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7/22/2019 BIBLIOSCIENTIA_2009_1_2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biblioscientia200912 1/142
7/22/2019 BIBLIOSCIENTIA_2009_1_2
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E`edkmle dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl Oloclntk`e ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ ‗Egdrkl Cupeg”
OloclnP`lkgtle
_kvlstĀ dk oloclntk`ngnmlk Şl ŞtllgŠkck lganrmĀrll ?66< Gr.5-?
_kde`tnr - Şka8 Eurkcle BEGJEG[
_kde`tnr - Şka edhug`t8 Cldle XEPEQLů@BL
@NCKJL[C DK _KDE@ůLK8
Kckge ONůEG-JELGE (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuocl`e Mncdnve)
Ege O_ďLKP@[ (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuocl`e Mncdnve)
Kckge @N_NTKG@N (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuocl`e Mncdnve) Cldle I[CLINQPIL (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuocl`e Mncdnve)
Merle VNVKP@[C (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuocl`e Mncdnve)
@ceudle PC[T[-J_EME (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuocl`e Mncdnve)
Qeckgtlge T@E@KG@N (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuocl`e Mncdnve)
Egjkce TLM[ŗ (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuocl`e Mncdnve)
Gkccy ů[_@EG (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuocl`e Mncdnve)
Ck`tnr8 Tetlege C[@BLEG
@npkrte / vlzlugk jreal`Ā8 Qlnrkc VNVE
© Oloclntk`e ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ ‗Egdrkl Cupeg” e EŗM
LPPG8 52;:-??:2
_kvlstĀ skmkstrlecĀ
Tkxtkck sugt evlzetk. _kde`Šle çŞl rkzkrvĀ drkptuc dk e dk`ldk esupre npnrtugltĀŠll
puocl`Ārll metkrlecucul nakrlt dk `nceonretnrl, prk`um Şl dk e sncl`lte eutnrlcnr
mndlal`Ārlck seu nmpcktĀrlck ngsldkretk gk`kserk.
Edrkse rkde`Šlkl8str. E`edkmlkl ;e, mug. @blŞlgĀu, ?6?2, _kpuocl`e Mncdnve
Tkc/aex8 (6??) :?-:4-65
K-melc8 cloreryFesm.md, eurkclebegjeguFyebnn.`nm
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P[ME_
LPTN_LE @ď_ůLL ŗL E V_KPKL
@ceudle PC[T[-J_EME. Ptudluc cul Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr dksprk rkcljle
mebnmkdegĀ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...1
Lng ŗVE@. _kvlste ‗Oesereole k`ngnml`Ā”………………………………………………………...55
TKN_LK, MKTNDNCNJLK ŗL V_E@TL@ď ÇG OLOCLNTK@NGNMLK
Gkccy ů[_@EG. Vncltl`lck e``ksucul dks`bls çg ŠĀrlck çg tregzlŠlk………………………..05
BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
Kckge @N_NTKG@N. N sursĀ vecnrnesĀ dk lganrmerk Şl dn`umkgterk
‐ olnoloclnjreale……………………………………………………………………………………………….4<
Hegge GLINCEKQE. Lgtkrgetlngec Gu`cker Lganrmetlng Pystkm
Deteoesk (Mncdnve)………………………………………………………………………………………… ;1
Cldle XEPEQLů@BL. [tlclzerke detkcnr oloclnmktrl`k çg esljurerke lganrmeŠlngecĀ
e `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k çg dnmkgluc k`ncnjlkl Şl ec mkdlucul emolegt………………1?
Merle VNVKP@[, Qeckgtlge T@E@KG@N, Temere ME_LEG. Mndkrglzerke
skrvl`llcnr dk lganrmerk e `ltltnrlcnr ‐ ug lmpkretlv ec tlmpucul…………………………:1
Clcle ONDE_KQ. @ucture lganrmeŠlngecĀ çg `ngtkxtuc mndkrglzĀrll
dn`umkgtĀrll ŞtllgŠlal`k……………………………………………………………………………………..26
Clclege MKCGL@. Egeclze gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck eck spk`leclŞtlcnr
`blmlŞtl Şl kal`lkgŠe `krlgŠkl oloclnjreal`k çg `edruc Oŗ@…………………………………….20
Пжйлнявнж АРЦУЛПЖ. Жияржйунщл оцзейлгщ пщозйнлнвю ялгжявълхивы
кжоцзхзп ъвяжялйлм п евейвзялил Внхявяряж Ывгвв Жиждлгвв Нжри
Гзйдзпщ…………………………………………………………………………………………………………2:
MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
Cldle I[CLINQPIL, Tetlege ŗET_EQ@E. Kvecuerke kal`lkgŠkl megejkmkgtuculrksurskcnr umegk ce oloclntk`e mugl`lpecĀ ‗O.V. Besdku”.
Vncltl`l dk pkrsngec (5)……………………………………………………………………………………. <5
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DKXQNCTE_KE @NCK@ůLLCN_
Kckge ONůEG-JELGE. Oloclntk`e e`edkml`Ā ‐ tkgdlgŠk çg dkzvncterke
`nck`Šllcnr……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56;
_ndl`e @NPTEŗ, Cu`le E_Gď[T. Dk ce Oloclntk`e @ngjrksucul dlg Zesblgjtng
‐ ce Oloclntk`e ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ ‗Egdrkl Cupeg” e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk
e Mncdnvkl……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 56<
T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_
Cudmlce ME_Lŗ@KE@. Oloclntk`e @ngjrksucul ‐ kdlal`luc `ugnŞtlgŠkcnr…………. 550
Tetlege C[@BLEG. Oloc lntk`e QlrtuecĀ KurnpkegĀ…………………………………………552
@rlstleg VCďLKŗ[-DQN_GL@. Oloclntk`e ?.6” ‐ n gnuĀ tkbgncnjlklganrmeŠlngecĀ pkgtru oloclntk`l……………………………………………………………………..5?1
EGLQK_Pď_L
Lng ŗVE@. @ckpsldre eglcnr .........................................................................................................5?<
Kckge VNHNJE. E`edkml`leguc Vevkc Qced ‐ ug aldkc prlktkg ec oloclntk`ll
e`edkml`k, kx`kckgt `ltltnr ..........................................................................................................50?
_else QEPLCE@BK. Erblvlstuc Lng MnrnŞegu ce :; dk egl ... ........................................504
_else QEPLCE@BK, Kckge QEPLCE@BK. N vleŠĀ trĀltĀ çg cumke `ĀrŠlcnr
(Plcvle @ncksgl` ce 16 dk egl) .....................................................................................................501
DLQK_TLP
Eurkcle BEGJEG[. QleŠe çg ... ‗_kack`Šll clgjvlstl`k” ………………………………………50<
Merle OECEOEG. N ‗Erlk e Dkstlgucul” dk Merle OlkŞu………………………………… 545
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@uvïgt- çgelgtk
Nmgk lg`lplum (alk`erk çg`kput), ‐ `ngtlguĀ cetlgll ‐ , alk dlaal`lck kst (kstk
dlal`lc), alk dlmldlum ae`tl kst (kstk cu`ruc pk humĀtetk aĀ`ut). Gnl putkm uglkxpcl`eŠllck strĀmnŞlcnr gnŞtrl çgtr -n slgjurĀ ealrmeŠlk8 Alk`erk çg`kput, `blerde`Ā kstk dlal`lc, rkprkzlgtĀ ug cu`ru aĀ`ut pk humĀtetk. Gu sugtkm `etkjnrl`l
`Ā kxprksle s-er rkakrl ce rkvlste gnestrĀ. @u `krtltudlgk çgsĀ putkm spugk `Ā OloclnP`lkgtle rkprkzlgtĀ ug çg`kput dk e`tlvltetk kdltnrlec- pkrlndl`Ā eOloclntk`ll ŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck Egdrkl Cupeg” e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk eMncdnvkl.
P`npuc prlg`lpec dk ce `erk s-e pnrglt çg lglŠlkrke e`kstkl rkvlstk e anst, melçgtïl dk tnetk, dlauzerke lganrmeŠlkl e`umucetk dk `Ātrk spk`leclŞtll çg
oloclntk`ngnmlk8 oloclntk`erl, oloclnjreal, oloclncnjl kt`. Oloclntk`e ŗtllgŠlal`Ā@kgtrecĀ E. Cupeg” dkŠlgk ug eskmkgke angd dk `ugnŞtlgŠk pk `erk trkoulksĀ-c ae`Ā puocl`, nr, e`keste kstk uge dlgtrk mlsluglck prlg`lpeck eck ugkl
oloclntk`l, çg spk`lec eck ugkl oloclntk`l `ngtkmpnregk, Şl pk `erk gu skzjïr`kŞtk sĀ-c çmpĀrtĀŞkes`Ā utlclzetnrlcnr kl seu `nckjlcnr dk orkescĀ dk ce ectk
oloclntk`l nrl lgstltuŠll dk lganrmerk. TntndetĀ mkgŠlngĀm `Ā eperlŠle rkvlstkldk aeŠĀ sk detnrkezĀ Şl kanrtucul `nckjlcnr gnŞtrl `erk eu dkhe n kxpkrlkgŠĀ çge`tlvltetke dk e`kst jkg. Dumgkecnr ck kxprlmĀm slg`kre gnestrĀ jretltudlgk
Şl spkregŠe `nceonrĀrll uctkrlnerk tnt mel kxtlgsk._kvlste OloclnP`lkgtle kstk `ng`kputĀ `e uge dk spk`lecltetk, çg eck `Ārkl
pejlgl sĀ-Şl (rk)jĀskes`Ā cn`uc Şl lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā ‐ rkzuctetuc
lgvkstljeŠllcnr oloclntk`ngnml`k, oloclncnjl`k, oloclnjreal`k, der Şl alcncnjl`kseu lstnrl`k nrl Šlgïgd dk ug `u tntuc ect dnmkglu ‐, Şl lganrmeŠle pre`tl`Ā ‐ lzvnrïtĀ dlg kxpkrlkgŠe `kcnr `erk cu`rkezĀ çg oloclntk`l, `u oloclntk`l seu
pkgtru oloclntk`l. Dk e`kke lgvltĀm dknpntrlvĀ spk`leclŞtll Şl utlclzetnrll sĀancnskes`Ā speŠluc prnpus dk/çg rkvlstĀ pkgtru e-Şl ae`k `ugns`utk jïgdurlck Şlestakc, pkgtru e-l çmonjĀŠl pk ecŠll.
@ltltnrlcnr gnŞtrl ck urĀm setlsae`Šle ck`turll Şl e `ugneŞtkrll, `u esljurĀrldlg pertke `nckjlucul dk rkde`Šlk Şl e eutnrlcnr rkakrltnr ce mug`e eslduĀ pk`erk urmkezĀ s-n dkpugkm çgtru setlsae`krke justurlcnr Şl gk`ksltĀŠlcnr dklganrmeŠlk.
@u ecksk jïgdurl,Eurkcle Begjegu Şl `nckjluc dk rkde`Šlk
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LPTN_LE @ď_ůLL ŗL E V_KPKL
1
PT[DL[C C[L DLMLT_LK @EGTKML_ DKPV_K _KCLJLE
MEBNMKDEGď
dr. @CE[DLE PC[T[-J_EME
Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
Ertl`ncuc rkprkzlgtĀ ug studlu `ngse`ret cu`rĀrll cul Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr Plstkmucseu çgtn`mlrke rkcljlkl mebnmkdegk” YИнваж хвхявгж вйв хзхязюнвлгрыжгглджнхизм цлйвавв”]. Vk oeze kxkmpcerucul ec e`kstkl cu`rĀrl `erk sk
pĀstrkezĀ çg sk`tnruc @ertk _erĀ Şl Qk`bk ec Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg” e EŗM eu anstegeclzetk anrzeŠurlck `erk `ngŠlg gntk merjlgeck, edkvĀretk rk`kgzll eck `kcnr `erk eu
`ltlt e`kestĀ cu`rerk.
Tbls pepkr studlks tbk merjlgec gntks ng Tbk Pystkm Onni, nr tbk Ptetk na tbk
Mnbemmkdeg _kcljlng”, ngk na tbk prlg`lpec Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr „s wnris Ynrljlgec
tltck Ижнялгвц, Двгвяцвл. Инваж хвхявгж вйв хзхязюнвл грыжгглджнхизм
цлйвавв”]. Tbk merjlgec gntks wkrk studlkd e``nrdlgj tbk `npy prkskrvkd lg tbk
_erk egd Ncd Onni @ncck`tlngs Dkpertmkgt na tbk @kgtrec P`lkgtlal` Clorery Egdrkl
Cupeg” na tbk E`edkmy na P`lkg`ks na Mncdnve. Es lgvkstljetlng sbnwkd lt wes tbk
truk onni rkvlkws na pknpck wbn bed rked tbls @egtkmlr„s wnri .
Allgd n pkrsngecltetk `erk e `rket çg pceg pcurldls`lpclger Şl lgtkrdls`lpclger,Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr Şl-e meglakstet pntkgŠlecuc lgtkck`tuec çg `ecltetk dk lstnrl`,cltkret, jknjrea, muzl`leg, `ucturncnj, çg tnetk dnmkgllck cĀsïgd vecnrllg`ngtksteolck pkgtru splrltuecltetke rnmïgĀ Şl `ke uglvkrsecĀ.
TrĀlgd mucŠl egl çg mkdluc tur`ks` Şl allgd n alrk dnrgl`Ā dk gnl `ugnŞtlgŠk,krudltuc eutnr e dks`rls Şl e eprk`let çg ugkck dlg cu`rĀrlck seck Şl gumkrneskvecnrl ktgl`k eck musucmeglcnr. –Vrlg @egtkmlr lscemuc e evut pkgtru prlmenerĀ çg kpn`e mndkrgĀ ug `kr`ktĀtnr Şl ug hudk`Ātnr kurnpkeg dlg cĀugtruc
cul” Y5], nplge, çgtkmklet, e`ed. Qlrjlc @ïgdke. [ge dlg e`kck cu`rĀrl kstk–Инваж хвхявгж вйв хзхязюнвл грыжгглджнхизм цлйвавв” (Plstkmuc seu
çgtn`mlrke rkcljlkl mebnmkdegk”), kceonretĀ lglŠlec çg clmoe cetlgĀ dk
Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr ce Mns`nve, ce çgdkmguc Şl suo nocĀdulrke Šerucul rusVktru L. Çg Plstkmuc seu çgtn`mlrke rkcljlkl mebnmkdegk” eutnruc e rkckvetgeture e`kcul pnpnr dk `rkdlgŠĀ dlakrltĀ dk `ke e nrtndn`Şlcnr, dlg `erk aĀ`ke Şlkc pertk, `utumkck Şl nol`klurlck musucmeglcnr çg jkgkr ec.
Kvkglmkgtuc kdltnrlec ec e`kstul vncum, çg`blget, dk ectakc, cul Vktru `kcMerk, sk prndu`ke ce ?? dk`kmorlk 5:?? ce Pegit Vktkrsourj. [g kxkmpcer ec
e`kstkl cu`rĀrl sk pĀstrkezĀ çg Pk`tnruc `ertk rerĀ Şl vk`bk ec Oŗ@ Egdrkl
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LPTN_LE @ď_ůLL ŗL E V_KPKL
2
Çg dks`rlkr ke nol`klurlcnr pnpucerk eutnruc s-e nprlt `u n dknskoltĀ etkgŠlkesupre alk`Ārul emĀgugt dlg vleŠe ntnmeglcnr, `Āutïgd sĀ kxpcl`k ugkck detlglŞl tredlŠll, lgdl`ïgd pĀrŠlck cnr pnzltlvk, der Şl pk `kck gkjetlvk. Plgnduc _us,
suo euspl`llck `Ārule s-e tlpĀrlt `ertke cul D. @egtkmlr Şl `erk s-e eŞtkptet ceect`kve, s-e çgjrnzlt dk `kck s`rlsk çg ke. Vrnoeolc `Ā gu c-eu çgspĀlmïgtet etït pnvkstlrlck nos`kgk, çg `erk dkonrdegte aegtkzlk nrlkgtecĀ çŞl jĀslsk kxprksle`ke mel dksĀvïrŞltĀ, `l çgsuŞl tnguc eutnrucul, gnte dk slmpetlk `erk, eŞe `um`ngskmge ŗtkaeg @lnoegu, pk ecn`url pkgktrkezĀ npkre cul D. @egtkmlr Y0].
Plgnduc `krke prkecumlgetucul eutnr” sĀ kxpcl`k prnvkglkgŠe `kcnr s`rlsk ‐ dlg jure pnpnrucul dk hns” ‐ nr surse dk lgsplreŠlk k dlg çgŠkckpŠllmusucmegl. ŗl de`Ā eutnruc gk ve de n eskmkgke s`rlkrk, sk ve tlpĀrl ceçg`kputuc seu ce saïrŞltuc cu`rĀrll” Y4]. Dk`lzle Plgnducul _us kre skmgetĀ dk
`Ātrk Jevrllc, erblmegdrltuc mĀgĀstlrll Pa. Lpetlk, mkmoru ec Plgnducul Şldlrk`tnr ec tlpnjrealkl lmpkrleck rusk.
Ce sncl`lterke Plgnducul, D. @egtkmlr e s`rls [g rĀspugs”, çg `erk rkauzĀ,`u dkmgltetk, sĀ dke lganrmeŠllck sncl`ltetk9 `cer `Ā e`kck `krlgŠk eck anruculk`ckzlestl` suprkm c-eu hljglt pkstk mĀsurĀ, çgtru`ït tnguc rĀspugsucul sĀu kstk`etkjnrl` Şl ser`estl`.
