BDwbU

4

m~Î I bxwZMv_v

f~wgKv

cvwj fvlvq ÔmyËÕ k‡ãi evsjv A_© n‡jv Ôm~ÎÕ| m~Î k‡ãi A_© Ôm~Pbv KivÕ A_©vr hv Øviv AkvwšÍ I Ag½j †_‡K

kvwšÍ I g½j m~Pbv K‡i| ey× wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ Dcj‡ÿ Zuvi wkl¨ I DcvmK-DcvwmKv‡`i ag©‡`kbv Ki‡Zb|

ag©‡`kbv Kivi mgq wZwb wewfbœ m~Î I bxwZMv_vi gva¨‡g Dc‡`k w`‡Zb| †eŠ×iv m~·K Rxe‡bi iÿv Ke‡Pi

g‡Zv g‡b K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ m~Î I bxwZMv_vmg~n n‡jv fMevb ey‡×i gyLwbtm„Z evYx| m~θ‡jvi g‡a¨ Ggb GK

mve©Rbxb Dc‡`k i‡q‡Q hv gvbyl‡K mrc‡_ Rxebhvc‡b mnvqZv K‡i|

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n

cvV -4.1 : m~Î I bxwZMv_vi aviYv

cvV -4.2 : g½j m~‡Îi cUf~wg

cvV -4.3 : g½j m~Î

cvV -4.4 : g½j mva‡bi Dcvq

cvV -4.5 : KiYxq ˆgÎx m~‡Îi cUf~wg

cvV -4.6 : KiYxq ˆgÎx m~Î

cvV -4.7 : g½j m~Î I KiYxq ˆgÎx m~‡Îi wkÿv

m~Î k‡ãi A_© Ôm~Pbv KivÕ A_©vr hv Øviv AkvwšÍ I

Ag½j †_‡K kvwšÍ I g½j m~Pbv K‡i| m~Î I

bxwZMv_vmg~n n‡jv fMevb ey‡×i gyLwbtm„Z evYx hv

gvbyl‡K mrc‡_ Pj‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|

cvV-4.1 m~Î I bxwZMv_vi aviYv

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

m~Î I bxwZMv_vi aviYv Dcjw× Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

m~Î I bxwZMv_vi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

wn‡Zvc‡`k, bxwZMv_v, m~ÎcvV, Drmvn e„w×, †ivM-†kv‡Ki webvk, fq-fxwZ `~i|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq

BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 1 mßvn

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

BDwbU-4 48

ey× wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ RvqMvq a‡g©vc‡`k cÖ vb Ki‡Zb| wZwb Zuvi wkl¨-cÖwkl¨‡`i gv‡S †hme evYx

I Dc‡`k cÖ vb Ki‡Zb †m¸‡jv Zuvi kÖæwZai wkl¨iv ûeû ¯§„wZ‡Z aviY Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| ey‡×i

gnvcwiwbe©vY cÖvwßi ci ey‡×i wkl¨iv Zuvi evYx I Dc‡`k m~ÎvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡ib| Zvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb

D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Zuvi bxwZK_v AbyaveY I eyS‡Z cviv| m~θ‡jvi g‡a¨ Ggb evYx I Dc‡`k i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv gvbyl‡K

mrc‡_ cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z DØy× K‡i| mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK Rxe‡b m~Î I bxwZMv_vi Dc‡`k AbymiY Kiv

Avgv‡`i mK‡ji ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨|

m~Î I bxwZMv_v¸‡jv n‡jv ey‡×i wkÿv I ag© k©‡bi Ab¨Zg wn‡Zvc‡`k| G¸‡jv gvby‡li ˆbwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K

Rxe‡bi DbœwZ mva‡b mnvqZv K‡i| Bn‡jŠwKK I cvi‡jŠwKK g½j enb K‡i| G¸‡jv gvby‡li Rxeb‡K mr I

my›`ifv‡e M‡o †Zvjvi †ÿ‡Î mnvqZv K‡i| m~Î I bxwZMv_v wewfbœ D‡Ï‡k¨ cvV Kiv nq| †eŠ×‡`i wbKU m~Î Ges

bxwZMv_v AZ¨šÍ g~j¨evb| Zv‡`i wek¦vm m~Î cvV Ki‡j wec` †K‡U hvq| me iKg fq-fxwZ-`ytL we`~wiZ nq|

†iv‡Mi webvk nq| ‡kvK-cwiZvc, †e`bv bvk nq| GKvMÖwP‡Ë kªeY I Ave„wË Ki‡j Kv‡R Drmvn e„w× cvq| ZvB

m~Î I bxwZMv_vi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|

wewfbœ wZw_-cve©‡Y, agx©q AvPvi-Abyôv‡b c~Rbxq wfÿzm•N m~ÎcvV I e¨vL¨v K‡ib| D‡jøL _v‡K †h, m~Î I

bxwZMv_v¸‡jv wÎwcU‡Ki m~ÎwcU‡Ki LyÏK wbKv‡qi AšÍ©MZ| G¸‡jvi ga¨ †_‡K Avgiv Ôg½j m~ÎÕ I ÔKiYxq

ˆgÎx m~ÎÕ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

mvims‡ÿc :

ey× wewfbœ Rbmgv‡e‡k Ges Zuvi wkl¨-cÖwkl¨‡`i gv‡S a‡g©vc‡`k cÖ v‡bi mgq wewfbœ m~Î I bxwZMv_v fvlY

K‡i‡Qb| Gme m~Î I bxwZMv_vmg~‡n g½jKg© m¤úv`‡bi cvkvcvwk ˆbwZK Rxebhvc‡biI wb‡`©kbv †`qv Av‡Q|

GB m~Î I bxwZMv_vi Dc‡`k AbymiY K‡iB mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK Rxeb cwiPvjbv Kiv Avgv‡`i ‰bwZK

`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨| G¸‡jv ˆbwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K Rxe‡bi DbœwZ mva‡bi cvkvcvwk Bn‡jŠwKK g½jI mvab K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1 :

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b

1| m~Î I bxwZMv_vmg~n n‡jv ey‡×i-

K. Dc‡`‡ki dj L. gyL wbtm„Z evYx

M. ˆbwZK Dc‡`k N. Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘

2| wewfbœ wZw_-cve©‡Y, ag©xq Abyôv‡b m~ÎcvV I e¨vL¨v K‡ib-

K. Avb›` ’wei L. mgvR cÖavbMY

M. c~Rbxq wfÿzm•N N. ivRv I cÖRve„›`

DËigvjv : 1. L, 2. M.

