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ISSN 1991-6655

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Bangladesh Shikhsha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-9, number-2, December, 2012 edited by Abu Hamid Latif and Shafiul Alam. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development.(BAFED) and Institute of Educational Development, BRAC University (IED-BRACU)278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka 1205. Phone: 9668593, E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.bafed.net

Printed by Arka, House: 1/3 (3rd Floor), Block: E, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207. Phone: 9126171.

Price Tk. 100.00 US$ 5.00

Publication Information

Bangladesh Shikhsha Shamoiki (Bangladesh Education Periodical) is published by-Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED) in collaboration with UNESCO Bangladesh, Dhaka and the Institute of Educational Development (IED), BRAC University of Bangladesh. Articles for publication in this journal are required to be of high standard and meet the criteria set by the editorial board. The articles are selected in two ways: either these are presented in the half yearly Educational Research Dissemination Conference organized jointly by UNESCO-BAFED or these can be sent directly to the editor. In both cases, the journal follows a peer review process and is edited by a board of editors. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in Bangla Language and the ISSN of the journal is 1991-6655.

Another publication of BAFED is Bangladesh Education Journal published in English. This is also published in collaboration with UNESCO-Dhaka and the Institute of Educational Development (IED), BRAC University. Bangladesh Education Journal follows a peer review process. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in English Language and the ISSN of the journal is (1811-0762).

Both the Journals are disseminated widely in print at national and international levels. They have a wide readership among those who are working in the area of education and development, both in the government and outside, as academics, researchers, policy makers, development partners and civil-society members. The contents of both are posted on the website: http://www.bafed.net/Journal.php

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wkl¨: Avwg kÖeY KwiqvwQ †h, c„w_exi mg¯Í cv‡k¦©B †jvK emwZ K‡i, A_P ¯^ 2 ¯’vb nB‡Z †KnB c‡o bv; Bnv Avwg Avðh©¨ Ávb Kwi! Ges BnvI ïwbqvwQ, †hLv‡b bMicËb nq bv †mLv‡b RvnvR hvB‡Z cv‡i; Z‡e ¸iæZ¡cÖhy³ †Kb A‡avfv‡Mi mgy`ª nB‡Z RvnvR bv c‡o, eis RvnvR I mgy‡`ªi Rj GB Dfq †Kb bv c‡o?

¸iæ: hvnv‡K Avgiv fvi ewj Zvnv AvKl©Ykw³i Øviv nq| c„w_ex Avcb ga¨fv‡M PZzwÏ©K¯’ mKj e¯‘i cigvYy‡K mgvb iƒ‡c AvKl©Y K‡i; AZGe †h e¯‘i g‡a¨ eûZi cigvYy Av‡Q AvKl©Ykw³ Øviv Zvnv ¸iæZi I `„pZi nq| GB KviY Zvnviv AwZfvix Avgiv ewj| c„w_ex‡K, †jŠnP‚Y©g‡a¨ jywÚZ GK e„nZ& †MvjvK…wZ Pz¤^K cÖ¯Í‡ii b¨vq Zzjbv †Ìqv hvq, †Kbbv Pz¤^K cÖ¯Íi mKj †jŠnP‚Y©‡K Pvwiw`‡K mgfv‡e GBiƒ‡c AvKl©Y K‡i †h, bxP fvM nB‡Z wKQzB Lwmqv cwo‡Z cv‡i bv; eis mgvb ¯’vb nB‡Z wbKU¯’ †jŠnP‚Y©‡K we‡kl AvKl©Y K‡i|


G‡`‡k cðvZ¨ c×wZi wkÿveë¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi m~PbvKv‡jB cÖ_g bvbv wel‡q wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯ÍK iPbv I cÖKv‡ki D‡`¨vM M„nxZ nq| GB D‡`¨v‡Mi m~ÎcvZ cÖavbZ BD‡ivcxq‡ì Øviv NU‡jI G‡`kxq weØ¾b I we‡`¨vrmvnx‡ì me©cÖKvi mnvqZv Zv‡Z mshy³ n‡qwQj| ejv evûj¨, cvðvZ¨ c×wZi wkÿveë¯’v cÖPj‡bi D‡`¨vM wQj m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c †emiKvwi D‡`¨vM| wgkbvwi‡ì D‡Ïk¨ wQj ag©cÖPvi Ges wLª÷a‡g©i cÖmvi mvab| cÖavbZ G D‡Ï‡k¨B Zuviv wkÿvwe¯Ív‡ii D‡`¨v‡M eªZx n‡qwQ‡jb| cÿvšÍ‡i A‡bK BD‡ivcxq G‡`‡k fvM¨v‡š^l‡Y G‡m cÖavbZ Avw_©K Kvi‡YB e¨w³MZ ¯‹zj cÖwZôv K‡i wkÿvwe¯Ív‡ii D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| G‡`kxq abevb I mgvRwn‰Zlx e¨w³MY Zuv‡ì `„óvšÍ AbymiY K‡iB cvðvZ¨ c×wZi ¯‹zj cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g wkÿvwe¯Ív‡i GwM‡q Avmvi †cÖiYv †c‡qwQ‡jb| c‡i Zuv‡ì cÖ‡Póvq hy³ n‡qwQj miKvwi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv| 1835 wLª÷v‡ãi 7 gvP© fvi‡Zi ZrKvjxb weªwUk Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U‡¼i GK wm×všÍ Abyhvqx †Rjv mì ß‡i ÔwRjv ‹zjÕ †Lvjv nq| Bs‡iwRi gva¨‡g Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ I weÁvb wkÿv`vb wQj GB ¯‹zjmg~‡ni D‡Ïk¨| jW© †ew›U‡¼i G wm×v‡šÍi d‡j KjKvZvi evB‡i †Rjvmg~‡n wkÿvi my‡hvM wKQzUv m¤úªmvwiZ nq| Z‡e Bs‡iwR wkÿvi Av‡›`vjb Av‡iv †Rvi`vi n‡q I‡V jW© nvwW©‡Äi wm×v‡šÍi gva¨‡g| 1844 wLª÷v‡ãi G wm×v‡šÍ †NvlYv Kiv nq †h, miKvwi PvKzwi‡Z wb‡qvM`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î Gme wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b wkÿvcÖvß‡ì AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqv n‡e|

Bs‡iwR wkÿv we¯Ív‡ii GB ch©v‡q miKv‡ii KZ©e¨ wel‡q DBwjqvg A¨vWvg †h PviwU mycvwik cÖYqb K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡Z wb‡gœv³ eë¯’vw` MÖn‡Yi K_v ejv n‡qwQj-

K) wewfbœ mg‡q ‹z‡j eënv‡ii Dc‡hvMx cvV¨cy¯ÍKgvjv cÖYqb I cÖKvkbv;

L) †`kxq ‹zj¸wj‡Z Hme cy¯Í‡Ki eënvi cÖeZ©b;

M) Hme cy¯Í‡Ki AšÍf©z³ welqvw` m¤ú‡K© wkÿK‡ì Ávb hvPvB Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ mg‡q mg‡q cixÿv MÖnY; Ges

N) cixÿvi djvd‡ji wfwË‡Z wkÿK‡ì g‡a¨ cyi¯‹vi weZiY, hvi d‡j Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ DÏxcbv Rb¥v‡e|

ejv evûj¨, Jcwb‡ewkK weªwUk miKvi Gme mycvwik ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv eë¯’v ZLb MÖnY K‡iwb| e¯‘Z Dwbk kZ‡Ki †kl fv‡M Jcwb‡ewkK weªwUk miKvi wkÿv wel‡q wKQz ev¯Íe D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i Ges 1882 wLª÷v‡ã GKwU wkÿv Kwgkb wbhy³ K‡i| 1880-Gi `kK †_‡KB evsjv miKvi mKj we`¨vj‡q gyw`ªZ cy¯Í‡Ki eënvi Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ m‡Pó nq| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q gyw`ªZ eB‡qi eënvi Ges Gi gva¨‡g ax‡i ax‡i cvVµg‡K cÖmvwiZ KivB wQj miKv‡ii wkÿv Dbœqb cÖ‡Póvi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨|

3.

mvaviYfv‡e wkÿvi m‡½ †h wZbwU welq ¯úófv‡e m¤úwK©Z Zv nj wkÿv_©x, wkÿK Ges wkÿv DcKiY| wkÿv DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ cvV¨cy¯ÍKB †h cÖavb Zv mwe¯Ív‡i ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv|

G‡`‡ki AvaywbK c×wZi wkÿveë¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi cÖ_g cÖqv‡mi mgq †_‡KB cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki ¸iæZ¡ Abyf‚Z n‡qwQj Ges †m wel‡q D‡`¨vMI mswkøóR‡biv MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| cvV¨cy¯ÍK m¤ú‡K© mswÿß msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡j ejv hvq- AvbyôvwbK wkÿveë¯’vq mywbw`©ó wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP AbymiY K‡i


wkÿvi wewfbœ ¯Íi I kvLvi Rb¨ cwiKwíZfv‡e †h cy¯ÍK iwPZ nq Zv‡KB ÔcvV¨cy¯ÍKÕ ejv nq| cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki G msÁvi g‡a¨ †h cuvPwU welq D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸wj nj:

1. AvbyôvwbK wkÿveë¯’v;

2. wkÿvµg;

3. cvV¨m~wP;

4. ¯Íi; Ges

5. kvLv|

Avgv‡ì †`‡k eZ©gv‡b †h wkÿvaviv cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q Zv nj-

1. mvaviY,

2. KvwiMwi, I

3. gvìvmv wkÿv|

mvaviY wkÿvi Rb¨ †h ai‡bi †kÖwYwfwËK cvV¨cy¯ÍK Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖPwjZ Zv nj-

K) cÖvK-cÖv_wgK (bvm©vwi, †KwR-1 I 2, †cø-MÖæc, wkï‡kÖwY)

L) cÖv_wgK Íi (1g †_‡K 5g †kÖwY)

M) wbgœgva¨wgK Íi (6ô †_‡K 8g †kÖwY)

N) gva¨wgK Íi (9g I 10g †kÖwY)

O) D”Pgva¨wgK †kÖwY (11k I 12k †kÖwY)

P) mœvZK (we.G., we.Kg., we.Gm.wm., we.we.G., we.Gm.Gm. : m¤§vb †kÖwY, mvewmwWqvwi)

Q) mœvZ‡KvËi (Gg.G., Gg.Kg., Gg.Gmwm., Gg.we.G. BZ¨vw`)

KvwiMwi wkÿvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cwj‡UKwbK Bbw÷wUDU, †fv‡Kkbvj Bbw÷wUDU, BwÄwbqvwis K‡jR I BwÄwbqvwis wek¦we`¨vjq Ges †U·UvBj, †j`vi, wmivwgK BZ¨vw` Bbw÷wUD‡Ui wkÿvaviv|

†ckvg~jK wkÿvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-

1. wPwKrmv

2. bvwm©s

3. Mvn©¯’¨we`¨v

4. K…wl

5. wkÿK cÖwkÿY

6. m½xZ BZ¨vw`|

Z…Zxq avivq i‡q‡Q gvìvmv wkÿv|

cÖvK-cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mgy`q cvV¨cy¯ÍK Ges D”Pgva¨wgK †kÖwYi wbw`©ó K‡qKwU eBmn AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi GB wZbwU Í‡ii wecyjmsL¨K cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖ¯‘Z I cÖKvk Kivi vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©| D”Pgva¨wgK, mœvZK I mœvZ‡KvËi †kÖwYi mgy`q cvV¨cy¯ÍK


†emiKvwi cÖKvkKMY cÖKvk K‡i| mœvZK, mœvZ‡KvËi ch©v‡qi cvV¨cy¯ÍK I cvV¨mnvqK †idv‡iÝ eB evsjv GKv‡Wgx cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| evsjv GKv‡Wgx †_‡K AviI cÖKvwkZ nq cwj‡UKwbK, cÖ‡KŠkj Ges wPwKrmv, K…wl, wkÿK-cÖwkÿY BZ¨vw` wkÿvavivi cvV¨cy¯ÍK| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq I wek¦we`¨vjq gÄywi KwgkbI mxwgZ msL¨K cvV¨ I †idv‡iÝ eB cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K|

4.

cvV¨cy¯ÍK †h-†Kv‡bv wkÿvavivi †ÿ‡Î LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, †Kbbv cvV¨cy¯ÍK e¨ZxZ wkÿveë¯’v Kvw•ÿZ gvÎvq Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i bv| cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki g~j wfwË wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP (Curriculum and

Syllabus)| cvV¨cy¯ÍK iwPZ nq wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP Abymi‡Y| †m Kvi‡Y cvV¨cy¯ÍK g~jZ GKwU c~e©cwiKwíZ I c~Y©cwiKwíZ MÖš’| GKB m‡½ Zv c~e©vci m½wZc~Y© I µgci¤úivg~jK| wkÿv_©xi wkÿv av‡c av‡c AMÖmi nq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK‡K Aej¤^b K‡i| wkÿv_©x‡K wkÿv`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î wkÿ‡KiI cÖavb Aej¤^b cvV¨cy¯ÍK| †mRb¨B wkÿveë¯’vi Dbœq‡bi cÖavb I cÖ_g kZ© cvV¨cy¯ÍK| †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dcw¯’Z bv †_‡K wkÿ‡Ki mvnvh¨ e¨ZxZI A‡bK mgq gvbyl ¯^wkwÿZ I mywkwÿZ n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ cvV¨cy¯ÍK cvV I Abykxjb e¨ZxZ wkÿvR©b m¤úyY© Am¤¢e| AvbyôvwbK wkÿveë¯’vq cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki eënvi AviI †ewk Acwinvh©, †Kbbv Awfbœ wkÿvµg I cvVm~wP e¨wZ‡i‡K †Kv‡bv †`‡ki wkÿveë¯’vB RvZxq Rxe‡bi Kvw•ÿZ jÿ¨mg~n AR©‡bi c‡_ mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i bv| †mRb¨B eZ©gv‡b wkÿveë¯’vi Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wkÿvµg ch©v‡jvPbv I Dbœqb GKwU wbišÍi AbymiYxq cÖwµqv| wKš‘ wkÿvµ‡gi D‡Ïk¨mg~n AR©b Ges cÖwµqvmg~n ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mnvqZv GKvšÍ Acwinvh©|

wkÿveë¯’vi Dbœq‡b wkÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †fŠZ AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY †hgb cÖ‡qvRb, †Zgwb cÖ‡qvRb `ÿ I Dchyy³ †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ Rbkw³i †hvMvb| cÿvšÍ‡i gvbm¤úbœ cvV¨cy¯ÍK e¨ZxZ Ab¨wea mKj cÖm¤¢vi msM„nxZ n‡jI wkÿv`vb m¤¢e bq| †mRb¨B gvbm¤úbœ cy¯ÍK cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Rb¨ Ae¨vnZ cÖqvm I cÖh‡Zœi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki cÖ_g kZ© n‡”Q GwU wkÿv_©x‡ì wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e| A_©vr cvV¨cy¯ÍK n‡e mywjwLZ, my-Dc¯’vwcZ, mygyw`ªZ I mycwiKwíZ| cvV¨cy¯Í‡K †hgb fzj Z_¨ _vKv DwPZ bq, †Zgwb weZwK©Z welqI G‡Z Gwo‡q hvIqv DwPZ A_ev †mme welq e¨vL¨v-we‡kølYmn Z_¨mn‡hv‡M Ggbfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nIqv DwPZ hv‡Z wkÿv_©x wKsev wkÿ‡Ki g‡b †Kv‡bv weåvwšÍ m„wó n‡Z bv cv‡i| cvV¨cy¯ÍK n‡”Q ÍiwfwËK eB| A_©vr GKwU Íi AwZµg K‡i wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z cieZ©x Í‡ii Rb¨ wb‡R‡K Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ cÖwZwU cvV, welq I Aa¨vq AZ¨šÍ h‡Zœi mv‡_ web¨vm Kiv Aek¨K| GKB m‡½ cÖwZwU cvV, welq ev Aa¨vq covi mgq wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z AvnwiZ Ávb Abykxj‡bi h‡_ó my‡hvM cvq Zvi eë¯’v cvV¨cy¯Í‡K _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|