Ptudllgd cltkreture exetĀ pk suolk`tuc tkmkl gnestrk, em dks`npkrlt ug
vncum, sĀ-l zl`km `nck`tlv, evïgdu-l çg `ecltetk dk eutnrl pk Pnarnglk
Qre`kegsiy Şl pk Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr, lgtltucet Plstkme Şl rkcljlemebnmkdegĀ”. Erblkrkuc oucjer Pna rnglk Qre`kegsiy (`u gumkck mlrkeg
Ptnlin Qcedlscevnv) e `ugns`ut studluc cul Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr Plstkmuc seuçgtn`mlrke rkcljlkl mebnmkdegk”, pk `erk, ce 526;, c-e `nmplcet Şl c-e
lgtrndus çg pertke e trkle e @ĀrŠll `kcnr trkl rkcljll” («Инваж кж яцвял цлйвавв¹) Y;], edl`Ā `rkŞtlgĀ, kvrkles`Ā Şl mebnmkdegĀ. Pnarnglk e evutn`ezle sĀ studlkzk e`kestĀ cu`rerk dknskolt dk prkstljlnesĀ ce Ou`urkŞtl Şl eecks-n pkgtru e `ngstltul `ke dk-e trkle pertk e tretetucul sĀu dksprk `kck trklrkcljll, aept skmgecet dk mel muctĀ vrkmk dk `kr`urlck ŞtllgŠlal`k”, mkgŠlnge çg
prkaeŠe tredu`krll `nmperetlvk e cu`rĀrll `egtkmlrlkgk çgjrlhltnerke kdlŠlkl EgeLrlge Lngks`u Y1]. P`npuc cul Qre`kegsiy, mntlvkck `erk c-eu dktkrmlget sĀtredu`Ā `nplns dlg @egtkmlr eu anst mel muctk8 5. Jrlhe dknskoltĀ pk `erk emeglakstet-n çgtntdkeuge pkgtru `uctlverke clmoll geŠlngeck, pkgtru lgstrulrke`ngeŠlngeclcnr sĀl9 ?. Pnarnglk Qre`kegsiy e anst prlmuc prkcet oucjer, `erk elgtrndus clmoe oucjerĀ çg scuhoe rkcljlnesĀ Şl evke gkvnlk dk tkxtk ougk Şlvkrldl`k9 0. E nakrlt oucjerlcnr lganrmeŠll kxe`tk dksprk prlg`lpeckck trkl rkcljll
pre`tl`etk çg Šere se, pkgtru e dnvkdl estakc supkrlnrltetke `ngakslugll `rkŞtlgk.
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LPTN_LE @ď_ůLL ŗL E V_KPKL
<
Puoclglkm aeptuc `Ā gumkck cul Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr gu kstk mkgŠlngetgl`Ālkrl pk per`ursuc cu`rĀrll (cul P. Qre`kegsiy ‐ suoc. g. ‐ @. P.-J.) Şl gl`lgu sk prk`lzkezĀ çg gl`l ug akc `erk sugt surskck kl” Y:].
Der sĀ rkvkglm ce kxkmpceruc pĀstret çg Pk`tnruc @ertk rerĀ Şl vk`bk ecOŗ@. AnrzeŠurlck cul `ngŠlg `ïtkve gntk merjlgeck, edkvĀretk rk`kgzll eck`kcnr `erk eu `ltlt e`kestĀ cu`rerk. Vk ug anrzeŠ dkplstĀm ug estakc dk
`nmkgterlu8 ”Ызкювнр оцвнзтр ейжазджцнзхяу, ызяю в хйлдрля ъвяжяу, жязигз в нл кжейрбджяу” (PtĀpïgucul (edl`Ā eutnrucul ‐ g. g. ‐ @. P.- J.) çledu` mucŠumlrl, dkŞl trkoulk `ltlt, der gu Şl dk `nmls krnrl”). E`kc `erk-l
edu`ke mucŠumlrl sevegtucul pkgtru `ertk, çŞl gnte dner lglŠleckck8 ”_. Ç. Ç. I.”Şl eguc `ïgd e aĀ`ut rk`kgzle” ‐ 5:<<, edl`Ā dk ce tlpĀrlrke cu`rĀrll trk`uskrĀdkhe :: dk egl, ler `ertke çŞl jĀske Şl evke `ltltnrll sĀl. Mel hns k lgskretĀ n ectĀ
gntĀ merjlgecĀ e ugul `ltltnr supĀret, eskmkgke oĀjĀtnrlcnr dk skemĀ” dk cePlgnduc _us8 ”Эяр инвар елк ъялнвю гзбнз оцлоцзпздвяв п олъш”(E`kestĀ `ertk aĀrĀ e al `ltltĀ sk pnetk erug`e çg snoĀ”). Gu sk cesĀ mel prkhnsŞl ug ectuc, `erk, dk eskmkgke, gu k dk e`nrd `u `kke `k e s`rls prlg`lpkck Şlkx-vnlkvnduc ůĀrll Mncdnvkl çg `ertke se. @u sljuregŠĀ `Ā e`kc `ltltnr, supĀretgkvnlk merk, tntuŞl e `ltlt cu`rerke8 В ю хзайжхлн ецзхвяу хвч инвар пхпвнщм хгцжднщм ижй” (ŗl ku sugt dk e`nrd dk erug`et e`keste `ertk çg
oĀckjeruc pclg dk dubnerk ec pnr`lcnr”). Tnetk çgskmgĀrlck sugt s`rlsk `u
`krgkecĀ gkejrĀ, `ltkŠ, dk dlvkrŞl pnsksnrl, der alk`erk gntĀ pnertĀ lg slgk nçg`Ār`ĀturĀ epertk, lgdlvlduecĀ, `nganrm mkgtecltĀŠll Şl `ucturll `kcul `erk, `kc puŠlg e rĀsanlt-n, epnl e Şl studlet-n.
Vk ug ect anrzeŠ n çgskmgerk gk vnrokŞtk dksprk pnsksnrll vncumucul8 Вкинва Ажйизнхижаз хлйж Хпюьлнвиж Зясж Lnege Iркзпнвиж” (Dlg `ĀrŠlcksetucul Jecingsi eck Vrkntucul VĀrlgtk Lnegg Iuznvglinv”).
Mel hns n ectĀ mïgĀ e gntet n çgtrkejĀ jkgkecnjlk ‐ `bler k lgtltucetĀ_ndnscnvlk”8 ”Цзд гзм оцзв`ыnдвя ижи хизйуиз гнл вкплхянз зя ижкжизпхйрбвптвы п азцздл Плцызярцл х нжъжйж хлгнждсжязаз плиж” ( Gkemuc
mku prnvlgk, dupĀ `um çml kstk `ugns`ut mlk, dlg ieze`l `erk eu scuhlt çgnreŞuc Qkrbnture dk ce çg`kputuc sk`ncucul ec Şeptksprkzk`kcke”). Çg`ngtlguerk, pnsksnruc `ĀrŠll gntkezĀ `Ā strĀouguc sĀu evke ug alu ‐ Deglcn, ler
pk strĀoug çc `bkme Jevrllc. Deglcn, çg eguc dk ce ae`krke cumll :5<?, ler dk ce
Brlstns 5124, e anst aĀ`ut pere`clslkr, dupĀ `um e eacet dlgtr -ug brlsnv.
Dïgsuc e evut 4 all Şl ? all`k, `erk sugt kgumkreŠl 8 prlmuc ‐ Deglcn, ec dnlcke
Evreem, ec trklcke ‐ Jevrllc, ec petrucke ‐ Eaegesll. El`l eronrkck jkgkecnjl`
sk çgtrkrupk. Vk prlmuc anrzeŠ, ce dks`bldkrke `ĀrŠll, sk mel jĀskŞtk n çgskmgerk,
gkdetetĀ dk ectakc, s`rlsĀ dk eskmkgke `u `krgkecĀ gkejrĀ9 tkxtuc kl k rkde`tet
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`u mel puŠlgĀ e`uretkŠk Şl sugĀ çg akcuc urmĀtnr8 Яжяжцл ыпжйюя эяр инвар,вез знж озяпзцхяпрля вы хяцжхяюг, внжъл хижкжяу ‐ яжяжцжг оз крежг”.Dk`l e`kestĀ gntĀ, çg kskgŠĀ teternanoĀ, der Şl `kckcectk pk `erk ck-em dks`laret
çg rïgdurlck dk mel sus, gk dkmngstrkezĀ e`tuc dk rk`kpterk e cu`rĀrll`egtkmlrlkgk dk `Ātrk `ltltnrl9 e`kstk ml`rnrk`kgzll” allgd ug mnd dklgtkrprkterk e npkrkl cltkrerk. @kl `erk eu s`rls pnrgkeu dk ce mkgtecltetke Şl`ngŞtllgŠe, glvkcuc dk `ucturĀ Şl dk `lvlclzeŠlk pk `erk-c pnskdeu.
Çg speŠluc gnstru rnmïgks`, çg sk`ncuc ec RLR-cke @ngstegtlg Gkjruzzl
prnlk`tesk ce 5202 n kdlŠlk rnmïgkes`Ā e tuturnr npkrkcnr cul Dlmltrlk@egtkmlr, pckdnerlk rĀmesĀ gkrkeclzetĀ Y2]. Ler O. V. Besdku e `ltet cu`rerke
cul Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr çg studluc sĀu Lstnrle tnckregŠkl rkcljlnesk çg _nmïgle”
Y<]. TntuŞl, çg petrlmngluc `ucturec rnmïgks`, çg pnalde mel muctnr çg`kr`Ārl,
cu`rerke `egtkmlrlegĀ dksprk `erk em vnrolt çg rïgdurlck dk mel sus, e anst puocl`etĀ çg tredu`krk rnmïgkes`Ā eole ce 5;; dk egl dupĀ eperlŠle se Y56]. Ler
çg Mncdnve snvlktl`Ā e`kst vncum ec cul D. @egtkmlr g-e `ugns`ut, rkjrkteolc,
gl`l n kdlŠlk.
_KAK_LGůK OLOCLNJ_EAL@K8
5. @ÏGDKE, Qlrjlc. Ptudlu lgtrndu`tlv. Lg8 @EGTKML_, Dlmltrlk. Npkrk `nmpcktk.
Qnc. L. Dlveguc. Ou`urkŞtl, 5<:4, p. RC.
?. @LNOEG[, ŗtkaeg. Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr çg _usle. Ou`urkŞtl, 5<?;, p. 5;. 0. Loldkm, p. 40.
4. @LNOEG[, ŗtkaeg, np. `lt., p. 40. ;. LNGKP@[, Ege Lrlge. VrkaeŠĀ. Lg8 Q_E@KEGPI\, Pnarnglk9 @EGTKML_,
Dlmltrlk. Plstkme Şl rkcljle mebnmkdegĀ. @ertke `kcnr trkl r kcljll. Vertke e LLL.
Ou`urkŞtl8 [glvkrsec Decsl, ?666, p. 1-:. TrkzkŞtk gkdumkrlrk aeptuc `Ā e`kc `erk e pcejlet Şl e tredus dlg npkre cul D. @egtkmlr kstk pceset çg e`kst vncum çg `ecltetk dkeutnr pk prlmuc pceg (g. g. ‐ @. P.- J.).
1. Loldkm, p. 2.
:. Loldkm, p. <.2. D[ů[, Ec. Npkre cul Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr çg `ucture rnmïgĀ mndkrgĀ . Lg8 QleŠernmïgkes`Ā, 5<:0, gr. <, p. 1-50.
<. BEPDK[, O.V. Lstnrle tnckregŠkl rkcljlnesk çg _nmïgle. Ou`urkŞtl, 5212, p. ;:.56. @EGTKML_, D. Plstkmuc seu çgtn`mlrke rkcljlkl mebnmkdegk. Kd. çgjr. Şl tred.dk Q. @ÏGDKE. Ou`urkŞtl8 Mlgkrve, 5<::.
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_KQLPTE ‗OEPE_EOLE K@NGNML@ď”
LNG ŗVE@ Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
Oesereole K`ngnml`Ā8 rkvlstĀ sn`lecĀ, k`ngnml`Ā, stetlstl`Ā Şl algeg`lerĀ”`ngstltulk n sursĀ lganrmeŠlngecĀ dk prkstljlu rkakrltnerk ce pkrlnede lmkdlet dupĀ[glrke Oesereolkl `u _nmïgle dlg 5<52. @rkŞtkrke k`ngnml`Ā Şl rldl`erke glvkcuculdk trel e pnpuceŠlkl oesereokgk dlg pkrlnede detĀ kre n prnockmĀ dk merkrkspngseolcltetk. Ptudluc vlgk sĀ alxkzk kvkglmkgtkck dlg Šlgut pk tnt per`ursuc eglcnrrkspk`tlvl, sĀ çgrkjlstrkzk tnetk espk`tk dk `ngŠlgut, tnŠl pertl`lpegŠll ce kvkglmkgtk
kt`., `ngtrloulgd estakc ce lmpckmkgterke çg `lr`ultuc ŞtllgŠlal` e dn`umkgtkcnrrkzkrvetk çg pejlglck rkvlstkl.
Tbk hnurgec Oesereole K`ngnml`e8 rkvlste sn`lece, k`ngnml`e, stetlstl`e slalgeg`lere” ls e prkstljlnus pkrlndl`ec lg tbk pkrlnd lmmkdletkcy anccnwlgj tbk [glng
na Oesereole wltb _nmegle lg 5<52. K`ngnml` jrnwtb egd rlsk lg clvlgj stegderds na
Oesereole pnpucetlng wes e vkry dkmegdlgj tesi lg tbet pkrlnd. Ecc espk`ts na
Oesereole clak durlgj tbk mkgtlngkd pkrlnd8 kvkgts, pertl`lpegts, kt`. wkrk sbnwg lg
tbls study. Tbk dn`umkgts rkack`tkd lg tbk pejks na tbk hnurgec OesereoleK`ngnml`e” erk tbk vecueock snur`ks na s`lkgtlal` lganrmetlng.
KdlŠle 5<5<-5<?0
Ce çg`kputuc seu mlhcn`uc eglcnr 16 elsk`ncucul RR, pk `ïgd Egtng Gnve`dkvkglsk Şka ec skrvl`lucul CltkreturĀsk`rktĀ ec Oloclntk`ll _kpuocl`egk G.I.Irupsiele” (ezl Oloclntk`e GeŠlngecĀ e_kpuocl`ll Mncdnve), pkgtru prlme detĀml-e pus ce çgdkmïgĀ `ïtkve gumkrk eckrkvlstkl Oesereole k`ngnml`Ā”. Kre nçg`Āc`erk e rkjlmucul dlg e`kl egl. Egtng,
prkjĀtlgd urmĀtnerke pnrŠlugk dk `ertk pkgtru e n de ce me`uceturĀ (celgtkrvkgŠle Şkalcnr dk sus), ml-e `krut
pĀrkrke dksprk aeptuc `k s-er putke ae`k
pkgtru e pĀstre kdlŠllck oĀgultk `edĀugĀtnerk...
P-eu s`urs zk`l dk egl. P-eu s`blmoet tlmpurlck. DupĀ lgvkstljeŠllckkak`tuetk pk merjlgke mel muctnr rkvlstk oesereokgk dlg pkrlnede lgtkrokcl`Ā8
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Erblvkck Oesereolkl”, ŗ`nece oesereokegĀ”, QleŠe Oesereolkl” Ş.e. ml-em
emlgtlt dk `ezuc skmgecet egtkrlnr Şl m-em jïgdlt `Ā er al olgk sĀ rkvkglm cekdlŠle `u prl`lge Şl sĀ cuĀm `ugnŞtlgŠĀ dk mntlvkck `k lg`nmndeu edkpŠll
rkjlmucul.LetĀ-gk dk`l aeŠĀ-g aeŠĀ `u `nck`Šle egucul çgtïl ec Oesereolkl k`ngnml`k8
_kvlstĀ sn`lecĀ, k`ngnml`Ā, stetlstl`Ā Şl algeg`lerĀ e `kr`ucul dk studll sn`lec -
k`ngnml`k e Oesereolkl” (5<5<). Dlg anele dk tltcu e Gr. 5 (luglk) dkplstĀm `ĀkdlŠle epĀrke cuger Şl `Ā kre `ngdusĀ dk @nmltktuc dk rkde`Šlk”8 T. Lng`u, K.Jlurjke, K. Oeceme`k Şl Q. Vulu, ler çg`kpïgd `u gumĀruc dnl ec rkvlstkl dlge`kceŞl prlm eg 5<5<, çg `nmltkt kstk lg`cus Şl gumkck M. @blrlŠks`u.
