C. Beaglehole, ed., The Journals of Captain James

Cook on His Vozages of Discoverz, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge Universitz Press, 1968), 588.

3 Mark, Origins of the Modern World, 81.

4 Christian, Maps of Time, 436.


5 John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Global Historz of Empire Since 1405 (London: Allen Lane, 2007),

239.

6 Soli Shahvar, ÔRailroads i. The First Railroad Built and Operated in PersiaÕ, in the Online Edition of

Enczclopaedia Iranica, last modified 7 April 2008, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/railroads-i;

Charles Issawi, ÔThe Iranian Economz 1925–1975: Fiftz Years of Economic DevelopmentÕ, in Iran

under the Pahlavis, ed. George Lenczowski (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1978), 156.


8 Kirkpatrick Sale, Christopher Columbus and the Conquest of Paradise (London: Tauris Parke

Paperbacks, 2006), 7–13.

9 Edward M. Spiers, The Armz and Societz: 1819–1914 (London: Longman, 1980), 121; Robin Moore,

ÔImperial India, 1858–1914Õ, in The Oxford Historz of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Centurz, vol.

3, ed. Andrew Porter (New York: Oxford Universitz Press, 1999), 442.

10 Vinita Damodaran, ÔFamine in Bengal: A Comparison of the 1770 Famine in Bengal and the 1897

Famine in ChotanagpurÕ, The Medieval Historz Journal 10:1–2 (2007), 151.

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miKvwi mvnvh¨ †g‡j)|

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cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡Zv|

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m¤¢e nj|

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civ_©ciZv|

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Kv‡R LiP K‡i|

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n‡e A‡bK KwVb|


Kj¤^v‡mi UvKv PvB

czuwRev` ïaz weÁv‡bi weKv‡kB bq, BD‡iv‡ci mvgÖvR¨we Ív‡ii wcQ‡bI GKUv weivU f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q| czuwRev‡`

†µwW‡Ui aviYvUvI G‡m‡Q ZLb †_‡KB| bv, †µwWU wRwbmUv AvazwbK BD‡iv‡ci Avwe®‹vi bq| cÖvq me K…wlwfwËK

mgv‡RB †µwW‡Ui aviYv wQj AviI Av‡M †_‡KB, Avi Gwkqvi A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZi mv‡_ BD‡ivcxq czuwRev‡ì

m¤úK©UvI †ek Nwbô| GLv‡b g‡b ivLv ìKvi, Aóv`k kZvãxi †klw`K ch©šÍI Gwkqv wQj c…w_exi A_©‰bwZK

†K› Ö| Pxb, ga¨cÖvP¨ ev fvi‡Zi Zzjbvq BD‡iv‡ci czuwRi cwigvY wQj LzeB Kg|

Z‡e Pxb, fviZ Avi gzmwjg we‡k¦i ZLbKvi mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Ae ’vq †µwWU wRwbmUv Lze †ewk ¸iæZ¡enb

KiZ bv| B¯Ív¤zj, B¯úvnvb, w`jx Avi †eBwR‡Oi eëmvqx I e¨vsK-gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨ czuwRev`x wPšÍv wKQzUv _vK‡jI

ivRv Avi †mbvcwZiv †mUv cQ›` KiZ bv| BD‡iv‡ci evB‡i †ewkifvM mvgÖvR¨B cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q nq bzinvwP ev

bvwì kv‡ni g‡Zv `Lj`vi gvbz‡li nv‡Z A_ev wPs Avi A‡Uvgvb mvgÖv‡Rï g‡Zv ivRv-ivRov‡ì nv‡Z| hz× Pvwj‡q

hvIqvi Rb¨ †h UvKvcqmv ìKvi n‡Zv †mUv Av`vq Kiv n‡Zv LvRbv Av`vq K‡i A_ev jzU K‡i (hwÌ GB z‡Uvi

g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wQj mvgvb¨B)| †h‡nZz bM‡`B me KvR n‡Zv, ZvB †µwWU, FY, mz`, wewb‡qvM- Gme wb‡q KviI †Zgb

gv_ve¨_v wQj bv|

Ab¨w`‡K BD‡iv‡ci Ae ’v wQj wVK Gi wecixZ| eëmvqx Avi e¨vsKviiv ¶gZvi †K‡› Ö P‡j Avmvi Av‡M †_‡KB

†mLvbKvi ivRv Avi †mbvcwZ‡ì wPšÍvaviv wQj eëmvqx‡ì g‡Zv| BD‡ivcxq‡ì wek¦‡Rvov Awfhv‡bi LiP

†hvMv‡bvi †¶‡Î cÖRv‡ì LvRbvi †P‡q †µwW‡Ui f‚wgKvB †ewk wQj| czuwRev`x gvbz‡liv †ewk jv‡fi Avkvq µ‡g

Gme Awfhv‡b AvMÖnx n‡q‡Q| GB n¨vU-‡KvU civ eëmvqx‡ì ˆZwi mvgÖvR¨B wKš‘ GKw`b †ikwg ivR‡cvkvK Avi

avZe eg©avix gvbz‡li mvgÖvR¨ `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡Q| Awfhv‡bi wcQ‡b UvKv Xvjvi e¨vcv‡i BD‡ivcxqiv A‡bK †ewk

weP¶YZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q| LvRbv †KDB w`‡Z Pvq bv, A_P wewb‡qv‡M AvcwË †bB KviI|

1484 mv‡j wµ‡÷vdvi Kj¤vm BD‡ivc †_‡K cwðg w`K w`‡q c‚e© Gwkqvq hvIqvi bZzb c_ LzuR‡Z hv‡eb e‡j

Avw_©K mvnvh¨ PvB‡jb cZ©zMv‡ji ivRvi Kv‡Q| †m †Zv †hgb †Zgb Awfhvb bq, RvnvR evbv‡Z n‡e, A‡bK w`‡bi

im` wb‡Z n‡e, bvweK Avi ˆmwbK‡ì †eZb w`‡Z n‡e- A‡bK UvKvi e¨vcvi| Avevi GZ¸‡jv UvKvi wewbg‡q †h

AwfhvbUv mdj n‡e, Zvi we› zgvÎ wbðqZv †bB| Kv‡RB ivRv †mvRv bv K‡i w`‡jb|

AvR‡Ki w`‡b bZzb D‡`¨v³viv hv K‡i, Kj¤vm wVK ZvB Ki‡jb| wZwb G‡K G‡K Av‡e`b Rvbv‡jb BZvwj, dÖvÝ,

Bsj¨vÛ Avi cZ©zMv‡ji abx †jvK‡ì Kv‡Q| †KDB ivwR nj bv| †kl‡gk wZwb †M‡jb †¯ú‡bi bZzb ivRv dvw ©bv›`

I ivwb Bmv‡ejvi Kv‡Q| GKv †M‡jb bv, †M‡jb Z`wei Kivi Rb¨ K‡qKRb Svbz †jvK‡K mv‡_ wb‡q| Zv‡ì

mvnv‡h¨B †kl ch©šÍ ivwb Bmv‡ejvi KvQ †_‡K mvnv‡hï Avk¦vm wgjj| AvR †Zv mevB Rv‡b, Bmv‡ejv Kx `viæY

wewb‡qvMUv K‡iwQ‡jb †m mgq| Kj¤v‡mi Awfhv‡bi ci ¯ú¨vwbqvWiÖv Av‡gwiKv `Lj K‡i †bq| †mLv‡b Zviv †mvbv

Avi iæcvi Lwb Lzu‡R †cj, cvkvcvwk wPwb Avi Zvgv‡Ki e¨vcK Drcv`b ïiæ Kij| Avi Zv‡ZB †¯ú‡bi ivRv,

e¨vsKvi Avi eëmvqx‡ì m¤ú` dz‡j‡du‡c DV‡Z ïiæ Kij|


Gi k Lv‡bK eQi ci BD‡iv‡ci e¨vsKvi Avi ivReskxqiv Gme Awfhv‡b wewb‡qvM Kiv AviI evwo‡q †`q|

Av‡gwiKv †_‡K Avbv m¤ú` †Zv Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wQjB| ïaz UvKvcqmvB bq, GB ai‡bi Awfhv‡bi Dci Zv‡ì Av¯’vI

†e‡owQj A‡bKLvwb| GBfv‡eB ïiæ nj mvgÖvRëv` Avi czuwRev‡ì jv‡fi Pµ- UvKv w`‡q bZzb bZzb Awfhvb ïiæ

n‡”Q, Zv‡Z bZzb bZzb RvqMv Avwe®‹…Z n‡”Q, †mme RvqMvq Dcwb‡ek ˆZwi n‡”Q, Dcwb‡ek †_‡K AviI UvKv

Avm‡Q, Zv‡Z gvbz‡li fimv evo‡Q, ZvB wewb‡qvMI evo‡Q| bzinvwP (Nurhaci) Avi bvwì kv‡ni (Nader

Shah) Awfhvb K‡qK nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi wM‡q gzL _ze‡o c‡owQj, A_P Gme czuwRev`x Awfhvb w`‡b w`‡b AviI

MwZ †c‡q‡Q|

Zvic‡iI, Gme Awfhv‡b A‡bK iKg SzuwKI wQj, ZvB wewb‡qvMI A‡bKUv mxwgZ wQj| GiKg A‡bK Awfhvb Lvwj

nv‡Z wd‡i G‡m‡Q| Bs‡iRiv DËi-cwðg w`‡K †giæ AÂ‡ji ga¨ w`‡q Gwkqvq hvIqvi c_ LzuR‡Z A‡bK UvKv bó

K‡i‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ A‡bK Awfhvb Avi †d‡iBwb| wng‰k‡ji av°vq, mvgzw ÖK S‡o A_ev Rj`m z‡ì nv‡Z A‡bK

RvnvR nvwi‡q‡Q Zviv| wewb‡qvMKvixi msL¨v evov‡Z Avi SzuwKi cwigvY Kgv‡Z ZLb BD‡ivcxqiv †hŠ_-g‚jabx

eëmv cÖwZôvb (limited liabilitz joint-stock companz) ˆZwi K‡i| Gi c‡ii Awfhvb¸‡jv‡Z GKRb

gvbz‡li cwie‡Z© GiKg cÖwZôvb¸‡jv wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Zv‡Z A‡bKRb gvbzl wg‡j UvKv †`q, ZvB RbcÖwZ

SzuwKi cwigvY A‡bK K‡g hvq| Z‡e SzuwK mxwgZ n‡jI jvf wKš‘ mxwgZ bq| A‡bK mgq mvgvb¨ wewb‡qv‡M ïiæ

nIqv Awfhvb †_‡KB AvmZ j¶ j¶ UvKv|

Gfv‡e K‡qK `k‡Ki g‡a¨B cwðg BD‡iv‡c †ek gRezZ GKUv A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv `vuwo‡q †Mj| †mLv‡b Aí

mg‡qi g‡a¨B wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ A‡bK UvKv †RvMvo Kivi eë ’v n‡jv| †mB UvKv miKvwi wKsev e¨w³MZ Kv‡R

eënvi Kiv †hZ| Awfhvb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ iv‡Rï †P‡q GB ai‡bi cÖwZôvb A‡bK †ewk mdjZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q|

Gi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq †lvok kZ‡K †¯úb Avi †b`vij¨v‡Ûi †ilv‡iwli g‡a¨| †¯úb ZLb BD‡iv‡ci me‡P‡q

kw³kvjx †`k, Zvi GjvKvI wekvj| BD‡iv‡ci A‡bKLvwb, DËi Avi `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvi weivU GjvKv, wdwjcvBb

ØxcczÄ Avi Gwkqv I AvwdÖKvi DcK‚‡ji A‡bK RvqMv †¯ú‡bi `L‡j| cÖwZ eQi Av‡gwiKv Avi Gwkqvi cÖPzi

m¤ú` wb‡q †mwfqv (Seville) Avi Kvw`R (Cadiz) e›`‡i wdiZ ¯ú¨vwbk †bŠeni| †b`vij¨vÛ ZLb †¯ú‡bi GK

†Kvbvq c‡o _vKv GKUv m¤ú`nxb †QvU Rjv GjvKv|

WvP‡ì †ewkifvMB wQj †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U| 1568 mv‡j Zviv ¯ú¨vwbk K¨v_wjK kvm‡bi weiæ‡× we‡ Övn K‡i e‡m| Wb

KzB‡·vU (Don Quixote) †hgb DBÛwg‡ji mv‡_ jo‡Z †MwQ‡jb, ïiæ‡Z WvP we‡ Övnx‡ì Ae ’v wQj wVK †Zgwb|