†Kv‡bv cvV¨cy¯ÍKB KL‡bv me©v½my›ì I ÎæwUnxb n‡Z cv‡i bv| g‡b ivLv ìKvi, mKj wkÿv_©x mg‡gavm¤úbœ bq| wKš‘ cvV¨cy¯ÍK mK‡ji Rb¨| AZGe cvV¨cy¯ÍK Ggbfv‡e cwiKwíZ, cÖYxZ I cÖ¯‘Z nIqv DwPZ hv‡Z Kg †gavm¤úbœ wkÿv_©xivI Zv eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges AwaK AMÖmi I †gavex wkÿv_©xiv wb‡R‡ì Ávb¯ú„nv PwiZv_© Kivi e¨vcv‡i w`Kwb‡`©kbv jv‡fi my‡hvM cvq|

cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Dc‡hvwMZv g~j¨vq‡bi welqwU we‡kl Zvrch©c~Y©| †kÖwYK‡ÿ cÖvK-g~j¨vqb QvovI eënviKv‡j e¨cKfv‡e cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mvwe©K g~j¨vqb GKvšÍ Acwinvh© Ges GB g~j¨vq‡bi Av‡jv‡K


cÖwZwU cvV¨cy¯ÍK µgvMZ ms‡kvwaZ, cwigvwR©Z I cÖ‡qvR‡b cybwj©wLZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| ms‡kvab I cwigvR©‡bi KvRwU `xN©Kvj a‡i Ae¨vnZ ivLv DwPZ Ges †Kej Gfv‡eB GKwU cvV¨cy¯ÍK µgk h_v_© D”P gvbm¤úbœ cvV¨cy¯ÍK wn‡m‡e wkÿv_©x I wkÿ‡Ki wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ I AvKl©Yxq n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i|

eZ©gvb we‡k¦ Ávb-weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ NU‡Q AZ¨šÍ `ªæZMwZ‡Z| wkÿveë¯’vi mvwe©K Dbœqb e¨ZxZ †K‡bv †`k ev RvwZi c‡ÿB GB AMÖMwZi m‡½ mgZv‡j GwM‡q hvIqv m¤¢e bq| Avi cvV¨cy¯ÍK wkÿveë¯’vi Acwinvh© A½ e‡jB cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Dbœqb I hy‡Mvc‡hvMxKiY mgfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G wel‡q wØZxq wPšÍvi †Kv‡bv AeKvk †bB|


mvi-ms‡ÿcDwbk kZK‡K ejv nq evsjvi beRvMi‡Yi Kvj (Age of Renaissance)| ejvevûj¨ G beRvMiY wQj KwjKvZv bMi-†Kw›`ªK Ges cwðgv wkíwecøe I divwm †i‡bmuvevwnZ| fviZe‡l© Z_v evsjvq G †PZbv e‡q G‡bwQ‡jb g~jZ Bs‡iR, divwm wgkbvwi, B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvix Ges e„wUk kvmK †kÖwYi cÖwZwbwaiv| AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki †klva© †_‡K Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gva© wQj evsjvi wkÿvwPšÍv I RvMi‡Yi Kvj| G mg‡qi g‡a¨ BD‡ivcxq wewfbœ wgkbvwi, we‡klZ e„wUk wgkbvwi I e„wUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb evsjvi wkÿvq bvbv D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| G wb‡q m„wó nq bvbv cÖwZwµqv I ev`vbyev‡ì| GRb¨ ejv n‡q _v‡KÑ Dbwesk kZvãxi cÖ_gvsk nj wkÿvwelqK ev`vbyev‡ì (Controversy) BwZnvm|

we‡klZ 1813 mv‡j fvi‡Zi wkÿv we¯Ív‡i e„wUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb mivmwi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡j cÖwZwµqvi m~Pbv nq| weZK©wU g~jZ ïiæ nq fviZxq wkÿvi welqe¯‘ I wkÿvi gva¨g wb‡q| H eQi †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì mb` bevqb Ki‡Z †M‡j e„wUk cvj©v‡g›U †_‡K mb‡` wkÿv welqK `yBwU aviv hy³ Kiv nq| d‡j †Kv¤úvwb H eQiB wkÿvi Rb¨ GK jÿ UvKv eivÏ K‡i| wKš‘ G A_© Kx ai‡bi wkÿvq, cÖvP¨ bv cvðvZävivi wkÿvq, e¨q Kiv n‡e G wb‡q cÖvP¨ I cvðvZëv`x e„wUk kvmK-cwÐZ‡ì g‡a¨ xN©¯’vqx Kjn ïiæ nq| Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq KwjKvZvi mgmvgwqK weevÌ| d‡j G A_© e¨q KivB `yiƒn n‡q c‡o| G ZK©-weZ‡K©i aviv cieZx© cÖwZwU D‡`¨v‡MB Pj‡Z _v‡K Ges Zvi e¨vwß KwjKvZv †_‡K e„‡Ub ch©šÍ Movq| me©‡kl gxgvsmvwU fviZe‡l©i wkÿvi fwel¨Z mKj m¤¢vebv I msK‡Ui Drm n‡q uvovq|

eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Dwbk kZ‡Ki evsjvi wkÿvq e„wUk D‡`¨vM I Zvi cÖwZwµqv, cÖwZwµqvi îƒc Ges djvdj we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki Avawy bK wkÿveë¯v’ ew„ Uk D‡`¨v‡Mi DËivwaKvi (Legacy)| G eë¯v’ i †h iƒ‡ci I iƒ‡ci msK‡Ui mv‡_ AvR Avgiv cwÖ ZwbqZ g‡y Lvgwy L nB Zvi wfwË v’ wcZ n‡qwQj ew„ Uk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j| Awef³ evsjv Z_v evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿveë¯v’ HwZnvwmK wewfbœ NUbvceÖ v‡ni †fZi w`‡q eZg© vb iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ Jcwb‡ewkK Kvjc‡ei© Dwbk kZK me‡P‡q iæZc¡ Y~ © mgq| G mg‡qi g‡a¨B evsjvi wkÿvq me ¸iæZc¡ Y~ © wfZ mw„ óKvix D‡`¨vMmgn~ †bqv nq| d‡j Zv wb‡q †m mgqB bvbv cwÖ Zwµqv, Ø›Ø, ev`vbey v`, †ÿvf, we‡ÿv‡fi mw„ ô nq| wKš‘ me‡k‡l G D‡`¨vMmgn~ B ¯v’ qxfv‡e cwÖ ZwôZ n‡q hvq| HwZnvwmK G. nvI‡q‡ji fvlvq-

Education in India under British Government was first ignored, then violently and

Dwbk kZ‡Ki evsjvi wkÿvq e„wUk D‡`¨vM:wµqv-cÖwZwµqv

*W. †kvqvBe wReivb

* mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb, evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq, MvRxcyi-1705|


successfully opposed. Then conducted on a system now universally admitted to be erroneous 1and finally placed on its present footing.

Dwbk kZ‡Ki evsjvi beRvi‡Yi cÖvYcyiæl wkÿvwe` ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (1774-1833) †hgb G 2

D‡`¨vMmg~‡ni mnMvgx n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb , †Zgwb DËiKv‡j Aci wkÿvwe` iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1861-31941) Jcwb‡ewkK G eë¯’v cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i Gi weiæ‡× Zxeª cÖwZwµqv e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| d‡j, ejv

4n‡q _v‡K- Dbwesk kZvãxi cÖ_gvsk nj wkÿv welqK ev`vbyev‡ì (Controversy) BwZnvm|

5 fviZe‡l©i wkÿvq e„wUk n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci c~‡e© †`kR GKwU wkÿveë¯’v M‡o D‡VwQj| Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© W. eyKvbb (1814) I DBwjqvg A¨vWv‡gi wkÿv Rwi‡c (1835-1838) Avgiv †m eë¯’vi we¯ÍvwiZ weiiY †`L‡Z cvB| hwÌ A¨vWv‡gi Rwic wb‡q A‡bK weZK© i‡q‡Q, Z_vwc Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi e„wUk AvMg‡bi c~‡e©B fviZe‡l© wbR¯^ †`kR wkÿvaviv M‡o D‡VwQj|

e„wUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb ivwb GwjRv‡e‡_i AbygwZ wb‡q 1600 mv‡j evwY‡Rï Rb¨ fviZe‡l© Av‡m| Aek¨ Zv‡ì AvMg‡bi Av‡MB cZz©wMRiv G‡`‡ki wkÿveë¯’vq D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡K| 1498 mv‡j fv‡¯‹v-Wv-Mvgv fviZe‡l© Av‡mb| Zuviv 1510 mv‡j †Mvqv, gb w`D Lj K‡i †bb| cZz©wMR wgkbvwiiv 1556 mv‡j †Mvqv‡Z QvcvLvbv cÖwZôv K‡ib Ges 1575 mv‡j †PŠ‡j †RmyBU K‡jR ’vcb K‡ib|

B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb fviZe‡l© Avmvi †PŠÏ eQ‡ii gv_vq wgkbvwi Kivi Rb¨ fviZxq hyeK msMÖn Ges †Kv¤úvwbi Li‡P wkÿvi eë¯’v K‡i| G eë¯’vwU wQj mvgwqK weavq AmsMwVZ| 1659 mv‡ji e„wUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi mb‡` †KvU© Ae WvB‡i±iiv ag©cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ evwYR¨ Rvnv‡R wgkbvwi‡ì †cÖi‡Yi Av‡`k Rvwi K‡ib| G‡Z fviZe‡l© e„wUk wgkbvwi‡ì wbqwZgfv‡e Avmv ïiæ nq| fviZxq wkÿvi BwZnv‡m 1698 mvjwU GKwU m~Pbv eQi| G eQi †Kv¤úvwbi mb` bevq‡bi mgq kZ© †`qv nq-

K) fviZxq d¨v±wimg~‡n ag©KZ©v (Minister of Religion) wb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e,

L) cÖ‡Z¨K ag©KZ©v‡K fviZxq AvÂwjK fvlv wkÿvjvf Ki‡Z n‡e,

M) cuvPkZ ev Z`~aŸ© IR‡bi gvjevnx Rvnv‡R AšÍZ GKRb cvw`ª _vK‡eb,

N) cÖwZwU †mbvwbevm I KviLvbvi mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i ‹zj cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e|

G Av‡`‡ki d‡j Bs‡iR Kg©Pvixi ag©iÿv I fviZe‡l© L„÷ag© cÖPv‡ii cweÎ vwqZ¡ wb‡q †Kv¤úvwbi D‡`¨v‡MB fviZe‡l© ag©cÖPviKiv Avm‡Z _v‡Kb| Zuv‡ì Av‡M Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq wgkbvwiiv †Zv wQ‡jbB; GLb Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq e„wUk D‡`¨vM| Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq wgkbvwi‡ì AwaKvskB wQ‡jb K¨v_wjK| Avi e„wUk wgkbvwiiv wQ‡jb cÖ‡U÷¨v›U| d‡j †Kv_vI †Kv_vI Zuviv agx©q Ø‡›Ø Rwo‡q co‡jI fviZxq wkÿv we¯Ív‡i Zuv‡ì f‚wgKv mgfv‡e cÖfve †dj‡Z _v‡K| e„wUk D‡`¨v‡M fviZe‡l©i Abv_, †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvix‡ì mšÍvb-mšÍwZ we‡klZ e„wUk ˆmb¨‡ì Ji‡m fviZxq gvZ…Mf©RvZ mšÍvb‡ì Rb¨ vZe¨ wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~n M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K| G we`¨vjqmg~n cwiPvjbvq L„ðvb Ávb cÖPvi mwgwZ (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge) ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z _v‡K| e„wUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb bvbvfv‡e G‡ì mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- GKKvjxb A_© gÄywi, jUvwii gva¨‡g A_© msMÖn K‡i †`qv, AvmevecÎ I M„n wbg©vY K‡i †`qv


BZ¨vw`| fviZxq wkÿvq e„wUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb I wgkbvwi‡ì G †hŠ_ D‡`¨vM 1765 mvj ch©šÍ Pj‡Z _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ N‡U `ywU HwZnvwmK NUbv| cÖ_gwU n‡”Q 1757 mv‡ji cjvwki hy× I wØZxqwU 1765 mv‡j †Kv¤úvwbi evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi wÌqvwb jvf|

wÌqvwb jvf Kivi ci †Kv¤úvwbi bxwZ cy‡ivcywi wecixZ iƒc jvf K‡i| †Kv¤úvwb I wgkbvwi †h nvZ aivawi K‡i PjwQj Zv †_‡K †Kv¤úvwb m‡i Av‡m| eis ZLb †_‡K e„wUk wgkbvwi‡ì Zviv Zv‡ì m¤¢ve¨ wec‡ì Drm g‡b Ki‡Z _v‡K| †Kbbv, †Kv¤úvwbi Kv‡Q ZLb ag©cÖPvi ev wkÿv bq, bejä AÂ‡j mvgªvR¨ „pKiY, Ki Av`vq I kvmbKvh© wbwe©NœKiYB cÖavb welq n‡q uvovq| d‡j, Zv‡ì kvmb AÂ‡j cÖavb yB ag©xq m¤úª`vq wn›`y ev gymjgvb‡ì weivMfvRb n‡Z n‡e m¤¢ve¨ Ggb Kg©m~wP †_‡K †Kv¤úvwb ~‡i _vK‡Z Pvq|

wgkbvix‡ì Kvh©Kjv‡c fviZxq‡ì g‡a¨ we‡ÿvf m„wó n‡Z cv‡i, GB m¤¢vebvq †Kv¤úvwb wgkbvix‡ì ag©cÖPv‡i we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwbi we‡ivwaZvi d‡j †Kix, w`‡bgviiv kni †Q‡o †h‡Z eva¨ nb| ... †Kv¤úvbxi we‡ivwaZvi d‡j wgkbvixMY w`‡bgvi evwYR¨‡K›`ª kÖxivgcyi‡K †K›`ª K‡i DËifvi‡Z Zuv‡ì cÖPvi Kvh© Pvjv‡Z _v‡Kb|

61799 Lªxt DBwjqg †Kix KjKvZvq e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPviKvh© ïiæ Ki‡j †Kv¤úvbx Zuv‡K evav †`q|

wKš‘ Zv‡Z wgkbvwiiv e‡m _v‡Kbwb| B‡Zvmg‡q Av‡iv K‡qKwU NUbv N‡U| 1792 mv‡j Pvj©m MÖv›U Observation on the state of society among the Asiatic subjects of Great Britain, particularly

with respect to morals and the means of improving it bv‡g GKLvwb cy¯ÍK iPbv K‡ib| G cy¯Í‡K fviZe‡l©i Rxebavivi exfrm iƒc Zz‡j a‡i G AÂ‡ji gvbyl‡K ˆbwZKfv‡e AatcwZZ RvwZ wn‡m‡e Zz‡j aiv nq| Gi KviY wn‡m‡e wZwb Zv‡ì ag©nxbZv‡K `vqx K‡ib| Pvj©‡mi g‡Z

7fviZxq‡ì ˆbwZK AatcZ‡bi KviY `ywUÑ cÖ_gZ AÁZv Avi wØZxqZ cÖ‡qvRbxq a‡g©i Afve| Pvj©‡mi g‡Z G †_‡K D×v‡ii Dcvq wkÿvwe¯Ívi I L„÷a‡g© xwÿZKiY| Pvj©m wj‡Lb-

Christian teaching favors submission and good order among the people… Vegetables diet 8and absence of maritime taste among the Hindus will check ardent dangers of independent.

Pvj©m eB wj‡LB ÿvšÍ nbwb, wZwb Gi Kwc e„wUk cvj©v‡g›U m`m¨‡ì gv‡S weZiY K‡ib Ges bxwZ cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ cÖPviYv Pvjvb| Zuvi eÜz msm` m`m¨ DBjevi‡dvm©-Gi gva¨‡g GwU‡K msm‡` DÌvcb K‡ib| wZwb vwe K‡ib †h †Kv¤úvwbi mb‡` D‡jøL Kiv †nvK †hb cÖPzi msL¨K ag©cÖPviK fviZe‡l© webv evavq †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K m`‡mï mg_©‡bi Afv‡e GwU msm‡` evwZj n‡q hvq| †Kv¤úvwbi †KvU© Ae WvB‡i±i‡mi mfvqI Gi we‡ivwaZv K‡i ejv nq- ÒAb¨vb¨‡ì gZ wn›`y‡ì ag©wek¦vm I ˆbwZKZvi GKUv cÖ”Qbœ aviv i‡q‡Q| Zvi cwieZ©b cÖ‡Póv A_ev Zv‡ì‡K AviI †ewk wkÿv A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖKv‡ii wkÿv`v‡bi cÖqvm wbZvšÍ weK…Zgw¯Í‡®‹i KvR e‡j wbw›`Z