Dk ce oug çg`kput sk slmtk `Ā rkvlste sk kdlte çg `ngdlŠll gkaevnreolck. Dkheçg gumĀruc petru (5<5<) kdltnrll sk edrkskezĀ `Ātrk `ltltnrl8 JrkutĀŠlck
kgnrmk, pk `erk ck evkm dk çgtïmplget `u s`netkrke e`kstkl rkvlstk gk ae` sĀepkcĀm ce ougĀvnlgŠe dvs. Şl sĀ vĀ rujĀm e gk trlmltk `nstuc eongemkgtucul,
pkgtru `e sĀ putkm ae`k Şl gnl aeŠĀ tuturnr e`kstnr jrkutĀŠl, Şl aĀrĀ gl`l ug
okgkal`lu pkrsngec e gk putke ehugjk s`npuc geŠlngec, pk `erk-c urmĀrlm, dk erĀspïgdl pk `ït mel muct pnslolc Şl e pnpucerlze `bkstluglck dk k`ngnmlk
geŠlngecĀ. Çg spkregŠe `Ā Škcuc `k-c urmĀrlm `nrkspugdk çgtru tntuc`ngvlgjkrlcnr dvs. QĀ rujĀm e prlml dknskolte gnestrĀ `ngsldkreŠlugk.”Pkmget8 VrkŞkdlgtkck `kr`ucul k`ngnml` ec Oesereolkl Tknalc Lng`u. Dlrk`tnr
K. G. Jlurjke. 5<5<, skpt. 5?, @blŞlgĀu, str. Beruzlge gr. ?.Drkpt rkzuctet, urmĀtnerkck gumkrk ;-1 (skpt.-n`t.), :-2 (gnlkmor.-
dk`kmor.) 5<5< Şl gumkrkck <-56 (leg.-akor.), 55-5? (mert. ‐ epr.) 5<?6, eu
epĀrut duocetk.
Vrnjremuc dk e`tlvltetk
Dlg `kck rkcetetk noskrvĀm `Ā rkvlste e cuet allgŠĀ lmkdlet dupĀ [glrkeOesereolkl `u _nmïgle dlg 5<52, dupĀ 561 egl dk vleŠĀ suo dnmlgeŠleruskes`Ā, rkjlm `erk e aĀ`ut s`blmoĀrl pk tĀrïmuc k`ngnml` Şl sn`lec. Egumk
e`kstk s`blmoĀrl eu Şl `bkmet ce vleŠĀ rkvlste `u prl`lge. Çg `uvïgtuc dkçg`kput, lgtltucet Epkc”, `nmltktuc rkde`Šlngec `ngskmgkezĀ urmĀtnerkck8Tnt `k s-e cu`ret e`l çg dlrk`Šle sn`lecĀ Şl k`ngnml`Ā s-e aĀ`ut prlg prlsmeruskes`Ā, prlg prlsme strĀlglsmucul, `erk, dupĀ `um kre geturec sĀ alk, gu
putke sĀ ancnskes`Ā pnpuceŠlugll mncdnvkgkŞtl dk oeŞtlgĀ, `l gumelkckmkgtucul strĀlg, supkrpus, `erk e `Āutet pk e`kestĀ `eck, sĀ suohujk`nmpck`t tnt `k gu kre rusks` çg Oesereole, Şl sĀ rldl`k etït pk `eck sn`lecĀ, `ïtŞl pk `eck k`ngnml`Ā tnetk akcurlck dk pnpuceŠlugk, eaerĀ dk mncdnvkgl,
pnpuceŠlugl, `k kreu lmpnrtetk dk prlg tnetk ugjblurlck merll _usll Şl`ncnglzetĀ el`l.
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NdetĀ `u s`blmoer ke, `erk s-e prndus, prlg trk`krke” Oesereolkl ce
_nmïgle, gnl, `kl `erk em al çg sterk, evkm detnrle `e çg `nmug, sĀ gk pugkmsceokck gnestrk putkrl, `e çg`ktuc `u çg`ktuc, sĀ ehutĀm ce rldl`erke k`ngnml`Ā
Şl sn`lecĀ e pnpuceŠlkl luoltnerk dk petrle çg `erk trĀlkŞtk dlg e`kestĀ gnuĀ prnvlg`lk, eclpltĀ ce sïguc petrlkl memk. (Dk`l s-eu aĀ`ut s`blmoĀrl), pk `erkgu tnŠl rnmïgll ck `ugneŞtkm, Şl pk `erk evkm detnrle eosncutĀ dk e ck`ugneŞtk sprk e vkdke, `k kstk oug çg kck Şl, `k kstk rĀu, `k pnetk al çg lg tkrksuc
Şl `k pnetk al çg dktrlmkgtuc pnpnrucul rnmïgks` dlg e`kestĀ gnuĀ prnvlg`lk(p. 5)... Dk e`kke em `rkzut, (`ngtlguĀ skmgeterll), `Ā kstk eosncut gk`kserĀ
anrmerke ugul `kr` k`ngnml`-sn`lec oesereokeg, anrmet dlg kckmkgtkck, `erk
sĀ sk çgsĀr`lgkzk e studle Şl e de ce cumlgĀ tnt `k s-e aĀ`ut dk `Ātrk strĀlgl pke`kst tĀrïm çg tlmpuc dnmlgeŠlugll cnr, prk`um Şl sltueŠlugke e`tuecĀ e
cu`rurlcnr, `Āutïgd e erĀte `kke `k clpskŞtk, Şl `erk er al eosncut gk`kser dkaĀ`ut pkgtru e putke rldl`e `ït mel rkpkdk glvkcuc k`ngnml` Şl sn`lec ecOesereolkl.
(Çg e`kst pceg) tnŠl ougll rnmïgl evkm çgdetnrlrke dk e `kr`kte `ït melemĀgugŠlt sltueŠlugke k`ngnml`Ā e e`kstkl prnvlg`ll, mel `u dknskolrk pkgtrumntlvuc, `Ā e`l gk jĀslm çgtr -ug `kgtru, ugdk çgtrkeje e`tlvltetk `nmkr`lecĀ ŞllgdustrlecĀ sk jĀskŞtk pk mïge strĀlglcnr...
Çg prkzkgte gnestrĀ rkvlstĀ, (`ngtlguĀ eutnrll), vnm cĀse cn` tuturnr
ertl`nckcnr `u `ere`tkr jkgkrec, tuturnr saeturlcnr ougk, tuturnr çgdrumĀrlcnrancnsltnerk pkgtru gnl, vkgltk dlg pertke tuturnr e`kcnre, `erk hudk`Ā Şljïgdks` rnmïgkŞtk, Şl `erk dnrks` olgkck `kcnr dnuĀ mlclnegk dk mncdnvkgl,`erk 561 egl eu stet çg `kc mel jrnzev çgtugkrl`, pk `erk n geŠlugk Şl ug pnpnr`lvlclzet Şl-c pnetk çg`blpul.
Vrlg ertl`nckck puocl`etk çg ke Şl prlg `ngsaĀtulrlck `k vnr evke cn` ceŞkdlgŠkck `kr`ucul, sk ve `Āute sĀ sk rkeclzkzk ckjĀture dk lgtkrksk çgtrkOesereole Şl ůere-memĀ, `Āutïgdu-sk pk `ït pnslolc mel muct e jĀsl pug`tkck`nmugk Şl e çgcĀture lgtkrkskck prntlvgl`k çgtrkjll `euzk rnmïgkŞtl. Evïgd çg
vkdkrk dk`l tnetk e`kstk mntlvk, `rkdkm, `Ā kstk dk detnrle gnestrĀ dk rnmïgl,dk e ruje pk tnŠl, `erk vnlks`, sĀ alk ancnsltnrl ŠĀrll cnr, dk e gk ehute `u`uvïgtuc Şl `u mug`e sprk e du`k e`kestĀ cu`rerk, çg`kputĀ, ce oug saïrŞlt.Evïgd çg vkdkrk, pk cïgjĀ tnetk e`kstke, Şl jrkutĀŠlck metkrleck `Ārnre trkoulksĀ ck ae`km aeŠĀ, spkrĀm `Ā gu hljglm pk glmkgl, de`Ā l -em ruje sĀ gk dke tntsprlhlguc metkrlec pnslolc, dk `erk evkm eosncutĀ gkvnlk...
OezeŠl pk e`kst sprl hlg mnrec Şl metkrlec, pk `erk spkrĀm e-c `ĀpĀte dk cenrl`k oug rnmïg, pĀŞlm `u çg`rkdkrk çgelgtk, evïgd `ngvlgjkrke `Ā nrl`ït dk
puŠlg em putke `u tnŠll `ngtrloul çg e`kestĀ dlrk`Šlk, tntuc ve al çgsĀ sprk olgkckŞl akrl`lrke Oesereolkl” (V. ?-0)
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[gkck espk`tk dk `ngŠlgut Estakc, `u ml`l nmltkrl, em rkprndus prnjremuc dk e`tlvltetk ec `nckjlucul
rkde`Šlngec. Dlg `kck dk mel sus sk slmtk `cer vnlgŠe, `urehuc, petrlntlsmuc,der, tntndetĀ, Şl merke çgjrlhnrerk eck angdetnrlcnr rkvlstkl. Tkeme e`keste skrkack`tĀ Şl dlg çgsĀŞl aeptuc `Ā mehnrltetke ertl`nckcnr `k pnpuckezĀ pejlglckrkvlstkl dlg prlmuc eg dk e`tlvltetk (luglk-dk`kmorlk 5<5< Şl leguerlk-eprlclk
5<?6) sugt skmgetk dk e`kleŞl T. Lng`u, K. Jlurjke, K. Oeceme`ke, Q. Vulu ŞlM. @blrlŠks`u ‐ mkmorl el `nmltktucul dk rkde`Šlk. Vrlgtrk eutnrll dlg eaere
`nmltktucul aljurkezĀ8 Mex. Vnpnvl`l (Gr. 5. - V. 00-02)9 Vevkc Jrnsuc, mkdl`
vktkrlger (Gr. ?. - V. 05-04 )9 M. Tlutrlmnv (Gr. 0. - V. 52-?<)9 Qeslck
Jbkgzuc (Gr. 0. - V. ?<-;2), `u ug sncld studlu Dlg trk`utuc Şl prkzkgtuc
`nnpkreŠlkl dlg _usle Şl Oesereole”9 T. Vnru`l` (Gr. 0. - V. ;<-1?), `ugns`ut
spk`leclst çg dnmkgluc jkncnjlkl Şl jknjrealkl, `erk, çg `ezuc det, vnrokŞtkdksprk ÇgskmgĀtetke ce`urlcnr sĀretk dlg Oesereole”9 D. L. ŗtkaĀgks`u (Gr. 4.
- V. 16-1;) Şl çg`Ā `ïŠlve ecŠll. TnetĀ pnvere kdltĀrll `Ādke çgsĀ pk spetkckangdetnrlcnr rkvlstkl. @e sĀ gk `ngdu`km Şl sĀ pĀtrugdkm çg kskgŠe Şl`ngŠlgutuc e`tlvltĀŠll cnr , rkprndu`km çg `ngtlguerk `ïtkve dlg tltcurlck
ertl`nckcnr, studllcnr Şl dn`umkgtkcnr stetlstl`k. Vrlmuc eutnr ec prlmucul ertl`nc dlg gumĀruc çgtïl ec rkvlstkkl egeclzetk kstk
Kujkg G. Jlurjke, `erk gk lganrmkezĀ dksprk LmpnrtegŠe k`ngnml`Ā eOesereolkl pkgtru _nmïgle” (V. 0-<), skmgecïgd8 Oesereole..., rkçgtnr`ïgdu-
sk lerĀŞl ce Vetrle-mumĀ e edus `u dïgse `ïmpll mĀgnesk, clvkzl Şl pnml, vllŞl ce`url pclgk `u tnt akcuc dk pkŞtl, `erk vnr `ngstltul çg vlltnr pkgtru dïgse `eŞl pkgtru Šere rnmïgkes`Ā, çgtrkejĀ, ug merk lzvnr dk onjĀŠlk geŠlngecĀ” (V.0). Çg çg`bklkrk eutnruc `ng`cuzlngkezĀ8 Dlg tnetk e`kstke putkm vkdke, dk`l,
`Ā gnue prnvlg`lk kstk ug tkzeur dk onjĀŠlk pkgtru gnl, Şl gu trkoulk gkjclhetglml`, gu trkoulk e cĀse ce n pertk gl`l ug se`rlal`lu dlg pertke gnestrĀ, pkgtru`e sĀ rldl`Ām dlg tnetk putkrlck gnestrk Şl dlg tnetk pug`tkck dk vkdkrk,
Oesereole, `ngvlgŞl allgd, `Ā vnm ae`k Şl npkre k`ngnml`Ā Şl geŠlngecĀ” (V.<).
DupĀ e`kestĀ `ngsteterk e lmpnrtegŠkl k`ngnml`k e Oesereolkl pkgtruVetrle-mumĀ”, kc, Kujkg G. Jlurjke, prkzlgtĀ `ïtkve ertl`nck `ngse`retksltueŠlkl `ng`rktk dlg Oesereole e`kcnr tlmpurl8 PltueŠle ejrl`ncĀ e Oesereolkldlg prlmĀvere egucul 5<5< (Gr. 5. - V. ?1-00), Vrnockme lgdustrlkl vlltnerk eOesereolkl” (Gr. ?. - V.1-54), `ngstetïgd `Ā prlmkck lgdustrll `erk vnr putkecue allgŠĀ vnr al... `kke, `k sugt çg ckjĀturĀ `u ejrl`ucture, `e oĀuturlck, pestkckaĀlgnesk, `ngskrvkck eclmkgterk, `kcucnze, bïrtle, `lmkgtuc, cumïgĀrlck” (Gr. ?. - V.56). GumĀruc mel `ngŠlgk Şl ectk ?6 dk ertl`nck8 LmpnrtegŠe Şl
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ckjĀturlck k`ngnml`k vlltnerk `k trkoulk sĀ kxlstk çgtrk _nmïgle Şl [`relge(Gr. ?. - V. 0;-46), PltueŠle `clmetkrl`Ā Şl ejrl`ncĀ e Oesereolkl pk cuge luglk5<5< (Gr. ?. - V. 45-44), _ncuc k`ngnml` ec Vrutucul pkgtru Oesereole Şl
Mncdnve” (Gr. 0. - V. 56-5:), PltueŠle `clmetkrl`Ā Şl sterke skmĀgĀturlcnr çgOesereole çg cuge luclk 5<5<” ( Gr. 0. - V. 1?-1:), NoskrveŠlugl jkgkreckesupre sltueŠlugll lgvkgterucul mnrt pk tnetk akcurlck dk prnprlktĀŠl dlgOesereole çg eguc 5<5<” (Gr. 4. - V. 44-4<), LmpnrtegŠe çgallgŠĀrll ugklsn`lktĀŠl dk gevljeŠlk çg Oesereole” (Gr. 4. - V. 4<-;1), PltueŠle `clmetkrl`Ā Şlejrl`ncĀ e Oesereolkl çg `ursuc cugll eujust 5<5<” (Gr. 4. - V. 1<-:0),
@epltecuc geŠlngec çg dlakrltkck ereghemkgtk k`ngnml`k”(Gr. ;-1. - V. 4-2),
PltueŠlugke jkgkrecĀ e mnrlcnr dlg Oesereole pk eguc 5<5<” (Gr. ;-1. - V. 0?-
0;). Çgelgtk dk e pugk pug`t kgumkrĀrll ertl`nckcnr cul Kujkglu Jlurjke,
puocl`etk çg prlmuc eg ec kxlstkgŠkl rkvlstkl `ngsuctetk, `ngsldkrĀm `Ā gutrkoulk sĀ rĀmïgĀ aĀrĀ etkgŠlk çg`Ā dnuĀ studll, `erk eu mkglrke sĀaemlclerlzkzk `ltltnruc `u sltueŠle, `ngdlŠllck dk trel eck pnpuceŠlkl oesereokgkdlg egll 5<65-5<50 Şl 5<52-5<5<. E`kstke sugt8 VrkŠuc mlhcn`lu ec dlvkrskcnr
prndusk dk prnvkglkgŠĀ eglmecĀ seu vkjktecĀ prk`um Şl ec eglmeckcnr vll çgOesereole pk egll 5<65-5<50 Şl 5<52-5<5<” (Gr. :-2. - V. 2-?5) Şl Pecer luc
mlhcn`lu ec cu`rĀtnrlcnr ejrl`ncl dlg Oesereole `k s-e pcĀtlt çg pkrlnede eglcnr5<65- 5<50 Şl 5<52-5<5< çg ckl Şl oegl” (Gr. :-2. - V. ?5-?1). _kmer`eolc k
aeptuc `Ā emokck metkrleck `ngstltulk glŞtk egeclzk `nmpktkgtk eck ugul Şlr dkespk`tk-`nmpngkgtk eck prn`kskcnr dk `rkŞtkrk Şl rkeclzerk e dlvkrskcnreglmeck8 `el, onl, ve`l, nl, pnr`l, pĀsĀrl kt`. N pkrïgd dk alk`erk detĀ `u `lark`ng`rktk, rkakrltnerk ce `nstuc alk`Ārkl ugltĀŠl (`el, pnr`l, ve`l, nl kt`.), s-e cuet
çg dls`uŠlk, dkteclet, `nstuc eretucul, skmĀgetucul, ec tregspnrtucul, ec
çgtrkŠlgkr ll nlcnr (cïge, orïgze), pĀsĀrlcnr (nuĀck, pull), kt`., secerluccu`rĀtnrlcnr ejrl`ncl çg dlakrltk egntlmpurl, mĀsur e çg `erk e`kstk secerll
setlsae` gk`ksltĀŠlck cnr. Estakc, eonrdïgd dlakrltk espk`tk dlg e`tlvltetke
ejrl`uctnrlcnr dlg Oesereole e`kcnr tlmpurl, eutnruc e rkuŞlt sĀ `rkkzk
edkvĀretk teocnurl dlg vleŠe ugkl pĀturl sn`leck dlgtrk `kck mel gumkrnesk Şl, prnoeolc, mel umlcltk. Çg `ngtlguerk s-er `uvkgl sĀ spugkm `ïtkve `uvlgtk Şldksprk prntejnglstuc gnstru. Dlg pĀ`etk çgsĀ dkn`emdetĀ gu `ugneŞtkm glml`dksprk vleŠe cul, dk`ït aeptuc `Ā pk e`kck tlmpurl `ïgd s`rle pkgtru Oesereolek`ngnml`Ā” kre dlrk`tnruc Ptetlstl`ll rkjlngeck (Gr. 5 dlg 5<?0. - V. 15).