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU-4 49

cvV-4.2 g½j m~‡Îi cUf~wg

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

g½j k‡ãi A_© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

g½j m~‡Îi DrcwË e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

g½j-Ag½j, ZK©-weZ©K, ivRM„n, †`eZv, kÖve¯Íxi †RZeb|

g½‡ji aviYv :

Ôg½jÕ k‡ãi mvaviY A_© ïf ev fv‡jv, DcKvi wKsev Kj¨vY| Avgiv memgq wb‡Ri I A‡b¨i ïf

ev fv‡jv Kvgbv K‡i _vwK| G‡K g½j Kvgbv ejv nq| wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wK‡m ev Kx Ki‡j g½j nq G

wb‡q g‡b cÖkœ Rv‡M| A‡b‡K A‡bK ai‡Yi AvPiY ev wPý‡K g½j I Ag½jm~PK g‡b K‡ib| †hgb- A‡bK mgq

wKQz NÖvY †bqv, ¯v` †bqv ev ¯úk© Kiv‡KI g½j-Ag½j e‡j wPwýZ Kiv n‡Zv| G wb‡q A‡bK ZK©-weZK© n‡Zv|

g½j m~‡Îi DrcwË

cÖvPxbKv‡j gMa iv‡R¨i ivRM„n bM‡ii mfvM„‡n we‡kl KvR Dcj‡ÿ GKevi A‡bK gvby‡li mgvMg N‡UwQj| GK

mg‡q Zv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K GKRb ej‡jb-ÔAvgvi wKQz g½j KvR mvi‡Z n‡eÕ| GK_v e‡j wZwb mfv¯’j †Q‡o P‡j

†M‡jb| Zvi K_v ï‡b A‡b‡K AevK n‡jb| Zviv G‡K Ab¨‡K cÖkœ Ki‡Z jvM‡jb-g½j wRwbmUv Kx? A‡b‡K

A‡bK iKg DËi w`‡jb| wKš‘ †KD Kv‡ivUv eyS‡Z cvi‡jb bv| Ôg½jÕ k‡ãi cÖK…Z A_© Zviv †KD ej‡Z cvi‡jv

bv|

gvby‡li cvkvcvwk †`eZv‡`i g‡a¨I g½j wb‡q ZK©-weZK© n‡Zv| Giƒc D³ Av‡Q, GK mgq ey× kªve Íxi †RZeb

wenv‡i Ae¯’vb KiwQ‡jb| G mgq Ab¨Zi †`eZv ¯xq w`e¨ †`n cÖfvq mg Í †RZeb Av‡jvwKZ K‡i iv‡Îi †kl

mg‡q †hLv‡b ey× wQ‡jb †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡jb| Dcw¯’Z n‡q eyׇK Awfev`b Rvwb‡q †mB †`eZv eyׇK ej‡jb,

cÖfy! eû †`eZv I gvbyl g½j wel‡q wPšÍv K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ †KD Zv AeMZ n‡Z cv‡ibwb| AZGe, Avcwb †`e-

gvby‡li cÖwZ AbyK¤úv K‡i †mB g½jmg~n Kx Kx ejyb|

Zvi Dˇi ey× †`eZv I gvby‡li Kj¨vY I DcKv‡ii Rb¨ Ôg½j m~ÎÕ †`kbv Ki‡jb| g½j m~‡Î AvUwÎk cÖKvi

g½‡ji K_v D‡jøL K‡ib wZwb| Gfv‡eB g½j m~‡Îi DrcwË nq|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

BDwbU-4 50

†`eZv‡`i wbKU fMevb ey‡×i g½jm~Î †`kbv

mvims‡ÿc :

cÖvPxbKv‡j ivRM„‡n †Kv‡bv we‡kl Kv‡R A‡bK †jvK mg‡eZ n‡qwQj| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb g½j KvR Ki‡Z

n‡e e‡j P‡j †M‡jb| ZLb Ab¨‡`i g‡a¨ g½j Kx-G wb‡q cÖkœ †`Lv w`‡qwQj| g½j k‡ãi cÖK…Z A_© †KD

ej‡Z cvi‡jb bv| mg‡eZ †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ gZ‡f` †`Lv w`‡qwQj| G gZ‡f` f~wg †_‡K ¯‡M©i †`eZv‡`i

g‡a¨I Qwo‡q c‡owQj| G‡Z †`eivR B›`ª e‡jwQ‡jb Gi mgvavb †MŠZg ey× Qvov †KD w`‡Z cvi‡eb bv| ey×

ZLb kªvešÍxi †RZeb wenv‡i Ae¯’vb KiwQ‡jb| GKRb †`eZv ¯xq w e¨ †`n aviY K‡i ey‡×i Kv‡Q Dcw¯’Z

n‡q Ôg½j KxÕ †`kbvi Rb¨ cÖv_©bv Ki‡jb| ey× †`eZv I gvby‡li Kj¨vYv‡_© AvUwÎk cÖKvi g½j e¨vL¨v K‡ib|

GwUB Ôg½j m~ÎÕ bv‡g L¨vZ|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2 :

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b

1| mg‡eZ †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ Kx wb‡q gZ‡f` †`Lv w`j?

K. g½j wel‡q L. Ag½j wel‡q

M. myL wel‡q N. ytL wel‡q

2| NªvY †bqv, ¯v` †bqv ev ¯úk© Kiv‡K Kx e‡j wPwýZ Kiv nq?

K. ytL L. †e`bv

M. AKj¨vY N. Ag½j

DËigvjv : 1. K, 2. N

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU-4 51

cvV-4.3 g½j m~Î

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

g½j mg~‡ni bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

Kx Dcv‡q †`e-gby‡l¨i g½j nq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g½j m~Î cvwj fvlvq ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

g½j m~‡Îi evsjv Abyev` ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

gv½wjK welq, Ávbx‡jv‡Ki †mev, ag©Z Rxeb, wkíwe`¨v, myfvwlZ evK¨, wb®úvc e¨emv,

ÿgvkxj, eªþPh©, †jvKag©, kxjevb|

ey× gvb‡ei myL, kvwšÍ, Kj¨vY I mg„w×i Rb¨ AvUwÎk cÖKvi gv½wjK welq wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb hv Ôg½j m~ÎÕ bv‡g