9n‡e|Ó

Aciw`‡K evsjv‡`‡k kÖxivgcyi wgkbvwiiv Address to Hindus and Muhamedans bv‡g GKLvbv cÖPvicyw¯ÍKv cÖKvk K‡ib| cyw¯ÍKvwU‡Z wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq m¤úª`v‡qi ag©xq Abyf‚wZ‡Z AvNvZ nvbv nq| †Kv¤úvwbi kvmb AÂ‡j GwU‡K wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq| †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ G¸‡jv‡K ûgwK wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡i| d‡j †Kv¤úvwbi †KvU© Ae WvB‡i±im ag©wbi‡cÿZvi bxwZ MÖnY K‡i| wkÿv I wgkbvwi D‡`¨vM eÜ n‡q †h‡Z _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwb I wgkbvwi Ø›Ø GK mgq Ggb GK ch©v‡q †cuŠQvq †h 1783 mv‡j cvj©v‡g›U KZ…©K webv jvB‡m‡Ý cÖvB‡fU BD‡ivcxq‡ì fviZ cÖ‡ek


wbwl× Kiv nq Ges 1793 mv‡j †Kv¤úvwbi mb` bevq‡bi mgq †e-AvBwb cÖ‡ekKvixi Dci ewn®‹viv‡`k Rvwi Kiv nq| GiB g‡a¨ 1806 mv‡j †f‡jv‡i wmcvwn we‡`ªvn msMwVZ nq| mewKQz wgwj‡q bejä ÿgZv a‡i ivLvi wel‡q †Kv¤úvwb AwaK ms‡e`bkxj n‡q I‡V| d‡j, †Kv¤úvwb evsjvi Rbgb Zzwói bxwZ MÖnY K‡i| Zviv cÖvP¨ wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZ Dbœq‡b GwM‡q Av‡m| Gi g‡a¨ `y‡Uv welq cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| cÖ_gwU n‡”Q 1773 mv‡j cÖYxZ †i¸‡jUwii ms‡kvwaZ A¨v‡± ejv nq wePvieë¯’v wn›`y I gymwjg cÖPwjZ AvBb Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ n‡e| Gi d‡j fviZe‡l© Bmjvgx- wn›`y ag©Ávb I dviwm-ms¯‹…Z Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| G Rb¨ GeQiB (1781) cÖwZwôZ nq KwjKvZv Avwjqv gv`ªvmv| Zvi k eQ‡ii (1791) gv_vq ms¯‹…Z K‡jR| AciwU nj 1811 mv‡ji jW© wg‡›Uvi cÖ¯Íve (Minto’s Minute)| jW© wg‡›Uv Zuvi wgwbU‡m e‡jb †h, G †`‡ki mvwnZ¨ I weÁvb µgk as‡mi c‡_ P‡j‡Q| cÖvP¨ mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ Rvbv cwÐZ I wkÿv_©xi msL¨vI AvksKvRbKfv‡e K‡g Avm‡Q| GRb¨ Riæwifv‡e cÖvP¨ wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZ DbœqbK‡í A_©e¨q Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| mewKQz wgwj‡q †Kv¤úvwbi cÖvP¨we`¨v PP©vi †SuvK Zwi nq| B‡Zvmg‡q KwjKvZvq Av‡mb cÖvP¨we` m¨vi DBwjvg †RvÝ| cÖvP¨we`¨v PP©vi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ nq GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU| KwjKvZvq cÖwZwôZ nq †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR| KwjKvZvi Bs‡iR Kg©Pvix‡ì cÖvP¨we`¨v †kLv‡bv wQj Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨| d‡j cÖvP¨we`¨v PP©vi GK cxV¯’vb n‡q D‡V G K‡jR| AvaywbK evsjv M`¨PP©vi m~Pbv nq G K‡jR †_‡K| K‡j‡R †hvM`vb K‡ib Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, DBwjqvg †Kwi, ivg ivg emy, g„Zy¨Äq we`¨vj¼v‡ii g‡Zv cwÐZgÐjx| A_©vr cÖvP¨we`¨v PP©vi GKwU †Rvqvi ˆZwi nq| Aci w`‡K cvðvZëv`x Pvj©m DBjevi‡dvm©ivI e‡m wQ‡jb bv| wZwb B‡Zvg‡a¨ e„wUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb| fviZe‡l© cvðvZ¨we`¨v I wgkbvwi Kvh©µg Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ 850wU Av‡e`bcÎ Rgv c‡o| GKw`‡K wg‡›Uvcš’x I Aciw`‡K Pvj©mcš’x cÖvP¨- cvðvZëv`x‡ì mwµqZvi g‡a¨B GwM‡q Av‡m †Kv¤úvwbi mb` bevq‡bi mgq (1813)| evsjvq wkÿvi welqe¯‘ I gva¨g wb‡q we‡f` _vK‡jI fviZe‡l©i wkÿvi wel‡q Df‡qiB i‡q‡Q cÖej AvMÖn| Zvi cÖwZdjb Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB mb‡`| fvi‡Z cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv wkÿvq miKvwi vwqZ¡ ^xK…Z nj Ges A_© eivÏ nj|

2.

Avgiv Rvwb Dwbk kZK evOvwj beRvMiY ev †i‡bmuvi Kvj| KwjKvZvi wkwÿZ D”PweË I ga¨weË evOvwj mgvR G mgq BD‡ivcxq we`¨vi ci‡k †R‡M D‡V| be‡PZbvq bvbv Ø›Ø-†Kvjvn‡j gyLwiZ n‡q D‡V bvMwiK mgvR| mgvRms¯‹vi, agx©q ms¯‹vi, mZx`vn wb‡iva, wkÿv BZ¨vw` bvbv cÖm‡½ ZLb ev`vbyev‡ì m„wó nq| we‡klZ wn›`yag© ms¯‹vi I eªvþag©‡K †K›`ª K‡i KjKvZvq bvbv cÎcwÎKv cÖKvk, cvëvcvwë cvVPµ, mfv-mwgwZ Pj‡Z _v‡K| G‡Z beMwVZ eyw×Rxex mgvR bvbv fv‡M wef³ n‡q c‡ob| †h †Kv‡bv D‡`¨vM ev ms¯‹vi cÖm‡½ Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ eûavwef³ wµqv- cÖwZwµqv †`Lv hvq| Zuviv bvbv j, Dc`‡j wef³ n‡q c‡ob|

cÖ_gZ, GK`j †Póv K‡i‡Qb cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Zï g‡a¨ mgš^q cÖwZôvi Rb¨| GLv‡b †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb cÖ_g ch©v‡q ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq I wØZxq ch©v‡q cwÐZ Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi| wØZxqZ, Ab¨ GKwU j cÖvP¨‡K m¤ú~Y© cwiZ¨vM K‡i gvÎvwZwi³fv‡e cvðv‡Zï cÖwZ cÿcvwZ‡Z¡i †bkvq †g‡Z D‡V‡Qb| GB `‡ji †bZ…Z¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb wdwiw½ hyeK wW‡ivwRI| Z…ZxqZ, Avi GKwU `j cvðvZëv`x‡ì weiæ‡× fvi‡Zi cÖvPxbZv ev HwZn¨‡K msiÿ‡Yi ZvwM‡` AvcÖvY †Póv K‡i P‡j‡Qb| GB `‡ji


†bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb ivRv ivavKvšÍ †è, ivgKgj †mb, g„Zz¨Äq we`¨vjsKvi cÖgyL cÖvPxb HwZnëvnx 10

cwÐZeM©|

GgbB GK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z 1813 mv‡j †Kv¤úvwbi mb` bevq‡bi gv‡n›`ªÿY Av‡m| Avgiv Av‡MB †`‡LwQ evsjvi wkÿv wb‡q e„wUk‡ì g‡a¨B cÖvPëv`x I cvðvZëv`x `y‡Uv avivq wefw³i m„wó n‡q‡Q| Gi mv‡_ GLb hy³ n‡q‡Q ’vbxq †Kvjvnj| wKš‘ fviZe‡l©i wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© mevi g‡a¨B GKB Zvobv weivRgvb| d‡j G‡Zvw`b †Kv¤úvwb AvBbMZfv‡e ev ivóªxqfv‡e wkÿvi `vq ^xKvi bv Ki‡jI Gevi Avi Gov‡Z cv‡iwb| wgkbvwi‡ì Ae¨vnZ Z`wei I cÖPvi Ges wewkó e¨w³‡ì †Pôvq mb‡` y‡Uv aviv hy³ nq| GKwU 13 AciwU 43| †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 13 b¤î avivq ejv nq

... It is the duty of this country to promote the interest and happiness of the native inhabitants of the British Dominions in India, and that measures ought to be adopted as many tend to introduction among them of useful knowledge and moral improvement. That in furtherance of the above objects sufficient facilities shall be afforded by law to persons desirous of going

11to, or remaining in India for the purpose of accomplishing those benevolent designs.

G avivq fviZe‡l©i wkÿv I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †h †Kn Avmvi AbygwZ †cj| A_©vr wgkbvwi‡ì Rb¨ Øvi cybivq Db¥y³ nj| 43 b¤î avivq fviZe‡l©i wkÿvi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwbi vq I b~¨bZg A‡_©i cwigvYI e‡j †`qv nj-

… a sum of not less than one lac rupees in each year shall be set apart and applied to the revival and improvement of literature and encouragement of the learned natives of the India and for the introduction and promotion of a knowledge of sciences among the inhabitants of

12the British territories in India.

G aviv cÖeZ©‡bi d‡j fvi‡Zi wkÿvq e„wUk miKvwi `vq mivmwi ¯^xK…Z nj| GZw`b †Kv¤úvwb wewfbœ wkÿv D‡`¨v‡M c‡ivÿfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv ev Amn‡hvwMZv K‡i AvmwQj| we‡klZ e„wUk wgkbvwi D‡`¨v‡M evav cÖ`vb KiwQj| Gevi mw¤§wjZfv‡e GwM‡q Avmvi my‡hvM Zwi nj| †Kv¤úvwb G eQiB fviZxq wkÿvi Rb¨ 1 jÿ UvKv eivÏ K‡i| wKš‘ mgm¨v †`Lv †`q G A_© e¨q Kiv wb‡q| G A_© †Kvb avivi wkÿvq e¨q n‡e G wb‡q weev` ïiæ nq| c~‡e© wee`gvb yÕcÿ A_©vr cÖvP¨-cvðvZëv`xiv 43 avivi AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v wb‡q ev`vbyev‡` Rwo‡q c‡ob| †`Lv hv‡”Q AvB‡bi avivq ejv n‡q‡Q to

the revival and improvement of literature GLv‡b ÔmvwnZ¨Õ ej‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi mvwnZ¨, cÖvP¨ bv cvðvZävivi mvwnZ¨ Zv úó Kiv nqwb| Avevi ejv n‡q‡Q for the introduction and promotion

of a knowledge of sciences. GLv‡bI ÔweÁvbÕ ej‡Z cÖvP¨ weÁvb bv cvðvZ¨ weÁvb Zv úó K‡i ejv nqwb| G e¨vL¨v wb‡q RwUjZv m„wó nq| RwUjZv m„wó nZ bv hw` bv Av‡M †_‡K G wb‡q yÕcÿ

13_vKZ| ZvQvov G mgqwU wQj wewPÎ Ø›Ø I cixÿ‡Yi (Controversy and experiment) mwÜÿY| `xN©w`b G wb‡q APjve¯’v P‡j| G wb‡q APjve¯’vi AviI GKwU ß KviY nj †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjK mfv AvB‡bi 13 bs aviv wb‡q ÿzä wQ‡jb| †Kbbv, G‡Z Pvj©m MÖv›U, DBjevi‡dvm© I wgkbvwi c‡ÿi B”Qv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q, huv‡ì Zuviv GZw`b †VwK‡q †i‡LwQ‡jb| Z_vwc, GK eQi ci 1814 mv‡ji 3 Ryb wkÿvaviv m¤ú‡K© †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjK mfv AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v K‡i fvi‡Z GKLvbv


wb‡`©kbvgv cvVvb, hv‡Z Zuv‡ì e¨vL¨v Abyhvqx AvB‡b mvwnZ¨ I weÁvb ej‡Z cÖvP¨ mvwnZ¨ I weÁvb‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ G wb‡`©kbvgvI mv‡_ mv‡_ Kvh©Ki nj bv| Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij jW© gqiv eiv‡Ïi A_© DbœZgv‡bi cÖvP¨ wkÿvq e¨q Ki‡Z PvB‡jb| wKš‘ ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y Zuv‡K Rwo‡q co‡Z nj ¸L©vhy× (1814-1816), wcÐvwihy× (1817-1818) I Z…Zxq B½-gvivVv hy‡× (1817-1819)| G me Kvi‡Y I gZ‡f` _vKvq cÖ_g `k eQi †K‡bv cÖ‡PóvB ev¯Í‡e iƒcvwqZ nj bv| Z_vwc, wØav m‡Ë¡I cÖvP¨ wkÿvq A_© e¨wqZ n‡Z _vKj|

wKš‘ ev¯Íe Ae¯’v Z‡Zvw`‡b Avg~j cwiewZ©Z n‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| `‡j `‡j e„wUk wgkbvwi`j cybivq KwjKvZvq Avm‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv L„÷ag© I cvðvZ¨ Ávb cÖPv‡i †Rvi ZrciZv ïiæ K‡i‡Qb| KwjKvZvi bewkwÿZ evey mgv‡R cvðvZ¨we`¨vi cÖwZ D`MÖ AvMÖn ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ KwjKvZvi wewfbœ cÿ bvbv ms¯‹vi I weZ‡K© DËvj n‡q D‡V‡Q| G‡Z cvðvZ¨ Áv‡bi hyw³ I AvaywbKZvi cÖwZ AvMÖn ewa©Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †Kv¤úvwb mnvqZv Ki‡Q cÖvP¨wkÿv we¯Ív‡i| Gi g‡a¨ KwjKvZvq ms¯‹…Z K‡jR ’vcb Kivi wm×všÍ n‡j ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq Zvi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| wZwb jW© A¨vgnv÷©‡K HwZnvwmK GK cÎ wj‡Lb| c‡Î wZwb ms¯‹…Z K‡jR cÖwZôv cwiKíbvi we‡ivwaZv K‡i e‡jb-

…If the plan now adopted be followed, it will completely defeat the object proposed; since no improvement can be expected from including young men to consume a dozen of years of the most valuable period their lives in acquiring the niceties of the Byakuruk or Sangscrit

14grammar.

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... a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia. The intrinsic superiority of the Western literature is, indeed, fully admitted by those

18members of the Committee who support the Oriental plan of education.

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We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste,

19in opinions, in morals, and in intellect.

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20Awkwÿ‡Zi ü`q ey‡S bv|Ó

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21†Kej GKÎ Kwiqv vI|

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Z_¨m~Î I cvÙxKv1. A. Howell, Education in British India, Calcutta, 1872, p1

2. †kvqvBe wReivb (m¤úvw`Z), wkÿvi kZeQi: ivg‡gvnb †_‡K bRiæj, XvKv, 2009, c„.9

3. †kvqvBe wReivb, f‚wgKv, iex›`ª wkÿvfvebv mgMÖ, XvKv, 2012, c„.6

4. †MŠi`vm nvj`vi, wkÿY cÖm‡½ fviZxq wkÿvi BwZnvm, KwjKvZv, 1992, c„.18

5. G wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ weei‡Yi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ MÖš’mg~n †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i ci‡gk AvPvh©, evsjvi †`kR wkÿvaviv, KwjKvZv, 2009

†`kR wkÿv, Dcwb‡ewkK weivmZ AvDi RvZxq weKí, KwjKvZv, 2000

N. L. Basak, History of Vernacular Education in Bengal, Calcutta, 1974

KvRx knx`yjøvn (Abyev`- Ave`yj gwgb †PŠayix), cvVkvjv †_‡K ‹zj, XvKv, 1994

6. iYwRr †Nvl, wkÿv`k© c×wZ I mgm¨vi BwZnvm, KwjKvZv, 1986, c„. 86

7. †MŠi`vm nvj`vi, D×…wZ, cÖv¸³, c„ 19

8. cÖv¸³, c„ 20

9. cÖv¸³, c„ 21

10. cÖv¸³, c„ 59

11. iYwRr †Nvl, D×…wZ, cÖv¸³, c„. 91


12. cÖv¸³, c„ 124

13. †MŠi`vm, cÖv¸³, c„ 26

14. Ram Mohun Roy, Letter to William Pitt, Lord Amherst, wkÿvwPšÍv (†kvqvBe wReivb m¤úvw`Z) evsjvi wkÿvwPšÍv msL¨v, XvKv, 2009, c„. 125

15. Nimai Sadhan Bose, Indian Awakening and Bengal, Calcutta, 1990, p100

16. wkebv_ kv¯¿x, ivgZby jvwnox I ZrKvjxb e½mgvR, KwjKvZv, 1983, c„. 61

17. Thomas Babington Macaulay, "Minute of 2 February 1835 on Indian Education," Macaulay, Prose and Poetry, (selected by G. M. Young), Harvard University Press, 1957, p 729

18. Thomas Babington Macaulay, Ibid, p 723

19. Zastoupil, L. and Moir, M. (eds.) The Great Indian Education Debate: Documents Relating to the Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy, 1781–1843. Richmond, 1999, p 193

20. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, Ô†jvKwkÿvÕ, evsjv‡`‡ki D”Pwkÿvi `y‡kv eQi (Zcb evMPx m¤úvw`Z), XvKv, 2006, c„.53

21. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, Ôwkÿvi †ni‡diÕ, iex›`ª wkÿvfvebv mgMÖ (†kvqvBe wReivb m¤úvw`Z), XvKv, 2012, c„. 18

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G wel‡q †Kvb m‡›`n †bB †h, RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ 2010 RvwZi Rb¨ GKwU g~jëvb wjj| wKš‘ Gi g‡a¨ †ek wKQz ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ i‡q †M‡Q| gvbbxq wk¶vgš¿x h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb †h, wk¶vbxwZ †Kvb evB‡ej bq †h cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e bv| cÖ‡qvR‡b ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM Av‡Q| GLv‡b wk¶vbxwZi K‡qKwU ye©j w`K Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:

K) wk¶v welqK mKj eBcÎ I `ywbqvi mKj wk¶vµ‡g Ôwk¶vi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨Õ D‡jøL Av‡Q| KviY cÖ_‡g wk¶vi j¶¨ wba©viY K‡i, j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ D‡Ïk¨vewj wVK Kiv nq| A_©vr j‡¶ï wfwË‡Z D‡Ïk¨ wba©vwiZ nq| ZvB Ôj¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨Õ ejv nq| wKš‘ wk¶vbxwZ‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q Ôwk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨Õ (c„ôv: 1); j¶¨ e¨vcK, D‡Ï‡kï e¨vcKZv A‡c¶vK…Z Kg| j‡¶ï †kÖwYwefvM †bB wKš‘ D‡Ï‡kï Av‡Q, †hgb mvaviY D‡Ïk¨, we‡kl D‡Ïk¨, AvPiwYK D‡Ïk¨ BZ¨vw`|