Ec dnlcke eutnr dupĀ gumĀruc der Şl `ecltetke ertl`nckcnr puocl`etk çg pejlglck rkvlstkl detk dlg eguc 5<5<, kstk Tknalc Lng`u, prkzkgt `u ?6 dk
metkrleck. Vrlmuc ‐ Lmpnzltuc pk vkglt çg Oesereole” (Gr. 5. - V.<-5:) - gk-e
etres etkgŠle prlg dks`rlkrke lstnrl`ucul lmpnzltucul pk vkglt çg _usle, lgtrndus
perŠlec çg 525?, suo anrme dĀrll prn`kgtueck prnjrkslvk esupre evkrlcnr
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lmnolclerk.E`kestĀ derk çgsĀ e anst suprlmetĀ çg eguc 525<. Mel tïrzlu,çg`kpïgd `u egll 5216-52:6, epnl çg 52<5 Şl çg 5<6:, `bkstlugke lgtrndu`krlllmpnzltucul pk vkglt ausksk pusĀ çg dls`uŠlk çg mel muctk rïgdurl, `e çg algk, ce
1 eprlclk 5<51, prnockme sĀ alk rkzncvetĀ prlg ckjk (p. 56). Vkgtru dnrltnrll dke pĀtrugdk çg kskgŠe ckjll, skmgecĀm `Ā eutnruc vlgk çg aeŠe `ltltnrucul `udlvkrsk kxpcl`eŠll Şl lganrmeŠll `u prlvlr k ce lmpckmkgterke ckjll çg pre`tl`Ā, `kke `k rkprkzkgte mlglmumuc dk kxlstkgŠĀ. @um sk s`blmoe e`kst mlglm Şl`erk kreu prlg`lpllck e`kstnr s`blmoĀrl, `erk kre Şl `um sk s`blmoe sltueŠlelmpnzltucul pk vkglt çg dlakrltk cn`ecltĀŠl (çg eguc 5<52) eck Oeser eolkl, kstk
rkack`tet çg dlvkrsk teokck stetlstl`k. [rmĀtnruc ertl`nc - Esljurerke puocl`Ā” (Gr. 5. - V. ?5-?1) - `erk prlg
`ngŠlgutuc sĀu çgtrkjkŞtk vncumuc lganrmeŠlkl `u prlvlrk ce mnduc Şl glvkcuc dk
trel ec pnpuceŠlkl oesereokgk, sk dknskokŞtk Şl kc prlg aeptuc `Ā dkmngstrkezĀ`ngvlgjĀtnr gk`ksltĀŠlck esljurĀrlcnr nocljetnrll Şl, çg jkgkrec, e dlvkrskcnr
mĀsurl mkgltk sĀ uŞurkzk pnvere `kcnr `ĀzuŠl ce gkvnlk (dlg `euze`ecemltĀŠlcnr getureck Şl e ectnr lg`ldkgtk).
Vkgtru lganrmerke dktecletĀ e `ltltnrlcnr `u prlvlrk ce epnrtuc cul Tknalc
Lng`u edus ce kdlterke rkvlstkl, pugkm ce dlspnzlŠle `ltltnrucul çg`Ā `ïtkve dlg`kck ?6 dk ertl`nck skmgetk dk kc pk per`ursuc egucul 5<5<8 _kanrmealgeg`lerĀ” (Gr. ?. - V. 5-;9 Gr. 0. - V. 5-56)9 ůeruc Gl`ncek L `e algeg`ler”
(Gr. ?. - V. ?2-05)9 @rkdltuc dk oeg`Ā çg Oesereole” (Gr. 4. - V. 5-?1) ‐ ugstudlu `nmpckx `erk sk lmpugk gu dner prlg vncumuc lganrmeŠlkl stetlstl`k (54teokck), `l Şl prlg `nmpckxltetke egeclzkl8 Oeg`e stetucul”, Oeg`e noŞtkes`Āe nreŞucul”, OĀg`lck `nmkr`leck, pertl`ucerk,” Pn`lktĀŠlck dk `rkdltrk`lprn`”, Oeg`e ejrerĀ dk stet e gnolclmkl”, @k sugt zkmstakck çgOesereole” (Gr. 4. - V. 0;-44)9 Lstnrle Şl lmpnrtegŠe lmpnzltucul lgdlrk`t çgslstkme dk lmpnzltk ruskŞtl” (Gr. ;-1. - V. 2-5?)9 Anste _kpuocl`ĀDkmn`retl`Ā Mncdnvkgkes`Ā8 Vrnlk`tuc Algeg`ler ec Mlglstkrucul dk AlgegŠkec anstkl _kpuocl`l MncdnvkgkŞtl” (Gr. :-2. - V. 45-42) Şl Lgdustrle
zebĀrucul” (5<?6. - Gr. 55-5?.- V. 5-?4).@rkdkm dk `uvllgŠĀ sĀ gk nprlm esupre ugul mnmkgt kskgŠlec. Vk cïgjĀ
`kck rkcetetk egtkrlnr dksprk Tknalc Lng`u, er al olgk sĀ lganrmĀm `ltltnrlldksprk aeptuc `Ā e`kst nm dk ŞtllgŠĀ gk-e mel pus ce dlspnzlŠlk anertk muctk
teokck stetlstl`k, lganrmeŠlk dlgtrk `kck mel rkckvegtk , `erk `ere`tkrlzkezĀsltueŠle k`ngnml`Ā dlg Oesereole e`kcnr tlmpurl ce mexlmĀ kxe`tltetk (vkzl
Gr. 5. - V. 0<-419 Gr. ?. - V. 42-:5, dlg eguc 5<5<). Mel skmgecĀm `Ā prntejnglstuc gnstru çgdkpclgke aug`Šle dk prkŞkdlgtk ec `kr`ucul k`ngnml` ecOesereolkl. Çg nrl`k `ez, egumk estakc çŞl skmgkezĀ dumgkecul edrkserke `Ātrk`ltltnrl dk ce çg`kputuc gumĀrucul 4 ec rkvlstkl dlg 5<5<, dksprk `erk
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mĀrturlskem egtkrlnr. Dk`l, kstk vnroe dksprk n pkrsngecltetk gntnrlk dksprk
`erk kstk cnjl` sĀ `ugneŞtkm `kve mel muct. _kprndu`km, `u ugkck nmltkrl,
gnte olnjreal`Ā dlg `ertke Aljurl `ngtkmpnregk dlg Oesereole” (@b., 5<0<)8
Lng`u Tknalc... s-e gĀs`ut çg eguc 522;, ?? luclk, çg setuc NclŞ`egl, hud. Nrbkl.E urmet Lgstltutuc Pupkrlnr dlg Mns`nve Şl ŗ`nece PupkrlnerĀ @nmkr`lecĀ ce[glvkrsltetke dlg Cklpzlj. Vertl`lpĀ ce tnetk `ngjrkskck `nnpkretlstk dlgOesereole, Ndkse Şl Mns`nve, aĀ`ïgd prnpejegdĀ rnmïgkes`Ā. Çg 5<50,jreŠlk çgdkmgucul d-seck, sĀtkgll dlg NclŞ`egl `ngstrulks` n Ş`necĀmncdnvkgkes`Ā, `ke dlgtïl çg Oesereole.
E anst mkmoru ec `nmlslugkl pkgtru geŠlngeclzerke Ş`neckl oesereokgk,sk`rkter ec `ngjrksucul ŠĀrĀgks` çg melu 5<5:, dkckjet ec pertlducul geŠlngec `es`rutĀtnr çg _ede [`relgkegĀ dlg I lkv, ugdk e anst Şl dkckjetuc mncdnvkglcnr
ce `ngjrksuc geŠlngecltĀŠĀcnr dlg _usle...E anst prkŞkdlgtk ec pertlduculgeŠlngec çg 5<5:, dkputet çg Paetuc ůĀrll” Şl mlglstru dk algegŠk çg _kpuocl`eMncdnvkgkes`Ā..., dkputet çg prlmuc percemkgt ec ŠĀrll, mkmoru Şl prkŞkdlgtkec @eskl Gnestrk, `nmlser Şl `kgznr pk cïgjĀ @emkre dk @nmkrŠ dlg @blŞlgĀu,
`kgznr ce @ese EutngnmĀ e Mngnpncurlcnr Ptetucul..., lglŠletnruc rkvlstklk``ngnml`k Oesereole k`ngnml`Ā”..., çg 5<?6 e nrjeglzet Oeg`e Oesereolkl.E anst prnaksnr ce jlmgezluc dlg Nrbkl. Dk`nreŠll8 nrdlguc _kjkckAkrdlgegd” çg jreduc dk @nmegdnr Şl Ptkeue _nmïglkl” çg jreduc dk nalŠkr”.
Dnrltnrlcnr dk e `ugneŞtk mel muctk emĀgugtk dlg vleŠe Şl e`tlvltetke prntejnglstucul dk aeŠĀ ck sujkrĀm sĀ `ngsuctk Şl ertl`ncuc s`rlltnrucul Şl puocl`lstucul Lurlk @ncksgl` lgtltucet Tbknalc Lng`u” puocl`et çg vncumuc 1 ec
skrlecucul Oesereole gk`ugns`utĀ”, (@b., ?66;. - V. 551-50:).
Çl pugkm ce `urkgt pk `ltltnrll gnŞtrl `u aeptuc `Ā çg oloclntk`lck`blŞlgĀulkgk clpsks` gumkrkck 0-1 (luclk-dk`kmorlk) dlg eguc 5<?6, ler dlg
5<?5 gu kxlstĀ gl`l ug gumĀr. N kxpcl`eŠlk er al pkrlnede dk `rlzĀ prlg `erk
trk`ke rkvlste.
Dlal`uctĀŠl kdltnrleck JrkutĀŠlck dk `erk s-eu `ln`glt kdltnrll, (skmgecetk Şl egtkrlnr), sk pnt lgtul
dlg aeptuc `Ā eu anst lmpuŞl sĀ mndlal`k prnjremuc, `ng`kpŠle, pkrlndl`ltetke
rkvlstkl. Çg prlmuc rïgd, gumkrkck dlg eguc ec trklcke (5<??) pnertĀ ug tltcumndlal`et8 Oesereole k`ngnml`Ā, sn`lecĀ Şl algeg`lerĀ”, `kckcectkdktkrmlgetlvk, dlg prlmll egl dk kdlŠlk, _kvlstĀ k`ngnml`Ā, stetlstl`Ā Şlalgeg`lerĀ e `kr`ucul dk studll sn`lec-k`ngnml`k e Oesereolkl”, allgdsuprlmetk. Çg ec dnlcke rïgd, eprnepk `nmpcktemkgtk e anst s`blmoet`nmltktuc dk rkde`Šlk, çg `nmpngkgŠe `Ārule lgtreu8 @nrgkclu Egtngks`u, Jb.LvĀguŞl, Mlbelc Juse`nv Şl Kujkglu Jlurjke, uctlmuc dner aĀ`ïgd pertk dlg
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`ngdu`krke rkvlstkl prlmlcnr egl dk kxlstkgŠĀ, çg ec trklcke rïgd, s-e s`blmoet
pkrlndl`ltetke kdlŠlkl, epĀrïgd dk ce e`kestĀ detĀ, trlmkstrlec.
Etrejkm etkgŠle `ltltnrlcnr `Ā tnetk e`kstk mndlal`Ārl sugt rkprndusk dk pk
anele dk tltcu ec gumĀrucul 5 dlg eguc 5<??. Mel muctk dktecll spkrem sĀ eacudlg Vrk`uvïgterke” e`kstul prlm gumĀr skmgetĀ dk @nmltktuc dk rkde`Šlk”.Kdltnrll eu `nmugl`et çgsĀ `Ā jrkutĀŠlck gnestrk algeg`lerk pk `erk ck evkmaeŠĀ dk kgnrme s`umplrk e bïrtlkl Şl e tlperucul, e aĀ`ut `e sĀ çgtrkrupkmeperlŠle vk`bkl rkvlstk” (V. 5), aĀrĀ sĀ prk`lzkzk dk ce `k gumĀr Şl eg, `ït eduret stejgerke, kt`. Çg nrl`k `ez, dupĀ eguc 5<?0, rkvlste clpskŞtk dlg
oloclnjreallck dk spk`lecltetk `blŞlgĀulkgk Şl ou`urkŞtkgk, aept `k gk ae`k sĀ`ng`cuzlngĀm `Ā, çg`kpïgd `u eguc 5<?4, rkvlste Şl-e çgtrkrupt kxlstkgŠe. Aeptrkjrkteolc, `Ā`l, `ngsuctïgd uctlmuc gumĀr (Gr. 4) dlg 5<?0, dupĀ `erk e urmet
n stejgerk dk ?0 dk egl, tk `ngvlgjl `Ā kdltnrll s-eu se`rlal`et anertk muct.
Metkrleckck urmĀtnerk dlg gumĀrucrkspk`tlv vlg sĀ mĀrtur lskes`Ā dksprkaeptuc `Ā de`Ā rkvlste suprevlkŠule, sk
putke çgtïmpce `e Şl snerte Oesereolkl sĀalk ecte. _kprndu`km `ïtkve tltcurl dkertl`nck-studll, `erk skmgeckezĀ sltueŠledlg Šlgut8 @rlze dk `ngoustlolc çg
Oesereole Şl mlhcne`kck dk emkclnrerkekl” dk E.M. Megulcnv (V. 5-52),
[tlcltetke epcl`Ārll ckjll ourskcnr dk`nmkrŠ çg Oesereole”, @rkdltuc lgdustrlecçg Oesereole”, emokck dk KujkgluJlurjke (V. 42-;:), LmpnrtegŠe@emkrkcnr dk @nmkrŠ çg dkzvncterkee`tlvltĀŠll k`ngnml`k oesereokgk” dk
@nrgkclu Egtngks`u (V. ;2-:5), Ş.e. E`kstk dn`umkgtk, Şl çg spk`lec uctlmuc,
dkzvĀculk gk`ksltĀŠlck Şl dksevegtehkck e`tueckl vlkŠl k`ngnml`k oesereokgk,dksevegtehk Şl gk`ksltĀŠl `erk çmpkdl`Ā dksvncterke e`tlvltĀŠll k`ngnml`k” (V. 16).
KdlŠle 5<01-5<46
Çg urme jrkutĀŠlcnr Şl dkzevegtehkcnr skmgecetk egtkrlnr e epĀrut n sltueŠlkkgljmetl`Ā. Cumke gu Ştle `k sk çgtïmpcĀ... Eu trk`ut mucŠl egl, pkgtru `e
çgtr -n zl sĀ eperĀ ug rĀspugs8 çg skptkmorlk 5<01 rkvlste, `u ug tltcu puŠlgmndlal`et - Oesereole k`ngnml`Ā8 Oucktlguc @emkrkcnr dk @nmkrŠ ŞlLgdustrlk dlg Oesereole” (Gr. <), aĀrĀ e al lgdl`et `nmltktuc dk rkde`Šlk,
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pkrlndl`ltetke seu ectĀ lganrmeŠlk, vĀzu dlg gnu cumlge tlperucul. EtkgŠlngĀm`ltltnrll `Ā mehnrltetke metkrleckcnr, sprk dknskolrk dk kdlŠle dlg 5<5<-5<?0,
epĀrkeu aĀrĀ skmgĀture eutnrlcnr. Eperk çgtrkoerke alrkes`Ā8 `k rkprkzlgtĀ
kdlŠle dlg 5<01> N gnuĀ rkvlstĀ seu n `ngtlguerk e pkrlndl`kl `u e`kceŞl tltcudlg 5<5< > @ngsucterke `npkrtkcnr, anlcnr dk tltcu Şl çgtrkjucul `uprlgs ecgumkrkcnr dlg skptkmorlk-dk`kmorlk 5<01 g-eu clmpkzlt sterke dk cu`rurl.
_Āspugsuc e vkglt çg rkzuctetuc `ngsuctĀrll gumkrkcnr dlg urmĀtnrll egl. EŞe,sprk kxkmpcu, pk anlck dk tltcu eck rkvlstkl dlg 5<0:, sprk dknskolrk dk `kck dlg
5<01, çg pertke dk hns e pejlgll kstk alxetĀ lganrmeŠle8 Leguerlk 5<0:, egucRLR, Gr.5”, `erk vlgk sĀ rkzncvk gkdumkrlrke8 kstk vnroe dk n slgjurĀ rkvlstĀ,kdltetĀ `u çgtrkrupkrl, gl`ldk`um dk dnuĀ.