AwfwnZ| ey× wb‡`©wkZ AvUwÎkwU g½jRbK Kv‡Ri ga¨ †_‡K eviwUi cvwj I evsjv Abyev` wb‡P cÖ vb Kiv

n‡jv|

g½j m~Î (cvwj I evsjv Abyev`)

1. cvwj: en~ †`ev gbym&mv P, g½jvwb AwPšÍhys

AvK•Lgvbv †mvÌvbs eªæwn g½jgyËgs|

Abyev`: eû †`eZv I gvbyl ¯w Í Kvgbv K‡i wK‡m g½j nq Zv wPšÍv K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ wK‡m g½j nq Zv †KDB

mwVKfv‡e wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| Avcwb `qv K‡i †`eZv I gvby‡li g½jmg~n e¨³ Kiæb|

2. cvwj: A‡mebv P evjvbs, cwÐZvb †mebv,

c~Rv P c~Rbxhvbs, GZs g½jgyËgs|

Abyev`: gyL© †jv‡Ki †mev bv Kiv; Ávbx †jv‡Ki †mev Kiv Ges c~Rbxq e¨w³i c~Rv Kiv DËg g½j|

3. cvwj: cwZiƒc‡`mmv‡mv ÔPÕ cy‡eŸ P KZcyT&TZv,

AËm¤§vcwYwa P GZs g½jgyËgs|

Abyev`: ag©Z Rxebhvc‡bi Dc‡hvMx cÖwZiƒc †`‡k evm Kiv, c~e©K…Z cy‡Y¨i cÖfv‡e cÖfvevwšZ _vKv I wb‡R‡K

mg¨K c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Kiv DËg g½j|

4. cvwj: evûm”P wmà web‡hv P mywmK&wL‡Zv,

myfvwmZv P hv evPv, GZs g½jgyËgs|

Abyev`: eû kv‡¯¿ Ávbjvf Kiv, wewea wkíwe`¨v wkÿv Kiv, webqx I mywkwÿZ nIqv Ges myfvwlZ evK¨ fvlY Kiv

DËg g½j|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

BDwbU-4 52

5. cvwj: gvZvwcZz DcU&Vvb, cyËv`vim&m m½‡nv,

AbvKzjv P K¤§šÍv, GZs g½jgyËgs|

Abyev`: gvZv I wcZvi †mev Kiv, ¯¿x I cy‡Îi h_vh_ fiY‡cvlY Kiv Ges wb®úvc e¨emv I evwY‡R¨i Øviv RxweKv

wbe©vn Kiv DËg g½j|

6. cvwj: `vb a¤§Pwihv PÕ TvZKvb m½‡nv,

Abe¾vwb K¤§vwb, GZs g½jgyËgs|

Abyev`: `vb †`Iqv, Kvq-evK¨ I g‡b ag©vPiY Kiv, ÁvwZM‡Yi DcKvi mvab Kiv Ges mׇg© AwePj _vKv DËg

g½j|

7. cvwj: AiZx weiZx cvcv, g¾cvbv P mT&T‡gv,

Aàgv‡`v P a‡¤§my, GZs g½jgyËgs|

Abyev`: KvwqK I gvbwmK cvc Kv‡R Abvmw³, kvixwiK I evPwbK cvc †_‡K weiwZ, gv`KRvZxq ªe¨ MÖnY †_‡K

weiZ _vKv Ges AcÖgËfv‡e cyY¨Kg© m¤úv`b Kiv DËg g½j|

8. cvwj: Mvi‡ev P wbev‡Zv PÕ mš‘U&Vx P KZT&TzZv,

Kv‡jb a¤§meYs GZs g½jgyËgs|

Abyev`: †MŠiebxq e¨w³i †MŠie Kiv, Zv‡`i cÖwZ webq cÖ k©b Kiv, cÖvß wel‡q mš‘ó _vKv, DcKvixi DcKvi

¯xKvi Kiv I h_vmg‡q ag© kªeY Kiv DËg g½j|

9. cvwj: LšÍx P †mvePmm&Zv, mgvYvb `m&mbs,

Kv‡jb a¤§mvK”Qv, GZs g½jgyËgs|

Abyev`: ÿgvkxj nIqv, ¸iæR‡bi Av‡`k h_vh_fv‡e cvjb Kiv, kxjevb kªgY‡`i `k©b Kiv, h_vmg‡q ag© kªeY

Kiv DËg g½j|

10. cvwj : Z‡cv P eªþPwihÂ, Awihm”Pvb `m&mbs,

wbeŸvYs mw”QwKwihv P, GZs g½jgyËgs|

Abyev`: Zcm¨vh© I eªþPh© cvjb Kiv, Pvwi Avh©mZ¨ `k©b Kiv Ges cig wbe©vY mvÿvr Kiv DËg g½j|

11. cvwj: dzU&Vm&m †jvKa‡¤§wn wPËs, hm&m b K¤úwZ,

A‡mvKs weiRs †Lgs, GZs g½jgyËgs|

Abyev`: jvf I Ajvf, hk I Ahk, wb›`v I cÖksmv, myL I `ytL GB AvU cÖKvi †jvKa‡g© Kw¤úZ bv n‡q AwePwjZ

_vKv, †kvK bv Kiv, Ges wbg©j gyw³gvM© (wbe©vY) jvf Kiv DËg g½j|

12. cvwj: GZvw`mvwb KZ¡vb meŸÌgcivwRZv,

meŸÌx †mvwÌs M”QvwšÍ Zs, †Zms g½jgyËgs|

Abyev`: Gme g½jRbK Kg© m¤úv`b Ki‡j me©Î Rq jvf Kiv hvq Ges GMy‡jv Zuv‡`i (†`e-gvby‡li) DËg

g½j|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU-4 53

mvims‡ÿc :

†`eZv I gvby‡li g½‡ji Rb¨ ey× AvUwÎk cÖKvi g½j †`kbv K‡i‡Qb| g½j m~‡Î Ávbx †jv‡Ki †mev, cÖwZiƒc

†`‡k emevm Kiv, gvZv-wcZvi †mev, ¯¿x-cy‡Îi DcKvi Ges mrfv‡e e¨emv K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn Kivi K_v ejv

n‡q‡Q| `vb, ag©vPiY Ges mׇg© AwePj _vKv, kvixwiK I gvbwmK cvc Kvh© †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q|

†MŠiebxq e¨w³‡K e¨w³‡`i †MŠie cÖ k©b, cÖvß wel‡q mš‘wó, DcKvixi DcKvi ¯xKvi Ges h_v mg‡q ag© kªeY