L) wk¶v cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x© hv AR©b Ki‡e Zv‡K wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e e¨³ Kiv nq| A_©vr D‡Ïk¨ wk¶v_x© KZ…©K AR©bxq| wk¶v Dbœq‡b miKvi ev Ab¨ †Kvb ms¯’v †h c`‡¶c †b‡e Zv wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ bq, miKv‡ii bxwZ ev D‡Ïk¨| G yÕai‡bi D‡Ïk¨ GK bq| wKš‘ wk¶vbxwZ‡Z wk¶vi 30wU ÔD‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨Õ wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q (c„ôv: 1-2) hvi g‡a¨ AšÍZ 15wU wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ bq, miKv‡ii bxwZ| D`vniY wn‡m‡e D‡jøL¨ †h, 9 b¤î D‡Ïk¨wU ÔMYZvwš¿K †PZbv‡eva weKv‡ki Rb¨ cvi¯úwiK gZv`‡k©i cÖwZ mnbkxj nIqv Ges RxebgyLx e¯‘wbô I BwZevPK „wófw½ weKv‡k mnvqZv KivÕ| GwU wk¶v_©x KZ…©K AR©bxq ZvB GwU wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨| wKš‘ 22 b¤î D‡Ïk¨wU Ôc_wkïmn Av_©-mvgvwRK ewÂZ mKj †Q‡j-†g‡q‡K wk¶vi AvIZvq wb‡q AvmvÕ| GwU wk¶v_©x KZ…©K AR©bxq bq, miKv‡ii ev †Kvb ms¯’vi bxwZ| ZvB G‡K wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ ejv hv‡e bv| RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ 2010-G wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨ wn‡m‡e DwjøwLZ 15wU D‡Ïk¨‡K ( bs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18,29 Ges 30) wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| Aewkó 15wU wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ bq miKv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ ev bxwZ|

DwjøwLZ 9bs D‡Ïk¨wUi `yÕwU Ask-ÔgZv`‡k©i cÖwZ mnbkxj nIqvÕ Ges Ô`„wófw½ weKv‡k mnvqZv KivÕ| cÖ_g AskwU wk¶v_x©‡Kw›`ªK A_©vr wk¶v_©x mnbkxj n‡e wKš‘ wØZxq AskwU wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK A_©vr wk¶K mnvqZv Ki‡e| meKqwU D‡Ïk¨ GKB avivq e¨³ Kiv evÃbxq, nq wk¶v_©x‡Kw›`ªK ev wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK|

M) evsjv‡`‡k wk¶v‡¶‡Î GKwU wec`vk¼vc~Y© wk¶vi MwZcÖK…wZ j¶ Kiv hv‡”Q| weÁvb kvLvi wk¶v_©xi nvi µgvMZ n«vm cv‡”Q| 1998 m‡b †gvU cix¶v_©xi 33% Gi †ewk wk¶v_©x weÁvb †_‡K Gm.Gm.wm. cix¶vq AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q| H nvi 11% K‡g 2012 m‡b 22% G ùvwo‡q‡Q| GB fvimvg¨nxb wk¶v mgvR I ivóªxq Rxe‡b A‡bK wech©q †U‡b Avb‡e| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, GLbB MÖvg-M‡Äi AwaKvsk nvB ‹z‡j MwYZ I weÁv‡bi wk¶K †bB| MwYZ Qvov mœvZK cvk wk¶KMY AwaKvsk †¶‡Î MwYZ covb| fwel¨‡Z me©‡¶‡Î G RvZxq A‡bK msKU cÖKU AvKvi aviY Ki‡e| RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ‡Z G wel‡q †Kvb w`K wb‡`©kbv †bB|

N) evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b wk¶vi bv‡g †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K A‰bwZKZv ev yb©xwZ †kLv‡bv n‡”Q| UvKvi webg‡q GmGmwm I GBPGmwm cÖ¨vKwUK¨vj cix¶vq b¤î †Kbv-†ePv n‡”Q| UvKv w`‡q wk¶v_©xiv cÖwZ †ccv‡ii eënvwiK As‡k 25 G 24 ev 25 cv‡”Q| AvR‡Ki †KvgjgwZ wk¶v_x©iv cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡ì Kg©Rxe‡b G Kzwk¶v Kv‡R jvMv‡e GUvB ^vfvweK| Gi


Rb¨ `vqx †K? wk¶v_©x bv wk¶veë¯’v? G ai‡bi ¸iæZi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †Kvb w`Kwb‡`©kbv RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ‡Z †bB| cÖm½Z D‡jøL¨ †h, cwimsL¨vwbK c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq B‡Zvg‡a¨ RvZxq Kg©kvjvq Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| G wel‡q Riæwi wm×všÍ MªnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

O) RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ‡Z cÖv_wgK wk¶vi †gqv` 5 eQi †_‡K e„w× K‡i 8 eQi Kivi bxwZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ G bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi †Kvb cÖKvi w`Kwb‡`©kbv wk¶vbxwZ‡Z †Ìqv nq wb| Abyiƒcfv‡e e„wËg~jK I KvwiMwi wk¶v, wk¶K wk¶v I wk¶K cÖwk¶Y, cix¶v I g~j¨vqb, wk¶vµg, cvV¨m~wP I cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖm‡½ mvaviYfv‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, wel‡qi Mfx‡i hvIqv nq wb ev mywbw`ó †Kvb bxwZ ev w`K wb‡`©kbv †Ìqv nq wb|

G‡Kev‡iB Kgmgq A_vr© Pvi gv‡mi g‡a¨ cYÖ xZ RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ‡Z wKQz Am¤úY~ Z© v ev ÎæwU-wePz wZ _vKv ¯vfvweK| Z‡e fwel¨‡Z G¸‡jv KvwU‡q DVvi c`‡¶c †bIqv c‡Ö qvRb| G ceÖ ‡Üi ïiæ‡ZB RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ 2010 †K GKwU gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e D‡jLø Kiv n‡q‡Q| G wk¶vbxwZ‡Z †ek K‡qKwU D‡jLø ‡hvM¨ ewjô w`‡Ki AeZviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gm‡ei mwVK ev¯eÍ vqb RvZxq cweeZb© mP~ bv Ki‡Z cv‡i| B‡Zvg‡a¨ æª Z cwieeZb© kxj mgvR, †`k I we‡ki¦ K_v we‡ePbvq †i‡L GKwesk kZvãxi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Dc‡hvMx Amv¤cÖ vwqK †`k‡cwÖ gK Rbm¤ú` mw„ ói j‡¶¨ wk¶vbxwZ 2010 Gi wfwË‡Z RvZxq wk¶vµg 2012 Dbqœ b Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dbqœ bKZ… wk¶vµ‡gi wfwË‡Z c_Ö g †_‡K kg †kwÖ Yi Rb¨ 111wU bZbz cvV¨c¯y KÍ cYÖ qb Kiv n‡q‡Q| mviv‡`‡k 1 Rvbqy vwi 2013 †_‡K bZbz wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy KÍ Aej¤‡b wk¶v Kvhµ© g cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q|

wk¶vµ‡gi cÖavb cvuPwU †¶Î-

K) wk¶v`k©b ev wk¶vi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨

L) welq I welqe¯‘

M) wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ I †KŠkj

N) wkLbmvgMÖx h_v cvV¨cy¯ÍK, wk¶K wb‡`©wkKv I wk‡¶vcKiY Ges

O) g~j¨vqb|

lô †_‡K Øv`k †kÖwYi bZzb wk¶vµ‡g GB cvuPwU †¶‡Îi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K bevqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| bZzb wk¶vµ‡gi ewkó¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ we‡kl K‡qKwU wbgœiƒc :

K) bZzb wk¶vµ‡g Ávb, `¶Zv, m„Rbkxj ¶gZv, g~j¨‡eva weKv‡ki ch©vß eë¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Gm‡ei g‡a¨ me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q gvbweK I ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva weKv‡ki Dci| KviY D”P bwZKZvm¤úbœ GKRb Ávbx, my`¶ I m„Rbkxj e¨w³ gvbe Kj¨vY I RvZxq Dbœq‡b Acwimxg Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i| c¶všÍ‡i bwZKZvewR©Z GKRb Ávbx my`¶ I m„Rbkxj e¨w³ RvwZi Rb¨ ZZUvB fq¼i n‡Z cv‡i| †m Zvi Ávb, eyw×, `¶Zv I m„Rbkxj ¶gZv‡K Ggb my‡KŠk‡j eënvi K‡i wbR ¯^v_© AR©b K‡i hvi Pig g~j¨ RvwZ‡K w`‡Z nq| †m †_‡K hvq aiv-†Quvqvi evB‡i | GRb¨ bZzb wk¶vµ‡g gvbweK DrKl© mvab I bwZK g~j¨‡eva weKv‡ki Dci me©vwaK iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| mKj wel‡qi gva¨‡g we‡kl K‡i Ôag© I bwZK wk¶vÕ wel‡qi gva¨‡g bwZK weKv‡ki my‡hvM m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q|


L) evsjv‡`‡k cvewjK cix¶vq Ôm„Rbkxj cÖkœÕ cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| m„Rbkxj ¶gZv g~j¨vq‡bi c~‡e© †kÖwYK‡¶ wPšÍv-DÏxcK cÖkœ I KvR Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i m„Rbkxj ¶gZv weKv‡ki my‡hvM bZzb wk¶vµ‡g ivLv n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡hvR¨ †¶‡Î gyL¯’ Kivi cwie‡Z© aviYv jvf, cÖ‡qvM, we‡kølY I ms‡kølY Kivi ¶gZv e„w×, m‡e©vcwi m„wó Kivi ¶gZv AR©‡bi my‡hvM ivLv n‡q‡Q| G Rb¨ †kÖwYK‡¶ Ges †kÖwYK‡¶i evB‡i wPšÍv-DÏxcK I AbymÜvbg~jK KvR GKK I `jMZfv‡e Kivi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q|

M) wk¶v_xi© Kgw© egLy Zv ceÖ YZvi cwieZb© K‡i wk¶vi gva¨‡g KvwqK kgÖ I kwÖ g‡Ki cwÖ Z w„ ófw½ cwieZ‡© bi Rb¨ lô †_‡K Aóg †kwÖ Y‡Z eva¨Zvgj~ K welq wn‡m‡e ÔKg© I RxebgLy x wk¶vÕ ceÖ Zb© Kiv n‡q‡Q| G wk¶v wk¶v_x‡© K ¯cœ †`L‡Z DØ×y Ki‡e Ges ¯c^ œ ev¯eÍ vq‡b Drmvn †hvMv‡e|

N) cÖhyw³i cÖwZ AvMÖn m„wó Ges Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i `¶Zv AR©b K‡i †hvMv‡hvM, wk¶v AR©b Ges Ab¨vb¨ Rxeb mgm¨v mgvav‡b cÖ‡qvM Kivi mvg_©¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ lô †_‡K Øv`k †kÖwY‡Z ÔZ_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³Õ eva¨Zvg~jK welq wn‡m‡e Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii Dci †Rvi †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|

O) cÖPwjZ Z_¨wbf©i ÔmvgvwRK weÁvbÕ welq‡K cwigvwR©Z iƒ‡c Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPqÕ bv‡g cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, HwZn¨, A_©bxwZ, wk¶v, mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ BZ¨vwì ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q ewk¦K †cÖ¶vc‡U ch©v‡jvPbvi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q|

P) ZvwË¡Kfv‡e MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ MvwYwZK `¶Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi Dci iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|

Q) fvlv wk¶v Z_v evsjv I Bs‡iwR wel‡q fvlvi PviwU `¶Zv- †kvbv, ejv, cov I †jLvi Dci mgvb ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| meKqwU `¶Zv AR©‡bi eë¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q Ges †kÖwYK‡¶ PviwU `¶ZvB Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| G †¶‡Î B‡jKUªwbK wWfvBm eënv‡ii eë¯’v Kiv n‡”Q|

R) weÁvb wk¶vi cÖv‡qvwMK w`‡Ki Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q êÁvwbK hyw³ cÖ‡qvM I weÁvbgb¯‹ Kivi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| êwk¦K Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges Gi cÖfve I KiYxq m¤ú‡K© †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b cÖvavb¨ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|

S) Ômy¯’ †`‡n my›ì gbÕ -G bxwZi wfwË‡Z †`n I g‡b my¯’RvwZ MV‡bi j‡¶¨ ÔkvixwiK wk¶v I ¯^v¯’¨Õ eva¨Zvg~jK welq wn‡m‡e Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| my¯^v¯’¨ AR©‡bi wewfbœ w`K- Lv`¨, cywó, cÖRbb ^v¯’¨, GBPAvBwf BZ¨vw` ZvwË¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ eënvwiK w`K †hgb kixiPP©v, †Ljvayjv, e¨vqvg, eªZPvix I ‹vDwUs welqfz³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

T) wk¶v_x©i m„Rbkxj wPšÍv‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒc`v‡bi Dci iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i Pviæ I KviæKjv welq‡K Aóg †kÖwY ch©šÍ eva¨Zvg~jK Ges beg †_‡K Øv`k †kÖwY ch©šÍ Hw”QK welq wn‡m‡e ivLv n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j wk¶v_x©i m„Rbkxj ¶gZvi mv‡_ mv‡_ bv›`wbK w`‡Ki weKvk NU‡e|

U) ci¯úi‡K Rvbv I †evSvi j‡¶¨ evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Ô¶z`ª b„‡Mvôxi fvlv I ms¯‹…wZÕ welq Hw”QK welq wn‡m‡e cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q|


bZzb cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYq‡bI †ek bZzbZ¡ Avbv n‡q‡Q| Gi K‡qKwU wb‡gœ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:

K) welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡b ch©vß Qwe, bKkv, mviwY Ges †jLwPÎ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

L) welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡b cÖvmw½K Rxeb AwfÁZv wfwËK Dcgv-D`vniY eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

M) cvV¨cy¯Í‡K welqe¯‘i gv‡S cÖvmw½K ¯’v‡b e‡· KvR †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| wk¶v_x©iv GKK ev `jMZ fv‡e nv‡Z Kj‡g KvR K‡i wkL‡e|

N) cÖwZwU Aa¨v‡qi cÖvi‡¤¢ Aa¨vq †_‡K †hme wkLbdj wk¶v_x©iv AR©b Ki‡e †m¸‡jv cvVëB‡q D‡jøL Kiv Av‡Q|

O) cvV¨cy¯Í‡K welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡b wk¶v_x©‡ì wPšÍv-DÏxcK eë¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q| †hgb, cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡ì êwkó¨ Avjv`vfv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡ì Zzjbv Ki‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q| Zzjbv eB‡Z †Ìqv nq wb|

P) wkLb‡K my`„pKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZwU Aa¨vq †k‡l ch©vß Abykxj‡bi eë¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q| m„Rbkxjmn wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœ I AbymÜvbg~jK KvR †Ìqv n‡qQ|

†kÖwYK‡¶ wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZi †¶‡ÎI D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwieZ©b Avbqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb,

K) gyL¯’ Kivi cwie‡Z© aviYv MV‡bi Dci †Rvi †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|

L) wk¶K KZ…©K e³…Zvi gva¨‡g GKgyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¯’‡j wk¶K-wk¶v_x© Ges wk¶v_x©-wk¶v_x© †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q|

M) fvlv wk¶vi †¶‡Î †jLvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †kvbv, ejv I cov †kÖwYK‡¶ Abykxj‡bi eë¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q|

N) weÁv‡bi welqmg~‡n ZË¡ I eënvwiK mgwš^Zfv‡e cwiPvjbvi eë¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q|

O) cÖ‡hvR¨ †¶‡Î Av‡ivnx c×wZ Aej¤^‡b welqe¯‘i Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

P) ÔK‡i †kLvÕ Gi Rb¨ ch©vß KvR †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|

Q) wk¶v my`„p Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß Abykxjb Kiv‡bvi Dci †Rvi †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|

R) †kÖwYK‡¶ Ô`jMZÕ Kv‡Ri Dci †Rvi †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|

T) wkLb `ye©jZv wPwýZ K‡i wbivgqg~jK eë¯’vi gva¨‡g wkLb wbwðZ Kivi eë¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q|

g~j¨vqb wk¶vi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †¶Î| bZzb wk¶vµ‡g MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi Dci we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ M„nxZ eë¯’vw` wbgœiƒc:

K) cÖPwjZ ¯‹zj wfwËK g~j¨vqb (GmweG) †K mnR I eënvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i avivevwnK g~j¨vqb bv‡g Pvjy Kivi eë¯’v †bIqv n‡q‡Q| wk¶K avivevwnKfv‡e wba©vwiZ gvb`‡Ði wfwË‡Z wk¶v_x©i AR©b g~j¨vqb K‡i wk¶v_x©i wkLb ye©jZv wPwýZ Ki‡eb| hv‡ì wkLb ye©jZv Av‡Q Zv‡ì‡K wbivgqg~jK mn‡hvwMZv w`‡q wkLbdj AR©b wbwðZ K‡i cieZ©x cv‡V hv‡eb| Gfv‡e mKj wk¶v_x©i wkLbdj AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡eb|


L) wba©vwiZ msL¨K avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi dj wk¶K †iKW© Ki‡eb| cÖwZwU mvgwqK †k‡l mvgwqK cix¶v I avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi b¤^‡ii mgš^‡q wel‡qi b¤î wba©viY Ki‡eb| Gfv‡e eQ‡i yÔwU mvgwq‡Ki b¤^‡ii mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g P‚ovšÍ djvdj wba©viY Ki‡eb|

M) cÖwZwU wel‡qi cvV¨m~wP‡K welq wk¶K yÔwU mvgwq‡Ki Rb¨ fvM K‡i †b‡eb| cÖ_g mvgwq‡Ki Rb¨ wba©vwiZ cvV¨m~wP †_‡K wØZxq mvgwq‡K cÖkœ _vK‡e bv| Z‡e †RGmwm, GmGmwm cix¶v Ges wbe©vPwb cix¶vq mg¯Í cvV¨m~wP †_‡K cÖkœ _vK‡e|

N) wk¶v_©xi gvbweK ¸Yvewj †hgb, mZZv, mgqvbyewZ©Zv, Avè-Kvq`v BZ¨vwÌ ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g avivevwnK g~j¨vqbfz³ _vK‡e| †h †¶‡Î Dbœqb cÖ‡qvRb wk¶K GKv‡šÍ civgk© I mnvqZv w`‡eb|