A_P Avwk eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Zviv †¯ú‡bi KvQ †_‡K ¯vaxbZv †Zv Av`vq K‡i‡QB, Zvi Dci mgz‡ Ö ¯ú¨vwbk I Zv‡ì

wgÎ cZ©zwMR‡ì †P‡qI †ewk AwaKvi cÖwZôv K‡i| wb‡R‡ì GKUv mvgÖvR¨ ˆZwi K‡i Zviv BD‡iv‡ci me‡P‡q abx

iv‡R¨ cwiYZ nq|

WvP‡ì GB mvd‡jï g‚‡j Av‡Q †mB †µwWU| WvP‡ì g‡a¨ hviv mvaviY bvMwiK, hz‡× hv‡ì †Kv‡bv AvMÖnB †bB,

ZvivB ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì mv‡_ jovB Kivi Rb¨ fvov‡U ˆmwbK †RvMvo Kij| Iw`‡K mgz‡`ÖI Zviv bvwg‡q w`j eo eo me

hz×RvnvR| fvov‡U ˆmb¨ Avi hz×Rvnv‡Ri wcQ‡b A‡bK UvKv LiP nj, wKš‘ †mUv †RvMvo Ki‡Z Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv

mgm¨vB nqwb| KviY †m mg‡q †¯ú‡bi ivRvi †P‡q †`‡ki A_©eë ’vi Dci gvbz‡li Av ’v †ewk wQj|

wewb‡qvMKvixiv WvP‡ì ˆmb¨ msMÖn I RvnvR ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z GwM‡q Gj| WvP‡ì wbqš¿‡Y _vKv


evwYR¨c_¸‡jv †_‡K jvf nw”Qj fv‡jvB| †mB jv‡fi UvKv w`‡q WvPiv Zv‡ì FY †kva K‡i w`j, d‡j

wewb‡qvMKvixivI AviI wewb‡qvM Kivi fimv †cj| Avg÷viWvg BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgz Öe›ì †Zv e‡UB, Zvi

mv‡_ BD‡iv‡ci A_©‰bwZK †K‡› ÖI cwiYZ nj|

GLb cÖkœ nj, WvPiv Kxfv‡e GB A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi Av¯’v AR©b Kij? cÖ_gZ, Zviv mgqg‡Zv m¤ú‚Y© FY †kva

Ki‡Z KLbI fzj KiZ bv| ZvB wewb‡qvMKvixivI AviI UvKv w`‡Z wØav KiZ bv| wØZxq KviY nj, †m †`‡ki

wePvieë ’v wQj ¯vaxb, Avi †mUv e¨w³MZ ¯v_© I m¤ú` i¶vi wbðqZvI w`Z| GB wbðqZv bv _vK‡j eëmv

Ki‡Z wM‡q czuwR nviv‡bvi SzuwK _v‡K| ZvB †`‡ki AvBbI wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ mnvqK wQj|

aiæb Rvg©vwbi GK weivU czuwRcwZ eëmvqxi zB †Q‡j| wZwb BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ kn‡i Zvui eëmvi kvLv †Lvjvi GKUv

`viæY m¤¢vebv †`L‡jb| wZwb Zvui zB †Q‡j‡KB g‚jab wn‡m‡e `k nvRviUv K‡i †mvbvi †gvni w`‡q eo †Q‡j‡K

cvVv‡jb Avg÷viWv‡g, Avi †QvUwU‡K cvwV‡q w`‡jb gvw Ö‡`| †m mg‡q †¯ú‡bi mv‡_ dÖv‡Ýi hz× Pj‡Q, †QvU †Q‡j

wM‡qB †¯ú‡bi ivRv‡K ˆmb¨ †RvMvo Kivi Rb¨ Zvi me UvKv avi w`‡q w`j| Avi eo †Q‡j Zvi UvKv¸‡jv avi w`j

GK WvP eëmvqx‡K| †mB eëmvqx g¨vbnvUb bv‡gi GKUv †Sv‡cSv‡o XvKv Øx‡ci `w¶Y cÖv‡šÍ wKQz Rwg wKb‡Z Pvb,

KviY nvWmb b`xc‡_ eëmv-evwYR¨ ïiæ n‡jB IB Øx‡c Rwgi `vg ûû K‡i †e‡o hv‡e| zB fvBB Avkv Ki‡Q GK

eQ‡ii g‡a¨ avi †Ìqv UvKv †diZ cv‡e|

eQi †Mj| WvP eëmvqx Zvui †Kbv Rwg †e‡P w`‡q cÖPzi jvf Ki‡jb| K_vg‡Zv aviI †kva Ki‡jb, mz`mn| eo

†Q‡ji mvd‡j¨ evevI Lzwk n‡jb| Gw`‡K †QvU †Q‡j coj wec‡`| dÖv‡Ýi mv‡_ hz‡× †¯ú‡bi ivRv †ek mzweavRbK

Ae ’v‡bB Av‡Qb, wKš‘ Gi g‡a¨ wZwb Avevi bZzb K‡i hz‡× Rwo‡q‡Qb ZzwK©‡ì mv‡_| GB gzn‚‡Z© avi †kva Kivi

†P‡q bZzb hz× mvgvj †Ìqv †ewk ìKvi| †QvU †Q‡j ivRv‡K wPwV w`‡”Q, ìev‡ii G‡K I‡K w`‡q g‡b Kwi‡q

w`‡”Q, wKš‘ ivRvi †mw`‡K å‚‡¶cI †bB| Kv‡RB avi †Ìqv UvKvi mz` †Zv ‚‡ii K_v, †QvU †Q‡j GLb AvmjUvI

nvwi‡q e‡m Av‡Q| ¯vfvweKfv‡eB evevI Amš‘ó|

Gw`‡K govi Dci Lvuovi Nv wn‡m‡e †¯ú‡bi ivRv AveviI †QvU †Q‡ji Kv‡Q GKB A‡¼i UvKv `vwe K‡i em‡jb|

Zvi Kv‡Q ZLb GKUv UvKvI †bB| Dcvq †bB, ZvB †m A‡bK ezwS‡q UvKv †P‡q evev‡K GKUv wPwV w`j| nvRvi

n‡jI †QvU †Q‡ji Ave`vi, evevI †dj‡Z cvi‡jb bv| Kv‡RB AviI `k nvRvi ¯Y©gz`Öv †¯ú‡bi ivR‡Kv‡li wfZ‡i

†Kv_vq †h nvwi‡q †Mj, Zvi nw`m Avi cvIqv †Mj bv| Iw`‡K Avg÷viWv‡gi Ae¯’v cz‡iv Dj‡Uv| eo †Q‡j †mLv‡b

G‡Ki ci GK eëmvqx‡ì UvKv avi w`‡”Q Avi mgqg‡Zv †diZI cv‡”Q cz‡ivczwi| Z‡e mzmgq †Zv Avi wPiw`b

_v‡K bv, ZvB GKevi NUj ANUb| GK divwm eëmvqx fvej Kv‡Vi Rz‡Zv mvg‡b Lze Pj‡e, ZvB †m eo †Q‡ji

KvQ †_‡K UvKv avi wb‡q c¨vwi‡m GKUv Rz‡Zvi †`vKvb w`j| wKš‘ Kcvj Lvivc, Zvi †`vKv‡bi Rz‡Zv wewµB nj

bv| Kv‡RB †m Rvwb‡q w`j Zvi c‡¶ avi †kva Kiv m¤¢e bq|

me ï‡b evev Gevi fxlY †¶‡c †M‡jb| zB †Q‡j‡KB civgk© w`‡jb AvB‡bi AvkÖq wb‡Z| Zvici †QvU †Q‡j

gvw Ö‡` gvgjv Kij †¯ú‡bi ivRvi weiæ‡×, Avi eo †Q‡j Avg÷viWv‡g gvgjv Kij c¨vwi‡mi Rz‡ZvIqvjvi

weiæ‡×| †¯ú‡bi Av`vjZ Avevi ivRvi K_vqB I‡V-e‡m| wKš‘ †b`vij¨v‡Ûi Av`vjZ †`‡ki miKv‡iiB Avjv`v

kvLv, †mLv‡b ivRcwiev‡ii Rb¨ †KvbI evowZ LvwZi †bB| Kv‡RB †QvU †Q‡ji gvgjv gvw Ö‡ì Av`vj‡Z cvËvB

†cj bv, Iw`‡K Avg÷viWv‡gi Av`vjZ avi †kva Kivi Rb¨ Rz‡ZvIqvjvi m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß K‡i †djj| mewKQz


†`‡L †Q‡j‡ì evevI ezS‡jb, eëmv Ki‡Z n‡j †mUv eëmvqx‡ì mv‡_B Kiv DwPZ, ivRv‡ì mv‡_ bq| Avi

Ki‡jI †mUv gvw Ö‡ì †P‡q Avg÷viWv‡g KivUvB m½Z|

‡QvU †Q‡ji wec` ïaz evo‡QB| †¯ú‡bi ivRvi AviI UvKv ìKvi, Avi †Kv_vq UvKv cvIqv hv‡e †mUvI GZw`‡b

ez‡S †d‡j‡Qb| Gevi wZwb ¸ßPie…wËi mvRv‡bv Awf‡hvM Pvwc‡q w`‡jb †QvU †Q‡ji Dci, mv‡_ GUvI Rvwb‡q

w`‡jb †h Lze ZvovZvwo wek nvRvi ¯Y©gz Öv G‡b w`‡Z bv cvi‡j evwK RxebUv Zv‡K KvivMv‡iB KvUv‡Z n‡e|

eveviI wk¶v n‡q †M‡Q| wZwb UvKv w`‡q †Q‡j‡K Qvwo‡q Avb‡jb, Avi cÖwZÁv Ki‡jb, †¯ú‡b Avi bv| Gici

wZwb gvw Ö‡ì eëmv ¸wU‡q †QvU †Q‡j‡K cvVv‡jb iUviWv‡g| nj¨v‡ÛB zB RvqMvq eëmv Kivi ezw×Uv Lvivc bv|

†kvbv hv‡”Q †¯ú‡bi eëmvqxivI bvwK Zv‡ì UvKv †¯ú‡bi evB‡i cvPvi K‡i w`‡”Q| ZvivI ez‡S †M‡Q †Kv_vq

eëmv Kiv jvfRbK Avi wbivc`|

Gfv‡eB GKmgq †¯ú‡bi ivRv wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì Av¯’v nviv‡jb, Avi WvP eëmvqxiv AviI AvZ¥wek¦vmx n‡q DVj|

WvP‡ì mvgÖvR¨ ˆZwi K‡i w`‡q‡Q GB eëmvqxivB| †¯ú‡bi ivRv hLb e¨w³MZ ¯v_iÖ¶v Ki‡Z wM‡q Ab¨vh¨fv‡e

LvRbv Av`vq K‡i cÖRv‡ì weivMfvRb n‡”Qb, ZLb WvP eëmvqxiv UvKv avi wb‡q Avi eëmvi jf¨vsk wewµ K‡i

mvgÖvR¨we¯Ív‡i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q| †¯ú‡bi miKvi‡K UvKv †Ìqvi †Zv cÖkœB Av‡m bv, †hme mZK© eëmvqx WvP

miKvi‡K UvKv †Ìqvi Av‡MI zevi fveZ, ZvivI WvP eëmvqx‡ì UvKv w`‡q‡Q wbwØ©avq|

‡hŠ_ g‚jabx eëmvi ïiæ ZLb †_‡KB| †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi mvg‡b †ewk jvf Kivi mz‡hvM †`Lv †M‡j gvbzl †mB

†Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi wKb‡Z ïiæ K‡i, GKUz †ewk `v‡g n‡jI| Avevi †Kv¤úvwbi †jvKmv‡bi m¤¢vebv †`Lv †M‡j Kg

`v‡g †kqvi wewµI K‡i †`q| GB †kqvi †Kbv‡ePvi mzweav‡_© BD‡iv‡ci †ewkifvM eo kn‡i ÷K G·‡PÄ cÖwZwôZ

nq|

me‡P‡q weL¨vZ WvP †hŠ_-g‚jabx †Kv¤úvwb Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, ms‡¶‡c wfIwm (VOC)

cÖwZwôZ nq 1602 mv‡j, wVK hLb WvPiv GKUz GKUz K‡i ¯ú¨vwbk kvmb †_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡Q| wfIwm †kqvi

wewµi UvKvq RvnvR evwb‡q Gwkqvq cvVvZ Avi Pxb, fviZ Avi B‡›`v‡bwkqv †_‡K gvjvgvj AvbZ| cÖwZØb&Øx