Kiv DËg g½j| GQvov jvf-ÿwZ, bvg-hk, wb›`v-cÖksmv, myL-`ytL me©†ÿ‡ÎB wPˇK w¯’i ivLv evÃbxq| D³

g½j Kvh© ‡jv m¤úv`b K‡i †`e-gvb‡eiv me©‡ÿ‡Î Rqjvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib| g½j m~‡Î ey× G mg¯Í KvR‡K DËg

ev †kªô g½j KvR e‡j‡Qb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3 :

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b

1| ÔAwihm”PvbsÕ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv-

K. gvZv-wcZvi †mev L. kªgY `k©b Kiv

M. wbe©vY jvf N. Pvi Avh©mZ¨

2| g½jKg© m¤úv`b Ki‡j me©Î-

K. abx nIqv hvq L. myL¯cœ †`Lv hvq

M. Rqjvf Kiv hvq N. ågY Kiv hvq

DËigvjv : 1. N, 2. M

kãv_©

g½jvwb AwPšÍhys-g½j m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv K‡i‡Qb; eªæwn g½jgyËgs- DËg g½j¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiæb; evjvbs- g~L© e¨w³i;

AËm¤§vcwbwa P - wb‡R‡K mg¨K c‡_ wb‡q hvIqv; wmàÂ-wewea wkí; myfvwmZv- myevK¨ fvlY Kiv; cyË`vim&m -

¯¿x cy‡Îi; Abe¾vwb K¤§vwb- wb‡`©vl Kg© m¤úbœ Kiv; Z‡cv- Zcm¨v, Awihm”Pvbs- Avh© mZ¨; mgYvb `m&mbs-

kªgY‡`i `k©b jvf|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

BDwbU-4 54

cvV-4.4 g½j mva‡bi Dcvq

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

g½j mva‡bi Dcvq Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

g½j m~‡Îi wb‡`©kbv Abymi‡Yi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

‰bwZK I gvbweK ¸Yvewji weKvk, KzkjKg©, mשg AvPiY, wPËmshZ, †jvf-†Øl-†gvn

cwiZ¨vM|

g½j mva‡bi Dcvq :

g½j m~‡Î ey× e¨w³ I mgvRRxe‡b Kxfv‡e g½j mvwaZ nq †mB g½j mva‡bi Dcvqmg~n wb‡`©k

K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †`eZv I gvby‡li ˆbwZK Ges gvbweK ¸Yvewji weKvk mva‡bi Dcvqmg~n wPwýZ

K‡i‡Qb| my›`i cwievi, mgvR I ivóª MV‡b ey‡×i wb‡`©wkZ g½j m~‡Îi Dc‡`k¸‡jvi e¨vcK Ae`vb i‡q‡Q|

m~ÎwU cvV Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cwÐZ ev Ávbx e¨w³i †mev Ki‡Z n‡e, g~L© †jvK‡K bq| m×g© AvPiY Kiv hvq Ggb

cÖwZiƒc †`‡k emevm Ki‡Z Dc‡`k †`qv n‡q‡Q| Gi A_© n‡jv †h †`‡k mrfv‡e Rxebhvcb Kiv hvq †m †`‡k

emevm Ki‡j g½j mvwaZ n‡e| mywkwÿZ e¨w³i ¸Y n‡jv webq I f`ªZv| g½j m~‡Î webqx n‡Z I myfvwlZ evK¨

ej‡Z Dc‡`k †`qv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z mK‡ji g½j mvwaZ nq| gvZv-wcZvi †mev, ¯¿x-cy‡Îi cÖwZ h_vh_ `vwqZ¡ KZ©e¨

cvjb, mr I wb®úvc e¨emv evwYR¨ Øviv Rxebhvc‡bi gva¨‡g g½j mvwaZ nq|

†eŠ×a‡g©i cig jÿ¨ wbe©vY| g½j Kg© gv‡b KzkjKg©| m`wPšÍv I m`&Kg© m¤úv`b K‡iB wbe©vY jv‡fi c‡_ AMÖmi

n‡Z nq| mK‡ji wnZv‡_© I g½jv‡_© g½j m~‡Î Zcm¨v, eªþPh© cvjb, PZzivh© mZ¨ Dcjwä Kivi wb‡`©kbv †`qv

n‡q‡Q| mKj cÖKvi g½j ev KzkjKg© Abykxjb Ki‡Z cvi‡j e¨w³ I cvwievwiK Rxe‡b myL-kvwšÍ I mg„w×

Avm‡e| Rxeb bk¦i I ÿY¯’vqx| gvbeRxe‡bi cig gyw³ n‡jv wbe©vY jvf| wPˇK mshZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g †jvf-‡Øl-

‡gvn cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z nq| bvg-hk, jvf-ÿwZ, myL-`y:L I wb›`v cÖksmv cÖf…wZ Aówea †jvKa‡g© wePwjZ bv n‡q Kx

K‡i wbe©vY jvf Kiv hvq Zvi avibv †`qv n‡q‡Q| myZivs g½j m~‡Îi cÖwZwU wb‡`©kbvB gvbe Rxe‡b Abyaveb I

AbymiY‡hvM¨|

mvims‡ÿc :

g½j m~‡Î ey× e¨w³ I mgvR Rxe‡b g½j mva‡bi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© †`kbv K‡i‡Qb| GB m~‡Îi cÖwZwU Dc‡`‡k

gvbe Rxe‡b wK‡m g½j nq Zv my¯úófv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q| ey× Ávbx e¨w³i †mev Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qb g~L© †jvK†K bq|

m~ÎwU‡Z gvZv-wcZvi †mev Kiv†K cweÎ KZ©e¨ e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvZv-wcZvi g‡Zv ¯¿x-cy‡Îi cÖwZI

`vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| mKj cÖKvi KzkjKg© m¤úv`b K‡i wbe©vY c‡_ AMÖmi n‡Z nq| KviY †eŠ×a‡g©i cig

jÿ¨ n‡jv wbe©vY| g½j m~‡Îi cªwZwU evYx gvbe Rxe‡b AbymiY†hvM¨| cÖK„Z A‡_©B G evYx¸‡jv e¨w³ I

mgv‡Ri g½j mva‡bi Dcvq wb‡`©k K‡i|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU-4 55

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4 :

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b

1| g½j m~‡Î Kq cÖKvi g½‡ji K_v ejv n‡q‡Q?