O) wjwLZ cix¶vi mv‡_ mv‡_ wk¶v_x©i †kvbv, ejv, cov, nv‡Z Kj‡g KvR m¤úv`‡bi `¶Zv, gvbweK I ˆbwZK ¸Yvewj BZ¨vw` ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g avivevwnKfv‡e g~j¨vq‡bi eë¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q|

P) avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i m„Rbkxj ¶gZv g~j¨vq‡bi Dci mwe‡kl †Rvi †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|

me‡k‡l ej‡Z nq, fvj wk¶vµg DbœqbB †kl K_v bq| wk¶vµg nj wk¶v cwiKíbv; wk¶vµ‡gi mwVK ev¯Íevqb bv n‡j cwiKíbvi ÔcwiÕ D‡o hvq, _v‡K ïay ÔKíbvÕ| ZvB fvj wk¶vµg †_‡K dmj N‡i DVv‡Z n‡j Gi mwVK ev¯Íevq‡bi ewjô c`‡¶c †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb| wk¶vµg ev¯Íevqb A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i wk¶‡Ki AvšÍwiKZv I Ávb-`¶Zvi Dci| GKwesk kZvwãi Dc‡hvMx gvbm¤§Z wk¶v wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb,

K) wb‡qvM cÖwµqv ^”Q K‡i gvbm¤úbœ wk¶K wb‡qvM wbwðZ Kiv|

L) Kg©iZ wk¶KMY‡K wbweo †cŠbtcywbK cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g †hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjv

M) cÖ‡qvRbxq wkLbmvgMÖx †hvMvb †Ìqv

N) wk¶K‡ì †eZb fvZvmn Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM-myweav I mvgvwRK gh©v`v e„w× Kiv

O) eë¯’vcbv Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g we`¨vj‡q GKv‡WwgK cwi‡ek m„wó| wk¶vµg ev¯Íevq‡b P¨v‡jÄ _vK‡eB, mvn‡mi mv‡_ †gvKv‡ejv Kiv n‡j dj jvf Aek¨¤¢vex|



mvi ms‡¶cÔevsjv‡`‡ki KIwg gvìvmvmg~‡n wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡e‡ki ch©v‡jvPbvÕ kxl©K M‡elYvwU ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ c×wZi mgš^‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q Ges G M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q KIwg gvìvmvi wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges G cwi‡ek AviI DbœZZi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c wba©viY Kiv| XvKv wefv‡Mi KIwg gvìvmvmg~n‡K G M‡elYvi †¶Î wn‡m‡e aiv n‡q‡Q Ges bgybv wn‡m‡e kn‡ii 2wU I MÖv‡gi 2wU gvìvmv †e‡Q †bIqv n‡q‡Q| wbe©vwPZ gvìvmvmg~‡n Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni KvR wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ AvavKvVv‡gve× Db¥y³ cÖkœgvjv, gvìvmv cÖav‡bi wbweo mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Ges †kÖwYKvh©µg ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ Kiv n‡q‡Q| KIwg gvìvmvmg~‡n mvwe©K wkÿY-wkLb cwi‡ek †Zgb DbœZ ev Kvh©Ki bq Ges kn‡ii mv‡_ MÖv‡gi gvìvmvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ e¨vcK cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| KIwg gvìvmvmg~‡n we`¨gvb Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b e¨vcK nv‡i Kvh©Ki c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e| KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿvµg mbvZb avivq cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q Ges KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿvµg I cvV`vb c×wZ ms¯‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| KIwg gvìvmvmg~‡n RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ‡Z ewY©Z †KŠkj `ªæZ ev¯Íevqb Kivi c`‡ÿc †bIqv Riæwi|

f‚wgKvgvìvmv wkÿv n‡”Q Bmjvwg wkÿvi cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc| evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvg ag© m¤úwK©Z wk¶vi Ab¨Zg cÖavb gva¨g n‡”Q KIwg gvìvmv wk¶v eë¯’v| evsjv‡`‡ki KIwg gvìvmvmg~‡n †`‡ki eo GKwU As‡ki wk¶v_©x covïbvi gva¨‡g Ávb AR©b Ki‡Q Ges covïbv †k‡l Zuviv ag©xq †bZvi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| Zuviv mvaviYZ gmwR‡ì Bgvg, gvìvmvi wk¶K, ag©xq mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ gydwZ Ges wewfbœ kwiqvn †ev‡W©i m`m¨ wn‡m‡e vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| d‡j mvaviY wk¶vi b¨vq G wk¶viI mgvb iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q| KIwg gvìvmvmg~‡n mvaviYZ Bmjvg ag© m¤^Üxq wewfbœ wel‡q Aa¨qb Kiv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|

KIwg gvìvmvmg~‡n g~jZ Bmjvwg wk¶v `k©‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| ÒBmjvwg wk¶v `k©‡bi †h welq¸‡jv wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q Zz‡j aiv nq Zv n‡”Q : Avjøvn cvK m¤ú‡K© aviYv, Avjøvni mve©‡fŠgZ¡, Avjøvni cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e gvbyl, m„wóKZ©v I Zuvi m„wói g‡a¨ m¤^Ü, †ZŠwn`-wkiK, Bmjvg GKwU cwic~Y© Rxeb eë¯’vÓ (Avjx I †eMg, 1998)|

* wi‡mvm© wUPvi, †mKv‡qc cÖKí, gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ßi, wkÿv gš¿Yvjq** mnKvix Aa¨vcK, wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq

evsjv‡`‡ki KIwg gvìvmvmg~‡n wk¶Y-wkLbcwi‡e‡ki ch©v‡jvPbv

*ˆmq` †gvt wmqvg

**†gvnv¤§` gwReyi ingvb


wkLb n‡”Q AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b| ÔAwR©Z Ávb, `¶Zv, g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½ e¨w³i Af¨šÍixY †h cwieZ©b NUvq ZvB wkLbÕ (jwZd, 2007)| ÔwkL‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©mg~n nj: Abykxjb, gvbwmK cwiYgb, †cÖlYv I eje„w×| GQvov ch©‡e¶Y, g‡bv‡hvM, AvMÖn, AbyivM, cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve, j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Ges djvdj jv‡fi Ávb wkL‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh© Ó (†nv‡mb, 2007)| wk¶Y n‡”Q wkLb Kvh©µ‡g mnvqZv Kiv| ÔcÖK…Zc‡¶ wkLb gvby‡li mvg_©¨ I m¶gZv e„w× K‡i Ges g‡bvfw½i cwieZ©b NUvq hv Zuvi wPšÍv, Kg© I AvPi‡Y cÖwZdwjZ nqÓ (jwZd, 2007)| Avi wkLb Kvh©µg mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wk¶‡Yi f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡ek wk¶v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cÖavb f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î wk¶K I wk¶v_©x Df‡qi f‚wgKvB iæZ¡c~Y©| wk¶K I wk¶v_©x ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZvi Øviv wk¶Y-wkLb Gi gva¨‡g Kvh©Ki wk¶vi cwi‡ek ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi G M‡elYvi Øviv KIwg gvìvmvi wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© wk¶K-wk¶v_©xi AwfgZ hvPvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Ôevsjv‡`‡ki cÖPwjZ wk¶v eë¯’vi me‡P‡q cÖvPxb wk¶v eë¯’v n‡”Q gvìvmv wk¶vÕ (ingvb, 2008)| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖPwjZ wk¶veë¯’vq mvaviYZ gvìvmv wk¶v ev ag©xq wk¶v eë¯’v cÖavbZ y fv‡M wef³| G¸‡jv n‡”Q: K) evsjv‡`k gvìvmv wk¶v †evW© KZ…©K Aby‡gvw`Z Avwjqv gvìvmvi wk¶v, Ges L) ¯^Zš¿fv‡e cwiPvwjZ KIwg gvìvmvi wk¶v eë¯’v| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ gvìvmv wk¶v‡K ewkó¨ Abyhvqx wZb †kÖwY‡Z web¨¯Í Kiv hvq-

1. cÖvPxb KvVv‡gvwfwËK i‡m wbRvwg,

2. cwiewZ©Z I cwiewa©Z wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP-wfwËK i‡m wbRvwg, Ges

3. Avwjqv †bmve|

cÖ_g `yB †kÖwYi gvìvmvmg~n‡K KIwg gvìvmv ejv nq| g~jZ 1866 mv‡j DËi fvi‡Z cÖwZwôZ †Ìe›` gvìvmv‡K †K›`ª K‡i gvìvmv wk¶vi †h aviv, Zv‡K LvwiwR ev KIwg gvìvmv wk¶vaviv ejv nq| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, †hme gvìvmv ag©cÖvY gymjgvb RbM‡Yi `vb-Aby`v‡b P‡j Ges g~jZ †Ìe›` gvìvmvi wk¶vµg AbymiY K‡i| (DBwKwcwWqv)

1978 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ †emiKvwi wk¶v †evW© Gm‡ei Kvh©µg mgš^q K‡i| 1998 ch©šÍ mviv‡`‡k 2,043wU gvìvmv KIwg gvìvmv GB †ev‡W© wbewÜZ n‡q‡Q| 1998 mv‡j AbywôZ 21Zg †K›`ªxq cix¶vq Gme gvìvmvi 7wU ¯Í‡ii †gvU 7,711 Rb cix¶v_©x Ask †bq, G‡ì g‡a¨ DËxY© nq 6,348 Rb| ¯Íi 7wU wQj ZvKwgj (mœvZ‡KvËi), dvwRjZ (mœvZK), mvbyweq¨v Djvq (D”Pgva¨wgK), gyZvIqvm wdZvn (gva¨wgK), Be‡Z`vwq (cÖv_wgK) Ges Bjgyj wKivZ IqvZ ZvRw`` (D”PZi KziAvb cvV) I wndRyj KziAvb|Õ (DBwKwcwWqv : gvìvmv)

M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ I M‡elYv cÖkœM‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ wbgœiƒc -

1) KIwg gvìvmvi wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges G cwi‡ek AviI DbœZZi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c wba©viY Kiv|


M‡elYvi D‡Ï‡kï Av‡jv‡K †hme cÖ‡kœi DËi G M‡elYvi gva¨‡g †ei Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv wbgœiƒc :

1) KIwg gvìvmvi wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡ek †Kgb ?

2) KIwg gvìvmvi wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡ek DbœZZi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kx Kx c`‡¶c †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i?

M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv I Zvrch©wek¦vq‡bi G hy‡M AvaywbK I gvbm¤§Z wkÿve¨ve¯’v Qvov †Kvb RvwZi Dbœqb m¤¢e bq| Avgv‡ì GB evsjv‡`‡k mvaviY avivi cvkvcvwk ag©xq ev gvìvmv wkÿvq wkÿv_©xi msL¨vI cÖvq KvQvKvwQ, †m‡nZz ag©xq wk¶v ev gvìvmv wk¶vi iæZ¡ Avgv‡ì mgv‡R †Kvb As‡k Kg bq|

G‡`‡k MÖv‡gi I kn‡ii A‡bK wk¶v_©xB gvìvmvq Aa¨qb K‡i _v‡K hv‡ì g‡a¨ cÖvq A‡a©K wk¶v_©xB KIwg gvìvmvmg~‡n Aa¨qb K‡i _v‡K| evwK wk¶v_©xiv Avwjqv gvìvmvmg~‡n Aa¨qb K‡i _v‡K| †`‡ki we`¨gvb Avwjqv gvìvmvmg~n evsjv‡`k gvìvmv wk¶v †ev‡W©i wbqš¿‡Y cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| GmKj gvìvmv †iwR÷vW© Ges G¸‡jvi wk¶vµg miKvi KZ…©K ¯^xK…Z| Ab¨w`‡K †`‡ki me©ÎB Qwo‡q wQwU‡q i‡q‡Q KIwg gvìvmv| G¸‡jvi Ici miKv‡ii †Kvb wbqš¿Y †bB ej‡jB P‡j| GmKj gvìvmv †iwR÷vW© bq Ges G¸‡jvi wk¶vµg miKvi KZ©…K ^xK…Z bq| Ô†`‡k †QvUeo 19 wU †ev‡W©i gva¨‡g KIwg gvìvmv wk¶v cwiPvwjZ n‡”QÕ (e¨vb‡eBm, 2008)| G¸‡jv bvggvÎ wbR¯^ †ev‡W©i Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡¶ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †Kvb myôz bxwZgvjv †bB| †`‡ki KIwg gvìvmvmg~‡ni Rb¨ †hme †evW© i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ XvKv wefvM I Zvi cvk¦©eZ©x AÂjmg~‡ni Rb¨ †edvKzj gvìvwmj Avivweqv wk¶v †evW©, GQvov e„nËi PÆMÖvg, ivRkvnx I wm‡jU AÂ‡ji Rb¨ i‡q‡Q c„_K †evW©| Gme †evW©-Gi g‡a¨ wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv mgš^q †bB ej‡jB P‡j| GQvov Gme †evW©-Gi evB‡iI i‡q‡Q ¯^Zš¿fv‡e cwiPvwjZ wKQy gvìvmv| Gfv‡e gvìvmvmg~n cwiPvwjZ nevi Kvi‡Y wk¶v AR©‡bi †¶‡Î NU‡Q êlg¨| Avi Gi wkKvi n‡”Q †mmKj wk¶v_©x hviv Bmjv‡gi cÖK…Z wk¶v AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ GmKj gvìvmvq Aa¨qbiZ i‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz †Kvb wba©vwiZ wk¶vµg †bB d‡j wk¶KMY hv wkLv‡”Qb ZvB wkL‡Q wk¶v_©xiv Ges Zv‡ì AwR©Z Ávb Qwo‡q w`‡”Q Avgv‡ì mgv‡R|

Avgv‡ì mgv‡R GB wk¶vi h‡_ó f‚wgKv I cÖfve we`¨gvb| GRb¨ G wk¶veë¯’vi wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© wk¶K-wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡bvfve hvPvB‡qi j‡¶¨ M‡elYv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi h_vh_ Zvrch© i‡q‡Q| gvìvmv wkÿv mvaviY wkÿvi cvkvcvwk Pj‡jI G wkÿv eë¯’vwU mvaviY wkÿv eë¯’vi Zzjbvq A‡bK wcwQ‡q i‡q‡Q| miKvwifv‡e ÔKIwg gvìvmv wkÿv I eë¯’vcbvi mv‡_ mswkøó‡ì wb‡q GKwU KIwg gvìvmv wkÿv Kwgkb K‡i D³ Kwgkb KIwg cÖwµqvq Bmjvg wkÿvi eë¯’vcbv I wkÿv`vb wel‡q mycvwik Zwi K‡i miKv‡ii we‡ePbvi Rb¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡ebÕ (RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010)| gvìvmv wkÿvi wewfbœ welq wb‡q M‡elYv n‡jI mywbw`©ófv‡e KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿY-wkLb cwi‡ek wb‡q †Zgb †Kvb M‡elYv nq wb| KIwg gvìvmv wkÿv‡K AvaywbK I gvbm¤§Z Kivi Rb¨ G wel‡q M‡elYv Riæwi| G M‡elYvi cÖvß djvdj miKvi, bxwZ wba©viYKvix, wkÿv we‡klÁ, wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK ms¯’v I GbwRI Ges mgv‡Ri wewfbœ Í‡ii e¨w³ hviv wkÿv wb‡q KvR K‡i Zv‡ì mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|


M‡elYvi mxgve×Zv

K) KIwg gvìvmv mswkøó M‡elYvcÎ/mvwnZ¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y cvIqv hvqwb|

L) †`‡ki KIwg gvìvmvi mwVK msL¨v KZ Zv mwVKfv‡e Rvbv hvqwb, d‡j bgybv wba©vi‡Y mKj †ÿ‡Î ixwZe× c×wZi e`‡j èPqbc×wZ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|

M) gvìvmv wkÿK-wkÿv_©x‡ì Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi fxwZ KvR K‡i weavq Zv‡ì‡K bvbvfv‡e eywS‡q Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| GB M‡elYv Kvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ †Lvjv‡gjv cÖkœ Rvbvi _vK‡jI DËi †Ìqvi †ÿ‡Î DËi`vZviv †KŠk‡j Gwo‡q †M‡Qb, hv M‡elYvi djvd‡j cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q|

N) M‡elYv‡ÿÎ cy‡iv XvKv wefvM n‡jI mgq¯^íZv I cÖ‡ekMg¨Zvi mxgve×Zvi Rb¨ A‡bK gvìvmvi g‡a¨ gvÎ 4wU gvìvmvi 60 Rb wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨B cy‡iv M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖn m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡ì gZvgZ g~j¨vqb K‡i mgm¨vi cÖK…Z wPÎ D`NvUb Kiv KwVb|

O) ag©xq wewawb‡l‡ai Rb¨ M‡elK †Kvb gwnjv gvìvmv †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z m¶g nbwb|

cÖvmw½K M‡elYv I mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbvKIwg gvìvmv wk¶v msµvšÍ †hmKj cÖeÜ, cwÎKv I Rvb©v‡j cÖKvwkZ wewfbœ †jLv Ae‡jvKb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b D‡jøwLZ wk‡ivbv‡gi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ K‡qKwU cÖKvwkZ mvwnZ¨ djvdj wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv nj :

! nvbœvb (2010) Zuvi ÒThe Religious Education of Muslim Women in BangladeshÓ bvgK cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb Ôgvìvmvq Avewk¨K ag©xq welq wn‡m‡e †h welqmg~n cov‡bv nq †mMy‡jv mß`k kZ‡Ki cvV¨m~wP Abyhvqx cov‡bv nq|Õ