†Kv¤úvwb ev Rj`m z‡ì †gvKv‡ejv Kivi RbÏ Zviv UvKv w`Z| GgbwK B‡›`v‡bwkqv Rq Kivi Awfhv‡bi LiPI

w`‡q‡Q GB †Kv¤úvwb|

B‡›`v‡bwkqv c…w_exi me‡P‡q eo ØxcczÄ| Gi nvRvi nvRvi Øxc mß`k kZvãxi ïiæ †_‡KB kZkZ ivRv, mzjZvb

Avi `‡ji kvmb †`‡L G‡m‡Q| 1603 mv‡j hLb wfIwmi eëmvqxiv cÖ_gevi ILv‡b hvq, ZLb Zv‡ì D‡Ïk¨ wQj

ïazB eëmv| wKš‘ w`‡b w`‡b eëmv I eëmvi Askx`vi‡ì ¯v‡_©B Zv‡ì bvbviKg msNv‡Z Rov‡Z n‡q‡Q| ¯’vbxq

¶gZvevb‡ì evowZ Ki Av`v‡qi weiæ‡× wKsev Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq †Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z wM‡q

bvbvfv‡e jo‡Z n‡q‡Q wfIwm‡K| Gme we‡iv‡ai Rb¨B GKw`b wfIwmi evwYwR¨K Rvnv‡R †`Lv †Mj Kvgvb| Zviv

BD‡ivc, Rvcvb, fviZ Avi B‡›`v‡bwkqv †_‡K ˆmwbK †RvMvo Kij, bvbv RvqMvq zM© evbvj, GgbwK ixwZg‡Zv

mvgbvmvgwb hz×I Ki‡Z ïiæ Kij| GKUv eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi Ggb Kg©KvÐ †`‡L AevK jvM‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ †m mg‡q


†emiKvwi †Kv¤úvwbi hz‡×i Av‡qvRb KivUv †ek ¯^vfvweK e¨vcvi wQj| GKUv †emiKvwi eëmvwqK cÖwZôvb GKUv

Av¯Í mvgÖvR¨ ˆZwi K‡i †dj‡Q- GUv mviv c…w_ex‡ZB Lze ¯vfvweK e¨vcvi wQj|

wfIwmi ˆmbïv GKUvi ci GKUv Øxc `Lj Ki‡Z Ki‡Z B‡›`v‡bwkqvi GKUv eo Ask‡KB wb‡R‡ì Dcwb‡ek

evwb‡q †d‡j| cÖvq zBk eQi a‡i Zviv B‡›`v‡bwkqv kvmb K‡i‡Q| 1800 mv‡j WvPiv B‡›`v‡bwkqv `Lj K‡i c‡ii

†òk eQi a‡i kvmb K‡i| GB GKwesk kZvãx‡Z K‡c©v‡iU eëmv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv A‡bK †ewk ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡q

DV‡Q- Ggb K_v Avgiv cÖvqB ïwb| A_P ¯v‡_iÖ Rb¨ eëmv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †h KZ ‚i †h‡Z cv‡i Zvi bgzbv Gi

Av‡Mi kZvãx¸‡jv‡Z Lze fv‡jvfv‡eB †`Lv †M‡Q|

wfIwm hLb fviZ gnvmvM‡i Zv‡ì ÔevwYR¨Õ Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q, wVK †mB mg‡q AvUjvw›U‡K GKB KvR KiwQj WvP

I‡q÷ BwÛR †Kv¤úvwb ev WweDAvBwm| nvWmb b`x‡Z wb‡R‡ì `Lj a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ Zviv H b`xi gz‡LB GKUv

Øx‡c ÔwbD Avg÷viWvgÕ bv‡gi Dcwb‡ek ˆZwi K‡i| BwÛqvbiv gv‡Sg‡a¨B †mLv‡b AvµgY KiZ| Avi weÖwUk‡ì

AvµgY wQj wbqwgZ NUbv| 1664 mv‡j weÖwUkiv RvqMvUv `Lj K‡i wb‡q Zvi bvg †`q ÔwbD BqK©Õ| AvµgY

†VKv‡Z WweøDAvBwmi †jv‡Kiv †h †`qvj Zz‡jwQj, AvR Zvi Dci w`‡q ˆZwi iv Ív‡K mevB ÔIqvj w÷ ªUÕ bv‡g †P‡b|

wb‡R‡ì Avwac‡Zï AvZ¥cÖmv‡` Avi GBme hz× Pvjv‡Z wM‡qB GKmgq WvPiv wbD Bq‡KiÖ `Lj nvivq, nvivq

BD‡iv‡ci A_©‰bwZK †K‡› Öi RvqMvUvI| †mB k‚b¨ ’vb c‚iY Kivi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq bv‡g dÖvÝ Avi weÖ‡Ub| ïiæ‡Z

dÖvÝB GwM‡q wQj| dÖvÝ †`kUv AvKv‡i weÖ‡U‡bi †P‡q eo, Zvi gvbzl Avi m¤úÌ wQj †ewk| †mbvevwnbxI wQj

`¶| Zvic‡iI BD‡iv‡ci A_©bxwZ‡Z dÖv‡Ýi †P‡q weÖ‡UbB GwM‡q wQj| Aóv`k kZ‡K BD‡iv‡ci me‡P‡q eo †h

A_©‰bwZK m¼U †`Lv †`q †mUv wgwmwmwc evej (Mississippi Bubble) bv‡g cwiwPZ| †mB mg‡q dÖv‡Ýi f‚wgKv

wQj weZwK©Z| Avi ZLbB weÖ‡U‡bi A_©bxwZ gvbz‡li Av¯’v AR©b K‡i| wVK ZLbB GKUv †hŠ_ g‚jabx †Kv¤úvwbi

nv‡Z ˆZwi n‡”Q GKUv mvgÖvR¨|

1717 mv‡j dÖv‡Ýi wgwmwmwc †Kv¤úvwb wgwmwmwci AeevwnKvq Dcwb‡ek ˆZwii Rb¨ hvÎv K‡i| wbD Awj©qÝ kniUv

†m mg‡qB ˆZwi nq| GB weivU cwiKíbv mdj Ki‡Z cÖPzi UvKv ìKvi| dÖv‡Ýi ivRv cÂ`k jzB‡qi ìev‡i

wgwmwmwc †Kv¤úvwbi fv‡jv Rvbv‡kvbv wQj| Zviv ZLb c¨vwim ÷K G·‡P‡Ä †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi wewµ Ki‡Z ïiæ

K‡i| †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjK Rb j dÖv‡Ýi †K› Öxq e¨vs‡Ki MfbiÖ| ivRv Zvu‡K A_©vqb-wbqš¿‡Ki cÌ †`b (‡hUv

AvR‡Ki w`‡bi A_©gš¿xi c‡ì mgZzj¨)| 1717 mv‡j wgwmwmwci Av‡kcv‡k Kzwgi fiv Rjv RvqMv Qvov Avi wKQz

wQj bv| wKš‘ Zv wb‡q wgwmwmwc †Kv¤úvwb gvbzl‡K A‡Xj m¤ú`-mg…w×i ¯cœ †`Lvq| †mB ¯‡cœ we‡fvi n‡q dÖv‡Ýi

eëmvqx, czuwRcwZ Avi AwfRvZiv cÖPzi wewb‡qvM K‡i| wgwmwmwc †Kv¤úvwbi †kqv‡ii `vg A‡bK †e‡o hvq| ïiæ‡Z

GK GKUv †kqv‡ii `vg wQj 500 wjåv (cvDÛ)| 1719 Gi AMv‡÷i 1 Zvwi‡L Gi `vg wQj 2750 wjåv, Avi 30

Zvwi‡L †mUvB n‡q †Mj 4100 wjåv| †m‡Þ¤‡ii 4 Zvwi‡L Gi `vg 5000 Avi wW‡m¤‡ii 2 Zvwi‡L 10000

Qvwo‡q †Mj| mviv c¨vwi‡m mvov c‡o †Mj| gvbz‡liv Zv‡ì mewKQz wewµ K‡i bv nq avi wb‡q QzUj wgwmwmwci

†kqvi wKb‡Z| ivZvivwZ abx nIqvi †bkvq †cj mevB‡K|

wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B †bkv †K‡U wM‡q Gj AvZ¼| A‡b‡KB †Ui †cj, †kqv‡ii GB D”Pg‚j¨ Avm‡j A ’vqx Avi

Aev¯Íe| Zviv ezS‡Z cvij `vg †ewk _vK‡Z _vK‡ZB †kqvi †e‡P †Ìqv DwPZ| mevB †kqvi wewµ ïiæ Ki‡ZB

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†Ìqvi †Póv Ki‡Z _v‡K| Kv‡RB †kqv‡ii `v‡g am bv‡g| †kqv‡ii `vg w ’wZkxj Ki‡Z d«v‡Ýi †K› Öxq e¨vsK-

ejv evûj¨, Mfb©i Rb j‡qi wb‡ ©‡k- wgwmwmwci †kqvi wK‡b wb‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ me †kqvi †Zv Avi wK‡b †djv m¤¢e

bq, e¨vs‡Ki UvKvI †Zv dzwi‡q hv‡e| GB Ae ’vq †`‡ki A_©vqb-wbqš¿K, A_©vr †mB Rb j, evwK †kqvi †Kbvi Rb¨

bZzb UvKv Qvcv‡bvi wb‡ ©k w`‡jb| Gi d‡j dÖv‡Ýi A_©‰bwZK eë ’vUv n‡q †Mj GKUv ezèz‡ì g‡Zv| mevB wg‡j

Av‡Mwc‡Q bv †f‡e dzu w`‡q (UvKv †X‡j) †mUv‡K dzwj‡q Zz‡j‡Q, wKš‘ dzj‡Z dzj‡Z ezèzÙv hLb †d‡UB †Mj, ZLb

mevB wbt¯, KviI Avi wKQz Kivi †bB| bZzb UvKv †Q‡cI †kli¶v nj bv| wgwmwmwc †kqv‡ii `vg 10000 †_‡K

1000 n‡q †Mj, Zvici AviI Kg‡Z Kg‡Z G‡Kev‡i k‚‡b¨ G‡m †VKj| GLb †K› Öxq e¨vsK Avi ivóÖxq †KvlvMvi

fiv †Kej wgwmwmwci †kqv‡i, GKUv UvKvI †bB| eo eo eëmvqx‡ì Mv‡q AvuPoI jvMj bv, Zviv cwiw ’wZ AvuP

Ki‡Z †c‡i Zv‡ì †kqvi †e‡P w`‡q‡Q Av‡MB| wKš‘ ¶z`Ö eëmvqx‡ì me©bvk n‡q †Mj| A‡b‡K AvZ¥nZ¨vI

K‡iwQj ZLb|

GB wgwmwmwc evej BwZnv‡mi me‡P‡q fqven A_©‰bwZK am¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKUv| dÖvÝ GB m¼U cz‡ivczwi KvwU‡q

DV‡Z cv‡iwb Avi KL‡bvB| wgwmwmwc †Kv¤úvwb †kqv‡ii `vg evov‡bv Avi gvbz‡li g‡a¨ †kqvi †Kbvi Db¥v`bv m…wó

Ki‡Z †hfv‡e ivR‰bwZK cÖfve LvwU‡qwQj Zv‡Z †`‡ki gvbzl divwm e¨vsK eë¯’v Avi ivRvi A_©‰bwZK Áv‡bi

Dci †_‡K wek¦vm nvwi‡q †d‡j| d‡j cÂ`k jzB‡qi Rb¨ wewb‡qvM evov‡bvUv Lze KwVb n‡q c‡o| c…w_ex‡Z

AvwacZ¨ we Ív‡ii cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq weÖwUk‡ì Kv‡Q divwm‡ì wcwQ‡q covi KviY GUvB| weÖwUkiv Lze mn‡R Avi Aí

mz‡` UvKv avi wb‡Z cviZ| Iw`‡K dÖv‡Ý FY †bIqv AviI KwVb n‡q †Mj, Avi mz‡ì nviI †e‡o †Mj| mviv †`‡ki