K. 15 L. 30

M. 38 N. 40

2| ÔAm‡ebv P evjvbsÕ ej‡Z †evSvq-

K. g~L© e¨w³i †mev bv Kiv L. gvZv-wcZvi †mev bv Kiv

M. Ávbx †jv‡Ki †mev bv Kiv N. wkÿ‡Ki †mev bv Kiv

DËigvjv : 1. M, 2. K

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

BDwbU-4 56

cvV-4.5 KiYxq ˆgÎx m~‡Îi cUf~wg

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

ÔˆgÎxÕ k‡ãi A_© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

ÔˆgÎxÕ m~‡Îi DrcwË e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

ˆgÎxfve, a¨vb-mgvwa, e„ÿ‡`eZv, kxjcÖfve, exfrm iƒc, KiæYv cÖ k©b, Aóag© kÖeY|

ˆgÎx k‡ãi A_© :

cvwj Ô†gËvÕ k‡ãi A_© ÔˆgÎxÕ| ˆgÎx k‡ãi Av‡iv evsjv A_© i‡q‡Q| Zv n‡jv: wgÎZv, eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK©, mw`”Qv,

†mŠnv`© , fv‡jvevmv, AbyK¤úv, †¯œn, cÖxwZ, †cÖg, `qv, Ac‡ii DcKv‡i ev mnvqZvq GwM‡q Avmv BZ¨vw`|

†eŠ×a‡g© ˆgÎxi cÖv‡qvwMK ¸Y i‡q‡Q| ˆgÎx Ggb GKUv ¸Y hv w`‡q mgMÖ wek¦evmx‡K Avcb Kiv hvq Rq Kiv hvq

gbyl¨ I Agby‡l¨i ü`q‡KI|

‰gÎx m~‡Îi DrcwË

GK mg‡q fMevb ey× kªve Íxi †RZeb wenv‡i Ae¯’vb KiwQ‡jb| ZLb el©v mgvMZ| el©vev‡mi Rb¨ wfÿziv

ce©‡Zi ¸nv ev e‡bi g‡a¨ myweav g‡Zv †Kv‡bv ¯’vb †e‡Q wb‡Zb| †mB mg‡q cuvPkZ wfÿz ce©‡Zi cv‡k e‡bi g‡a¨

†miƒc ¯’vb †e‡Q wb‡q el©vevm ïiæ K‡ib| KvQvKvwQ MÖvg †_‡K Zuviv wfÿvbœ msMÖn I †fvRb K‡i cigmy‡L

Kg© ’vb a¨vb-mgvwa Ki‡Zb| wbg©j Rjevqy †meb I myLv‡`¨ Zuv‡`i kixi I gb we‡kl cÖdzjø wQj|

†mB e‡bi g‡a¨ wQj eû e„ÿ‡`eZv| wfÿz‡`i kxj cÖfv‡e Zviv wbR wbR evm¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z bv †c‡i cwievi

cwiRb wb‡q hÎZÎ cvwj‡q †eov‡Z jvMj| Zviv †Kej fvewQj, K‡e wfÿziv †mB ¯’vb Z¨vM Ki‡eb| wKš‘

e„ÿ†`eZviv †`Lj, wfÿziv el©vevm †kl bv K‡i GB ¯’vb Z¨vM Ki‡eb bv|

GKw`b wfÿz‡`i weZvwoZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k †`eZviv wbiæcvq n‡q w¯’i Ki‡jb †h, Zviv wfÿz‡`i‡K fqRbK exfrm

iƒc cÖ k©b Ki‡e| e„ÿ†`eZviv fqsKi g~wZ© aviYc~e©K wfÿz‡`i mvg‡b fxlY wPrKvi K‡i fq †`Lv‡Z jvMj|

G‡Z wfÿziv Lye fq †c‡jb| Zuviv a¨vb-mgvwa‡Z wPË wbweó Ki‡Z cvi‡jb bv| µ‡gB Zuviv AZ¨šÍ K…k I `ye©j

n‡q co‡jb| Zv‡`i wPËI Aw¯’i n‡q hvq| wewÿß wP‡Ë cybt cybt f‡qvrcwËi `iæb Zv‡`i ¯§„wZ nvwi‡q hvq|

†`eZviv Zv‡`i ¯§„wZi `ye©jZv †R‡b Amn¨ `yM©× evqy cÖevn K‡ib| †mB `yM©‡Üi Øviv wfÿz‡`i gb Aw¯’i n‡q D‡V|

G‡Z wfÿz‡`i wkitcxov Drcbœ nq| ZLb wfÿziv civgk© K‡i Gi cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ kªve Íx‡Z fMevb ey‡×i Kv‡Q

Dcw¯’Z n‡jb| wfÿz‡`i †`‡L ey× Zuv‡`i ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡jb, el©vev‡mi mgq ågY †_‡K weiZ _vKvi K_v|

wfÿziv ZLb el©vev‡mi ¯’vb †Q‡o Avmvi me NUbv Ly‡j ej‡jb|

me ï‡b ey× ej‡jb, ÔÔwfÿzMY! †Zvgiv Avevi †m ¯’v‡b wd‡i hvI| Avwg †Zvgv‡`i e„ÿ†`eZv‡`i †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi

Dcvq e‡j w`w”Q| e„ÿ†`eZv ev hÿ‡`i mv‡_ kÎæfve †cvlY bv K‡i ˆgÎxfve †cvlY Ki| †Zvgiv ˆah© a‡i

Zv‡`i cÖwZ ˆgÎx I KiæYv cÖ k©b Ki|Ó GB e‡j ey× Zuv‡`i KiYxq ˆgÎx m~Î †`kbv Ki‡jb| wZwb ej‡jb, ÒGB

m~Î wkÿv K‡i e‡b wd‡i hvI| cÖwZgv‡m Aóag© kªeY w`e‡m (AvUwU D‡cvm_ w`e‡m) GB m~Î D”P¯‡i cvV Ki‡e|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU-4 57

G wel‡q ag©K_v ej‡e, cÖ‡kœvËi Ki‡e, Aby‡gv`b Ki‡e| †mB Agbyl¨MY Avi fq †`Lv‡e bv| †Zvgv‡`i DcKvix

I wn‰Zlx n‡e|Ó

ey‡×i Dc‡`k g‡Zv wfÿziv †mB ¯’v‡b wd‡i wM‡q KiYxq ˆgÎx m~Î cvV I ˆgÎx fvebvq iZ n‡jb| KiYxq ˆgÎx

m~Î cv‡Vi cÖfv‡e e„ÿ†`eZv‡`i Dc`ªe eÜ n‡jv| ˆgÎx I KiæYvi cÖfv‡e Zviv Avi †Kv‡bv DrcvZ Kij bv,