! †PŠayix (2011) Ôevsjv‡`‡ki gvìvmv wkÿv AvaywbKvqb I mgwš^ZKiYÕ bvgK cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb Ôevsjv‡`‡ki gvìvmv wkÿv eë¯’v‡K AvaywbKvq‡bi Rb¨ AvaywbK wkÿv `k©‡bi mv‡_ gymwjg wkÿv `k©‡bi mgš^q mvab K‡i gvìvmv wkÿvavivi wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP Avc‡W‡UW I Avc‡MÖ‡WW Ki‡Z n‡e| Aa¨qbiZ wkÿv_©x‡ì RxebhvÎvi Dc‡hvMx wkwÿZ K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z wkÿvµg, cvV¨m~wP I eë¯’vcbvq we‡kl cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ

! Bmjvg (2010) Zuvi Ômgv‡Ri wZb avivi wkÿvÕ bvgK cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb Ô†`‡k gvìvmv wkÿv_©x msL¨v †e‡oB Pj‡Q| gvìvmvmg~‡n evsjvi †ÿ‡Î G‡`‡ki mvwn‡Zï †P‡q Avie mvwnZ¨ †ewk iæZ¡ cvq|Õ

! myjZvb (2010) Zuvi ÔKIwg gvìvmv I cÖhyw³Õ bvgK cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb ÔB”Qvq †nvK AviAwb”Qvq †nvK KIwg gvìvmvq co–qv QvÎ-wkÿKe„›` eiveiB cÖhyw³ †_‡K `~‡i _v‡Kb| A_P cÖhyw³ eënvi Ki‡j A‡bK wKQzB mnR n‡q hvq| GgbwK KIwg gvìvmvq covi g~j D‡Ïk¨, Øx‡bi wL`gZ Kiv †mUvI A‡bK eo cwim‡i Lye mn‡R Kiv m¤¢e|Õ

! nK (2011) ÔAejywßi c‡_ gvìvmv wkÿvÕ bvgK cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb †h Ôg~jZ `vi‡m †bRvgxi wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wPi Av‡jv‡K G‡`‡k gvìvmv Pj‡Q| gvìvmvi wkÿvµ‡g e¨vcK cwieZ©b Avbv n‡jI cÖvq 230 eQi a‡i wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wPi g~jKvVv‡gv AcwiewZ©Z Av‡Q|Õ


! Avmv`D‡ÏŠjv (2010) Zuvi ÔWhat determines religious school choice in rural area of

Bangladesh?Õ cÖe‡Ü MÖv‡gi wkÿv_©xiv †Kb gvìvmvq c‡o Zvi KviY e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| KviY wn‡m‡e wi`ªZv I ag©fxiæZv Ges †ÿÎwe‡k‡l ‹zj bv _vKvi KviY Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|

! †gv¯Ídv, †gvnv¤§` (2008) Zuvi Ôgvìvmv wkÿvÕ bvgK cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb, gvìvmvwkÿveë¯’v wkÿv_©x‡ì cÖavbZ gyL¯’ Kivi Ici †Rvi w`‡q _v‡K| d‡j wkÿv_©xiv mKj wKQz bv ey‡S wk‡L _v‡K| G‡Z Zviv cÖK…Zfv‡e wKQz wkL‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j mKj wel‡q Zv‡ì AwR©Z Ávb mvaviY wkÿ_©x‡ì Zzjbvq Kg nq|

! wek¦e¨vsK Av‡qvwRZ ÔSecondary School & Madrasah in Bangladesh independence

& implictions for reformÕ (2010) kxl©K M‡elYvq †h Z_¨ cvIqv †M‡Q Zv nj :

- KIwg gvìvmvi 82% wkÿ‡Ki †Kvb cÖwkÿY †bB|

- †ewkifvM gvìvmv nZ`wi`ª cjøxMÖv‡g M‡o D‡V‡Q|

- gvìvmvq wi`ª cwiev‡ii mšÍv‡biv †ewk fwZ© nq|

- gvìvmvq fwZ© msL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q w`b w`b we‡kl K‡i †g‡q wkÿv_©x|

- Avwjqv gvìvmv miKvwi KvwiKzjvg †g‡b Pj‡jI KIwg gvìvmv m¤ú‡K© KviI †Kvb ^”Q aviYv †bB|

! Avjg (2011) ÔKIwg gvìvmv wkÿvi `ye©j w`K¸‡jvÕ bvgK cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb †h-ÔKIwg gvìvmvq AvaywbK Rxeb m¤ú„³ wkÿv c×wZ I DcKiY eënv‡ii e`‡j cÖvPxb c×wZi gyL¯’ I †jKPvi wbf©i| GLvbKvi AwaKvsk wkÿv_©x‡ì cwÎKv-Rvb©vj cvV, †iwWI-wUwf †`Lv, B›Uvi‡bU RM‡Zi evB‡i iv‡L|Õ

M‡elYv c×wZÔevsjv‡`‡ki KIwg gvìvmvmg~‡n wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡e‡ki ch©v‡jvPbvÕ kxl©K M‡elYvwU ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ c×wZi mgš^‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| cwigvYMZ c×wZi w`K †_‡K wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ cÖkœcÎ Ges YMZ c×wZi Rb¨ cÖavb wk¶K/ wk¶K‡ì mvÿvrKvi I †kÖwY Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Kv‡R M‡elK wb‡gœv³ †KŠkjmg~n eënvi K‡i‡Qb-

K) wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv: M‡elK wk¶v_©x‡ì AwfgZ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ Avav-KvVv‡gve× cÖkœgvjv eënvi K‡i‡Qb| †hLv‡b gvìvmv wk¶vi cwi‡ek, wk¶Y-c×wZ, my‡hvMÑmyweav, wk¶K-wk¶v_©x msµvšÍ cÖkœ i‡q‡Q|

L) gynZvwgg ev cÖavb wk¶‡Ki wbweo mv¶vrKvi MÖnY: M‡elK mvwe©Kfv‡e gvìvmv wk¶vi cwi‡ek wk¶Y-c×wZ, my‡hvMÑmyweav, wk¶K-wk¶v_©x m¤úK© cÖf…wZ wel‡q gynZvwgg ev cÖavb wk¶‡Ki AwfgZ hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î wbweo mv¶vrKvi †KŠkj eënvi K‡i‡Qb| M‡elYvi D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g wewfbœ wel‡qi Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i cÖwZôvb cÖavbM‡Yi dZ‡i Dcw¯’Z n‡q mv¶vrKvi MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|

M) †kÖwYKvh©µg ch©‡e¶Y : M‡elK wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv cvIqvi j‡¶¨ ch©‡e¶Y †PKwj÷ mnKv‡i †kÖwYKvh©µg ch©‡e¶Y K‡i‡Qb|


M‡elYvi †¶ÎXvKv wefv‡Mi KIwg gvìvmvmg~n‡K G M‡elYvi †¶Î wn‡m‡e aiv n‡q‡Q|

M‡elYvi bgybv wbe©vPbkni Ges MÖvg †_‡K mij ˆèPqb c×wZ‡Z 2wU K‡i †gvU 4wU gvìvmv wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges †mLvb †_‡K AvKw¯§K èPqb c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwU gvìvmv †_‡K 15Rb K‡i †gvU 60 Rb‡K bgybv j wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i gZvgZ †bIqv n‡q‡Q| bgybvwqZ 4wU gv`ªvmvi 4Rb cÖwZôvb cÖavb (gynZvwg‡gi) A_ev Zuv‡ì g‡bvbxZ wk¶‡Ki mv¶vrKvi †bIqv n‡q‡Q Ges GKB mv‡_ wbe©vwPZ gvìvmvmg~n †_‡K GKwU K‡i †kÖwY Kvh©µg ch©‡e¶Y Kiv n‡q‡Q|

DcvË we‡kølY c×wZ I †KŠkjDcvË msMÖ‡ni ci cÖvß Z_¨vw` U¨vwj K‡i msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| wk¶v_©x‡ì KvQ †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_ï Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZôvb cÖav‡bi wbweo mv¶vrKvi MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨ M‡elK Zuvi wePvi-we‡ePbv w`‡q M‡elYvi D‡Ï‡kï cÖwZ Zx¶è „wó †i‡L Zz‡j ai‡Z m‡Pó n‡q‡Qb| me‡k‡l Dc¯’vwcZ mviwYi Av‡jv‡K Ges cÖwZôvb cÖav‡bi gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z M‡elYvi D‡Ï‡k¨ KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡q‡Q Zv hvPvB K‡i m¤¢ve¨ djvdj cÖKvk, wm×všÍ MÖnY I mycvwik cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

DcvË we‡kølY I djvdj

K) wk¶v_©x gZvgZgvìvmv wk¶vi cwi‡ek, wk¶Y-c×wZ, my‡hvMÑmyweav, wk¶K-wk¶v_©x m¤úK© cÖf…wZ wel‡q wkÿv_©x‡ì KvQ †_‡K cÖkœgvjvi gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨mg~n‡K mviwY AvKv‡i msKjb I Dc¯’vcb K‡i we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbe©vwPZ 4wU gvìvmvi (15X4= 60) Rb wkÿv_x© DËi`vZvi KvQ †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨‡K wb‡gœ we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q :

K. 1) wk¶v_x© ‡ i Avevmb I Avnv‡ii v’ b

GLvb †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, †gvU 60 Rb DËi`vZvi g‡a¨ †_‡K 58 Rb QvÎ †kÖwYK‡ÿ _v‡K Ges 59 Rb †kÖwYK‡ÿ Avnvi K‡i A_©vr †ewkifvM wkÿv_©xB gvìvmvi †kÖwYK‡ÿ _v‡Kb|

mviwY-1: wkÿv_©x‡ì _vKvi I Avnv‡ii ¯’vb

Avcwb †Kv_vq _v‡Kb†kÖwYKÿQvÎvevm†gmevmvAb¨vb¨

DËi`vZvi msL¨v58 Rb0 Rb0 Rb2 Rb0 Rb

Avcwb †Kv_vq Avnvi K‡ib†kÖwYKÿQvÎvevm K‡ÿ†nv‡Uj ev K¨vw›Ubc„_K WvBwbsAb¨vb¨

DËi`vZvi msL¨v59 Rb0 Rb0 Rb0 Rb1 Rb (evmvq)


K. 2) wk¶v_x© ‡ i mvaviY gZvgZ

Lvev‡ii gvb cÖm‡½ m‡e©v”P 30 Rb wkÿv_©x gvìvmvq Lvev‡ii gvb wb‡q mš‘wó cÖm‡½GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib †hLv‡b 22 RbB cy‡ivcywi GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib| AZGe ejv hvq KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©xiv Lvev‡ii gvb wb‡q mš‘ó |

Uq‡jU I †Mvm‡ji Rb¨ ch©vß ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z ¯’vb cÖm‡½ †gvU 60 Rb DËi`vZvi g‡a¨ †_‡K 27 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb, 25 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv Ges 8 Rb †Kvb gZvgZ †`b wb| GB mviwY †_‡K †`Lv hvq m‡e©v”P 27 Rb wkÿv_©x gvìvmvq Uq‡jU I †Mvm‡ji Rb¨ ch©vß ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z ¯’vb i‡q‡Q cÖm‡½ GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib Ges GKB mv‡_ 25 Rb GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv| AZGe ejv hvq KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ AvswkKfv‡e Uq‡jU I †Mvm‡ji Rb¨ ch©vß ^v¯’¨m¤§Z ’vb i‡q‡Q|

gvìvmvi †kÖwYK‡¶ emvi ¯’vb wb‡q mšÍwó cÖm‡½ m‡e©v”P 30 Rb wkÿv_©x GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv †hLv‡b 26 Rb GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib| AZGe ejv hvq KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©xiv †kÖwYK‡¶ emvi ¯’vb wb‡q mš‘ó bq|

gvìvmvi covïbvi LiP mvkÖqx cÖm‡½ †gvU 60 Rb DËi`vZvi g‡a¨ †_‡K 46 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb †hLv‡b 33 RbB cy‡ivcywi GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib; d‡j ejv hvq KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©x‡ì covïbvi LiP mvkÖqx|

gvìvmvq Kw¤úDUvi-Gi cwÖ k¶Y cmÖ ‡½ †gvU 60 Rb DËi`vZvi g‡a¨ †_‡K 12 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb, 46 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv Ges 2 Rb wbi‡cÿ i‡q‡Qb| AZGe ejv hvq, KIwg gvìvmvi QvÎ‡ì gvìvmvq Kw¤úDUvi-Gi cwÖ k¶Y cÖ v‡bi eë¯v’ †bB|

gvìvmvq chv©ß cvLv I evwZ i‡q‡Q cÖm‡½ †gvU 60 Rb DËi`vZvi g‡a¨ †_‡K 30 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb, 28 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv Ges 2 Rb †Kvb gZvgZ †`b wb| GB mviwY †_‡K ejv hvq, KIwg gvìvmvq e`y¨wZK cvLv I evwZ AvswkKfv‡e i‡q‡Q|

mviwY-2: wk¶v_©x‡ì mvaviY gZvgZ

welq

gvìvmvq Lvev‡ii gvb wb‡q mš‘wógvìvmvi †kÖwYK‡¶ emvi ’vb Avivg`vqKgvìvmvi covïbvi LiP A‡bKUv mvkÖqxUq‡jU I †Mvm‡ji Rb¨ ch©vß ^v¯’¨m¤§Z ’vbgvìvmvq Kw¤úDUvi -Gi cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vbgvìvmvq ch©vß cvLv I evwZ i‡q‡Q

cy‡ivcywi GKgZ22 Rb13 Rb33 Rb16 Rb2 Rb28 Rb

GKgZ

8 Rb13 Rb13 Rb11 Rb10 Rb2 Rb

gZvgZ †bB20 Rb4 Rb6 Rb8 Rb2 Rb2 Rb

GKgZ bB10 Rb10 Rb7 Rb13 Rb9 Rb0 Rb

G‡Kev‡i GKgZ bB0 Rb20 Rb1 Rb12 Rb37 Rb28 Rb


mviwY-4: wk¶K-wk¶v_©x m¤úK© I cvV`vb cÖwµqv

welq

gvìvmvq wk¶K-wk¶v_x© m¤úK© mn‡hvwMZvcY~ ©†kÖwYK‡¶ wk¶K Mí”Q‡j cov‡bv ïiæ K‡ibwk¶K wewfbœ †cv÷vi, Qwe, PvU©, gvbwPÎ eënvi K‡ibwk¶KMY wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i cwo‡q hvb, wk¶v_x© iv KZUKz z eSy j †mw`‡K †Lqvj K‡ib bv

cy‡ivcywi GKgZ49 Rb9 Rb3 Rb

22 Rb

GKgZ

4 Rb8 Rb6 Rb

2 Rb

wbi‡cÿ

4 Rb16 Rb2 Rb

3 Rb

GKgZ bB3 Rb9 Rb5 Rb

13 Rb

G‡Kev‡i GKgZ bB0 Rb18 Rb44 Rb

20 Rb

K.3) wk¶v_x© ‡ i mnwk¶vµwgK Kvhµ© g

DcwiD³ mviwY †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q gvìvmvi wbqwgZ mnwk¶vµwgK Kvh©µg cÖm‡½ †gvU 60 Rb DËi`vZvi g‡a¨ †_‡K 30Rb GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb †hLv‡b gvÎ 7 Rb QvÎ cy‡ivcywi Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb, Avevi 25 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv †hLv‡b 18 Rb G‡Kev‡iB GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv Ges 5 Rb wbi‡cÿ i‡q‡Qb| AZGe ejv hvq KIwg gvìvmvq AvswkKfv‡e mnwk¶vµwgK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq|

QvÎ‡ì wbR¯^ K¬ve/ msMVb _vKv cÖm‡½ m‡e©v”P 41 Rb wkÿv_©x GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv †hLv‡b 27 Rb G‡Kev‡iB GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv| AZGe ejv hvq, KIwg gvìvmvi QvÎ‡ì wbR¯^ K¬ve/ msMVb †bB|

gvìvmvq ch©vß †Ljvayjvi my‡hvM cÖm‡½ m‡e©v”P 33 Rb wkÿv_©x gvìvmvq ch©vß †Ljvayjvi my‡hvM cÖm‡½ wbi‡cÿ gZ †cvlY K‡ib †hLv‡b 14 Rb GKgZ Ges 13 Rb GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv| AZGe ejv hvq, KIwg gvìvmvi QvÎ‡ì †Ljvayjvi my‡hvM ch©vß †bB|

wbqwgZ MÖš’vMvi eënv‡ii my‡hvM cÖm‡½ m‡e©v”P 29 Rb wkÿv_©x GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv †hLv‡b 26 RbB GKev‡iB GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv| AZGe ejv hvq, KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©x‡ì MÖš’vMvi eënv‡ii my‡hvM Kg|

K.4) wk¶K-wk¶v_x© m¤úK© I cvV vb cwÖµqv

mviwY-3 : mnwk¶vµwgK Kvh©µg

welq

gvìvmvi wbqwgZ mnwk¶vµwgK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nIqvgvìvmvq QvÎ‡ì wbR¯^ K¬ve/ msMVb i‡q‡Qgvìvmvq ch©vß †Ljvayjvi my‡hvM i‡q‡Qgvìvmvq wbqwgZ MÖš’vMvi eënv‡ii my‡hvM

cy‡ivcywi GKgZ7 Rb

10 Rb4 Rb12 Rb

GKgZ

23 Rb

3 Rb10 Rb16 Rb

wbi‡cÿ

5 Rb

6 Rb33 Rb3 Rb

GKgZ bB7 Rb

14 Rb5 Rb3 Rb

G‡Kev‡i GKgZ bB18 Rb

27 Rb8 Rb26 Rb


gvìvmvq wk¶K-wk¶v_©xi mn‡hvwMZvc~Y© m¤úK© cÖm‡½ †gvU 60 Rb DËi`vZvi g‡a¨ †_‡K 53 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb, 3 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv Ges 4 Rb wbi‡cÿ i‡q‡Qb| AZGe ejv hvq, KIwg gvìvmvq wk¶K-wk¶v_©x m¤úK© mn‡hvwMZvc~Y©|

gvìvmvq †kwÖ YK‡¶ wk¶K Mí”Q‡j cov‡bv cmÖ ‡½ m‡ev© ”P 27 Rb wkÿv_x© GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv †hLv‡b 18 Rb G‡Kev‡iB GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv| AZGe ejv hvq KIwg gvìvmvq †kwÖ YK‡¶ Ley KgB wk¶KMY Mí”Q‡j cov‡bv ïiæ K‡ib|