UvKvi m¼U †VKv‡Z dÖv‡Ýi ivRv‡K Pov mz‡` A‡bK UvKv avi wb‡Z nj| 1780 mv‡j bZzb ivRv †lvok jzB

wmsnvm‡b e‡mB †`L‡jb †`‡ki ev‡R‡Ui A‡a©K UvKv P‡j hv‡”Q ïaz avi †bIqv UvKvi mz` w`‡Z| ivR‡Kvl †`Dwjqv

n‡Z †ewk evwK †bB| GB mgm¨vi mgvavb LzuR‡ZB 1789 mv‡j ivRv Awb”Qvm‡Ë¡I †òk eQ‡ii g‡a¨ cÖ_gev‡ii

g‡Zv AvBbmfvi m‡¤§jb WvK‡jb| divwm wecø‡ei ïiæUv †mLvb †_‡KB nq|

Gfv‡eB c…w_ex‡Z hLb divwm mv¤ªv‡Rï cZb n‡”Q, wVK ZLbB ze©vi MwZ‡Z we Í…Z n‡”Q weÖwUk mvgÖvR¨| WvP

mvgÖv‡Rï g‡ZvB Zv‡ì mvgÖvRÏ ˆZwi n‡q‡Q jÛb ÷K G·‡P‡Äi wKQz e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb †hŠ_-g‚jabx †Kv¤úvwbi

nv‡Z| mß`k kZvãxi ïiæ‡Z DËi Av‡gwiKvq Zv‡ì cÖ_g Dcwb‡ek ˆZwi K‡iwQj jÛb †Kv¤úvwb, wcgvD_

†Kv¤úvwb, Wi‡P÷vi †Kv¤úvwb Avi g¨vmvPz‡mUm †Kv¤úvwbi g‡Zv K‡qKwU cÖwZôvb|

weÖwUk ivR¨ wKš‘ fviZxq Dcgnv‡`k `Lj K‡iwb, K‡i‡Q weÖwUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi †mbvevwnbx| Zv‡ì mvdj¨

wfIwmi †P‡qI †ewk| jÛ‡bi wj‡Wbnj w÷Ö‡Ui cÖavb Kvh©vjq †_‡K Zviv GKk eQi a‡i GB weivU mvgÖvR¨ kvmb

K‡i‡Q| fvi‡Z Zv‡ì †mbvevwnbx‡Z mv‡o wZb jvL ˆmb¨ wQj, GZ ˆmb¨ †Lv` weÖwUk mvgÖv‡RïI wQj bv| 1858

mv‡j †Kv¤úvwbi ˆmb¨m‡gZ GB weczj f‚LÐ weÖwUk mvgÖv‡Rï Aaxb nq| †b‡cvwjqb weÖwUk‡ì Ô‡`vKvb`v‡ii RvZÕ

e‡j VvÆv Ki‡Zb| A_P GB †`vKvb`v‡ii RvZ †b‡cvwjqb‡K †Zv civwRZ K‡i‡QB, Avi c…w_exi BwZnv‡m

me©Kv‡ji me©e…nr mvgÖv‡Rï gvwjKI wQj wKš‘ GB weÖwUkivB|

czuwRi bv‡g


GB †h B‡›`v‡bwkqvi WvP mvgÖv‡Rï ev fvi‡Zi weÖwUk mvgÖv‡Rï AšÍf©z³ nIqv- GLv‡bB wKš‘ †kl bq, eis Gi ci

†_‡K mvgÖvR¨ I czuwRev‡ì m¤úK©Uv AviI …p n‡q‡Q| Dwbk kZ‡K †`Lv †Mj, †hŠ_-g‚jabx †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi Avi

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c¨vwi‡m e‡m ¶gZvi KjKvwV bvo‡Q| Avi mvgÖvR¨B Zv‡ì ¯v_iÖ¶vi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Q| GRb¨B gv‡·iÖ g‡Zv

†jv‡Kiv e‡j †M‡Qb, cwðgv †`k¸‡jvi miKvi Av‡¯Í Av‡ Í GKUv czuwRev`x †UÖW BDwbqb n‡q hv‡”Q|

miKvi Kxfv‡e UvKvi wcQ‡b †Qv‡U Zvi me‡P‡q wekÖx D`vniY nj 1840 †_‡K 1842 mv‡ji g‡a¨ nIqv weÖ‡Ub I

Px‡bi cÖ_g Avwd‡gi hz×| Dwbk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© wewUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb QvovI A‡bK weÖwUk †jvK Px‡b

Avwdgmn wewfbœ iKg gv`K cvPvi K‡i cÖPzi UvKv Kvwg‡qwQj| G‡Z Px‡bi jvL jvL †jvK Avwd‡g Avm³ n‡q †MvUv

†`kUv‡KB A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK SzuwKi gz‡L †d‡j †`q| 1830 Gi `k‡Ki †k‡l Px‡bi miKvi AvBb K‡i gv`K

cvPvi wbwl× K‡i| wKš‘ weÖwUkiv †m AvBb bv †g‡b Zv‡ì KvR Pvwj‡q hvq| ZLb Pxbv KZ©…c¶ Gme gv`‡Ki Pvjvb

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Rvbv‡kvbv wQj| Zv‡ì A‡b‡K Avevi wb‡RivI Gme eëmvqx‡ì gv`K gRz` K‡i ivL‡Zb, Kv‡RB Zviv mn‡RB

GB e¨vcv‡i miKvwi n Í‡¶‡ci eë¯’v K‡i †dj‡jb|

1840 mv‡j weÖ‡Ub Ôgz³ evwY‡RïÕ bv‡g Px‡bi mv‡_ hz× ïiæ K‡i| hz×Uv wQj cz‡ivczwi GKZidv| AwZ-AvZ¥wek¦vmx

Pxbv †mbvevwnbx weÖwUk‡ì iYZix, fvix Kvgvb, i‡KU Avi ivB‡d‡ji mvg‡b `vuov‡ZB cvij bv| †k‡l Zviv weÖwUk

gv`K eëmvqx‡ì eëmvq evav †`‡e bv Avi Pxbv czwj‡ki nv‡Z bó nIqv gvjvgv‡ji ¶wZc‚iY †`‡e- GB k‡Z©

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wgkiI GB weÖwUk czuwRev`‡K mgxn K‡i P‡j‡Q| Dwbk kZ‡K divwm I weÖwUk we‡qvMKvixiv wgk‡ii kvmK‡ì

A‡bK eo A‡¼i UvKv FY w`‡Zb- cÖ_gZ mz‡qR Lvj Lb‡bi LiP †hvMv‡Z, Avi Gi c‡i †mLv‡b Aí jvfRbK

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wewfbœ Af¨šÍixY wel‡q bvK Mjv‡Z ïiæ Kij| †k‡l AwZô n‡q 1881 mv‡j wgk‡ii RvZxqZvev`x gvbzl cÖwZev`

ïiæ K‡i| Zviv meiKg ê‡`wkK FY evwZ‡ji †NvlYv †`q| ivYx wf‡±vwiqv Aek¨ G‡Z Lzwk n‡Z cv‡ibwb| eQi

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mg_©b cvq| weÖwUk Kwe jW© evqib †Zv wb‡RB wMÖ‡m P‡j wM‡qwQ‡jb jovB‡q †hvM w`‡Z| czuwRcwZivI GLv‡b GKUv

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†Zv Av‡QB!

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gz³evRv‡ii f‚Z

czuwRev` Avi ivRbxwZ Ggbfv‡e Rwo‡q †M‡Q †h GB z‡Uvi m¤úK© wb‡q A_©bxwZwe`, ivRbxwZwe` Avi AvgRbZv-

KviI g‡a¨B weZ‡KiÖ †kl †bB| †Nvi czuwRev`xiv e‡jb czuwRev` ivRbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡ZB cv‡i, Zv‡Z mgm¨v

†bB, wKš‘ ivRbxwZ †hb czuwRevRv‡i cÖfve bv †d‡j| KviY miKvi hLb evRv‡i n Í‡¶c K‡i, ZLb ivR‰bwZK

cÖfv‡e gvbzl wewb‡qv‡M fzj K‡i Avi Zv‡Z A_©bxwZi AMÖMwZ e¨vnZ nq| aiæb miKvi †fvU evov‡bvi Rb¨

wkícwZ‡ì Dci †ewk Ki Pvwc‡q w`‡q †eKvi‡ì mz‡hvM-mzweav evwo‡q w`j| Zv‡Z czuwRcwZiv bv‡Lvk n‡e| KviY

Zv‡ì g‡Z, wkícwZ‡ì hw` Ki GKUz Kg w`‡Z nq Zvn‡j Zviv AviI †ewk wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e, d‡j AviI

†eKvi gvbz‡li Kg©ms¯’vb n‡e|

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Z_¨m‚Ît

1 Maddison, World Economz, vol. 1, 261, 264; ÔGross National Income Per Capita 2009, Atlas Method

and PPPÕ, the World Bank, accessed 10 December 2010,

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf.

2 The mathematics of mz bakerz example are not as accurate as thez could be. Since banks are allowed to

loan $10 for everz dollar thez keep in their possession, of everz million dollars deposited in the bank, the

bank can loan out to entrepreneurs onlz about $909,000 while keeping $91,000 in its vaults. But to make

life easier for the readers I preferred to work with round numbers. Besides, banks do not alwazs follow

the rules.

3 Carl Trocki, Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economz (New York: Routledge, 1999), 91.

4 Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A PeopleÕs Historz (London: Zed

Books, 2002), 2


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Z_¨m‚Ît


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wPi ’vqx wecøe

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ZviciI Aí wKQz e¨vwZµg Qvov Zviv cwievi Avi m¤cÖ`v‡qi ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©µ‡g n Í‡¶c KiZ bv| hw` Zviv

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Ø‡b&Øi g‡a¨ n Í‡¶c KiZ bv|

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mvgÖv‡Rï …wófw½‡Z GB c×wZUv Lze mzweavRbK wQj| nvRvi nvRvi LvRbv msµvšÍ Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM †Ìqvi e`‡j

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Avi ZvB Zviv †Kv‡bv ivR‡cqv`vi n Í‡¶c QvovB LvRbv Av`vq Ki‡Z cviZ|


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bZzb †Kvb cwievi ev m¤cÖ`v‡q †hvM w`‡Z n‡Zv| †hme †Q‡j‡g‡qiv evwo †Q‡o cvjvZ Zviv Lze †ewk n‡j Ab¨

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cwZZvj‡q|

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m¤cÖ`vq Zv‡ì c‡_ evav n‡q `vuov‡”Q| AwffveK Ges GjvKvi ¸iæR‡biv Zv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì RvZxqZvev`x gZev‡`

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Awb”QzK wQj|

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mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nj|

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Avgv‡ì Rxeb cz‡ivczwi wbqš¿Y Ki‡e| ci¯úiwew”Qbœ e¨vw³gvbzl w`‡q Mov †h mgvR †mLv‡b ivóÖhš¿ Lze mn‡RB

n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡Z cvi‡e, †hUv cwievi Avi m¤cÖ`vqwfwËK mgv‡R m¤¢e wQj bv| †hLv‡b GKB `vjv‡b _vKv zRb

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Kxfv‡e?

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ms¯‹…wZi z ©všÍ ¶gZvi Gi †P‡q fvj cÖgvY Avi KxB ev n‡Z cv‡i?