AwaKš‘ AZ¨šÍ mš‘ówP‡Ë wfÿz‡`i †mevq iZ n‡jv| Ae‡k‡l cuvPkZ wfÿz †mLv‡b el©vevm †kl Ki‡Z mÿg nb|

GB m~‡Î wbe©vY jv‡f B”QzK e¨w³M‡Yi KiYxq ˆgÎx fvebvi wb‡`©k Av‡Q ZvB m~ÎwUi bvg ÒKiYxq ˆgÎxm~ÎÓ|

cvwj‡Z m~ÎwUi bvg ÒKiYxq †gËmyËsÓ|

mvims‡ÿc :

GK mg‡q Z_vMZ ey× kªve¯Íxi †RZeb wenv‡i Ae¯’vb KiwQ‡jb| el©vev‡mi mgq n‡j ey‡×i wb‡`©‡k cuvPk wfÿz

wngvj‡qi cv`‡`‡k el©vevm ïiæ K‡ib| †mLv‡b eû e„ÿ‡`eZv evm Ki‡Zv| el©vevmKvjxb mg‡q wfÿz‡`i kxj

†Z‡R Zviv ¯ ¯ e„‡ÿ Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z bv †c‡i GLv‡b ILv‡b wePiY Ki‡Z jvMj| Zviv wfÿz‡`i †m ¯’vb

cwiZ¨v‡Mi cÖZxÿvq _vKj| wKš‘ el©vevm †kl bv n‡j wfÿz‡`i ¯’vb Z¨v‡Mi m¤¢vebv bv †`‡L Zviv DrcvZ ïiæ

K‡i w`j| G‡Z wfÿz‡`i kxjcvjb I a¨vb-Kv‡h©¨ weNœ m„wó n‡jv| e„ÿ†`eZv‡`i Drcv‡Z wfÿziv el©vevm ‡kl bv

K‡iB cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ kªve¯Íx‡Z ey‡×i Kv‡Q Dcw¯’Z n‡jb| ey× ZLb wfÿz‡`i ˆgÎx wkÿv w`‡jb Ges c~e© ’v‡b

wd‡i wM‡q el©vevm †kl Kivi Av‡`k w`‡jb| wfÿziv c~e© ’v‡b wd‡i wM‡q ˆgÎx m~Î Ave„wË I ˆgÎx-fvebv ïiæ

Ki‡jb| G‡Z e„ÿ‡`eZv‡`i hveZxq DrcvZ eÜ n‡q hvq| e„ÿ‡`eZviv wfÿz‡`i cÖwZ ˆgÎx fvevcbœ n‡jv|

Gfv‡eB ˆgÎx m~‡Îi DrcwË n‡qwQj|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5 :

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b

1| Kviv wfÿz‡`i kx‡ji cÖfve mn¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡jv bv?

K. e„ÿ‡`eZviv L. e‡bi cïcvwLiv

M. mvMi †`eZviv N. mgvR cÖavbiv

2| ey× el©vevmKvix wfÿz‡`i Kx m~Î wkÿv w`‡jb?

K. g½j m~Î L. `ÐeM© m~Î

M. iZb m~Î N. KiYxq ˆgÎx m~Î

DËigvjv : 1. K, 2. N.

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

BDwbU-4 58

cvV-4.6 KiYxq ˆgÎx m~Î

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

KiYxq ˆgÎx m~Î cvwj fvlvq ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

KiYxq ˆgÎx m~Î evsjvq ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

kv‡šÍw› ªq, FRy, AeÁv, ˆeixnxb, wg_¨v „wó, mg¨K `„wóm¤úbœ|

KiYxq ˆgÎx m~Î (cvwj I evsjv Abyev`) :

1| cvwj : KiYxhgÌKzm‡jb hšÍs mšÍs c`s Awfm‡g”P,

m‡°v DRy myRy P mye‡Pv Pm&m gy`y AbwZgvbx|

Abyev`, kvwšÍgq wbe©vYc` jv‡f Awfjvlx, KiYxq welq m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ÁvZ e¨w³-mÿg, mij ev FRy, Lye mij,

myeva¨, †Kvgj ¯fve I Awfgvbnxb n‡Z n‡e|

2| cvwj : mš‘m&m‡Kv P myf‡iv P AàwK‡”Pv P mjøûKeywË

mwšÍw›`ª‡hv P wbc‡Kv P AàMe&‡fv Kz‡jmy AbbywM‡×v|

Abyev` : me© v Zv‡`i (h_vjv‡f) mš‘ó, myL‡cvl¨, A‡í Zzó, kv‡šÍw`ªq, AwfÁ, AcÖMj&f ev webxZ Ges M„nx‡`i

cÖwZ Abvm³ n‡Z n‡e|

3| cvwj : b P LyÏs mgvP‡i wKw †hb weT&Tz c‡i Dce‡`hy¨s,

mywL‡bv ev †Lwg‡bv †nvš‘ m‡eŸ mËv feš‘ mywLZËv|

Abyev` : Ggb †Kv‡bv ÿz`ª (bxP) AvPiY Ki‡eb bv hv‡Z Ab¨ weÁMY wb›`v Ki‡Z cv‡ib| mKj cÖvYx myLx †nvK,

fqnxb ev wbivc` †nvK, kvwšÍ I myL Dc‡fvM KiæK-Giƒc wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e|

4| cvwj : †h †KwP cvYvf~Zw&Ì Zmv ev _veiv ev Abe‡mmv,

`xNv ev †h gnšÍv ev gwÀgv im&mKv AYyK_yjv|

Abyev` : †hme cÖvYx fxZ ev wbf©xK, `xN© ev eo, ga¨g ev n« , †QvU ev ¯’~j †h mg Í cÖvYx i‡q‡Q, Zviv mK‡j myLx