DcwiD³ mviwY †_‡K †`Lv hvq m‡ev© ”P 49 Rb wkÿv_x© gvìvmvq †kwÖ YK‡¶ †cv÷vi, Qwe, PvU,© gvbwPÎ eënvi cmÖ ‡½ GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv †hLv‡b 44 Rb G‡Kev‡iB GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv| AZGe ejv hvq, KIwg gvìvmvq †kwÖ YK‡¶ wk¶KMY †cv÷vi, Qwe, PvU,© gvbwPÎ eënvi K‡ib bv|

GB mviwY †_‡K AviI †`Lv hvq m‡e©v”P 33 Rb wkÿv_©x wk¶KMY cov‡bvi mgq wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i cwo‡q hvb, wk¶v_©xiv KZUzKz eySj †mw`‡K †Lqvj K‡ib bv cÖm‡½ GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv| Aciw`‡K 24 Rb GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib †hLv‡b 22 RbB cy‡ivcywi GKgZ| AZGe ejv hvq, KIwg gvìvmvq wk¶KMY cov‡bvi mgq wkÿv_©x‡ì g‡bv‡hvM AvswkKfv‡e AvKl©Y Ki‡Z mÿg|

gvìvmvq wk¶K cov‡bvi mgq cv‡V mwµq Ask †bqv cÖm‡½ †gvU 60 Rb DËi`vZvi g‡a¨ †_‡K 51 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb †hLv‡b 41 RbB cy‡ivcywi GKgZ| Ab¨w`‡K 3 Rb QvÎ G cÖm‡½GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv Ges 6 Rb wbi‡cÿ i‡q‡Qb| AZGe ejv hvq, KIwg gvìvmvq wk¶K‡ì cvV`vb Kivi mgq wk¶v_©xiv cv‡V mwµq Ask †bb|

QvÎ‡ì wewfbœ mgm¨v, B”Qv ev AvMÖ‡ni K_v wk¶KMY ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i †kvbv cÖm‡½ †gvU 60 Rb DËi`vZvi g‡a¨ †_‡K 59 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb †hLv‡b 39 Rb cy‡ivcywi GKgZ Ges 1 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv|

gvìvmvq wbR¯^ cvVëB‡qi cvkvcvwk evsjv, Bs‡iwR, MwYZ cov‡bv cÖm‡½ †gvU 60 Rb DËi`vZvi g‡a¨ †_‡K 56 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb Ges 4 Rb wbi‡cÿ i‡q‡Qb| GLvb †_‡K ejv hvq KIwg gvìvmvq wbR¯^ cvVëB‡qi cvkvcvwk evsjv, Bs‡iwR, MwYZ Gme welq cov‡bv nq|

welq cy‡ivcywiGKgZ

GKgZ wbi‡cÿ GKgZ bB

G‡Kev‡i GKgZ bB

wk¶K cov‡bvi mgq wk¶v_©xiv cv‡V mwµq Ask †bbQvÎ‡ì wewfbœ mgm¨v ev B”Qvi K_v ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i wkÿK ï‡bbwbR¯^ cvV¨ eB‡qi cvkvcvwk evsjv, Bs‡iwR, MwYZ cov‡bv nqgvìvmvq kvixwiK kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Kiv

41 Rb

39 Rb

28 Rb

7 Rb

10 Rb

20 Rb

28 Rb

30 Rb

6 Rb

0 Rb

4 Rb

22 Rb

2 Rb

0 Rb

0 Rb

0 Rb

1 Rb

1 Rb

0 Rb

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mviwY 4 †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q gvìvmvq kvixwiK kvw¯Í cÖ`vb cÖm‡½ †gvU 60 Rb DËi`vZvi g‡a¨ †_‡K 37 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb, 1 Rb QvÎ Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib bv Ges 22Rb wbi‡cÿ i‡q‡Qb| AZGe ejv hvq KIwg gvìvmvq cov bv cviv I Ab¨vb¨ Acivag~jK Kg©Kv‡Ð kvixwiK kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

K. 5) Ab vb¨ Z_¨! AwaKvsk wkÿv_©xi K¬vm P‡j mKvj 9 Uv †_‡K ycyi 1Uv ch©šÍ|! mnwkÿvµwgK Kvhµ© ‡gi bvg wn‡m‡e e³Z… v, Bmjvwg msMxZ, Avew„ Ëi K_v D‡jLø

K‡i‡Qb|! †Kvb †Kvb fvlvq cov‡bv nq As‡k Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡KB e‡j‡Qb Aviwe, D`~©, dviwm, evsjv,

Bs‡iwRi K_v|! Db¥y³ gZvgZ As‡k K‡qKRb wkÿv_©x KIwg gvìvmvq eZ©gvb wm‡jevm ms¯‹vi Kivi

K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Ges †KD †KD Aviwei cvkvcvwk evsjv I Bs‡iwR mgvb †Rvi cÖ`v‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb|

! gvìvmvq covïbv †k‡l AwaKvsk wkÿv_©xB wkÿKZv, BgvgwZ I Aí msL¨K wkÿv_©x PvKzwi I eëmv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e wb‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|

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Uq‡jU I †Mvm‡ji v’ bknivÂ‡j †Mvm‡ji ch©vß ¯’vb i‡q‡Q, MÖvgvÂ‡j Uq‡j‡Ui msL¨v cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Kg, Z‡e †Mvm‡ji Rb¨ wbR¯^ cyKzi i‡q‡Q| kni I MÖvg wbwe©‡k‡l mßv‡n GKw`b wkÿv_©xiv cvjv K‡i Uq‡jUmg~n cwi®‹vi K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e kn‡ii Zzjbvq MÖvgvÂ‡ji Uq‡jUmg~n A‡cÿvK…Z Kg cwi”Qbœ|

Lv ¨ eë v’kn‡ii gvìvmv¸‡jv‡Z †K›`ªxq eë¯’vcbvq Lv`¨ mieivn n‡jI †mLv‡b i‡q‡Q mvaviY I we‡kl yB ai‡bi Lv`¨ eë¯’v, †hwU †`L‡Z †kvfb bq| Z‡e yB ai‡bi Lvev‡iB cwic~Y© cywó Dcv`vbhy³ Lv`¨ memgq mieivn Kiv nq bv| MÖvgvÂ‡ji cwiw¯’wZ nj †mLv‡b †K›`ªxqfv‡e Lye Aí K‡qKR‡bi Rb¨ ivbœv nq, evwK wkÿv_©x‡ì wbR eë¯’vcbvq jwRs c×wZ‡Z Av‡kcv‡ki evwoNi †_‡K Lv`¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq †hLv‡b cÖwZw`b wkÿv_©x‡ì kÖg w`‡Z nq| G‡Z mg‡qi AcPq nq Ges A‡bï evwo †_‡K Lvevi AvbvUv A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q weeªZKiI e‡U| ZvQvov Gi mv‡_ i‡q‡Q Lvev‡ii gv‡biI GKwU cÖkœ|


wk¶v_x© ‡ i _vKvi RvqMvkn‡ii gvìvmvmg~‡n we`y¨r myweav _vK‡jI MÖvgÂ‡j †bB| GKB †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©xiv iv‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i weavq Zv‡ì wbR¯^ e¨w³MZ eënvh© wRwbmcÎ ivLvi Avjv`v †Kvb ’vb †bB| ZvB covi N‡iB Zv‡ì e¨w³MZ eënvh© wRwbmcÎ ivL‡Z n‡”Q, d‡j Zv‡ì wbR¯^Zv ÿzYœ n‡”Q Ges †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek Zvi ^KxqZv iÿv Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv|

gv ivmvi †fŠZ AeKvVv‡gvkn‡ii gvìvmvmg~‡n i‡q‡Q cvKv feb, Z‡e gvìvmvi mvg‡b †Lvjv RvqMv ev gvV †bB, fvovKiv evwo‡ZI knivÂ‡j wKQz gvìvmv M‡o D‡V| G gvìvmvmg~‡n ’vb msKU Ges ch©vß Av‡jvevZv‡mi Afve j¶ Kiv †M‡Q| cÿvšÍ‡i MÖv‡gi gvìvmvmg~‡n wUb‡kW Ges AvavcvKv feb Ges m¤§yLfv‡M †Lvjv RvqMv i‡q‡Q ch©vß| Z‡e †mLv‡b †`Lv †M‡Q Avm‡bi Zzjbvq AwZwi³ QvÎ Ae¯’vb K‡i| d‡j Mv`vMvw` K‡i em‡Z nq wk¶v_©x‡ì| kn‡ii gvìvmvmg~‡n †kÖwYK¶¸‡jv‡Z Avmbeë¯’v MÖv‡gi †P‡q Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e DbœZ|

†Ljvajy vi v’ bkni wKsev MÖvg †Kvb gvìvmvqB wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨ c„_K †Kvb †Ljvayjvi ¯’vb †bB| MÖv‡gi gvìvmvmg~‡n g~j fe‡bi m¤§yLfv‡Mi Avw½bv †Ljvi ¯’vb wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡jI gvìvmvmg~‡ni wbR¯^ †Kvb †Ljvayjvi miÄvg †bB| †Ljvayjvi e¨vcv‡i gvìvmv¸‡jvi c¶ †_‡K †Kvbiƒc Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv bv n‡jI †Ljvayjv Ki‡Z †Zgb wb‡la †bB| wk¶v_©xiv wbR¯^ eë¯’vcbvq †Ljayjv K‡i _v‡K|

kvixwiK kvw Í cÖ vbkvixwiK kvw¯Í cÖ`vb KIwg gvìvmvi wk¶vi cwi‡e‡ki Ab¨Zg GKwU Av‡jvwPZ w`K| Zuviv kvixwiK kvw¯Íi welqwU A¯^xKvi Ki‡jI, cÖK…Zc‡¶ †mLv‡b kvixwiK kvw¯Í cÖvqB cÖ`vb Kiv nq| †e‡Zi eënvi †mLv‡b me‡P‡q †ewk| wk¶KMY †kÖwYK‡¶ †eZmn cÖ‡ek K‡ib, G †_‡KB kvixwiK kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi welqwU my¯úó n‡q I‡V|

mycvwikZ_¨vewj we‡kølY I cÖvß djvd‡ji wfwË‡Z M‡elYvi cÖavb mycvwikmg~n wbgœiƒc :

1. KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ c„_K QvÎvev‡mi eë¯’v Kiv |

2. KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©xiv Lvev‡ii gvb wb‡q mš‘ó _vK‡jI Zv‡ì Rb¨ cwiwgZ cywóKi Lv`¨ mieivn Kiv|

3. KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ MÖš’vMvi e¨venv‡ii myweav e„w× Kiv Ges GKB mv‡_ †mLv‡b cvVëB‡qi cvkvcvwk cÎ-cwÎKv ivLvi eë¯’v Kiv|

4. wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ ch©vß ^v¯’¨m¤§Z m¨vwb‡Ukb eë¯’v wbwðZ Kiv|

5. KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ emvi ’vb Avivg`vqK Kivi Rb¨ eë¯’v †bIqv|

6. KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©x‡ì mnwkÿvµwgK Kvh©µg wbqwgZfv‡e Ges AviI Kvh©Kifv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi eë¯’v Kiv|


7. KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©x‡ì †bZ…Z¡ weKv‡ki Rb¨ wk¶vg~jK K¬ve ev msMVb Pvjy Kiv|

8. KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ ch©vß †Ljvayjvi eë¯’v Kiv|

9. KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ gvìvmvq Kw¤úDUvi cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv Ges AvaywbK cÖhyw³i mv‡_ Zv‡ì cwiPq Kiv‡bv|

10. KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿK‡ì Rb¨ Kvh©Ki †ckvMZ cÖwkÿY eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e Pvjy Kiv|

11. wkÿKe„‡›ì cvV`vb c×wZi cwieZ©b Avbv Ges mbvZb e³…Zv c×wZi cwie‡Z© AvaywbK cvV`vb c×wZi mv‡_ Zv‡ì cwiPq NUv‡bvi eë¯’v †bIqv|

12. wkÿKM‡Yi cov‡bvi mg‡q ev¯Íe wkÿv DcKiY eënvi cÖPjb Kiv|

13. KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©x‡ì kvixwiK kvw¯Í cÖ`vb eÜ Kivi e¨vcv‡i miKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi cvkvcvwk wk¶K, wk¶v_©x I AwffveK‡ì m‡PZb Kiv|

14. KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©x‡ì Aviwei cvkvcvwk evsjv, Bs‡iwRi Ici AviI †Rvi †Ìqv|

15. KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿvµg mbvZb avivi cwie‡Z© AvaywbKvqb Kivi Rb¨ e¨vcK ms¯‹vi Kiv|

16. KIwg gvìvmvmg~‡ni Rb¨ ch©vß miKvwi A_© eiv‡Ïi eë¯’v Kiv I †fŠZ AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ eë¯’v Kiv|

17. KIwg gvìvmv wb‡q M‡elYv Kvh©µg AviI e„nËi cwim‡i cwiPvjbv Kiv|

18. KIwg gvìvmv msµvšÍ M‡elYv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq A_© e¨qb GKwU eo AšÍivq GRb¨ miKvwi, †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi A_©vqb †Rvo`vi Kiv|

19. KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ Zv‡ì covïbvi ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb Ges D”Pwkÿv I PvKzwi †ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi †hŠw³K my‡hvM Pvjy Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v †bIqv|

20. kn‡ii mv‡_ MÖv‡gi gvìvmvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ we`¨gvb cv_©K¨ n«vm Kivi eë¯’v †bIqv |

21. KIwg gvìvmvmg~‡n we`¨gvb Ae¯’vi KIwg †bZ…e„‡›ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z miKvwi wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Ges c„_K †evW© ’vcb Kiv|

22. KIwg gvìvmvmg~‡n RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ‡Z ewY©Z †KŠkj `ªæZ ev¯Íevqb Kivi c`‡ÿc †bIqv|

23. mvwe©Kfv‡e KIwg gvìvmvi mbvZb avivq cwiPvwjZ cvV`vb c×wZi cwieZ©b Ges wkÿvµg I c×wZ ms¯‹vi Kiv|

Dcmsnviwkÿv Avgv‡ì †gŠwjK Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ GKwU, Avi wkÿv Avgv‡ì mvsweavwbK AwaKviI e‡U| wkÿv- †ÿ‡Î êlg¨ Avgv‡ì KviI Kvg¨ bq| Z`ycwi Avgv‡ì †`‡ki g~javivi wk¶vi mv‡_ KIwg gvìvmvi wk¶v eiveiB wcwQ‡q i‡q‡Q| ZviciI †`‡ki eûmsL¨K AwffveK Zuv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì GB wk¶vi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z AvMÖnx nb, d‡j H wkÿv_©x g~javiv †_‡K wcwQ‡q co‡Q| hw` mwZ¨Kvi fv‡e GB KIwg gvìvmvi wkÿvavivq hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ms¯‹vi mvab Kiv nq Zvn‡j GKw`‡K †hgb GB wkÿvaviv AviI †eMevb I Kvh©Ki iƒc jvf Ki‡e, †Zgwb eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ wkÿvavivmg~‡ni gv‡S we`¨gvb AmgZvI n«vm cv‡e|


Z_¨m~ÎAvjg, G. †RW. Gg kvgmyj (2002), gv`ªvmv wk¶v, XvKv:evsjv‡`k †Kv Acv‡iwUf eyK †mvmvBwU|

Avjg, Aa¨ÿ †gvt kvn (2011), gv`ªvmv wk¶vi `ye©j w`K¸‡jv, http://www.news-bangla.coAm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7237&Itemid=47

Avjx, W. †gvt AvRnvi I †eMg, †nvm‡b Aviv (1998), wk¶vbxwZ, XvKv: †jLKØq KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ|

Avmv`D‡ÏŠjv, wbqvR (2010), ÒWhat determines religious school choice in rural area of Bangladesh?Ó, XvKv:†jLKØq KZ©…K cÖKvwkZ|

Avng`, (1990), gva¨wgK ‹zj I gv`ªvmv wkÿvi cwi‡e‡ki Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv, AcÖKvwkZ Gg.GW w_wmm, wk¶v I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

BKevj, gyn¤§` Rvdi (2006), †jLvcov wb‡q †Q‡j‡Ljv, XvKv:cÖ_g Av‡jv

DBwKwcwWqv, gv`ªvmv, http : // bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ gvìvmv LvZzb, gvngy`y‡bœQv, (1989), gv`ªvmv wk¶vq wb‡`©kbv I civgk© `vb Kvh©µg AšÍfz©³ Kivi m¤¢¨ve¨Zv wbiƒcY, AcÖKvwkZ Gg.GW w_wmm, wk¶v I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

†PŠayix, W. gvniæd (2007), evsjv‡`‡ki gv`ªvmv wkÿv AvaywbKvqb I mgwš^ZKiY, http// www.sonarbangladesh.com/articles/Dr. Mhruf Chowdhury.