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cwievi I m¤cÖ`vq ebvg ivóÖ I evRvi eë¯’v

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mgv‡RB wcZvgvZvi KZ©…Z¡ wQj cweÎ| wcZvgvZv‡K m¤§vb Kiv Ges Zv‡ì cÖwZ AbzMZ _vKv me‡P‡q cz‡Yï KvR

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`vuov‡”Q dÖ‡q‡Wi KvVMovq|

KvíwbK m¤cÖ`vq

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ms‡kvab K‡iI †dj‡Q|


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Avgv‡ì kvwšÍi hzM

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Lze Kg †jvKB Av‡jvPbv K‡i|

AviI ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© e¨vcvi nj, cz‡iv gvbeRvwZ‡K wb‡q fvevi †P‡q e¨vw³MZ mzL zt‡Li K_v fvevUv A‡bKmnR| ¯’‚j

…wó‡Z BwZnv‡mi MwZc_ ezS‡Z †M‡j Avgv‡ì Avm‡j e¨vw³MZ Mí bv ï‡b eomo cwimsL¨v‡bi w`‡K ZvKv‡Z

n‡e| 2000 mv‡j hz‡×i Kvi‡Y g…Z z nq jvL wZ‡bK gvbz‡li| GQvov wnsmÖZvi ìæb AviI jvL cvu‡PK gvbzl gviv

hvq| GUv mZ¨ †h cÖwZwU gvbz‡li g…Z¨zB Avm‡j GKUv RM‡Zi Acg…Z¨z, GKUv cwiev‡ii aŸsmhÁ, eÜz I

AvZ¥xq‡ì Rb¨ mvivRxe‡bi GK ztmn †e`bv| wKš‘ ZviciI, GKUz ¯’‚j …wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j GB AvU jvL g…Z¨z


Avm‡j 2000 mv‡ji †gvU mv‡o cvuP †KvwU g…Z¨zi gvÎ kZKiv †ò fvM| H GKB eQi 10 jv‡Li †ewk gvbzl gviv

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Kvi‡Y Avi mv‡o cvuP jv‡Li gZ wnsmÖZvq (wnsmÖZvi Kvi‡Y g…Z¨z †gvU mv‡o mvZ jv‡Li KvQvKvwQ)| Ab¨w`‡K,

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c…w_exi †ewki fvM cÖv‡šÍB gvbzl iv‡Z hLb Nzgv‡Z hvq ZLb Zv‡ì GB fq Ki‡Z nq bv †h, cÖwZ‡ekx †Mvôxi

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R½‡ji g‡a¨ w`‡q bwUsn¨v‡g †_‡K jÛ‡b hvq ZLb Zv‡ì GB f‡q _vK‡Z nq bv †h, GB ezwS R½j †_‡K iweb ûW

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†Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì GB f‡q _vK‡Z nq bv †h Zv‡ì‡K Zv‡ì evev gv‡qiv Afv‡ei Rb¨ `vm wn‡m‡e †e‡P †`‡e|

AvR‡Ki bvixiv GUv Rv‡b †h AvBbMZfv‡e Zv‡ì ¯vgx‡ì †Kvb AwaKvi †bB Zv‡ì‡K cÖnvi Kivi wKsev evwoi

g‡a¨ AvU‡K ivLvi| mviv c…w_exRz‡o GBme aviYv¸‡jv Lze ªæZ ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡q hv‡”Q|

wnsmÖZvi cwigvY K‡g Avmvi †cQ‡b Avm‡j iv‡óÖi Ae`vbB †ewk| BwZnvmRz‡o †ewkifvM wnsmÖZvB n‡Zv g‚jZ

cwievi wKsev m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK Ø‡b&Ø| (Dc‡ii cwimsL¨vb †_‡KI †Zv GUv cwi®‹vi †h AvRKvjKvi

hz‡MI AvÂwjK AcivaB wKš‘ AvšÍR©vwZK Aciv‡ai †P‡q †ewk cÖvYnvwbi KviY|) Avgiv †Zv Av‡MB †`‡LwQ, cÖ_g

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wnsmÖZvq Rwo‡q coZ| ivRZ¡ Avi mvgÖvR¨ hZB kw³kvjx n‡Z _vKj ZZB Zviv m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jv‡Z n Í‡¶c Ki‡Z

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gvbz‡li g‡a¨ cÖvq PwjkRbB Lzb nZ| B`vbxsKv‡j, hLb ivóÖhš¿ n‡q D‡V‡Q m‡e©me©v Avi m¤cÖ`vq cÖ_v GKiKg

nvwi‡q †M‡Q, ZLb wnsmÖZvi cwigvYI A‡bKUvB K‡g †M‡Q| mviv c…w_exi wePv‡i GLb cÖwZ GK jvL gvbz‡li g‡a¨

gvÎ bqRb Lz‡bi wkKvi nq| GBme Lz‡bvLzwbi †ewkifvMB nq †mvgvwjqv wKsev Kjw¤qvi gZ ze©j ivóÖ¸‡jv‡Z|

mgMÖ BD‡iv‡ci †¶‡Î GLb †mB msL¨vUv cÖwZ GK jv‡L gvÎ GKRb|

Aek¨ Ggb bwRiI Av‡Q †h ivóÖ wb‡RB Zvi wb‡Ri RbMY‡K †g‡i †dj‡Q| GBiKg NUbv¸‡jvB Avgv‡ì ¯§…wZ‡Z

Mfxifv‡e †Mu‡_ hvq| cz‡iv wesk kZvãx‡Z cÖvq GK †KvwU †jvK wbnZ n‡q‡Q Zv‡ìB †`‡ki cÖwZi¶vevwnbxi

nv‡Z| ZviciI, GKUv ¯’‚j …wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j ej‡Z nq ivóÖ cwiPvwjZ Av`vjZ Ges czwjkevwnbx mviv c…w_exi

wbivcËv Avm‡j evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| hw` c‚e©vazwbK hz‡Mi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kwi, Zvn‡j GLbKvi w`‡bi GKRb Rvu`‡ij

GKbvq‡Ki Avg‡jI GKRb gvbz‡li Ab¨ gvbz‡li nv‡Z g…Z¨zeiY Kivi m¤¢vebv A‡bK Kg| 1964 mv‡j eÖvwR‡j

†mbvevwnbxi kvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| 1985 mvj ch©šÍ H kvm‡bB †`kUv P‡j‡Q| GB 20 eQ‡i †ek K‡qK nvRvi

eÖvwRwjqvb Zv‡ì kvm‡Ki nv‡Z gviv c‡o| AviI K‡qK nvRvi †RjnvR‡Z hvq Ges wbh©vwZZ nq| GZ wKQzi

ciI, me‡P‡q Lvivc eQiUv‡ZI, eÖvwR‡ji GKRb MocoZv gvbz‡li Ab¨ gvbz‡li nv‡Z gviv covi m¤¢vebv eis

ûqvivwb (Waorani), AvivI‡q‡Z (Arawete) wKsev Bqv‡bvgv‡gvi (Yanomamo) DcRvwZ‡ì Zzjbvq A‡bK


Kg| ûqvivwb, AvivI‡q‡Z Avi Bqv‡bvgv‡gviv nj AvgvRb R½‡ji Mnx‡b emevmKvix DcRvwZ hv‡ì †Kvb ˆmb¨,

czwjk wKsev †RjLvbv †bB| b…ZvwË¡K M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q Gme DcRvwZ Rb‡Mvôxi cziæl‡ì cÖvq A‡a©K gviv hvq

cvi¯úwiK Ø‡b&Ø| Gme Øb&Ø mvaviYZ m¤ú`, bvix wKsev AvZ¥m¤§vb msµvšÍ n‡q _v‡K|8

mvgÖv‡Rï cZb

1945 mv‡ji wØZxq wek¦hz× †kl nIqvi ci iv‡óÖi Aax‡b wnsmÖZv †e‡o‡Q bvwK K‡g‡Q GUv Avm‡j ZK©mv‡c¶|

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Z_¨m‚Ît

1 Vaclav Smil, The EarthÕs Biosphere: Evolution, Dznamics and Change (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press,

2002); Sarah Catherine Walpole et al., ÔThe Weight of Nations: An Estimation of Adult Human

BiomassÕ, BMC Public Health 12:439 (2012), http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471–2458/12/439.

2 William T. Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England (London: Frank Cass &

Co., 1966), 324–7; H. J. Dzos and D. H. Aldcroft, British Transport-An Economic Survez From the

Seventeenth Centurz to the Twentieth (Leicester: Leicester Universitz Press, 1969), 124–31; Wolfgang

Schivelbusch, The Railwaz Journez: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Centurz

(Berkelez: Universitz of California Press, 1986).


3 For a detailed discussion of the unprecedented peacefulness of the last few decades, see in particular

Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Whz Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011);

Joshua S. Goldstein, Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide (New York:

Dutton, 2011); Gat, War in Human Civilization.

4 ÔWorld Report on Violence and Health: Summarz, Geneva 2002Õ, World Health Organization,

accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf. For mortalitz rates

in previous eras see: Lawrence H. Keelez, War before Civilization: The Mzth of the Peaceful Savage

(New York: Oxford Universitz Press, 1996).

5 ÔWorld Health Report, 2004Õ, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December 2010,

http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/reporto4_en.pdf.

6 Razmond C. Kellz, Warless Societies and the Origin of War (Ann Arbor: Universitz of Michigan Press,

2000), 21. See also Gat, War in Human Civilization, 129–31; Keelez, War before Civilization.

7 Manuel Eisner, ÔModernization, Self-Control and Lethal ViolenceÕ, British Journal of Criminologz

41:4 (2001), 618–638; Manuel Eisner, ÔLong-Term Historical Trends in Violent CrimeÕ, Crime and

Justice: A Review of Research 30 (2003), 83–142; ÔWorld Report on Violence and Health: Summarz,

Geneva 2002Õ, World Health Organization, accessed 10 December 2010,

http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf; ÔWorld Health Report, 2004Õ, World Health

Organization, 124, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/reporto4_en.pdf.

8 Walker and Bailez, ÔBodz Counts in Lowland South American ViolenceÕ, 30.

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Rwi‡ci cÖkœ awi‡q †`b|


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wKsev ÔRxeb Avm‡jB mz›ìÕ| bvbvRb bvbvfv‡e Gme e³‡eï mv‡_ GKgZ ev wØgZ †cvlY K‡i| Zv‡ì †Ìqv

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Gme cÖ‡kœvËi †_‡K wewfbœ e¨w³-wbi‡c¶ wel‡qi mv‡_ mz‡Li m¤úK© wbY©‡qi †Póv Kiv nq| †hgb, aiv hvK †Kv‡bv

Rwi‡c eQ‡i GK j¶ Wjvi Avq K‡i Ggb GK nvRvi Rb gvbz‡li gZvgZ †bIqv nj| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Rwi‡c Ggb

GK nvRvi †jv‡Ki gZvgZ †bIqv nj hv‡ì evwl©K Avq 50 nvRvi Wjvi| GLb GB z‡Uv Rwi‡c hw` †`Lv hvq

cÖ_g `‡ji Ôfv‡jv _vKviÕ Mo gvb 8.7 Avi wØZxq `‡ji 7.3, Zvn‡j ejv hvq e¨w³MZ fv‡jv _vKvi mv‡_ UvKvi

GKUv m¤úK© Av‡Q| †mvRv K_vq, hvi UvKv †ewk, Zvi mzLI †ewk| GKB c×wZ‡Z Rvbvi †Póv Kiv hvq gvbzl

MYZvwš¿K †`‡k †ewk mz‡L _v‡K bv GKbvq‡Ki kvm‡b, A_ev weevwnZ gvbz‡liv AweevwnZ, weaev I wecZœxK gvbz‡li

†P‡q †ewk mzLx nq wK bv|

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we‡”Q‡ì nvi †Kgb wQj Zv Rvb‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j, hw` †`Lv hvq, Av‡M gvbzl MYZvwš¿K kvm‡b †ewk fv‡jv wQj,

Zvn‡j Zviv hzw³ †`Lv‡Z cv‡ib, MZ K‡qK `k‡K MYZ‡š¿i cÖmvi gvbz‡li mzL evwo‡q‡Q| Avevi hw` †`Lv hvq

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AmzLx nIqvi GKUv j²Y|

GUv Aek¨ †Kv‡bv wbf©zj c×wZ bq, Z‡e GB c×wZi mgm¨v¸‡jv †`Lvi Av‡M Gi wKQz djvdj †`Lv hvK|

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Av‡gwiKvi GKRb GKv gv gvbz‡li Ni cwi®‹vi K‡i eQ‡i 12 nvRvi Wjvi Avq Ki‡Q| GLb †m hw` nVvr GKw`b

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D”Pc` ’ Kg©KZ©v Ggwb‡ZB eQ‡i AvovB jvL Wjvi Avq Ki‡Q, †m hw` jUvwi‡Z 10 jvL WjviI †c‡q hvq, ev

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GgbUvB †`Lv hvq| GB evowZ UvKv w`‡q †jvKUv nq‡Zv AviI `vgx Mvwo Pvjv‡e, AviI eo Avi wejvmeûj evwo‡Z

wM‡q DV‡e, AviI fv‡jv Lvevi Avi cvbxq Dc‡fvM Ki‡e, wKš‘ wKQzw`b c‡iB †mUv Zvi Kv‡Q GKUv mv`vgvUv

e¨vcv‡i cwiYZ n‡e|

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K‡i| Z‡e †ivMUv hw` hš¿Yv`vqK nq, A_ev hviv A‡bKw`b a‡i †Kv‡bv †iv‡M fzM‡Q, Zv‡ì Rb¨ †mUv weivU

AkvwšÍi KviY| hviv Wvqv‡ewU‡mi g‡Zv ziv‡ivM¨ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq, Zviv cÖ_‡g wKQzw`b cÖPzi AkvwšÍ‡Z †fv‡M|

wKš‘ Zv‡ì kvixwiK Ae ’vi hw` AebwZ bv nq, Zvn‡j Zviv †mB AkvwšÍi mv‡_ ax‡i ax‡i wb‡R‡ì gvwb‡q †bq,

d‡j GKmgq Zviv mz¯’ gvbzl‡ì g‡ZvB mzLx Rxe‡b wd‡i Av‡m| aiæb jzwm Avi jzK †Kv‡bv ga¨weË cwiev‡ii zB

hgR fvB-‡evb| GKUv Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rwi‡c AskMÖnY K‡i †divi c‡_ z‡Uv NUbv NUj| iv Ívq GKUv evm jzwmi


MvwoUv‡K av°v w`j, d‡j Mvwo †Zv uwo‡q †MjB, jzwmi kix‡ii A‡bK¸‡jv nvo fvOj, Avi GKUv cv A‡K‡Rv n‡q

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†M‡Q! zeQi ci †`Lv hv‡e jzwm Lzuwo‡q nvuU‡Q Avi jzK A‡bK `vgx Mvwo‡Z Po‡Q| ZLb hw` zeQi Av‡Mi †mB

Rwi‡c Avevi Zv‡ì AskMÖnY Ki‡Z ejv nq, m¤¢eZ zR‡biB †ewkifvM DËi Av‡Mi †mB w`bUvi g‡ZvB n‡e|

mz‡Li Dci UvKv Avi ¯v‡ ’ï †P‡q cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK eÜ‡bi cÖfve AviI †ewk e‡jB †`Lv hvq| †hme gvbz‡li

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GKRb nZ`wi Ö Amz¯’ gvbzlI GKRb GKvKx †KvwUcwZ gvbz‡li †P‡q A‡bK †ewk mzLx Rxeb KvUv‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e

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1800 mv‡ji GKRb gvbz‡li †P‡q GLbKvi MocoZv GKRb gvbz‡li †ewk mzLx nIqvi K_v bq| GgbwK Avgiv †h

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eÜzevÜe ev cÖwZ‡ekx †e‡Q †bIqvi ¯vaxbZv Av‡Q| Avevi Zv‡ìI †Zv ¯vaxbZv Av‡Q Avgv‡ì †Q‡o hvIqvi!