@ng`cuzle prk`um `Ā kstk vnroe dksprk n slgjurĀ rkvlstĀ pnetk al dkdusĀ
gu dner dlg lganrmeŠle kdltnrlcnr (dk pk anele dk tltcu), `l Şl dlg metkrleckck
puocl`etk çg emokck verlegtk eck rkvlstkl, dlg prnockmkck eonrdetk, `ït Şl dlg
s`npuc kl, anrmucet çg prlme pertk e e`kstul studlu. TntndetĀ kxlstĀ Şl kskgŠleckdlvkrjkgŠk. Çg verlegte rkvlstkl dlg egll 5<5<-5<?0 prnockmkck k`ngnml`k dlg
Oesereole sk studleu prlg prlsme ugul eutnr, prlg egeclze sltueŠlkl çgtr -ug
dnmkglu `ng`rkt, alk `uctlverke dlvkrskcnr `ucturl ejrl`nck (jrïu, pnrumo,aru`tk kt`.), alk rkeclzerke prndu`Šlkl dnoïgdltk seu prkcu`rerke mĀraurlcnrrkspk`tlvk kt`. Vk `ïgd çg pertke e dnue e rkvlstkl (dlg egll 5<01-5<46), pk
prlm pceg sk eacĀ studllck kak`tuetk ce glvkc dk stet, dk lgstltuŠll spk`leclzetk,`um er al @emkrkck dk @nmkrŠ Şl Lgdustrlk, Nal`luc rkjlstrucul `nmkrŠucul kt`.,`erk, çg mnd slstkmetl`, edugĀ, slstkmetlzkezĀ Şl egeclzkezĀ lganrmeŠlek`ngnml`Ā, ckjetĀ dk dlvkrsk espk`tk dk prndu`krk, dk prkcu`rerk, dk vïgzerke mĀraurlcnr dk `erk dlspugk Šlgutuc oesereokeg. Tnetk e`kstk dn`umkgtk,slstkmetlzetk çg dlakrltk anrmk8 dk studll dn`umkgterk, dk teocnurl stetlstl`k,
dĀrl dk skemĀ ce dlvkrsk glvkcurl edmlglstretlvk kt`., sk puocl`eu aĀrĀskmgĀture eutnrlcnr, dner `u gumkck lgstltuŠlkl rkspk`tlvk. Çg pereckc `u e`kstkdn`umkgtk, sĀ ck gumlm nal`leck, rkvlste puocl`e, dksljur, ug gumĀr
`ngsldkreolc dk ertl`nck lganrmetlvk `u prlvlrk ce sltueŠle k`ngnml`Ā dlg Šlgut,dk `kck mel muctk nrl dupĀ hudkŠk. Estakc, pntkgŠlecll `ltltnrl, rĀsanlgd rkvlste,evkeu sĀ sk aemlclerlzkzk `u muctk ertl`nck, s`blŠk, studll ckjetk dk k`ngnmleOesere olkl8 _k`ncte Şl vecnrlal`erke `krkeckcnr çg Oesereole”, @um sk`nmoetk spk`uce ce @ebuc”, Kxpnrtuc dk vltk dlg Oesereole”, PltueŠlelgdustrlkl dlg hudkŠuc Bntlg”, kt`.
DupĀ e`kestĀ prkzkgterk e puocl`eŠlkl studletk, sĀ rkvkglm ce stru`ture kl.
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Ptru`ture kdlŠlkl 5<01-5<46
Vkgtru e cue `ugnŞtlgŠĀ dk e`kst espk`t ec rkvlstkl dlg egll 5<01 -5<46 kstk
gk`kser sĀ rkprndu`km, `u ml`l nmltkrl, `uprlgsuc kl, dlg skptkmorlk (Gr. <)5<01, `erk, çg clgll jkgkreck, kxprlmĀ mnduc dk `ngstltulrk e kdlŠlkl çgegsemocu8
5. Kdltnrlec8 Oesereole sĀre`Ā
?. VrkŠurlck dk prndu`Šlk Şl prkŠurlck dk `ngsumerk
0. VleŠe `krkeckcnr çg Oesereole
4. VleŠe aru`tkcnr çg Oesereole
;. ŗtlrl dlg Ou`urkŞtl. (ŗtlrl dlg Oesereole) 1. @bkstlugl jkgkreck8 Vrnockme k`ngnmllcnr pertl`ucerk
:. LganrmeŠlugl k`ngnml`k8 Lgtkrgk. Kxtkrgk
2. Vertke nal`lecĀ (`erk, dk aept, `ngstltulk pertke e dnue e
Oucktlgucul...”) Tnt pk vkrsnuc `npkrtkl jĀslm lganrmeŠle gk`kserĀ pkgtru pkrak`terke
eongemkgtkcnr, `ït Şl pkgtru e çgtrkŠlgk rkceŠll dk `nceonrerk `u `ltltnrll8_kde`Šle Şl EdmlglstreŠle8 @emkre dk @nmkrŠ Şl Lgdustrlk. @blŞlgĀu, Ptr.Mlbel Qltkezuc gr. ;5, tkc. gr. 6-50 Şl ;-?6. VrkŠuc ckl 56”.
Kstk gk`kser sĀ `ngstetĀm `Ā tltcurlck kgumkretk, `u ml`l mndlal`Ārl Şl
kskgŠleck `ng`rktlzĀrl, `ere`tkrlzkezĀ çgtrkeje pkrlnedĀ dk e`tlvltetk e rkvlstkl- oucktlg. Çg spk`lec `kck spusk sk rkakrĀ ce Vertke nal`lecĀ” (pug`tuc 2), `ke
mel `nmpckxĀ e Oucktlgucul..., `erk `uprlgdk dlvkrsk `kr`ktĀrl `k sk rkakrĀ cednmkgll dk e`tlvltetk eck lgstltuŠllcnr k`ngnml`k oesereokgk dupĀ hudkŠk Şlremurl, `um sugt8 E`tkck Nal`lucul _kjlstrucul dk @nmkrŠ9 Teocnurl dk e`tkgnterleck9 VnclŠk prntkstetk9 OlcegŠurl dk e`tlvltetk eck OĀg`lcnr kt`. Ce e`kstkmnmkgtk vnm mel rkvkgl.
EŞeder, prlme pertk e Oucktlgucul...” (pug`tkck 5-:) erk mkglrke sĀrkack`tk rkceŠllck `nck`tlvucul rkde`Šlngec `u `ltltnrll, sĀ prkzlgtk sltueŠle
k`ngnml`Ā dlg ŠerĀ, çg spk`lec dlgtr-n rkjlugk e kl, Oesereole, sĀ lganrmkzkmug`ltnrll, sĀ-l ŠlgĀ ce `urkgt `u tnetk s`blmoĀrlck, mndlal`Ārlck dk `erk erkgkvnlk k`ngnmle Şl lgdustrle oesereokegĀ dupĀ `kl 561 egl dk stĀpïglrkruskes`Ā.
‗Oesereole sĀre`Ā”
Pk Ştlk `Ā prnockme sĀrĀ`lkl çg Oesereole kstk uge vk`bk dk tnt, dk sk`nck.
LetĀ dk `k gl sk perk anertk cnjl` aeptuc `Ā eutnruc `uvïgtucul çgtrndu`tlv, `utltcuc Oesereole sĀre`Ā”, çg`ker`Ā sĀ pĀtrugdĀ çg kskgŠĀ Şl sĀ dkzvĀculk
prl`lglck e`kstkl sĀrĀ`ll. Vugïgd ce çgdnlecĀ tknrle ...`ere`tkruc ejrl`nc ec
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k`ngnmlkl oesereokgk dktkrmlgĀ sĀrĀ`le çg `erk sk soetk gu gumel pcujerucgnstru, der tnetk `ceskck `nmpngkgtk eck trupucul kl sn`lec” (V. 5), eutnruc
`nck`tlv, aĀrĀ e `ngtkste çgskmgĀtetke lgdustrlkl çg k`ngnmle rkjlugll
rkspk`tlvk, `ngstetĀ `Ā ejrl`ucture oesereokegĀ e ehugs çgtr -n sterk dkdk`Ādkrk çg urme rkanrmkl ejrerk Şl e `rlzkl k`ngnml`k dk ce 5<06, ler@emkrkck dk @nmkrŠ gu eu Ştlut sĀ cuptk, uglal`çgdu-Şl anrŠkck. E`kstk
`ng`cuzll sk erjumkgtkezĀ `u kxkmpck rkckvegtk, prlgtrk `erk sugt
urmĀtnerkck8 Vkgtru `k @emkre dk @nmkrŠ dlg @ebuc egl dk zlck cuptĀ pkgtrurknrjeglzerke pk oezk reŠlngeck e gevljeŠlkl pk Vrut Şl gu rkuŞkŞtk> Vkgtru `k
@emkre dk @nmkrŠ dlg Tljblge cuptĀ egl dk zlck pkgtru `ngstrulrke ugklŞnskck pk dlstegŠe @blŠ`egl-Tljblge (5? im) dk ce `erk dkplgdk n mel ougĀrkeclzerk e `kcnr 0-4 mll dk vejnegk aru`tk, `ït ck strïgjk eguec e`ke rkjlugk,
Şl gu rkuŞkŞtk> ŗl muctk ectk pkgtru `k>,” (vkzl V. 0) ce `erk, `ngalrmĀ`nckjluc dk rkde`Šlk, sk pnetk de ug slgjur rĀspugs8 Vkgtru `Ā @emkrkck dk@nmkrŠ dlg Oesereole g-eu Ştlut sĀ cuptk `u anrŠk ugltk...” (V. 0). Dk el`l Şl`ng`cuzle eutnrucul8 Pecverke k çg Akdkreclzerke @emkrkcnr dk @nmkrŠ
oesereokgk, pkgtru e du`k n cuptĀ mel kak`tlvĀ çg epĀrerke drkpturlcnr seck”. Gu evkm glml` çmpntrlve mnolclzĀrll putkrlcnr pkgtru ug trel mel dk`kgt.
QleŠe oesereokglcnr dk ezl gk dkmngstrkezĀ e`kestĀ gk`ksltetk `u prlsnslgŠĀ.ŗl tntuŞl, eutnruc ertl`ncucul Oesereole sĀre`Ā”, ce algkck pejlgll e dnue,
`ngstetĀ `Ā @kgtruc çgsĀ g-e çgŠkcks e`kestĀ çmprkhurerk Şl gu e e`nrdetetkgŠle `uvkgltĀ prnvlg`lkl gnestrk” (V. ?-0). Dk `k nerk `kgtruc g-e çgŠkcks...Şl gu e e`nrdet etkgŠle `uvkgltĀ...> P-e `rket n sltueŠlk k`blvn`Ā, dlg `erk sk
pnetk lgtul `Ā eutnrll ertl`ncucul gu eu evut `urehuc sĀ spugĀ tnt edkvĀruc seu, pnetk, gu `ugnŞtkeu çgdkehugs lstnrle Oesereolkl> LetĀ ug mnmkgt lstnrl``ugns`ut dk tnetĀ cumke çg ktetk. Çg egll 5<;6-5<16, `ïgd mngumkgtuc cul
ŗtkaeg `kc Merk çg`Ā çŞl eace cn`uc lmkdlet ce lkŞlrke dlg per`, trk`Ātnrll `klkŞkeu dlg tkrltnrluc rkspk`tlv `ltkeu pk spetkck cul ŗtkaeg n arezĀ mĀjucltnerkdksprk dnmgltnruc Mncdnvkl, çg `erk kreu Şl `uvlgtkck8 Еkххжцжевю
цжхозйзблнж нж олцлицлхяил пхлы елд”, dupĀ `erk urme skmgĀture Gl`ncelIeremzlg. ůlg mlgtk, areze e`keste ieremzlgkegĀ trkzke pk e`kck tlmpurldls`uŠll eprlgsk çg rïgdurlck tlgkrktucul. Kre kvldkgt aeptuc `Ā ke, areze, gukxprlmĀ glml` gnu, `Ā ke `ngstltule gu ect`kve dk`ït n tredu`krk e kxprkslklOesereole sk eacĀ ce rĀs`ru`ke tuturnr rkckcnr”, `erk, çg rkpktetk rïgdurl, sk
çgtïcgke çg s`rlkrlck `rngl`erlcnr gnŞtrl Jrljnrk [rk`bk, Mlrng Şl Gl`ncek@nstlg Ş.e. Der `erk sĀ alk tĀcmĀ`lrke e`kstul scnjeg> Pkgsuc `kc mel sljur kre
Şl mel rĀmïgk `Ā stĀpïgll” ce dlakrltk ktepk el e`kstul Šlgut oesereokeg gu`rkdkeu Şl gl`l gu putkeu `rkdk çg zlue dk mïlgk e e`kstkl stĀpïglrl. Gu kreusljurl `Ā mïlgk- pnlmïlgk e`kst tkrltnrlu gu ve trk`k çg stĀpïglrke tur`lcnr,
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tĀterlcnr, ugjurlcnr, ruŞlcnr, u`relgkglcnr , rnmïglcnr kt`. Nr , treluc oĀŞtlgeŞlcnrçg estakc dk çmprkhurĀrl gu putke evke gl`l n pkrspk`tlvĀ, `Ā`l , tnŠl eŞe-gumlŠllstĀpïgl, evkeu s`npuc sĀ-Şl spnrkes`Ā evkrke prnprlk, dk ugdk Şl zl`ece
prnvkrolecĀ8 Qkgkeu çg nplg`l Şl pck`eu çg `lzmk dk `ecltetk” ! Ler prnockmedkzvnctĀrll, Šlgutucul oesereokeg gu lgtkrkse pk glmkgl. Gu sk aĀ`keu ecn`eŠlldk `epltec pkgtru `erkve `ngstru`Šll dk pkrspk`tlvĀ. VnpuceŠle oĀŞtlgeŞĀ kre
strïmtnretĀ, dïgdu-cl-sk merl prlvlckjll vkgktl`lcnr, dksknrl mïgeŠl Şl e`kŞtleçg Oesereole `u anrŠe.
Dlg `kck rkcetetk putkm `ng`cuzlnge `Ā rkspngseolcll ertl`ncucul- prkaeŠĀOesereole sĀre`Ā” eu drkptetk `ïgd ealrmĀ `Ā prlmuc ae`tnr ec sĀrĀ`lkl
prnvlg`lkl gnestrk kstk dksljur plkrdkrke çg 5<5: e dkouŞkkcnr vk`bl eck prndu`Šlkl gnestrk”, ler `kc dk-ec dnlcke kstk a e`tnruc jknjreal` `erk e
`ngtrloult çg merk pertk ce lzncerke k`ngnml`Ā e Oesereolkl9 vnrolm egumk dksltueŠle dk pkrlakrlk jknjreal`Ā Şl k`ngnml`Ā e prnvlg`lkl” (V. ?) Şlgl`ldk`um `ere`tkruc kmlgemkgtk” ejrl`nc ec prnvlg`lkl” (V. 0). Çg `ezuc ae`tnrlcnr `erk `ngtrlouleu ce sĀrĀ`lrke dk mel dkpertk e Oesereolkl sk `krk sĀedĀujĀm `Ā etug`l `ïgd eutnruc ealrme `Ā @kgtruc çgsĀ gu e çgŠkcks e`kestĀçmprkhurerk Şl gu e e`nrdet etkgŠle `uvkgltĀ prnvlg`lkl gnestrk” (V. ?-0)
dïgsuc e s`Āpet dlg vkdkrk `Ā etkgŠle `uvkgltĀ” g-e anst e`nrdetĀ gu dlg
`euze aeptucul `Ā `kgtruc g-e çgŠkcks çmprkhurĀrlck”, `l pkgtru `Ā `ugnŞtke
anertk olgk sltueŠle çg `erk sk eace, gksljuregŠe, dksprk `erk vnrokem egtkrlnr, pnslolce tk`krk e Oesereolkl ce ecŠl stĀpïgl”, `erk, Şl kl, gu evkeu sĀ e`nrdk
etkgŠle `uvkgltĀ Šlgutucul rkspk`tlv, dlg e`keŞl `euzĀ ‐ gu `ugnŞtkeu tkrmkgucdk stĀpïglrk! LetĀ, sprk kxkmpcu, `um e eprk`let @. Ptkrk, `kc mel oug
`ugns`Ātnr ec sltueŠlkl Oesereolkl Şl e pnpnrucul oesereokeg lmkdlet dupĀ[glrke `u Vetrle-memĀ dlg 5<52. Çg dls`uŠllck seck pncltl`k EperkgŠkck ŞlrkecltĀŠlck @ezucul Ptkrk” eutnruc gntkezĀ8 Gu sk pnetk lmejlge, çg edkvĀr,ug aeclmkgt mel cemkgteolc dk`ït rkjlmuc dk mïgĀ anrtk”, lgeujuret çgOesereole dupĀ [glrk. Juvkrgerke rnmïgkes`Ā s-e dnvkdlt mel neroĀ Şl mel
lg`epeolcĀ dk`ït `bler stĀpïglrke ŠerlstĀ” (Ptkrk, @. Plgjur çmpntrlve tuturnr. - @b., 5<<:. - V. 526). Dk`l, Şl sltueŠle dk estĀzl e Oesereolkl kstk muct
vnroltnerk çg e`kst skgs. Ke vlgk, `e ce `nmegdĀ, sĀ mĀrturlskes`Ā `Ā çgtrkejese lstnrlk dkplgdk gu etït dk vnlgŠe pnpnrucul oĀŞtlgeŞ, `ït dk `ke e vk`lglcnrdlg hur. QesĀzl`Ā Oesereole Şl ezl sk eacĀ ce rĀs`ru`ke tuturnr rkckcnr !