‡nvK|

5| cvwj : w`U&Vv ev †hev Aw`U&Vv †h P ~‡i emwšÍ Awe`~‡i,

f~Zv ev m¤¢‡emx ev m‡eŸ mËv feš‘ mywLZËv|

Abyev` : †h mKj cÖvYx †`Lv hvq ev †`Lv hvq bv, ~‡i ev Kv‡Q evm K‡i, R‡b¥‡Q ev Rb¥ MÖnY Ki‡e †mB mKj

cÖvYxMY myLx †nvK|

6| cvwj : b c‡iv cis wbKz‡eŸ_ bvwZgT&‡T_ KÌwP bs KwÂ,

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU-4 59

e¨v‡ivmbv cwUNmT&T bvT&TgT&Tm&m `yK&Lwg‡”Qh¨|

Abyev` : G‡K Aci‡K eÂbv K‡iv bv, †Kv_vI KvD‡K AeÁv K‡iv bv| wnsmv ev †µvaekZt Kv‡iv `ytL Kvgbv

K‡iv bv|

7| cvwj : gvZv h_v wbhs cyËs Avhymv GKcyËgbyiK&‡L,

Gew¤ú meŸf~‡Zmy gvbms fve‡h AcwigvYs|

Abyev` : gv †hgb GKgvÎ cy·K wb‡Ri Rxeb w`‡q iÿv K‡ib, †Zgwb mKj cÖvYxi cÖwZ Acwi‡gq ˆgÎxfve

†cvlY Ki‡e|

8| cvwj : †gË meŸ‡jvKw¯§s gvbms fve‡h AcwigvYs,

D×s A‡av P wZwih Am¤vas A‡eis AmcËs|

Abyev` : D‡×©, A‡avw`‡K I ga¨fv‡M †h mKj cÖvYx Av‡Q, Zv‡`i cÖwZ ˆgÎxfve †cvlY Ki‡e| Giƒ‡c ˆgÎx wPšÍv

Ki‡Z Ki‡Z hZ cÖvYx Av‡Q, Zv‡`i cÖwZ †f`Ávb iwnZ, ˆeixnxb I kÎæZvkyb¨ n‡e|

9| cvwj : wZU&Vs Pis wbwm‡bœv ev mh‡bv ev hveZm&m weMZwg‡×v,

GZs mwZs AwaU&‡Vh¨ eªþ‡gZs wenvis Bagvû|

Abyev` : wb`ªvi c~e©gyn~Z© ch©šÍ `uvov‡bv Ae¯’vq, Pjgvb Ae¯’vq, emv ev †kvqv Ae¯’vq ˆgÎx wPšÍv Ki‡e| G‡K

eªþwenvi e‡j|

10| cvwj : w`U&wV AbycM¤§ mxjev `m&m‡bb m¤ú‡bœv,

Kv‡gmy we‡bh¨ †Mas b wn RvZz Me&f‡mh¨s cyb‡iZxwZ|

Abyev` : kxjevb I mg¨K `„wóm¤úbœ †mªvZvcbœ e¨w³ wg_¨v `„wó cwiZ¨vMc~e©K Kvg I †fvMevmbv‡K `gb K‡i

AbvMvgx nb, cybe©vi Mf©vk‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib bv|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

BDwbU-4 60

kãv_©

mšÍs - kvšÍ; Awfm‡gv”P- m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ÁvZ n‡q; DRy- FRy ev mij; myf‡iv- mn‡R cÖwZcvjb Kiv hvq; mwšÍw›`ª‡qv-

kvšÍ Bw›`ªq; wbc‡Kv- cÖÁvevb; AàMe&‡fv- webxZ, we‡eKevb, AbbywM‡×v- Abvm³; Dce‡`hy¨s- wb›`v Kiv;

†Lwg‡bv- whwb wbivcËv ev kvwšÍ Dc‡fvM K‡ib; cvYfyZwÌ- RM‡Zi cÖvYxKzj; _veiv- w¯’i; Am¤vas- †f` Ávb

iwnZ; AmcËs- kÎæZvnxb; wZU&V- uvov‡bv; wbKz‡eŸÌ- eÂbv; gvbms fve‡h- ‰gÎx †cvlY Ki‡e|

mvims‡ÿc :

KiYxq ˆgÎx m~‡Îi ˆbwZK wkÿv n‡jv, cÖ‡Z¨K Rx‡ei cÖwZ ˆgÎxfve ‡cvlY Kiv| ÿz`ª-e„nr †Kv‡bv Rxe‡K

Ae‡njv bv Kiv| h_vjv‡f mš‘ó _vKv| †Kvb ai‡Yi ›` Kg© bv Kiv| Ny‡g, RvMi‡Y, Dc‡ek‡b me© v mKj

Rx‡ei cÖwZ ˆgÎx-fvebv Kiv | KviY ˆgÎx-fvebv wPˇK mgvwnZ K‡i| Kvq-gb-evK¨ mshZ K‡i| ˆgÎx-fvebv

kÎæZv ~i K‡i mK‡ji cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv RvMÖZ K‡i| kxjevb e¨w³ wg_¨v`„wó Z¨vM K‡ib| †fvM-jvjmv Z¨vM

K‡ib| Zviv cybivq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib bv| wbe©vY jvf Ki‡Z mÿg nb| myZivs ˆgÎxm~‡Îi ¸Y A‡gvN|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6 :

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b

1| ‰gÎx-fvebv gvby‡li-

K. B”Qv c~iY K‡i L. †`k åg‡Y DrmvwnZ K‡i

M. Kvq-gb-evK¨ mshZ K‡i N. eo‡jvK n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i

2| ÔmwšÍw›`ª†qvÕ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv-

K. kvšÍ Bw› ªq L. wewÿß ü`q

M. PÂj Bw› ªq M. AkvšÍ gb

DËigvjv : 1. M, 2. K

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU-4 61

cvV-4.7 g½j m~Î I KiYxq ˆgÎx m~‡Îi wkÿv

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

g½‡ji ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

KiYxq ˆgÎx m~‡Îi g~j wkÿv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

†kÖôg½j Kg©, KzkjKg©, ˆbwZK wkÿv, Rx‡ei cÖwZ `qv, ˆgÎxfvebv, mnvbyf‚wZkxj, Z…Âv

wb‡iva|

g½j m~Î I KiYxq ˆgÎx m~‡Î eû wkÿYxq welq i‡q‡Q, hv Avgv‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK Rxeb‡K mrc‡_ PvwjZ

Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| ‡PZbv‡K ˆbwZK wkÿvq kvwYZ K‡i| g½j m~‡Î Ávbx †jv‡Ki †mev Ki‡Z ejv

n‡q‡Q| Gi A_© Ávbx †jvK‡K AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| m¤§vwbZ e¨w³‡K Zuvi †hvM¨ m¤§vb cÖ vb Ki‡Z

n‡e| agx©q I ˆbwZK Rxebhvc‡bi Dc‡hvMx †`‡k emevm Kivi Dc‡`k †`qv n‡q‡Q| fv‡jv Kv‡Ri K_v ¯§iY