Avgv‡ì wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K wb‡Ri B”Qvg‡Zv mvRv‡bvi ¯vaxbZv hZ evo‡Q, †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi eÜ‡b Rwo‡q covUvI

ZZB KwVb n‡q hv‡”Q| ZvB Gme eÜb AvjMv n‡Z n‡Z Avgiv µ‡gB GKvKx Rxe‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hvw”Q|

Z‡e Gme M‡elYvi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© Avwe®‹vi nj, mzL Avm‡j m¤ú`, mz¯v¯’ ev mvgvwRK eÜ‡bi Dci wbfiÖ K‡i

bv| eis †mUv wbfiÖ K‡i gvbz‡li Ae ’v I Zvi e¨w³MZ Pvwn`vi Dci| hw` †KD GKUv Miæi Mvwo Pvq, Zvn‡j Miæi

Mvwo †c‡jB †m mš‘ó, Avi wKQz ìKvi †bB| wKš‘ †KD hw` GKUv SKS‡K bZzb †divwi Mvwo Pvq, GKUv czi‡bv

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mgq c‡i, gvbzl‡K GKB Ae ’vq wb‡q hvq| hLb Avgv‡ì Ae ’v fv‡jv _v‡K, Avgv‡ì Pvwn`v¸‡jvI dz‡j‡du‡c

I‡V, ZvB eo eo cÖvwß¸‡jvI ZLb Avgv‡ì mzL w`‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi hLb cwiw ’wZ Lviv‡ci w`‡K hvq, ZLb

Avkvi †ejzbI Pzc‡m hvq, ZvB †mB Lvivc cwiw ’wZ‡ZI wb‡R‡K AmzLx g‡b nq bv|

GLb g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, G Avi bZzb Kx, Avi Gme Rvbvi Rb¨ GZ M‡elYviB ev Kx Av‡Q| Avgiv Kx PvB Zvi †P‡q

Avgv‡ì hv Av‡Q Zv wb‡q Avgiv mš‘ó wK bv GUv A‡bK †ewk ¸iæZ¡c‚Y©- G K_v †Zv ag©¸iæ, Kwe Avi `vk©wb‡Kiv

K‡qK nvRvi eQi Av‡M †_‡KB e‡j Avm‡Q| Zez Avgv‡ì AvazwbK M‡elYvi dj Avgv‡ì cÖvPxb c‚e©m‚ix‡ì wPšÍvi

mv‡_ wg‡j hv‡”Q GUv †`L‡Z fv‡jvB jv‡M|

mz‡Li BwZe…Ë Rvb‡Z n‡j Av‡M Avgv‡ì gvbz‡li Avkv-AvKvO&¶vi e¨vcviUv fv‡jv K‡i ezS‡Z n‡e| mzL hw`

†KejB ¯v¯’¨, m¤ú` Avi mvgvwRK m¤ú‡KiÖ g‡Zv wKQz e¨w³-wbi‡c¶ wel‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡Zv Zvn‡j welqUv


GKUz mnR n‡Zv| wKš‘ †`Lv hv‡”Q mzL Avm‡j e¨w³MZ PvIqv cvIqvi Dci wbf©ikxj, hv cÖ‡Z¨K gvbz‡li Rb¨

Avjv`v Avjv`v| ZvB †mUv Zwj‡q †`LvUvI †ek KwVb| Avgv‡ì GLb A‡bK iKg e¨_vbvkK A_ev Nz‡gi Ilza

Av‡Q| wKš‘ mzL-kvwšÍi e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡ì Pvwn`v Avi bvbv wel‡q AmwnòzZv GZ †e‡o †M‡Q †h Avgv‡ì c‚e©cziæl‡ì

†P‡q Avgv‡ì A‡bK †ewk ztL-‡e`bv mn¨ Ki‡Z n‡”Q|

GB wPšÍvavivUv †g‡b †bIqv GKUz KwVb| mgm¨vi †kKoUv Avm‡j jzwK‡q Av‡Q Avgv‡ì gb¯Í‡Ë¡i Mfx‡i jzwK‡q

_vKv GKwU fzj cÖeYZvi gv‡S| Avgiv hLb fvwe †h Abïv KZUv mzLx ev Av‡Mi gvbz‡liv KZUv mzLx wQj, Avgiv

memgq Zv‡ì RvqMvq wb‡R‡K ewm‡q wPšÍv Kwi| wKš‘ †mUv wVK bq, KviY Gfv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡Z †M‡j Avgiv A‡bï

Dci wb‡Ri Pvwn`v¸‡jv Pvwc‡q w`B| GLbKvi †h‡Kv‡bv mg…× mgv‡R cÖwZw`b †Mvmj K‡i bZzb Kvco civUvB

ixwZ| A_P ga¨hz‡Mi GKRb K…lK †Mvmj bv K‡iB gv‡mi ci gvm KvwU‡q w`Z| KvcoI e`jvZ Kv‡j f‡ Ö| GUv

wPšÍv Ki‡j Avgv‡ì Mv ¸wj‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ Zv‡ì G‡Z †Kv‡bv å‚‡¶c wQj bv| Zviv Zv‡ì `xN©w`b †Mvmj-

bv-Kiv kixi Avi gqjv zM©Ügq Kvc‡oB Af¨ Í wQj| Ggb bq †h Zviv bZzb Kvco Pvq wKš‘ †mUv cv‡”Q bv- eis

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Zviv GB A™¢zZ ixwZ‡Z w`we¨ Af¨ Í n‡q hvq| meB Avm‡j PvIqv-cvIqvi e¨vcvi|

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MYgva¨g, AbÜv nj weÁvcb wkí| 5000 eQi Av‡Mi †Kv‡bv MÖv‡gi GKRb AvVv‡iv eQi eqmx gvbzl wbwØ©avq

wb‡R‡K GKRb AvKl©Yxq gvbzl fve‡Z cviZ| KviY Zvi MÖv‡g Avi †h RbvcÂv‡kK gvbzl wQj Zv‡ì †ewkifvMB

nq e…× bq‡Zv G‡Kev‡i wkï| wKš‘ AvR‡Ki w`‡b GiKg eq‡mi GKRb gvbzl †mB mš‘wóUzKz bv †c‡q nxbgb¨Zvq

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†dmezK Zv‡K GB ZzjbvUv Ki‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Q|

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z‡Uv‡K wgwj‡q †`L‡j 2011 mv‡j wgk‡ii GKRb bvMwi‡Ki Zvi †mŠfv‡Mï Rb¨ Ck¦i‡K abëv` w`‡q iv Ívq †b‡g

bvPvbvwP Kivi K_v| A_P Zviv †gveviK‡K Mw` †_‡K bvgv‡bvi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Q| Gi KviY nj Zviv wb‡R‡ì

Ae ’v‡K dvivI‡ì wgk‡ii mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i †`L‡Q bv, Zzjbv Ki‡Q mgmvgwqK Ievgvi Av‡gwiKvi mv‡_|

hw` GgbB Pj‡Z _v‡K, Zvn‡j AgiZ¡I gvbzl‡K mzL w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| aiæb weÁvb GKw`b me †iv‡Mi Ilza

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†djj| Zvn‡j Zvi AeavwiZ djvdj n‡e c…w_exRz‡o ZxeÖ Av‡µvk Avi cÖej zwðšÍvi gnvgvix|


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ivmvqwbK mzL

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Abzf‚wZI evwn¨K †Kv‡bv wKQzi cÖfv‡e nq bv| fv‡jv †eZb, mz›ì mvgvwRK m¤úK© ev ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi- Gi

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c`v‡_iÖ mgš‡q|

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ZLb| GKRb gvbzl hLb jUvwi‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv UvKv †c‡q hvq wKsev Zvi wcÖq gvbzlUv‡K Lzu‡R cvq, ZLb Zvi

Avb‡›ì †h ewntcÖKvk †`Lv hvq, †mUv wKš‘ IB UvKv ev gvbzlUvi Rb¨ bq| Gi Rb¨ `vqx Zvi i³‡mÖv‡Z Qz‡U

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Avgiv hv wKQz Kwi Zv †KvbI gnvRvMwZK cwiKíbvi Ask bq| Kvj mKv‡jB hw` GB c…w_ex bvgK MÖnUv aŸsm n‡q

hvq, Zv‡Z GB gnvwe‡k¦i wKQz Avm‡e hv‡e bv| evwK mewKQz Zvi wb‡Ri g‡ZvB Pj‡Z _vK‡e| AšÍZ GUzKz ejv hvq

†h gvbz‡li Abzcw ’wZi †Kv‡bv cÖfve †Kv_vI co‡e bv| Kv‡RB †`Lv hv‡”Q gvbzl Rxe‡bi A_© wb‡q hZ K_vB ejzK,

Zvi meUvB Avm‡j Kíbv| Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ GBme Acvw_©e A_© †Kej ga¨hz‡Mi gvbzlB Lzu‡R †ei K‡iwb, †mUv

GLbKvi gvbeZvev`x, RvZxqZvev`x Avi czuwRev`x gvbz‡livI hvi hvi g‡Zv K‡i hv‡”Q| GKRb weÁvbx fv‡e

gvbz‡li ÁvbfvÐvi Av‡iKUz mg…× KivUvB Rxe‡bi A_©, ˆmwb‡Ki Kv‡Q Rxe‡bi A_© nj Zvi †`k‡K i¶v Kiv, Avevi

GKRb D‡`¨v³vi Kv‡Q Rxe‡bi gv‡b nj wb‡Ri Mov GKUv cÖwZôvb| ga¨hz‡Mi A‡bK gvbz‡li Kv‡Q Rxeb gv‡b wQj

ag©MÖš’ cov, agiÖ¶vi Rb¨ hz× Kiv Avi ag©cÖPv‡ii cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjv| Zvn‡j Zv‡ì mv‡_ GLbKvi GB

gvbzl¸‡jvi cv_©K¨ Avi Kx _vKj?


Zvi gv‡b mzL wRwbmUv m¤¢eZ ïaz e¨w³MZ fv‡jv _vKv bq| mzL nj mgv‡R weivRgvb mvgwóK Kíbv¸‡jvi mv‡_

GKRb gvbz‡li wb‡Ri Kíbv¸‡jv GK mz‡i wgwj‡q †bIqv| hLb GKRb gvbz‡li Rxeb‡eva Zvi Av‡kcv‡ki Avi

`kR‡bi Rxeb‡ev‡ai mv‡_ wg‡j hvq, ZLbB †m Rxe‡bi A_© Lzu‡R cvq, wb‡R‡K mzLx fv‡e|

Z‡e GB wm×v‡šÍ AvmvUv wKQzUv nZvkvRbKI| mzL wK Avm‡jB Kíbvwbf ©i?

wb‡R‡K Rv‡bv

mzL hw` Avb‡›ì Abzf‚wZ nq, Zvn‡j mzLx n‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì kix‡ii ˆReivmvqwbK cÖwµqv‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e|

Avi mzL hw` nq Rxe‡bi A_© Lzu‡R cvIqv, Zvn‡j mzLx nIqvi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K AviI fv‡jvfv‡e fvwm‡q w`‡Z n‡e

Kíbvq| GB z‡Uv Qvov mzLx nIqvi Avi †KvbI Dcvq wK Av‡Q?