Gk-em nprlt mel emĀgugŠlt ce ertl`ncuc dk çg`kput ec rkvlstkl studletk gudlg `euze vnlgŠkl `ulve, `l pkgtru `Ā prnockmkck skmgecetk pkrmegkgt eper çgaeŠe `ltltnrucul rkvlstkl. Vkgtru `ngalrmerk gnmlgeclzĀm tltcurlck urmĀtnerkcnrertl`nck dlg e`kceŞl gumĀr < ec rkvlstkl dlg 5<018 VrkŠurlck dk prndu`Šlk Şl
prkŠurlck dk `ngsumeŠlk” (V. ;-2), VleŠe aru`tkcnr çg Oesereole” (V. <-5?),
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VleŠe `krkeckcnr çg Oesereole” (V. 5?-54), E`tlvltetke @emkrkl dk @nmkrŠdlg Tljblge” seu MĀsurlck pkgtru n mel ougĀ vecnrlal`erk e aru`tkcnr dlgr kjlugke Tljblgkl” (V. 5;-5<) kt`., `erk, per`Ā spk`lec, sugt pcesetk lmkdlet
dupĀ prkaeŠe rkde`Šlkl, `e sĀ erjumkgtkzk spuskck `Ā Oesereole vlgdk mellkatlg `e tnetk `kckcectk prnvlg`ll eck ŠĀrll Şl `umpĀrĀ mel s`ump `e kck” (V. 0).
Der, `e sĀ gu çg`epĀ `erkve çgdnlkcl seu oĀgulkcl, pervkglm `u n plcdĀ`ng`rktĀ dlg ertl`ncuc VrkŠurlck dk prndu`Šlk Şl prkŠurlck dk `ngsumeŠlk” (V.;-2). Çg tlmp `k @emkrkck dk @nmkrŠ oesereokgk çŞl mnolclzeu putkrlck,cupteu pkgtru e`nrderke Oesereolkl tuturnr drkpturlcnr dk `erk sk ou`urĀ Şl`kckcectk prnvlg`ll, pkgtru eslmlcerke k`ngnml`Ā e Oesereolkl `u rkstuc ŠĀrll,
pkgtru `ngtnplrke ermngl`Ā e lgtkrkskcnr kl `u lgtkrkskck çgtrkjll k`ngnmllgeŠlngeck” (V. 0), nrjegkck nal`leck eck stetucul, prkslmŠlgd eprnplkrke egucul
5<46, gu eu det Oesereolkl ug terla dk @.A._. rkdus, ehutïgd-n estakc ce n mel
jreogl`Ā eslmlcerk `u rkstuc ŠĀrll, `l eu aevnrlzet `bkctulkclck lgtkrmkdlerk,
`erk dksknrl çgtrk` `u ;6% prkŠuc lglŠlec ec mĀrall. Çg jkgkrec merae lkŞltĀ dkce prndu`Ātnr Şl tregspnrtetĀ ce vïgzĀtnr supnrte urmĀtnerkck `bkctukcl8 @lareeae`krll ‐ 1%9 Emoeceh ‐ prn`kgt verleolc9 P`rlsnerke dk tr ĀsurĀ9 Tlmorkals`eck Şl dk evleŠlk9 Texe dk `ngsumeŠlk9 Arebt9 Texe `nmugecĀ9 Tregspnrt çgnreŞ9 Ş.e. spkzk. Vcete e`kstnr texk Şl ec`Ātuleu prkŠuc dk `nst ec merakl”. Vcus
ce e`kstke, gkjustnruc seu eŞe-gumltuc lgtkrmkdler, çŞl steolcke `ïŞtljuc sĀu - n
gnuĀ skrlk dk `bkctukcl als`eck, `k ck pcĀtkŞtk gkjustnruc suo anrmeurmĀtnerkcnr lmpnzltk8 Lmpnzlt pk vkglt9 Lmpnzltuc dk drumurl9 Lmpnzlt
pkgtru @emkre dk @nmkrŠ9 Lmpnzlt dk hudkŠ9 Lmpnzlt `nmugec9 Lmpnzltucalrmkl9 Texk pkgtr u @ese dk Esljurerk Ş.e., `erk, dk `kck mel muctk nrl, sk
kjeckezĀ `u `nstuc mĀrall ce prndu`Ātnr. Dlg `kck rkcetetk kstk vĀdlt aeptuc `Ā `ke mel merk `bkctulecĀ `erk epesĀ
esupre mĀrall çgdknskol dk jrku kstk arebtuc, ectakc zls, dlvkrskck tlpurl dk texk
pcĀtltk pkgtru ug tregspnrt dk mĀraurl. Dner `ltlgd e`kstk rïgdurl `ltltnrucrkvlstkl kxemlgetk çŞl ve de skeme dk `k kdltnrll pceskezĀ çg pejlglck
pkrlndl`kl etïtke ertl`nck, dn`umkgtk Şl studll dksprk `ecltetke seu `bler Şlclpse drumurlcnr, dksprk pleŠe, (Şl mel dks) prkŠurlck aru`tkcnr, `krkeckcnr,vlgurlcnr, kt`., dk `k sk e`nrdĀ etïte etkgŠlk puocl`ltĀŠll, egugŠurlcnr,lganrmeŠlkl dksprk prndu`krke dlvkrskcnr prndusk ejrl`nck, dksprk rkeclzerke
e`kstnre, dksprk rncuc aeorl`lcnr, uzlgkcnr, mejezlgkcnr kt`. çg vleŠe dk alk`erkzl e `ktĀŠkglcnr.
Çg urmĀtnruc gumĀr, `kc dlg n`tnmorlk 5<01, eutnrll (gk`ugns`uŠl) el
ertl`ncucul Çmpntrlve dkvecnrlzĀrll” egeclzkezĀ prl`lglck dkvecnrlzĀrllvecutkcnr kurnpkgk, dkmngstrïgd `u erjumkgtk rkckvegtk `Ā bntĀrïrlckjuvkrgucul eprnaugdkezĀ sĀrĀ`le çg Šlgutuc oesereokeg. ŗl `kckcectk metkrleck,
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`k vlg lmkdlet dupĀ ertl`ncuc skmgecet, `um er al Ppk`uce lcl`ltĀ”,Lgtrndu`krke prkŠurlcnr mexlmeck”, VrkŠuc vlgucul ce aeorl`lck dk splrt” Ş. e.
dlg gumĀruc rkspk`tlv, `ït Şl dlg `kckcectk gumkrk dlg çgtrkeje pkrlnedĀ dk
kxlstkgŠĀ e rkvlstkl, `ngstltulk glŞtk dn`umkgtk, `erk lcustrkezĀ etït jrlhejuvkrgucul, `ït Şl cupte @emkrkcnr dk @nmkrŠ oesereokgk, pkgtru e dlmlgue
sĀrĀ`le egugŠetĀ, nr , sltueŠle rĀmïgk gks`blmoetĀ. [g cn` epertk çg stru`ture rkvlstkl rkvlgk `epltnckcnr pkrmegkgtk8 ŗtlrl dlg
Ou`urkŞtl”, ŗtlrl dlg Oesereole” Şl LganrmeŠlugl k`ngnml`k” uctlmuc `usuodlvlzluglck Lgtkrgk” Şl Kxtkrgk”. MkrltĀ sĀ alk `ngskmgetk Şl ugkckdlvlzlugl spnredl`k, `erk, çg angd, sugt e`kck rkpkrk, `k trkoulk sĀ jeregtkzkrepnrturlck dk e`tlvltetk dlgtrk `kgtru Şl pkrlakrlk, dlgtrk lgstltuŠllckmegejkrleck Şl kxk`utnrl. Vkgtru `ngalrmerk vnl çgŞlre mel muctk tltcurl dk
dn`umkgtk rkakrltnerk ce dlvlzluglck rkspk`tlvk, kxtresk dlg rkvlste `ngsuctetĀ.Estakc, ce dlvlzlugke ŗtlrl dlg Ou`urkŞtl” jĀslm eŞe tltcurl8 _knrjeglzerke`rkdltucul”, ÇgallgŠerke @ngslclucul supkrlnr k`ngnml`”, @ngtrevkgŠllck ce
`lare dk eae`krl”, Kxtlgdkrke petkgtkl alxk” Şl _k`cemeŠllck çmpntrlvekxk`utĀrlcnr als`eck” `u suotltcuc Lgstru`Šluglck mlglstkrucul dk algegŠk” (V. 54-5<). Çg `edruc dlvlzlugll ŗtlrl dlg Oesereole” jĀslm estakc dk ertl`nck8
Vnrtuc Oujez Şl gkvnlck cul” `u suodlvlzluglck8 @epe`ltetke dk çg`Ār`erk e pnrtucul Oujez”, @ecke Clmegucul Şl gevljeŠle pk Glstru”, Nrerluc
trkgurlcnr” Şl Evegtehuc Vnrtucul Oujez pkgtru prndu`Ātnrl”9 PltueŠlek`ngnml`Ā e hudkŠucul Lsmelc”9 Pterke k`ngnml`Ā e hudkŠucul @ebuc”, `u melmuctk suodlvlzlugl, Şl Lgstecerke gnucul @ngslclu ce @emkre dk @nmkrŠ dlg@ebuc”. Qnrolgd dksprk @ebuc, er al pĀ`et sĀ trk`km `u vkdkrke çg`Ā dnuĀdn`umkgtk8 OnjĀŠllck hudkŠucul @ebuc” Şl XĀ`Āmlgtk dk pktrnc çg hudkŠuc@ebuc” (V. 5<-??).
@ngsuctïgd `u etkgŠlk e`kstk dn`umkgtk, çŠl del skeme `Ā `kck dlg `epltncucŗtlrl dlg Ou`urkŞtl” leu etltudlgk aeŠĀ dk sltueŠle dlg tkrltnrlu, ler `kck dlg`epltncuc ŗtlrl dlg Oesereole” rkdeu sterke k`ngnml`Ā dk ce aeŠe cn`ucul, dlg
`erk dksprlgdkm kxprlmerke gk`ksltĀŠll çg vkdkrke ugnr mĀsurl pkgtruçmougĀtĀŠlrke sltueŠlkl. El`l sk `uvlgk sĀ rkpktĀm `Ā e`kstk `nmpertlmkgtksugt pkrmegkgtk pk tnt per`ursuc kxlstkgŠkl pkrlndl`kl, ler `nmperïgdu-ck
`ngŠlgutuc, pnŠl eace sterke dk cu`rurl dlg tkrltnrlu, oe `bler Şl mel muct, pnŠlnoskrve `ul eperŠlgk su``ksuc seu lgsu``ksuc.
Vrlgtrk `nmpertlmkgtkck spnredl`k gnmlgeclzĀm dner dnuĀ8 DlspnzlŠluglals`eck” Şl VrkŠurl Şl vecnrl” (5<01. - Gnlkmor. - V. ??-06), emokck dk merk
vecnerk pkgtru prndu`Ātnrl, çg spk`lec pkgtru `kl ejrl`ncl, `Ā`l lganrmeŠle`ngŠlgutĀ çl nrlkgtkezĀ çg vleŠe dk zl `u zl, `nmugl`ïgdu-ck ckjlsceŠle ckjetĀ dk
prnockmkck prndu`krll Şl rkeclzĀrll mĀraurlcnr. Pprk kxkmpcu, dlg prlmuc
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`nmpertlmkgt `ltltnrll vnr eace emĀgugtk dksprk Tlmorerke rkjlstrkcnr Şl eae`turlcnr”9 MĀsurlck çmpntrlve areudkcnr als`eck”9 Hudk`erke epkcurlcnrals`eck”9 P`utlrlck dk texe tlmorucul”9 Vcete lmpnzltucul prnpnrŠlngec” kt`.
(V. ??-?2).Çg `kke `k prlvkŞtk urmĀtnerke dlvlzlugk - VrkŠurl Şl vecnrl” ‐ e`keste kstk
`nmpusĀ dlg urmĀtnerkck suodlvlzlugl8 Ourse dk vecnrl”9 VleŠe vlgucul” -
dnuĀ `nmpertlmkgtk mel jkgkreck, dupĀ `erk urmkezĀ VrkŠurlck ce dlakrltkertl`nck vïgdutk pk pleŠe clokrĀ e nreŞucul @blŞlgĀu çg lgtkrveck dk ce 5 ce ?;gnlkmmorlk 5<01,” `u `ïtkve dlvlzlugl8 Ertl`nck dk `ncngleck çg dktelc9 Ert.dk oĀ`Āglk çg dktelc”9 @Ārgurl, ugturĀ çg dktelc”9 Vrndusk pktrnclkrk” Ş.e., çgalk`erk allgd kgumkretk ertl`nckck rkspk`tlvk `u lgdl`erke prkŠurlcnr ugul ij8zebĀr tns = ?2-?< ckl ij9 ceptk dk ve`Ā = ;-1 ckl cltru9 pktrnc = 4,16 ckl cltru9
Ş.e.m.d. (V. 05-0?). Dlvlzlugke sk çg`bklk `u dnuĀ teokck stetlstl`k8 PltueŠletregze`Šllcnr dk `krkeck çg hudkŠuc @ebuc pk cuge n`tnmorlk 5<01” (dupĀcn`ecltĀŠl) Şl PltueŠle tïrjurlcnr dk eglmeck dlg hudkŠuc @ebuc” (dupĀcn`ecltĀŠl).
Emlgtlm `ltltnrlcnr `Ā lganrmeŠllck e`kstke dlg dlvlzluglck mkgŠlngetk eper
spnredl`, tntuŞl kck `ngstltulk n lganrmeŠlk dk vecnerk çg tntecltetke dk
lganrmeŠlk k`ngnml`Ā. _kakrltnr ce `nmpertlmkgtuc LganrmeŠlugl k`ngnml`k”, putkm `ngstete `Ā
metkrlecuc prkzkgtet el`l gu prktlgdk ce `erkve glvkcurl ŞtllgŠlal`k seukxbeustlvltetk, çg s`blmo ke (lganrmeŠle) Šlgk ce `urkgt `ltltnruc lgtkrkset dk
sterke dk cu`rurl çg dnmkgluc k`ngnmlkl geŠlngeck Şl e rkceŠllcnr k`ngnml`k oesereokgk çg r epnrt `u strĀlgĀtetke. LetĀ dner `ïtkve tltcurl8 Vkgtru `k Šere guerk pkŞtk>”, Vnduc pkstk DugĀrk”, P`umpktke vlkŠll çg `rkŞtkrk”, Çg`esĀrlckstetucul çg `rkŞtkrk”, VĀsĀrlck rnmïgkŞtl pk pleŠe Veckstlgkl”, Kxpnrtucjrïucul dlg ŠerĀ”, Kxpnrtuc dk eglmeck ec _nmïglkl çg skptkmorlk”,MlŞ`erke prkŠurlcnr çg AregŠe”, kt`. - kxtresk dlg gumĀruc dlg n`tnmorlk
5<01. - V. 0?-0:, mkgltk sĀ nrlkgtkzk pkrsnegkck lgtkrksetk, sĀ pugĀ e``kgtuc
pk merae `erk sk `krk lmpnrtetĀ, sĀ dkmngstrkzk prlg detk Şl plcdk gk`ksltĀŠlckkxpnrtucul.