†PŠaiy x, W.wmivRj~ Bmjvg (2007), mgv‡Ri wZb aviv wkÿviI, http// unshigonj.com/bn/p?=25985

RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ- 2010, wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi|

wek¦e¨vsK, (2010), ÒSecondary School & Madrasah in Bangladesh independence & implictions for reformÓ,http://

www.samakal.com.bd/details.php?news=23&view=archiev&y=2009&m=6&d=29&action=main&option=single&news_id=1044&pub_no=29/wkÿv †`ji, RüvK I Ab¨vb¨, (1998) ÔwkLb AšÍwb©wnZ m¤ú`Õ evsjv fvlvšÍi W. kwd Avng`, W. wQwÏKzi ingvb m¤úvw`Z, BD‡b‡¯‹v|

†eMg, g‡bvqviv, (1988), Bmjvgx „wó‡KvY †_‡K wbgœ gva¨wgK Í‡i mgvRweÁvb wel‡qi cvV¨m~wP I cvVëB we‡kølY, AcÖKvwkZ Gg.GW w_wmm, wk¶v I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

e¨vb‡eBm, (2008), KIgx gv`ªvmv wk¶v eë¯’v: GKwU M‡elYv, XvKv: e¨vb‡eBm|

†gv¯Ídv, †gvnv¤§` (2008) Ôgv`ªvmv wkÿv Õ, XvKv|

ingvb, †gvn¤§` gwy Reiy , (2008), gva¨wgK wk¶v, wk¶vµg I wkïi µgweKvk, XvKv: cfÖ vZx jvB‡eiª x|

jwZd, Avey nvwg`, (2007), wk¶v, wkLb, wk¶Y, cÖwk¶Y, XvKv: †jLK KZ©…K cÖKvwkZ|

mvËvi, g. G, (2004), evsjv‡`‡k gv`ªvmv wkÿv I mgvR Rxe‡b Gi cÖfve, XvKv: Bmjvgx dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k|

mvËvi, †gvt Avãym, (2007), gv`ªvmv wkÿvi `vwLj wkÿvµ‡g kvwšÍwkÿv I Kg©gyLx wkÿvi cÖK…wZ I cwimi we‡kølY, AcÖKvwkZ Gg.GW w_wmm, wk¶v I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

myjZvb (2010) ÔKIgx gv`ªvmv I cÖhyw³Õ, http://yousufsultan.com/posts/qawmy-madrasa- and-technology/

†mwjg, †gvt, (1994), wkïi PwiÎ MVb I ag©xq g‡bvfve m„wó‡Z cwievi, mgvR I we`¨vj‡qi f‚wgKv, AcÖKvwkZ Gg.GW w_wmm, wk¶v I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

†nv‡mb, W. †kL AvgRv`, (2007), wkLb,g~j¨ hvPvB, Ges cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb, XvKv:cÖfvZx jvB‡eªix|

Ôiæg Uz wiWÕ GKwU Dbœqb ms¯’v c„w_exi bqwU †`‡k †QvU wkï‡ì eB covq AvMÖn m„wó Kivi j‡¶¨ KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q| evsjv‡`k QvovI G ms¯’vwU fviZ, †bcvj, kÖxjsKv, K¨v‡¤^vwWqv, wf‡qZbvg, jvIm, Mvw¤^qv I `: Avwd«Kvi nvRvi nvRvi wkï‡ì covïbvi `¶Zv e„w× I co‡Z AvMÖn m„wói j‡¶¨ KvR Ki‡Q| Avkv Kiv hv‡”Q- 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GK †KvwU wkï G eB cov Av‡›`vj‡bi AvIZvq Avm‡e| evsjv‡`‡k iæg Uz wiW-Gi Kvh©µg ïiæ nq 2008 mv‡j| ms¯’vi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q MÖvgxY wi`ª wkï‡ì mv¶iZv ¶Zvi Dbœqb NUv‡bv hv m¤¢e Kiv n‡e AvKl©Yxq wkï‡Zvl Mí-KweZvi eB cÖKvkbv I cvVvMvi cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g| Avkv Kiv n‡”Q ¯‹z‡ji cv‡Vi cvkvcvwk GBme AvKl©Yxq eB cvV Kivi gva¨‡g wkï‡ì bZzb AwR©Z mv¶iZv `¶Zvi cÖavb `ywU `¶Zv - cov (reading) I cwVZ welq eyS‡Z cviv (comprehension)Õ Gi Dbœqb NwU‡q mvwe©K fv‡e Zv‡ì wk¶vi gv‡bvbœqb NUv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e|

†gvUvgywU mevi Rb¨ wk¶v Ges me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi Ab¨Zg yÕwU cÖavb j¶¨

1) kZfvM cÖv_wgK wk¶v MÖnY Dc‡hvMx 6 †_‡K 10 eQi eqmx †Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì †h †Kvb ai‡Yi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q fwZ©

2) fwZ© nIqv wkï‡ì gvb m¤§Z wk¶vq wkw¶Z Kiv,

G `yÕwU AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ miKvi bvbvgyLx Kvh©µg I c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i‡Q| miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk †`‡ki †emiKvwi ms¯’v, wewfbœ GbwRI, †mev cÖwZôvb †`‡ki wkï‡ì ¸YMZ gv‡b wkw¶Z Kivi bvbviKg D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i‡Q| GgbB GKwU D‡`¨v‡M mvwgj n‡q‡Q Ôiæg Uz wiWÕ|

G K_v ejv evûj¨ †h evsjv‡`‡ki wekvj wbi¶i I wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi mšÍvb‡ì mv¶iZv ¶Zv AR©b K‡i gvb m¤§Z wk¶vq wkw¶Z Kiv GKwU xN©‡gqv`x, mgqmv‡c¶ Ges e¨qeûj I KwVb KvR|

iæg Uz wiW: eB covq wkï‡ì AvMÖn ˆZwi*ggZvR jwZd

* wkï weKvk we‡klÁ


`wi`ª I wbi¶i bvix cyiæl Zv‡ì `vwi`ª I wbi¶iZv‡K wb‡R‡ì mšÍvb‡ì DËivwaKvi wnmv‡e cÖ`vb K‡i Ges vwi`ª I wbi¶iZvi Awfkvc †_‡K mn‡R gyw³ w`‡Z cv‡i bv| fv‡jv gv‡bi Lv`¨, fv‡jv gv‡bi wPwKrmv †mev Ges fv‡jv gv‡bi wk¶v mšÍvb‡ì †Ìqv KwVb nq ¯^í Av‡qi Kvi‡Y| GB AmyweavMÖ¯Í wkï‡ì me iKg wel‡qi wk¶vi †gŠj wfZ& - cov I †evSvi ¶Zv cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ôiæg Uz wiWÕ wkï‡Zvl AvKl©Yxq eB cÖKv‡ki Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| ms¯’vwU 2010 mv‡j 5wU eB Ges 2011 mv‡j 10wU eB cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| 2012 mv‡j bZzb cvVK‡ì Rb¨ 25wU eB cÖKvk Kivi cwiKíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| bexbcÖexb wkïmvwnwZ¨‡Kiv Mí I Qovi eB¸‡jv wj‡L‡Qb| Avkv Kiv n‡”Q- wkïiv ï×fv‡e evsjv co‡Z I wjL‡Z wkL‡e Ges fvlv †h‡nZz me wel‡qi wk¶vi gva¨g †m‡nZz AvKl©Yxq eB cv‡Vi mvnv‡h¨ wkïiv me wel‡qi wk¶v fv‡jvfv‡e MÖnY K‡i gvbm¤§Z wk¶v AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g n‡e| eZ©gv‡b iæg Uz wiW wmivRMÄ I eªvþYevwoqv †Rjvi 379wU cÖv_wgK I 6wU gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Q|

`vwi`ª I wbi¶iZvi `yóP‡µ Ave× wkïiv PvB‡jB mn‡RB gvbm¤§Z wk¶v AR©‡b A¶g _v‡K hv wb‡Pi vwi`ª I wbi¶iZvi yóPµwU †`‡L †evSv hv‡e-


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msmv‡ii Kv‡Ri IAv‡qi Pvc, we`¨vj‡qi cv‡V

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covïbvq gv-evevimvnv‡hï Afve,

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cywóKi Lv`¨, wPwKrmv,fv‡jv wk¶v wkï‡ì w`‡Z A¶g

Ôiæg Uz wiWÕ mv¶iZvi nv‡i wcwQ‡q cov wmivRMÄ †Rjv I eªvþYevwoqv †Rjvq wb‡gœv³ Kg©m~Px ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q:

1. †kÖwYK¶ cvVvMvi Kg©m~Px

2. †g‡q wkï‡ì wk¶vq mn‡hvwMZv Kg©m~Px

3. evsjvfvlv wk¶v mn‡hvwMZv Kg©m~Px

4. †jvKvj j¨vs¸‡qR cvewjwks Kg©m~Px

5. ¯‹zj iæg Kg©m~Px

D³ Kg©m~Pxi gva¨‡g †kÖwYK¶-cvVvMvi ¯’vcb Kiv n‡”Q, †kÖwYK¶ Dbœqb I mw¾ZKiY, wkï‡ì †jLv wb‡q †`qvj cwÎKv cÖKvk, eB cov cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, mvßvwnK ÔeB covi NÈvÕ ïiæ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G m‡½ IqvK©eyK, †cv÷vi, PvU©, eY©KvW©, eB ivLvi †kjd Ges M‡íi eB mieivn Kiv nq| G Qvov 5wU P‡ii 200 †g‡q wkïi Gm, Gm, wm, ch©šÍ cvV m¤úbœ Kiv‡bvi wel‡q AwffveK, ¯‹zj, mgvR I miKv‡ii mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e KvR Ki‡Q iæg Uz wiW|

cÖKvwkZ K‡qKwU eB t

1. †g‡Ni mv‡_ K_v- GwU Lye Aí msL¨K kã eënvi K‡i msjvc wbf©i GKwU mnR covi eB| Z‡e, cÖ_g bZzb co–qvi Rb¨ cÖkœ‡evaK wPý wKQzUv AMÖeZ©x wPý hv wkïiv mvaviYZt fvlv †kLvi †kl ch©v‡q †k‡L| Z‡e, kã, evK¨ †QvU I mnR nIqvq eBwU wkï‡ì AvKl©Y Ki‡e| Qwe¸‡jv fv‡jv n‡q‡Q|

2. 1,2,3..nv¤^v-GwU GKwU Qovi eB| eBwU‡Z Qovq msL¨v †kLv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g w`‡Ki Qov¸‡jv mnR, Q‡›` †jLv| KvUz©b RvZxq Qwe wkï‡ì †Pv‡L memgq úó nq bv, wkïiv mn‡R †ev‡S jvBb Wªwqs Ges Pwi‡Îi fvebv Qwe‡Z wkï‡ì Kv‡Q memgq mnR‡eva¨ nq bv| Miæ mwZ¨ Miæi gZ, gvbyl mwZ¨ gvby‡li gZ, Ab¨ meI mwZ¨Kv‡ii †Pnvivq AuvKv n‡j wkï‡ì c‡¶ Qwe I Qovi K_v †gjv‡bv AviI mnR nZ e‡j g‡b nq|

3. KvKZvo–qv- SiS‡i fvlvq Kg k‡ã I ev‡K¨ MÖvgxY cwi‡e‡ki MíwU wkïiv mn‡R co‡Z I eyS‡Z cvi‡e| QweI wkï‡ì c‡¶ mnR‡eva¨ n‡e| †g‡mRwUI fv‡jv|

4. Kzmygcy‡ii Av‡qkv-G eBwUi M‡íi †g‡mR- Ac‡ii m‡½ Avb›` fvM K‡i Avbw›`Z nIqv- fv‡jv, wkï‡ì Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx fvlvq cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| G eB‡Z iÕdjv, J-Kvi _vKvq GwU bZzb co–qv‡ì c‡ii Í‡ii hviv evsjv fvlvi djv wPý, Kvi-wPý †P‡b, Zv‡ì Rb¨ Dchy³ n‡e| Qwe¸‡jv ¯úó Ges AvKl©Yxq, hwÌ †g‡q I evevi mvR-m¾vq `yÕRb‡K yB RM‡Zi gvbyl g‡b nq- kû‡i I MÖvgxY| evevi cv‡q m¨v‡Ûj _vK‡Z cviZ|

5. S‡oi c‡i- G M‡íI GK cvZvq GKwU evK¨| evK¨¸‡jv mnR, M‡íi †g‡mR Lye fv‡jvÕ cï-cvwLi cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxjZvÕ my›ì fv‡e cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| G M‡í GKwU hy³eY© Av‡Q hv wkïiv co‡Z wM‡q wk‡L †b‡e| Qwe¸‡jv‡Z cÖvK…wZK `„k¨¸‡jv fv‡jv gv‡bi †cBw›Us n‡q‡Q, Z‡e wkï‡ì †Pv‡L †hgb kvwjK cvwL, gbvi Qwe ev¯Íe m¤§Z e‡j wPb‡Z myweav n‡e, cÖK…wZi „k¨¸‡jv ZZUv úó n‡ebv e‡j g‡b nq|


6. jvjgvQ I njy` cvwL- G MíwU‡Z †Kvb †Kvb cvZvq 4/5wU evK¨ i‡q‡Q| evK¨¸wj mnR Ges M‡íi †g‡mRwUI my›ì| yÕwU hy³eY© eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q hv co–qviv Mí co‡Z wM‡q wk‡L †b‡e| bZzb co–qv‡ì PvB‡Z GKUz cieZ©x ¯Í‡ii co–qv‡ì Rb¨ G eBwU Dchy³ n‡e| Qwe‡Z PwiÎ yÕwU D¾¡j i‡Oi Kvi‡Y wkï‡ì †Pv‡L úófv‡e cÖKvk cv‡e|

7. cixi †`‡k- GwU †gvUvgywU `xN© Qovq †jLv Mí| MíwU wkï‡ì Avb›` †`‡e Ges wbR †`‡ki jvj, bxj, meyR i‡Oi dzj, cvwL, cvZv, av‡bi K_v g‡b Kwi‡q †`‡e| Qwe¸‡jv MíwU‡K cÖKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|

8. AvUwU gvwQi wWg- GwUI Qovq, Q‡›` †jLv wkï‡ì Avb›` †èvi gZB Kvwnbx| Qwe †gvUvgywU Kvwnbxi mv‡_ gvbvbmB|

9. Qq FZzi †`‡k- Qovq-Q‡›` †jLv MÖv‡gi `„k¨ my›ì dz‡U‡Q G eBwU‡Z| Z‡e Qq FZzi †`‡k Qq FZzi eY©bvi Av‡M 3/4 c„ôvi Qov evowZ g‡b nq, †h eY©bv bv _vK‡j QovwU GZ Abvek¨K `xN© g‡b nZ bv| Qq FZz‡Z mxgve× _vK‡j fv‡jv nZ| Qwe gvbvbmB hwÌ b`xi iO †e¸bx nIqv‡Z IUv‡K cvKv iv¯Ív e‡j f‚j nq|

10. KvK I †KvwK‡ji Mí- Qovq †jLv KvwnbxUv cÖPwjZ †KvwK‡ji KvK VKv‡bvi Kvwnbxi wecixZ Ges G‡K fv‡jvevmvi Kvwnbx‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡ii fvebvwU Lye fv‡jv †Kbbv wkï‡ì nv‡Z VKv‡bvi Kvwnbx bv †ÌqvUvB fv‡jv| wkïiv me mgq BwZevPK Kvwnbx Rvb‡e- GUvB Kvw•LZ| Qwe¸‡jv Kvwnbxi mv‡_ gvbvbmB| G eBI wk¶vqiZ wKQzUv AMÖeZ©x wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx n‡e| GB eBGi †g‡mRwUI GKUz eo wkïivB eyS‡Z cvi‡e|

iæg Uz wi‡WÕi GB g~jëvb cÖKvkbv¸‡jv bvbv i‡O SKg‡K Qvcvq webvg~‡j¨ cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j weZiY Kivi d‡j wi`ª I wbi¶‡ii wkï‡ì fvlv ¶Zv AvqË Kiv wKQzUv n‡jI mnRmva¨ n‡e| Gfv‡e Zviv gvbm¤§Z wk¶v AR©‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡e Ges c~Y© wkw¶Z n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|



ÔkÖeY cÖwZewÜZv : KviY, cÖwZKvi I Dbœqb mnvqZvÕ

W. wbivdvZ Avbvg, †gvnv¤§` ZvwiK Avnmvb, bvwmgv Av³vi

cÖ_g cÖKvk: †g, 2011

cÖKvkK: wmGmAvBwW, XvKv

c„ôv: 118

g~j¨: 250 UvKv

AvBGmweGb: 978-984-33-3531-9

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ÔkÖeY cÖwZewÜZv : KviY, cÖwZKvi I Dbœqb mnvqZvÕ eBwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q g~jZ Ôwe‡kl wkÿvÕ wel‡q hviv wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vj‡q e¨v‡Pji I gv÷vm© †cÖvMÖv‡g cov‡jLv Ki‡Qb Zuv‡ì Rb¨| Z‡e eBwUi mnRcvV¨Zvi Kvi‡Y mvaviY we`¨vjq wkÿK, AwffveK, AwWIjwR÷ Ges mvaviY cvVKmgv‡Ri Kv‡QI eBwU mgfv‡e mgv`„Z n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq| eBwU PviwU Aa¨v‡q wef³| G¸‡jv nj: kÖe‡Yw›`ªq, kÖeY cÖwZewÜZvi KviY I cÖwZKvi; kÖve¨Zvi cwigvc; kÖeY cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ kÖeY mnvqK DcKiY; †hvMv‡hvM I wkÿv|

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