GB z‡Uv aviYvi g‡a¨B GKUv wRwbm Av‡Q| †mUv nj, GLv‡b a‡iB †bIqv n‡”Q †h mzL nj GKUv e¨w³MZ e¨vcvi,

†mUv Avb›`B †nvK ev Rxe‡bi A_©| Kv‡RB GKUv gvbzl mzLx wKbv Zv Rvb‡Z n‡j Zvi Abzf‚wZ Rvb‡Z n‡e|

A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q GUvB ¯vfvweK g‡b n‡e, KviY Avgiv GLb evm KiwQ GKUv D`vi‰bwZK mg‡q| GB D`vi‰bwZK

wPšÍvaviv gvbz‡li e¨w³MZ Abzf‚wZi c‡¶B hv‡e| D`vi‰bwZK …wó‡KvY †_‡K GB Abzf‚wZB gvbz‡li me Kg©Kv‡Ði

wbqš¿K| GKRb gvbz‡li Kv‡Q Kx fv‡jv Avi Kx g›`, †KvbUv mz›ì Avi †KvbUv Amz›ì, Kx Kiv DwPZ Avi Kx Kiv

DwPZ bq- Zvi mewKQzB †m wVK K‡i †bq Zvi wb‡Ri gZvgZ †_‡K|

D`vi‰bwZK ivRbxwZi g‚j K_v nj, hviv †fvU †`‡e ZvivB me‡P‡q fv‡jv Rv‡b, Zv‡ì‡K fv‡jv-g‡›ì Ávb

†Ìqvi Rb¨ †KvbI KZ©…c‡¶i cÖ‡qvRb †bB| D`vi‰bwZK A_©bxwZ e‡j, †µZvi gZvgZB wk‡ivavh©, Gi Dc‡i Avi

†KvbI K_v †bB| D`vi‰bwZK wk‡í †mŠ›`h© wRwbmUv Av‡cw¶K, Zv †Kej `k©‡Ki iæwPi Dc‡iB wbfiÖ K‡i|

D`vibxwZ‡Z Pjv wk¶vcÖwZôvb¸‡jv wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i wPšÍv Ki‡Z †kLvq| weÁvcb¸‡jv Avgv‡ì

ej‡Z Pvq, Ôhv Ki‡Z B”Qv nq, K‡i †d‡jv!Õ| G hz‡Mi Pjw”PÎ, bvUK, Dcb¨vm, Mvb- mewKQzi g‡a¨B †mB GKB

evZ©v- Ôwb‡Ri Kv‡Q mr _v‡KvÕ, Ôwb‡Ri g‡bi K_v †kv‡bvÕ wKsev Ôgb hv Pvq, ZvB K‡ivÕ| divwm `vk©wbK Rvu-R¨vK

iæ‡mv †Zv †mvRvmzwRB e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡hUv Avgvi Kv‡Q fv‡jv, †mUvB fv‡jv, Avi hv Avgvi Kv‡Q Lvivc, Zv-B LvivcÓ|

‡h gvbzlUv G‡Kev‡i wkïKvj †_‡K Gme K_v ïb‡Z ïb‡Z eo n‡q‡Q, Zvi Kv‡Q mzL Aek¨B GKUv e¨w³MZ

e¨vcvi| GKRb gvbzl mz‡L Av‡Q wK bv †mUv wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡i †Kej †m wb‡RB, Ab¨ †KD bq| Z‡e GB …wófw½

†Kej GB D`vibxwZ‡ZB †`Lv hvq| BwZnvmRz‡o wewfbœ ag© I Av`wk©K gZev` mz‡Li bvbv iKg ˆbe¨©w³K gvcKvwV

cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q| Gme gZev‡` mzL wRwbmUv GKRb e¨w³i wb‡Ri gZvgZ ev Abzf‚wZi E‡aŸ© e‡jB g‡b Kiv nq|

†Wjwd‡Z Aew¯’Z A¨v‡cv‡jvi gw›`‡ii cÖ‡ekØv‡iB Zx_©hvÎxiv †`L‡Z †cZ †jLv Av‡Q, Ôwb‡R‡K Rv‡bvÕ| GB K_vi

M‚p A_© nj, MocoZv GKRb gvbzl Zvi wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K©B Avm‡j Rv‡b bv, ZvB mz‡Li mÜvbI †m Avi cvq bv| GB

K_vUvi mv‡_ dÖ‡qWI m¤¢eZ GKgZ n‡Zb|*

wLÖ÷a‡giÖ e¨vcv‡iI GKB K_v Lv‡U| †mB›U cj I †mB›U AMvw÷b wej¶Y Rvb‡Zb, †h †ewkifvM gvbzl Ck¦‡ii

Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv I †hŠbZv- G z‡qi g‡a¨ wØZxqUvB †e‡Q †b‡e| Zvn‡j wK †hŠbZvB mz‡Li Drm? cj I AMvw÷‡bi


DËi nj, bv| G‡Z †Kej GUvB cÖgvwYZ nq †h, cvc KivUvB gvbz‡li mnRvZ cÖe…wË, gvbzl mn‡RB kqZv‡bi dvu‡`

cv †`q| wLÖ÷a‡giÖ †Pv‡L †ewkifvM gvbz‡li Ae ’v Avm‡j †n‡ivB‡b Avm³‡ì g‡Zv| aiæb GKRb g‡bvweÁvbx

gv`Kvm³ gvbz‡li Kv‡Q mz‡Li mÜvb Ki‡Z wM‡q †`L‡Z †c‡jb, gvbzl †Kej gv`K MÖnY Ki‡jB mzLx nq| Zvn‡j

wK wZwb Zvi M‡elYvc‡Î wjL‡eb, †h †n‡ivBbB nj mz‡Li PvweKvwV?

Abzf‚wZ wRwbmUv †h mz‡Li †KvbI wbfiÖ‡hvM¨ gvcKvwV bq, G K_v †Kej wLÖ÷vb‡ì GKvi bq| Abzf‚wZi cÖ‡kœ

WviDBb Avi WwKÝI nq‡Zv †mB›U cj I †mB›U AMvw÷‡bi mv‡_ GKB mz‡i K_v ej‡eb| ¯v_©ci wRbZË¡

(selfish gene theorz) e‡j, cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb Ab¨vb¨ Rx‡ei g‡Zv gvbz‡li †¶‡ÎI wR‡bi ¯v_©B i¶v K‡i, †mUv

hw` †KvbI e¨w³i ¶wZi KviY nq, Zez| AwaKvsk cziælB Zv‡ì mviv Rxeb Avivg-Av‡qk bv K‡i zwðšÍv, LvUv-

LvUwb, cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Avi gvivgvwi K‡iB KvwU‡q †`q| KviY Zv‡ì wWGbG Zvi wb‡Ri ¯v_© i¶v Ki‡ZB Zv‡K w`‡q

Gme Kwi‡q †bq| A_©vr kqZvb †hfv‡e KvR K‡i, wWGbGI wVK †mfv‡eB gvbzl‡K cÖ‡jvf‡bi dvu‡` †d‡j wbR

¯v‡_© KvR Kwi‡q †bq|

mz‡Li e¨vcv‡i †ewkifvM ag© I Av`‡k ©i Ae ’vb GB D`vibxwZi †P‡q Avjv`v|3 G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †eŠ× a‡g ©i K_v

we‡klfv‡e D‡jL‡hvM¨| †eŠ× ag© GB mz‡Li mÜvb‡K hZUv ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Q, m¤¢eZ Avi †KvbI wKQzB †mUv‡K GZ

¸iæZ¡ †`qwb| AvovB nvRvi eQi a‡i GB ag© gvbz‡li mz‡Li KviY I ¯iƒc we‡k ølY Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q| G Kvi‡YB

weÁvbx‡ì g‡aÏ †eŠ× a‡giÖ Av`k© I GB a‡giÖ wewfbœ iKg a¨v‡bi Kjv‡KŠkj wb‡q AvMÖn evo‡Q|

‡eŠ× a‡g©i †hfv‡e mz‡Li e¨vL¨v Zvi g‚j fveUv A‡bKUv Rxe‰eÁvwbK e¨vL¨vi g‡ZvB| A_©vr GLv‡bI ejv nq †h

mzL gvbz‡li kix‡iB Drcbœ nq, evB‡i †_‡K Av‡m bv| wKš‘ †Mvovi w`KUv GKB iKg n‡jI GB ag© Dcmsnvi

†U‡b‡Q Ab¨w`‡K|

‡eŠ× ag©g‡Z gvbzl mzL ezS‡Z cv‡i Avb‡›ì Abzf‚wZ w`‡q, Avi ztL †ev‡S K‡ói Abzf‚wZi gva¨‡g| ZvB gvbzl

wb‡Ri Abzf‚wZ‡K A‡bK †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q| Zviv Kó Gwo‡q AviI †ewk Avb›` †c‡Z Pvq| ZvB Avgiv hv wKQz Kwi-

cv PzjKvB, †Pqv‡i b‡oP‡o ewm, wKsev wek¦hz×B evavB- meB Kwi Avb‡›ì Abzf‚wZ cvIqvi Rb¨B|

wKš‘ mgm¨vUv Ab¨Lv‡b| †eŠ× ag© e‡j, gvbz‡li GB mzL Avi ztL wbqZ cwieZ©bkxj, A‡bKUv mvM‡ii †XD‡qi

g‡Zv, Av‡m Avi hvq| cvuP wgwbU Av‡MI †h gvbzlUv wb‡R‡K mzLx fvewQj, Rxe‡bi D‡Ïk¨ Lzu‡R †c‡qwQj, cvuP

wgwbU †h‡ZB †mB mzLUzKz m‡i wM‡q ztL G‡m Zv‡K MÖvm K‡i| Zvi gv‡b mzLx n‡Z n‡j Zv‡K mviv¶Y mz‡Li wcQ‡b

QzU‡Z n‡e, Avi ztL †_‡K cvwj‡q †eov‡Z n‡e| A_P G‡Z hw` †m mdjI nq, Zv‡ZI †KvbI jvf †bB| KviY GB

A ’vqx mzLUzKz dzwi‡q †M‡jB Avevi mewKQz ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e cÖ_g †_‡K|

Zvn‡j GB ¶Y ’vqx mz‡Li wcQ‡b Qz‡U Kx jvf? hv a‡i ivLv hvq bv Zv‡K cvIqvi Rb¨ †Kb GB cÐkÖg? †eŠ× ag©

e‡j, gvbz‡li GB z‡f©v‡Mi KviY Avm‡j GB ztL-Kó bq| mzL- zt‡Li GB A_©nxbZvI bq| eis mz‡Li wcQ‡b GB

Aweivg A_©nxb Qz‡U †eov‡bvB zt‡Li KviY| G‡Z mz‡Li †`Lv †Zv †g‡jB bv, eis zwðšÍv, Aw¯’iZv I AcÖvwß‡Z f‡i

hvq Rxeb| mz‡Li wcQ‡b Qz‡U †KD †Kv‡bvw`b mš‘ó n‡Z cv‡i bv| GgbwK ¶Y ’vqx Avb‡›ì mgqI g‡bi wfZi DuwK

w`‡q hvq zwðšÍv, KviY GB mzLI †Zv GK mgq dzwi‡q hv‡e|


¶Y ’vqx mzL gvbzl‡K GB z‡f©vM †_‡K gzw³ w`‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi †_‡K gzw³ †g‡j ZLbB, hLb †m ezS‡Z cv‡i †h mzL

¶Y ’vqx, Avi ezS‡Z †c‡i †m mz‡Li wcQ‡b †QvUv eÜ K‡i| †eŠ× a‡g© a¨v‡bi D‡Ïk¨ GUvB| a¨v‡bi gva¨‡g gvbzl

Zvi †`n I gb‡K fv‡jvfv‡e Rvb‡Z cv‡i, Abzf‚wZi IVvbvgv wbi‡c¶ …wó‡Z †`L‡Z cvq, d‡j ezS‡Z cv‡i Gme

KZUv A_©nxb| Gfv‡e mz‡Li mÜvb eÜ Ki‡Z cvi‡jB g‡b axiZv I cÖkvwšÍ Av‡m| g‡bi wfZ‡i meiKg Abzf‚wZ