‗Vertke nal`lecĀ” e rkvlstkl, 5<01-5<46
DupĀ `nmpertlmkgtuc dksprk `erk em vnrolt supre (LganrmeŠluglk`ngnml`k”), pk tnt per`ursuc kdltĀrll rkvlstkl urmkezĀ `kc mel meslv (`em
humetk dlg vncumuc rkvlstkl) Şl mel vecnrns, dlg pug`t dk vkdkrk lganrmetlv,
`nmpertlmkgt - Vertke nal`lecĀ”. E`keste `ngstltulk pertke stetlstl`Ā e rkvlstkl
Şl rkack`tĀ, çg angd, e`tlvltetke lgstltuŠllcnr k`ngnml`k Şl hurldl`k steteck8Nal`luc _kjlstrucul dk @nmkrŠ, @emkre dk @nmkrŠ Şl Lgdustrlk, Trlougecuc,
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Oeg`e (Oesereolkl, hudkŠucul, nreŞucul), Ş.e. Al`erk dlg e`kstk lgstltuŠll,çgdkpclglgdu-Şl aug`Šllck seck dk `ngtrnc Şl megejkmkgt, e`umuckezĀ ugvncum lmpugĀtnr dk dn`umkgtk Şl e`tk prlvltnerk ce çgtrkeje vleŠĀ k`ngnml`Ā
e Šlgutucul rkspk`tlv8 E`tk gnterleck çgrkjlstretk ce Trlougec9 Olcktk ce nrdlg prntkstetk9 Çgmetrl`ucĀrl dk alrmk9 _kjlstrk oeg`erk kt`., dn`umkgtk `erk,
cuetk çmprkugĀ, `ngstltulk n çgrkjlstrerk e mlŞ`Ārll vlkŠll Şl e glvkcucul dk trel
e pnpuceŠlkl. Vkgtru e `ngŞtlkgtlze `erk kstk rncuc Şl s`npuc e`kstnr dn`umkgtk çg`kr`Ām
sĀ kxkmpclal`Ām prlg egeclze `ïtnrve e`tk, s`bkmk, teocnurl. PĀ dks`bldkmeroltrer `nck`Šle rkvlstkl pk eguc 5<0:. P-e dks`bls `bler ce mlhcn`, ce gumĀruc1 (Şesk). Vrnoeolc `kc mel dks `ngsuctet. Vertke nal`lecĀ” çg`kpk ce pejlge 01
Şl sk çg`bklk ce ;4, dupĀ `erk urmkezĀ ug ocn` dk Şesk anl (55 p.) dk
puocl`ltetk. Vrlmuc teokc, lgtltucet Olcktk ce nrdlg prntkstetk çg nreŞuc@blŞlgĀu Şl hudkŠuc CĀpuŞge çg epr lclk 5<0:, (prk`um Şl çg nreŞuc Şl hudkŠucNrbkl)” `u suodlvlzlugke @k`url Şl `emoll prntkstetk çg eprlclk 5<0: çg hud.CĀpuŞge Şl Nrbkl” (V. 01-0:). @k rkprkzlgtĀ e`kstk dlvlzlugl> Kck sugt
ec`Ātultk dlg trkl `ncnglŠk8 5. Gumk Şl prngumk (prkgumk), ?. Oeg`e(`rkdltnruc) Şl 0. Pume. Dk`l, kstk vnroe dk gumkck Şl prkgumkck `ktĀŠkglcnr ,çg gumĀr dk :?, dlg hud. CĀpuŞge Şl ?1 dlg hud. Nrbkl, `erk cuerĀ `rkdlt dk ce
oĀg`lck rkspk`tlvk çg sumĀ dk ce 5066 pïgĀ ce ?6666 ckl Şl, gkallgd e`bltetk ce
tlmp, sugt prntkstetk.Ec dnlcke `epltnc kstk lgtltucet E`tkck Nal`lucul _kjlstrucul dk @nmkrŠ.NreŞuc @blŞlgĀu Şl hud.CĀpuŞge”, ler çg `ngtlguerk, çg dlvlzlugk epertk,urmkezĀ NreŞuc Şl hudkŠuc Nrbkl”, `erk, dk rkjucĀ, sugt `kck mel merl, melgumkrnesk dlvlzlugl, Şl `kck mel onjetk çg lganrmeŠlk. Emokck sugt ec`Ātultkdlg mel muctk suodlvlzlugl8 Çgmetrl`ucĀrl dk alrmk lgdlvldueck”, EdgntĀrl Şlredlkrl ce alrmk lgdlvldueck”, dk rkjucĀ, çg mehnrltetke `ezurlcnr sugt Şl ectksuodlvlzlugl. Dk noskrvet, ce alk`erk dlg dlvlzluglck Şl suodlvlzluglckgnmlgeclzetk ecĀturl dk gumĀruc, dete Şl eguc çgrkjlstrĀrll sugt skmgecetk
gumkck akrmlkrlcnr, `nmkr`legŠlcnr Şl cn`ecltĀŠlcnr, prk`um Şl prnalcuc dke`tlvltetk ec e`kstnre. Pprk kxkmpcu8 ce çgmetrl`ucĀrl sk lgdl`Ā urmĀtnerkelganrmeŠlk8 4;<1 dlg ? eprlclk 5<0:, @clmnv Lnsla pkgtru rksteuregt suo
kmockme MĀrĀŞkŞtl” `u skdluc ce @ĀcĀreŞl tj. Ptr. _kjlge Merle Gr. < (V.
0:)9 Ce edgntĀrl Şl redlkrl, ectakc zls, ce `erkve s`blmoĀrl Şl mndlal`Ārl8@nmkr`legtuc Oerdeb Ql`tnr, evïgd alrme çgmetrl`ucetĀ suo Gr. 501; / 5<05
pkgtru `nmkrŠuc dk oĀ`Āglk e edgntet Şl `nmkrŠuc dk oĀuturl splrtnesk `ee``ksnrll ce oĀ`Āglk, mutïgd skdluc dlg str. K. _Āducks`u gr. :; çg str. DrejnŞQndĀ gr. 0< (V. 02). Estakc, çg cuge eprlclk 5<0:, çg nr. @blŞlgĀu Şl hud.CĀpuŞge eu evut cn` 54 çgmetrl`ucĀrl, 54 edgntĀrl Şl redlkrl, 2 mkgŠlugl Şl 50
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rkjlstrk oeg`erk. Ler çg nreŞuc Şl hudkŠuc Nrbkl ‐ 5; çgmetrl`ucĀrl dk alrmklgdlvldueck Şl : edgntĀrl Şl redlkrl.
[rmĀtnruc `epltnc, Teocnuc e`tkcnr gnterleck çgrkjlstretk ce Trlougecuc
hudkŠucul CĀpuŞge, çg `ursuc cugkl eprlclk 5<0:”, gk lganrmkezĀ dksprkvïgzĀrlck Şl `umpĀrĀrlck, erkgdkck, prlvlckjllck, s`blmoĀrlck, e`tkck dk jeh, kt`.
dlg pkrlnede rkspk`tlvĀ. Etrejkm etkgŠle çgdknskol ce dlvlzlugke QïgzĀrl Şl`umpĀrĀrl” (40-44), dk ugdk vnm dkplste lganrmeŠlk vecnrnesĀ dksprk
cn`ecltĀŠlck ugdk evkeu cn` e`kstk prn`kdurl Şl dksprk pertl`lpegŠll ce eae`krlckckjetk dk merl evkrl, dk ce `nstuc dk `ïtkve mll pïgĀ ce zk`l Şl sutk dk mll.
EŞe, sprk kxkmpcu, dlg `kck `lr`e 566 (<1) dk eae`krl, lglŠletk pk per`ursuc
cugll eprlclk 5<0:, `ke mel merk sumĀ kre kjecĀ `u 266 mll Şl eperŠlgke
aemlclkl Jbl`l`n Lnsla Şl Bele dlg @blŞlgĀu. @ke mel merk erkgdĀ dlg `kck 0?
çgrkjlstretk kre kjecĀ `u 4? mll Şl eperŠlgke aemlclkl Qnrntgl`nv dlgcn`ecltetke ůlpece. Dkstuc dk dks sk pre`tl`e pk e`kck tlmpurl Şl jehuc, çgmĀrlmk dk ce ?; mll pïgĀ ce trkl mlclnegk ckl.
@kckcectk `epltnck dlg rkvlste (gumĀruc) `ngsuctetĀ rkack`tĀ sltueŠlek`ngnml`Ā dlg hudkŠkck OĀcŠl, Pnrn`e Şl Tljblge, allgd ereghetk çg nrdlgkecaeoktl`Ā. Edu`km plcdkck rkspk`tlvk dlg `kck trkl hudkŠk. EŞeder8
@emkre dk @nmkrŠ dlg OĀcŠl”, çg dlvlzluglck slmlcerk `u `kck skmgecetkegtkrlnr, prkzlgtĀ lganrmeŠle estakc8 5) @emollck prntkstetk çg hudkŠuc OĀcŠl çg
`ursuc cugll eprlclk 5<0:” çgrkjlstrkezĀ 40 dk e`tk dk pcetĀ oĀg`lcnr dkçmprumut `u dlvkrsk sumk8 dk ce ;66 pïgĀ ce ;6 666 ckl9 ?) E`tkck gnterlecktregs`rlsk ce Trlougecuc OĀcŠl çg `ursuc cugll eprlclk 5<0:” ‐ dlvlzlugk `k
rkack`tĀ prn`kdure dk vïgzerk-`umpĀrerk e dlvkrskcnr evkrl `u `nstuc dk ce 56mll pïgĀ ce ;66 mll. Dlgtrk `kl 1? dk vïgzĀtnrl çgrkjlstreŠl, vecnerke mlglmĀçg sumĀ dk 56 mll epĀrŠlgk stĀpïglcnr Eredu Egtng, Ceoe Mlbelc, XegnzeQeslck Şl Ou`Āteru dlg cn`ecltĀŠlck `nrkspugzĀtnerk8 OĀcĀŞkŞtl, Kclzevkte,Pcnonzle-OĀcŠl Şl EcuglŞ, ler `ke mexlmĀ dk 466 mll Şl ;66 mll rkvlgk cul _nlt
Elzls Şl OkcnŠkr`nvs`bl T., emoll dlg OĀcŠl (V. 4:-42)9 0) Nal`luc _kjlstrucul
@nmkrŠucul OĀcŠl” `u suodlvlzluglck8 Alrmkck lgdlvldueck çgmetrl`ucetk cee`kst Nal`lu, dk ce dete dk 5; eprlclk pïgĀ ce 5; mel e.`.”, MkgŠluglck cealr mk lgdlvldueck...” Şl _edlkrl dk alrmk sn`leck...”, çg `erk `ltltnrll vnrdkplste 54 alrmk lgdlvldueck, 0 mkgŠlugl ce alrmk lgdlvldueck Şl n slgjurĀredlkrĀ dk alrmk sn`leck.
@emkre dk @nmkrŠ dlg Pnrn`e” `u dnuĀ suodlvlzlugl8 5) VnclŠkck prntkstetk çg nreŞuc Şl hudkŠuc Pnrn`e çg `ursuc cugll eprlclk 5<0:”, `erkçgrkjlstrkezĀ 51 dkoltnrl, alk`erk `u detnrllck seck, `kck mel ml`l dk n mlk cklŞl `kck mel merl dk 56 mll, prlme eperŠlgïgd cul Mer` IrlŞ, Şl `kecectĀ culEorem Jbkcmeg9 ?) E`tkck _kjlstrucul Nal`lucul dk @nmkrŠ”, `erk
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çgrkjlstrkezĀ 1; dk çgmetrl`ucĀrl dk alrmk Şl gnuĀ alrmk redletk Şl mndlal`etk,alxïgd çg emokck `ezurl gumkck Şl prkgumkck akrmlkrucul, cn`ecltetke ŞlgumĀruc dk çgrkjlstrerk. LetĀ `um eretĀ prlmuc çgrkjlstret8 ŗnr Leg`u,
Tïrgnve, Gr. 056<.@emkre dk @nmkrŠ dlg Tljblge”, ce ruorl`e Kak`tkck prntkstetk çg nr. Şl
hudkŠuc Tljblge çg `ursuc cugll eprlclk 5<0:” sugt alxetk 12 dk gumk `udetnrllck çg sumĀ dk ce Şesk sutk pïgĀ ce 11242 ckl, prlme eperŠlgïgd culOnhlgnv T. Şl P., ler e dnue ‐ cul @usursus P. Şl L. Lege`. [rmĀtnruc `epltnc -
Nal`luc _kjlstrucul @nmkrŠucul”, eskmkgl `kcul dlg hudkŠuc OĀcŠl, Şl dlg`kckectk hudkŠk, prkzlgtĀ clste alrmkcnr lgdlvldueck çgmetrl`ucetk prk`um Şl`ïtkve mkgŠlugl Şl redlkrl dk alrmk lgdlvldueck Şl sn`leck, skmgecïgd dete,cuge Şl eguc çgrkjlstrĀrll, gumkck Şl prkgumkck akrmlkrlcnr Şl `nmkr legŠlcnr,
prnalcuc Şl cn`ecltetke çg `erk e`tlvkezĀ. _kvlste `ngsuctetĀ (Gr.1 dlg luglk 5<0:) sk çg`bklk `u ug ocn` dk
puocl`ltetk, `erk erk mkglrke sĀ edu`Ā ce `ugnŞtlgŠe puocl`ucul çgtrkejemlŞ`erk `ucturecĀ, sn`lecĀ Şl pncltl`Ā dlg Šlgut, sĀ nrlkgtkzk `ktĀŠkgll dksprk`kke `k Şl ugdk sk prndu`k, dksprk lgstltuŠllck dk prndu`krk Şl rkeclzerk emĀraurlcnr, kt`. DkŞl lganrmeŠle rkspk`tlvĀ, s-er pĀrke, gu prkzlgtĀ lgtkrks,
`rkdkm tntuŞl `Ā çg pceg lstnrl` er putke sus`lte `urlnzltetke spk`leclŞtlcnr.Egumk `u e`kst s`np lgvltĀm `ltltnrll sĀ `ngsuctk dner n ml`Ā pnrŠlugk8
Mnere eutnmetĀ Plmng Zk`bsckr”, Aeorl`e dk sĀpug Şl sndk [GLNG”,[zlgkck DK_METE8 Mejezlg dk plkcĀrlk”, OCEGLMVKR J. Devldnv kt L.Tretmeg8 OcĀgurl Kg-Jrns”, @krkŠl prktutlgdkgl `keluc rkgumltkl aeorl`lIlebte”, _edln-Pecng _. MlcŞtklg”, Mnere Bkr`ucks”, Bntkc CNGD_E”,Mejezlguc dk `ncngleck ‐ Kg-Jtns ‐ @ncnglec Lmpnrt”, Ş.e.m. d. Alk`erk dlg
e`kstk egugŠurl çŞl erk edrkse rkspk`tlvĀ. Estakc eretĀ uctlmuc `nmpertlmkgt ec rkvlstkl (5<01-5<46), ”Vertke
nal`lecĀ”, çg `erk sugt `ng`kgtretk n `egtltetk kgnrmĀ dk dn`umkgtk, çg spk`lecstetlstl`k, prlg `erk sk Şl `ere`tkrlzkezĀ dnmkgluc det, k`ngnmle, Şl prlg `erk
sk çgtrkjkŞtk `ng`kpŠle stru`turecĀ e rkvlstkl. Gk-em nprlt mel dkteclet ce espk`tuc det `e sĀ dks`bldkm peregtkzkck
tkmetl`k Şl `nmpnzlŠlngeck eck metkrleckcnr edugetk. El`l pnt epĀrke `erkvegkdumkrlrl8 dk `k egeclzkck rkspk`tlvk s-eu kak`tuet pk oeze metkrlecucul
kxtres dner dlg `ïtkve gumkrk eck rkvlstkl dlg egll 5<01-5<0:, Şl gu s-eu
ancnslt dn`umkgtkck dlg çgtrkeje `nck`Šlk> _Āspugsuc kstk slmpcu8 pkgtru `Āstru`ture `nmpertlmkgtucul cuet çg dls`uŠlk (Vertke nal`lecĀ”) k anertk strl` t
rkspk`tetĀ Şl dlakrĀ el`l dner gumkck dk akrmlkrl, `nmkr`legŠl, dk cn`ecltĀŠl,dkgumlrlck dk ertl`nck `uctlvetk seu vïgdutk, dk `egtltetke Şl `nstuc
prndusucul. Nr, s`npuc gnstru kstk egumk dk e-c nrlkgte pk `ltltnr çg stru`ture
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rkvlstkl, vecnerke Şl rnstuc lganrmeŠlkl `ng`kgtretk çg `uprlgsuc kl, Şl, tntndetĀ,dk e-c ehute sĀ-Şl eckejĀ `Ālck rkckvegtk çg prn`ksuc dk dkplsterk e lganrmeŠlklsncl`ltetk.
Çg`bklkrk
@kck rkcetetk egtkrlnr, `rkdkm, vlg sĀ mĀrturlskes`Ā gu dner dksprkvncumuc lmpugĀtnr Şl vkrldl`ltetke lganrmeŠlkl edusĀ dk rkvlste Oesereolek`ngnml`Ā”. Metkrlecuc skck`tet dlg vleŠe k`ngnml`Ā e Šlgutucul oesereokeg,alk `bler dlgtr-n pkrlnedĀ dkstuc dk mndkstĀ (5<5<-5<?0, 5<01-5<46), kstk dk
n verleolcltetk kx`kpŠlngecĀ Şl dk n kxe`tltetk `ngvlgjĀtnerk, `ecltĀŠl anertkgk`kserk pkgtru e al pusk çg `lr`ultuc ŞtllgŠlal`. E`kstk `ecltĀŠl sk meglakstĀ ce`ngsucterke VĀrŠll nal`leck” e rkvlstkl. Çg cumlge `kcnr spusk er al olgk `e
spk`leclŞtll sĀ e`nrdk etkgŠle `uvkgltĀ metkrlecucul stetlstl` dupĀ hudkŠk ŞlnreŞkck hudkŠkgk8 @blŞlgĀu, CĀpuŞge, OĀcŠl, Nrbkl, Pnrn`e, Tljblge kt`.
Egumk çg e`kstk `nmpertlmkgtk kstk `ng`kgtretĀ lganrmeŠle `ke melrkckvegtĀ rkakrltnerk etït ce sterke k`ngnml`Ā e rkjlugll, glvkcuc dk trel ec
pnpuceŠlkl, e lstnrlkl Šlgutucul oesereokeg çg jkgkr ec, `ït Şl ce espk`tkck`ng`rktk eck vlkŠll sn`leck dlg cn`ecltĀŠlck (`nmugkck, setkck) hudkŠkcnrrkspk`tlvk. El`l, dnrltnrll dk e `kr`kte lstnrle ugul seu ectul set, vleŠe ugkl seuectkl pkrsngecltĀŠl, kt`. vnr dkplste dlvkrsk dn`umkgtk rkakrltnerk ce glvkcuc dk
trel, ce dnmkgllck dk e`tlvltetk (ejrl`ncĀ, lgdustrlecĀ, kt`.) e pnpuceŠlkl, cerepnrturlck edmlglstretlvk dlgtrk `kgtru Şl pkrlakrlk. Çgdknskol dk onjet kstkdnmkgluc dk lganrmeŠlk stetlstl`Ā8 `uctlverke `kcnr mel rĀspïgdltk `ucturl
ejrl`nck, prkcu`rerke Şl rkeclzerke e`kstnre, sterke prkŠurlcnr mĀraurlcnr prndusk çg ŠerĀ, kt`. [g cn` epertk kstk rkzkrvet dkpnzltĀrll lganrmeŠlklrkakrltnerk ce mlŞ`erke pnpuceŠlkl Şl çg spk`lec e evkrll `ktĀŠkglcnr. E`kstk Şlectk espk`tk, dk rkjucĀ, sk rkack`tĀ çg perejreak epertk8 QïgzĀrl Şl`umpĀrĀrl”, sprk kxkmpcu, ugdk sugt lgdl`etk gumkck Şl prkgumkckvïgzĀtnrlcnr, cn`ecltetke Şl `nstuc nolk`tucul vïgdut seu çg perejreakck Alrmk
lgdlvldueck...”, Alrmk sn`leck...” dupĀ hudkŠk, ugdk sncl`ltegŠll vnr eacegumkck Şl prkgumck akrmlkrlcnr Şl `nmkr`legŠlcnr, cn`ecltetke Şl gumĀruc dkçgrkjlstrerk e nolk`tucul rkspk`tlv.