K‡i wb‡R‡K mwVK c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Kivi Dc‡`k Dfqm~‡Î i‡q‡Q| memgq myfvwlZ evK¨ ej‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Ab¨

†KD †Kv‡bv Kó bv cvq| gvZv-wcZv ¸iæR‡bi †mev Ki‡Z n‡e| ¯¿xÑcy‡Îi DcKvi Ki‡Z n‡e| mr e¨emv Øviv

RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Z n‡e| kvixwiK ev gvbwmK cvc KvR †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e| gv`K ªe¨ †meb †_‡K weiZ

_vK‡Z n‡e| DcKvixi DcKvi ¯xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e| wfÿz-kªgY `k©b I ag© Av‡jvPbv ïb‡Z n‡e| a¨vb, mgvwa I

Pvwi Avh©mZ¨ Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e| wbe©vY c‡_ cwiPvwjZ nevi Rb¨ KzkjKg© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e| g½j m~‡Î

fMevb ey× G mg Í KvR‡K DËg ev †kªô g½j e‡j‡Qb|

KiYxq ˆgÎx m~‡Îi ˆbwZK wkÿv n‡jv, cÖ‡Z¨K Rx‡ei cÖwZ ˆgÎxfve †cvlY Kiv| ÿz`ª-e„nr, `yk¨-A`„k¨gvb †Kv‡bv

Rxe‡K Ae‡njv bv Kiv| Kv‡iv Ag½j Kvgbv bv Kiv| me mgq Avcb mšÍv‡bi g‡Zv mKj Rx‡ei cÖwZ ˆgÎxfve

cÖ k©b Kiv DwPZ| KviY ˆgÎx fvebv wPˇK kvšÍ I mgvwnZ iv‡L, Kvq-gb-evK¨ mshZ K‡i| G‡Z kÎæfve `~i

K‡i| †Kvb ai‡Yi wb›`bxq Kg© bv Kiv, Aí jv‡f mšÍó _vKv Ges wnsmv ev †µvaekZ: Kv‡iv `y:L Kvgbv Kiv

DwPZ bq| hviv Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Q, hviv fwel¨‡Z Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡e, Giƒc mKj Rx‡ei cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj _vKv DwPZ|

Gfv‡e ˆgÎx fvebvKvix Z…òv wb‡iva K‡i cyb©Rb¥ †iva K‡ib Ges wbe©vY jvf Ki‡Z mÿg nb| AZGe ejv hvq,

ey× †`wkZ g½j m~Î I KiYxq ˆgÎx m~‡Îi wkÿv Avgv‡`i mK‡ji MÖnYc~e©K cÖwZcvjb Kiv DwPZ|

mvims‡ÿc :

gvbyl I †`eZv‡`i g‡a¨ g½j m~Î I KiYxq ˆgÎx m~‡Îi cÖfve I ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| g½j m~‡Î ag©xq I ˆbwZK

Rxebhvc‡bi Dc‡hvMx †`‡k emevm Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| fv‡jv Kv‡Ri K_v ¯§iY K‡i wb‡R‡K mwVK c‡_

PvwjZ Kivi Dc‡`k Dfq m~‡Î †`qv n‡q‡Q| g½j m~‡Î ewY©Z g½j Kg© ‡jv‡K fMevb ey× DËg ev †kªô g½j

e‡j‡Qb| KiYxq ˆgÎx m~‡Îi g~j wkÿv n‡jv mKj Rx‡ei cÖwZ ˆgÎxfve †cvlY Kiv| ˆgÎx fvebvKvix Z…òv

wb‡iva K‡i cyYR©b¥ †iva K‡ib Ges wbe©vY jvf Ki‡Z mÿg nb| ey× †`wkZ g½j m~Î I KiYxq ˆgÎx m~Î †_‡K

wkÿv AbymiY Kiv Avgv‡`i mK‡ji `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

BDwbU-4 62

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7 :

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b

1. me©Rx‡ei cÖwZ eÜzZ¡ †cvl‡Yi K_v †Kv_vq ejv n‡q‡Q?

K. g½j m~‡Î L. A½ywjgvj m~‡Î

M. msN e›`bv m~‡Î N. KiYxq ˆgÎx m~‡Î

2. wfÿziv Kxfv‡e Zuv‡`i el©vevm †kl Kij?

K. e„ÿ‡`eZv‡`i aŸsm K‡i

L. e‡bi kvwšÍ bó K‡i

M. KiYxq ˆgÎx m~Î cvV I ˆgÎx fvebvq iZ †_‡K

N. g½j m~Î cvV I g½‡ji K_v †f‡e|

DËigvjv : 1. N, 2. M

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ-1

mygbv eo–qv cÂg †kªwY‡Z c‡o| †m Lye †gavex| mygbv Zvi gvZv-wcZvi GKgvÎ mšÍvb| nVvr GKw`b †m R‡j

Wy‡e g„Zz¨ eiY K‡i| Gici †_‡K Zv‡`i evwo‡Z Aïf Avfvm cwijwÿZ nq|

K. ˆgÎx k‡ãi A_© Kx?

L. Kx D‡Ï‡k¨ KiYxq ÔˆgÎxÕ m~Î cvV Kiv nq- e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

M. DwjøwLZ NUbvwU †Kvb m~‡Îi Bw½Z enb K‡i?

N. Òm~Î cvV e¨wZ‡i‡K D³ cwiw¯’wZ wbimb m¤¢e bqÓ- Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ-2

†gKx Lxmv Kg©‡ÿ‡Î hvIqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ evwo †_‡K †ei nIqvi mgq †`L‡jb, cv‡ki evwoi gxbv eo–qv Lvwj Kjwm

wb‡q Zvi mvg‡b w`‡q hv‡”Q| G‡Z ‡gKx Lxmv †i‡M wM‡q gxbv‡K MvjvMvwj K‡ib|

K. fMevb ey× †`wkZ m~Î I bxwZMv_v mg~n †Kv_vq msiwÿZ Av‡Q?

L. wePviK‡K Ávbx n‡Z nq †Kb?

M. †gKx Lxmvi Pwi‡Îi mv‡_ g½j m~‡Îi †Kvb †køv‡Ki wgj †`Lv hvq? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

N. †gKx Lxmvi AvPiYwU g½j m~‡Îi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Kiæb|