Avm‡e hv‡e- Avb›`, †µva, nZvkv wKsev Kvgbv hvB †nvK- wKš‘ we‡kl †KvbI Abzf‚wZi Rb¨ ZxeÖ evmbv Z¨vM Ki‡Z

cvi‡jB mewKQz mnR n‡q hvq| Kx n‡Z cviZ †mB wPšÍv ev` w`‡q Kx n‡”Q †mUvB eo n‡q I‡V|

GB gvbwmK cÖkvwšÍi Abzf‚wZ GZUvB Mfxi †h mvivRxeb mz‡Li wcQ‡b Qz‡U †eov‡bv GKRb gvbzl †mUv KíbvI

Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| aiæb GKRb gvbzl eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i mgz‡ Öi Zx‡i `vuwo‡q Ôfv‡jvÕ †XD¸‡jv‡K a‡i ivL‡Z Avi

ÔLvivcÕ †XD¸‡jv‡K †V‡j mwi‡q w`‡Z PvB‡Q| Zvi mvivRxeb Gfv‡e †K‡U hv‡e, wKš‘ GB Kv‡R †m mdj n‡e bv

†Kv‡bvw`b| A_P †m hw` GB e¨_© †Póv bv K‡i PzcPvc e‡m me¸‡jv †XD‡K Avm‡Z-‡h‡Z †`q, Zvn‡jB Zvi Rxeb

f‡i DV‡e cÖkvwšÍ‡Z|

wKš‘ GB aviYvUv AvazwbK c…w_ex‡Z GZ LvcQvov jv‡M †h GLbKvi D`vi‰bwZK gvbzl GUv‡K wb‡R‡ì g‡Zv K‡i

mvwR‡q wb‡q‡Q| GLbKvi aviYvUv A‡bKUv Ggb, ÒmzL Avm‡j evB‡ii †KvbI wKQzi Dci wbfiÖ K‡i bv| GUv wbfiÖ

K‡i Avgv‡ì Abzf‚wZi Dci| ZvB gvbz‡li UvKv, gh©v`v Gm‡ei wcQ‡b bv Qz‡U Zvi wb‡Ri gvbwmK kvwšÍi w`‡K

bRi †Ìqv DwPZ|Ó A_ev AviI Kg K_vq ej‡Z †M‡j ÒmzL Av‡m wfZi †_‡K|Ó wVK GB K_vUvB RxeweÁvbxivI

e‡jb, wKš‘ Zviv †evSv‡Z Pvb ez× hv e‡j‡Qb Zvi D‡ëvUv|

GB AvazwbK gZev` Avi Rxe‰eÁvwbK e¨vL¨vi mv‡_ ez‡×i evYxi wgj ïaz GBUzKzB| wKš‘ Avmj RvqMvUv‡ZB, A_©vr

Abzf‚wZi e¨vcv‡i Awgj Av‡Q| ez× e‡jb †h mzL Avm‡j Avgv‡ì wfZ‡ii Abzf‚wZi Dc‡iI wbf ©i K‡i bv|

Avm‡jB, Avgiv hZB Avgv‡ì Abzf‚wZ‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`B, ZZB Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ fv‡jv Abzf‚wZi Pvwn`v ˆZwi nq,

Avi Zv‡Z Avgv‡ì z‡f©vMB ïaz ev‡o| ZvB ez‡×i civgk© nj, evwn¨K AR©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wfZ‡ii Abzf‚wZ‡K ¸iæZ¡

†ÌqvI eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Ôfv‡jv _vKvÕ welqK cÖ‡kœ Rwic Pvjv‡j GKRb gvbz‡li e¨w³MZ Abzf‚wZ, e¨w³MZ mzL I Av‡e‡Mi Lei cvIqv

hvq| Ab¨w`‡K †eŠ×a‡g©i g‡Zv wKQz wKQz ag© I `k©b e‡j, Gme Av‡eM-Abzf‚wZi E‡aŸ© D‡V GKRb gvbz‡li wb‡R‡K

cz‡ivczwi Rvb‡Z cviv, wPb‡Z cvivi gva¨‡gB wgj‡e cÖK…Z mz‡Li mÜvb| †ewkifvM gvbzlB †h fzjUv K‡i Zv nj,

Zviv wb‡Ri Abzf‚wZ, wb‡Ri wPšÍv, cQ›`-AcQ›`- Gm‡ei gv‡S wb‡Ri cwiPq †Lvu‡R| Gi d‡j mviv Rxeb a‡i Zviv

wKQz Abzf‚wZi wcQz Zvov K‡i, Avi wKQz Abzf‚wZ †_‡K cvwj‡q evuP‡Z Pvq| Gme Abzf‚wZi KvivMv‡i AvU‡K _vKv GB

gvbzl¸‡jv KLbI ezS‡ZB cv‡i bv, †h mzL Avi ztL bq, eis GB Qz‡U Pjv Avi cvjv‡bvi g‡bve…wËB Zv‡ì KLbI

gzw³ †`q bv|

hw` ZvB nq, Zvn‡j ejv hvq †h mz‡Li e¨vcv‡i Avgiv hv hv †R‡bwQ Zvi meB fzj| GKRb gvbz‡li B”Qv¸‡jv c‚iY

n‡”Q wK bv, ev †m Avb›` cv‡”Q wK bvnq‡Zv †mm‡ei †Zgb †KvbI ¸iæZ¡B †bB| Avmj cÖkœ nj gvbzl wb‡Ri

m¤ú‡K© mZÜv Rvb‡Z cvi‡Q wK bv| hw` Gw`K †_‡KB wPšÍv Kwi, Zvn‡j †mB Avw`g wkKvwi-msMÖvnK gvbzl ev

ga¨hz‡Mi K…lK‡ì †P‡q Avgiv GB mZÜv KZUzKz †ewk Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ?


mz‡Li BwZe…Ë wb‡q †Rv‡i‡kv‡i M‡elYv ïiæ n‡q‡Q Aí K‡qK eQi nj| cÖv_wgK wKQz aviYv ˆZwi n‡”Q, M‡elYv

Kxfv‡e n‡e †mme Kg©c×wZ hvPvB K‡i †`Lv n‡”Q| Kv‡RB GLbB G e¨vcv‡i †KvbI †Rviv‡jv `vwe Kiv hv‡”Q bv|

eis GB gzn‚‡Z© me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© welq nj hZfv‡e m¤¢e KvR Pvwj‡q hvIqv I mwVK cÖ‡kœi DËi †LvuRv|

BwZnv‡mi AwaKvsk Rz‡oB Av‡Q eo eo gbxlx‡ì Av`‡kiÖ K_v, exi †hv×v‡ì mvn‡mi K_v, avwg©K mbœ¨vmx‡ì

Z¨v‡Mi K_v Avi ¸Yx wkíx‡ì m…RbkxjZvi K_v| BwZnvm †_‡K Rvbv hvq Kxfv‡e mgvR M‡o I‡V, Kxfv‡e Zv

Avevi †f‡O c‡o, Kxfv‡e eo eo me ivR¨ ˆZwi n‡q Avevi GKw`b aŸsm n‡q hvq, Kxfv‡e bZzb bZzb Avwe®‹vi

nq, Kxfv‡e bZzb cÖhzw³ Qwo‡q c‡o meLv‡b| A_P ¶z`Ö e¨w³gvbz‡li mzL- zt‡Li K_v¸‡jvi †mLv‡b VvuB nq bv|

†mLv‡b i‡q †M‡Q wekvj GK k‚b¨ ’vb| †mB k‚b¨ ’vb c‚iY Kivi GLbB mgq|

* wewfbœ gb¯ÍvwË¡K Rwi‡ci D‡Ïk¨ gvbz‡li mzL cwigvc Kiv n‡jI g‡bvwPwKrmvi †K› Öxq welq nj gvbzl‡K wb‡R‡K

Rvb‡Z I Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì ¶wZ Kivi g‡bvfve †_‡K †ei n‡q Avm‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|

Z_¨m‚Ît

1 For both the pszchologz and biochemistrz of happiness, the following are good starting points:

Jonathan Haidt, The Happiness Hzpothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom (New York: Basic

Books, 2006); R. Wright, The Moral Animal: Evolutionarz Pszchologz and Everzdaz Life (New York:

Vintage Books, 1994); M. Csikszentmihalzi, ÔIf We Are So Rich, Whz ArenÕt We Happz?Õ, American

Pszchologist 54:10 (1999): 821–7; F. A. Huppert, N. Bazlis and B. Keverne (eds.), The Science of Well-

Being (Oxford: Oxford Universitz Press, 2005); Michael Argzle, The Pszchologz of Happiness, 2nd

edition (New York: Routledge, 2001); Ed Diener (ed.), Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed

Diener (New York: Springer, 2009); Michael Eid and Randz J. Larsen (eds.), The Science of Subjective

Well-Being (New York: Guilford Press, 2008); Richard A. Easterlin (ed.), Happiness in Economics

(Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2002); Richard Lazard, Happiness: Lessons from a New Science

(New York: Penguin, 2005).

2 Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011); Inglehart et

al., ÔDevelopment, Freedom and Rising HappinessÕ, 278–81.

3 D. M. McMahon, The Pursuit of Happiness: A Historz from the Greeks to the Present (London: Allen

Lane, 2006

‡mwc‡q‡Ýi †k‡li ïiæ

c`v_©weÁvb †_‡K imvqb, Zvici RxeweÁvb Ges Gi DËim‚ix wn‡m‡e gvbz‡li BwZnvm‡K cwiPq Kwi‡q †Ìqvi

gva¨‡g GB eBwUi m‚Pbv| Avi me RxweZ mËvi gZ gvbz‡li RxebI wbqš¿Y K‡i GKB cÖvK…wZK kw³, ivmvqwbK

wewµqv Ges cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb c×wZ| cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb nq‡Zv gvbzl‡K Ab¨vb¨ mKj cÖvYxi †_‡K e…nËi †¶‡Î

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ˆZwii gva¨‡g|

Bu`zi I gvbzl

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†Q‡j‡ìI †LvRv K‡i Avm‡Q|

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wPÎ: weÁvbxiv Miæi ZiæYvw¯’i †Kvl w`‡q GKwU Bu`z‡ii wc‡V GKwU Kvb ˆZwi

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cv‡i mzKzgv‡ii nvumRviæ‡K|

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wRbMZ cÖ‡KŠk‡ji DbœwZ GKw`b ˆZwi Ki‡e Ômzcvig¨vbÕ, ZLb evwK gvbzl‡ì Ô`vmÕ nIqv Qvov Avi †Kvb Dcvq

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mwVKfv‡e eënv‡ii Ávb Ges Gi fwel¨Z cÖfve m¤ú‡K© mwVKfv‡e aviYv Kivi ¶gZv gvbz‡li ZZUv ev‡owb|

djkÖzwZ‡Z, wRbMZ cÖ‡KŠk‡ji Acvi m¤¢vebvi KYvgvÎB Avgiv eZ©gv‡b eënvi Ki‡Z cviwQ| g‚jZ Dw™¢`, QÎvK,

e¨vK‡Uwiqv Ges †cvKvgvK‡oi gZ ivR‰bwZKfv‡e ¸iæZ¡nxb Rxe¸‡jv‡KB eZ©gv‡b G cÖwµqvq ˆZwi Kiv n‡”Q|

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Gi msµg‡Y A‡bK bvbviKg †ivM-e¨vwa †`Lv †M‡jI eZ©gv‡b Gi wRbMZ iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g ˆRe R¡vjvbx ˆZwi‡Z

G‡K eënvi Kiv n‡”Q|2 B-‡KvjvB Ges QÎv‡Ki wKQz RvZ‡K iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g Bbmzwjb ˆZwi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv

†M‡Q|3 hvi d‡j Kgv‡bv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Wvqv‡ewUm wPwKrmvi LiP| †giæ AÂ‡ji gv‡Qi GKwU wRb‡K Avjzi wR‡b

mshz³ Kivi d‡j m¤¢e n‡”Q kxZ mwnòz Avjzi Rv‡Zi D™¢veb|4

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bv‡gi GKwU †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y Mevw`cï wk‡íi †KvwU †KvwU UvKv †jvKmvb nq| g¨vmUvBwUm †ivMwU za cÖ`vbKvix

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Z_¨m‚Ît

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B›Uvib vkbvj †eÑ‡mjvi Books 2/Science/1/D... · 2020. 9. 24. · 1 B›Uvib vkbvj †eÑ‡mjvi †mwc‡qÝ gvby‡li BwZnvm () Abyev` †gv §vK Avn‡g` ïå miKvi mywdqvb