KskgŠlec kstk `e sncl`ltegŠll sĀ Ştlk, `Ā çg Teocnurlck...” rkspk`tlvk sugtçgrkjlstretk tnetk alrmkck Şl tnŠl akrmlkrll dlg tnetk cn`ecltĀŠlck oesereokgk(dupĀ hudkŠk) dlg pkrlnedkck detk (dupĀ cugl Şl egl). EŞe `Ā `kr`ktĀtnrll, (der ŞlmnŞtkgltnrll) eu pnslolcltetk sĀ-Şl dn`umkgtkzk evkrlck (`ït Şl detnrllck)mnŞtkgltk Şl sĀ `kr`ktkzk alk`erk `ez çg pertk. _kjrkteolc kstk çgsĀ aeptuc, `Āe`kstk detk stetlstl`k sugt puocl`etk çg rkvlste `ngsuctetĀ dner dlg skptkmorlk5<01 Şl pïgĀ çg luglk, lg`cuslv, 5<46.
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Trkoulk sĀ sk ŠlgĀ `ngt Şl dk aeptuc `Ā çg pejlglck rkvlstkl, ecĀturl dklganrmeŠle skmgecetĀ egtkrlnr, dnrltnrll vnr jĀsl dn`umkgtk (ertl`nck, studll,
`nmugl`Ārl, dĀrl dk skemĀ, oe `bler Şl ckjl, dk`rktk, kt`.), `ngse`retk egeclzkl
dlakrltnr tkmk Şl prnockmk, espk`tk Şl dnmkgll dlg vleŠe sn`lecĀ Şl pncltl`Ā erkjlugll çg egsemocu, `ït Şl e hudkŠucul, `nmugkl rkspk`tlvk. Vkgtru e
`ngalrme `kck spusk, prk`um Şl `u s`npuc dk e vkgl çg ehutnruc sncl`ltegŠlcnr dke sk lmpcl`e çg prn`ksuc dk studlkrk e k`ngnmlkl oesereokgk dlg pkrlnede detĀrkprndu`km mel hns ug Şlr dk tltcurl dk metkrleck dk e`kst akc dlg emokck kdlŠlleck rkvlstkl8 Vrnockme lgdustrlkl vlltnerk e Oesereolkl” dk K. Jlurjke (5<5<. - Gr. ?. - V. 1-54)9 Esupre `rkŞtkrll vltkcnr çg Oesereole suo anstednmlgeŠlugk rusĀ” dk Vevkc Jrnssu (5<5<. - Gr. ;-1. - V.555-5?5)9
@bkstlugke kxpnrtucul Şl tregspnrturlcnr çg Oesereole” dk K. Jlurjke (5<5<. -
Gr. :-2. - V.?:-0<)9 Lgdustrle ucklucul dlg hudkŠuc OĀcŠl” (5<01. - Dk`. - V. 2-
55)9 E`tlvltetke k`ngnml`Ā çg @blŞlgĀuc mncdnvkgks` (5401-525?)” dk E.P.Zklgokrj (5<01. - Dk`. - V. ?;-?2)9 Drumurlck çg Oesereole8 dlg cu`rĀrlckAkdkreŠlkl @emkrkcnr dk @nmkrŠ dlg Oesereole” (5<0:. -G. :. - ;-<)9
Tregspnrtuc çg Oesereole çg dls`uŠle [glugkl @emkrkcnr dk @nmkrŠ” (5<0:. - Gr. :. - V.50-?<)9 PltueŠle k`ngnml`Ā e hudkŠucul @ebuc pk eguc 5<01” (5<0:. -Gr. :. - V. 04-46)9 E`tlvltetke @emkrkl dk @nmkrŠ dlg @ktetke-EcoĀ” (5<0:. - Gr. 2-55. - V. ??-;4)9 Pterke k`ngnml`Ā e hudkŠkcnr CĀpuŞge Şl Nrbkl çg
eguc 5<01” (5<0:. - Gr. 5?. - V. <-42)9 Vrnockme `nmugl`eŠllcnr çg hudkŠuc@ebuc” (5<02. - Gr. 5. - V. ?6-?0)8 Vrnockmkck vltl`ucturll oeser eokgk8
Alctrerke vlgurlcnr. Aecslal`erke vlgurlcnr. Mer`erke veskcnr...” (5<02. - Gr. ;.
- V. 5?-51)9 Derke dk skemĀ esupre e`tlvltĀŠll @emkrkl dk @nmkrŠ ŞlLgdustrlk dlg @blŞlgĀu çg `ursuc egucul 5<0:” (5<02. - Gr. :. - V. 1;-<5) Şl çg`ursuc eglcnr 5<02-5<0< (5<0<. - Gr. :. - V. :1-<0)9 @ere`tkruc lgdustrlkl Şl`nmkrŠucul dlg ůlgutuc Glstru” (5<0<. - Gr. ?. - V. 56-5<)9 Drumurlck
oesereokgk” (5<0<. - Gr. ;. - V. 0-50)9 PltueŠle k`ngnml`Ā e PuduculOesereolkl” (5<0<. - Gr. 1. - V. 0-5?)9 [g muzku k`ngnml` ce @ktetke-EcoĀ”
(5<0<. ‐ Gr. 1. - V. 52-?4)9 Dk`rktuc-ckjk pkgrtu çgarïgerke Şl dkprlmerkespk`uckl lcl`ltk” (5<0<.- Gr. 5?. - V. :-?6) kt`.
Clste k prke çgtlgsĀ Şl tntuŞl ke gu rkack`tĀ tnetk espk`tkck dlg e`tlvltetkek`ngnml`Ā e Šlgutucul Şl, `u etït mel muct, gu sk rkakrĀ ce tnetk hudkŠkck,`nmugkck, setkck ŠĀrll. Der Şl s`npuc urmĀrlt e anst mel mndkst8 dk e-c
`ugneŞtk pk `ltltnruc-`kr`ktĀtnr `u pnslolcltĀŠlck lganrmeŠlngeck eck cu`rĀrll `kn erk çg aeŠĀ Şl, cĀslgdu-sk mnclpslt dk kck, sĀ trke`Ā ce `ngsucterke
`nmpertlmkgtucul oloclnjreal`, dk ugdk sk ve eckjk `u çgtrkjuc vncumlganrmeŠlngec ec rkvlstkl Oesereole k`ngnml`Ā”.
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VNCLTL@LCK E@@KP[C[L DKP@BLP ÇG ůď_LCK ÇGT_EGXLůLK
dr., `nga. uglv. GKCC\ ů[_@EG
@etkdre Oloclntk`ngnmlk Şl EslstkgŠĀ LganrmeŠlngecĀ, [PM
Ptudluc prkzlgtĀ egeclze prn`ksucul dk rkeclzerk Şl prnmnverk e E``ksucul Dks`blsce cltkreture ŞtllgŠlal`Ā rkckvegtĀ çg uctlmuc dk`kglu. Vkgtru e esljure E``ksuc Dks`bls
çg mĀsurĀ kjecĀ sugt susŠlgutk dnuĀ stretkjll `nmpckmkgterk8 eutnerblverke (@ecke
Qkrdk) Şl rkvlstkck pk oeze e``ksucul dks`bls (@ecke dk Eur).
Tbk study prkskgts egecysls na tbk prn`kss na dkvkcnplgj egd prnmntlgj NpkgE``kss tn rkckvegt s`lkgtlal` cltkreturk lg tbk cest dk`edk. Tn kgsurk kqueccy Npkg
E``kss erk suppnrtkd twn `nmpckmkgtery stretkjlks8 skca-er`blvlgj (Jrkkg _ned) egd
npkg e``kss hnurgecs (Jncdkg _ned).
Vkgtru e aevnrlze dkzvncterke `ugnŞtlgŠkcnr, sevegŠll eu gkvnlk dk e``ks cecltkreture ŞtllgŠlal`Ā rkckvegtĀ. E`kestĀ cltkreturĀ, dlg `k çg `k mel muct, `epĀtĀug `ere`tkr lgtkrdls`lpclger, sk s`umpkŞtk ce glvkc geŠlngec Şl jcnoec, lerdljlteclzerke, prk`um Şl tkbgncnjllck mndkrgk, lmpug rkstrl`Šll dk cl`kgŠĀ.
E`kst prn`ks, dk eskmkgke, kstk çg pclgĀ kvncuŠlk. PevegŠll, `bler Şl dlg `kck mel onjetk uglvkrsltĀŠl dlg cumk, çgtïmplgĀdlal`uctĀŠl çg e``ksuc ce cltkreture dk spk`lecltetk. @k mĀsurl pnt al çgtrkprlgsk>MlŞ`erke prlvlgd E``ksuc Dks`bls (Npkg E``kss ‐ NE) er putke nakrl ug
rĀspugs ce e`kestĀ çgtrkoerk. MucŠl dlgtrk susŠlgĀtnrll e`kstkl lglŠletlvk sugt
lgtkrkseŠl dk tregsanrmerke slstkmucul dk `nmugl`erk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā, estakc çg`ïte`kste sĀ pnetĀ aug`Šlnge çg mnd kal`lkgt çgtr -ug mkdlu çg pclgĀ es`kgslugktkbgncnjl`Ā.
E``ksuc Dks`bls (ED) kstk ug akgnmkg rkcetlv rk`kgt, epcl`et çg
`nmugl`erke e`edkml`Ā Şl ŞtllgŠlal`Ā. GnŠlugke e cuet geŞtkrk dk ce`ngvlgjkrlck alcnznal`k `Ā `kr`ktĀrlck e`edkml`k Şl `kck algegŠetk dlg oegll
puocl`l er trkoul sĀ alk e``kslolck repld Şl jretult, çg spk`lec n detĀ `urĀspïgdlrke TL@ Şl e Lgtkrgktucul. Çg egll 5<<6 `rlze dlg oloclntk`l dlg mntlvk
dk algegŠerk lgsual`lkgtĀ e etres etkgŠle esupre ugul mndkc gnu dk puocl`erk,`erk er nakrl n ectkrgetlvĀ pkgtru eongerke ce rkvlstkck s`umpk. E`kestĀlglŠletlvĀ e mntlvet Şl spngsnrll `erk algegŠeu `kr`ktĀrlck sĀ alk lgtkrkseŠl dk
e``kslolcltetke lganrmeŠlkl dksprk `kr`ktĀrlck pk `erk kl ck algegŠkezĀ.
Çg uctlmll egl NE e anst e``kptet `e ug nolk`tlv lmpnrtegt çg rkeclzerkee``ksucul dks`bls ce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā dk `Ātrk lgstltuŠllck, nrjeglsmkck dk
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algegŠerk Şl dk `kr`kterk, oloclntk`l Şl dk ugll kdltnrl. @u rkjrkt, nemkgll dkŞtllgŠĀ gu sugt etït dk ackxlolcl çg rkeclzerke Şl susŠlgkrke NE. Etug`l çgsĀ `ïgdsevegŠll çgŠkckj nolk`tlvkck E``ksucul Dks`bls, kl çgŞlŞl okgkal`lezĀ dk kc `kc
mel muct Y5]. @u tnetk e`kstke, sevegŠll e`ŠlngkezĀ ckgt `u prlvlrk ce rkeclzerkee``ksucul dks`bls ce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā. Kstk lgduolteolc aeptuc `Ā lglŠletlveNpkg E``kss kstk, çg merk mĀsurĀ, çg mïlglck `nmugltĀŠll ŞtllgŠlal`k.Mntlvkck e``kptĀrll NE dk `Ātrk sevegŠl eu anst kxemlgetk çg `kr`kterke cul
E.Pweg Şl P. Ornwg Y?]. Eutnrll studlucul eu spk`lal`et mel muctk mntlvklmpnrtegtk dk e prnmnve rkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr prlg lgtkrmkdluc mndkckcnrNE. _kzuctetkck studlucul eu `ngstetet `Ā çg tnpuc prlnrltĀŠlcnr pkgtru e``ksucdks`bls ce rkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr kstk pnslolcltetke dk e repnrte `nmugltĀŠlldksprk rkzuctetkck ŞtllgŠlal`k. Estakc `nmugltetke ŞtllgŠlal`Ā er putke evke e``ks
ce puocl`eŠllck ectnr `kr`ktĀtnrl. Vrlg e`keste sevegŠll dnrks` sĀ noŠlgĀ uglmpe`t ec puocl`eŠllcnr Şl `kr`ktĀrlcnr kak`tuetk.
MlŞ`erke pkgtru E``ksuc Dks`bls ce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā kstk e`tlv prnmnvetĀ çg uctlmll egl, allgd susŠlgutĀ dk tnt mel mucŠl pertl`lpegŠl. E`keste
kstk çg prkzkgt dkzoĀtutĀ dk `Ātrk juvkrgk, nrjeglsmk dk algegŠerk, kdltnrl Şldk `Ātrk uglvkrsltĀŠl dlg çgtrkeje cumk. KxlstĀ okgkal`ll k`ngnml`k, sn`leck Şlkdu`eŠlngeck `ngsldkreolck dk e ae`k e``kslolck rkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr, dk e ck
pugk ce dlspnzlŠlk aĀrĀ oerlkrk algeg`lerk, hurldl`k Şl tkbgl`k Y0]. @u tnetk `Ā
kstk gk`kser dk e rkeclze mel muctk e`Šlugl, der kstk kvldkgt `Ā e``ksuc dks`blse s`blmoet pkgtru tntdkeuge dnmkgluc `nmugl`Ārll ŞtllgŠlal`k. Kxlste n verlktetk merk dk dkalglŠll e E``ksucul Dks`bls, ler `ng`kptuc
dksprk NE kstk çg`Ā çg kvncuŠlk. @u tnetk e`kstke, mel muctk dn`umkgtk-
`bklk, rkakrltnerk ce e`kst suolk`t, çg mnd `umucetlv gk nakrĀ n dkalglŠlk dkstucdk ougĀ Şl e`tuecĀ e e`kstul tkrmkg. [ge dlg dkalglŠll eperŠlgk cul Vktkr PuokrY4]8 E``ksuc Dks`bls (NE) kstk e``ksuc dljltec, ngclgk, jretult ce cltkreturĀ,aĀrĀ mehnrltetke rkstrl`Šllcnr prlvlgd drkpturlck dk eutnr Şl dk e`nrderk ecl`kgŠkcnr.
E``ksuc Dks`bls prnpugk mndecltĀŠl ectkrgetlvk dk puocl`erk e rkzuctetkcnrŞtllgŠlal`k. Vrnmnverke ED s-e tregsanrmet çgtr -n mlŞ`erk `erk evke ce oezĀ nalcnznalk, `edr u ckjec Şl rkeclzerk tkbgl`Ā.
N `ngtrlouŠlk lmpnrtegtĀ çg prnmnverke Şl rkeclzerke E``ksucul Dks`bls eanst çgaĀptultĀ dk Angduc Pnrns. Çg dk`kmorlk ?665 Lgstltutuc pkgtru nPn`lktetk Dks`blsĀ (NPL ‐ Npkg Pn`lkty Lgstltutk) e nrjeglzet ce Oudepkste n
çgtïcglrk e susŠlgĀtnrlcnr esljurĀrll e``ksucul dks`bls ce cltkreture Şl rkvlstkckŞtllgŠlal`k. Ce çgtïcglrk s-e dls`utet çg `k mĀsurĀ lglŠletlvkck kxlstkgtk dk e``ksdks`bls ce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā sk pnt `nmpckte Şl çg `k mĀsurĀ pnt al ancnsltkrksurskck NPL pkgtru e susŠlgk lglŠletlve E``ksucul Dks`bls”. @e rkzuctet ec
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e`kstkl çgtïcglrl ce 54 akoruerlk ?66? e anst eprnoetĀ Dk`cereŠlkl dk ce
Oudepkste `u prlvlrk ce LglŠletlve E``ksucul Dks`bls ( Oudepkst Npkg E``kss
Lgltletlvk, ONEL ) Y;].
LglŠletlve E``ksucul Dks`bls dk`cerĀ prlg`lpllck dk oezĀ pkgtru gnlnpnrtugltĀŠl dk e``ks ec nemkglcnr dk ŞtllgŠĀ ce kdlŠll kck`trngl`k, esljurïgdrk`kgzerke, `ngskrverke, erblverke puocl`eŠllcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k, rkspk`terkedrkpturlcnr dk eutnr, Şl çg e`kceŞl tlmp ug e``ks cerj Şl jretult ce puocl`eŠllckeutnrlcnr. E``ksuc clokr aug`ŠlngkezĀ pk prlg`lpluc `Ā tnetk `bkctulkclck sugte`npkrk dk `Ātrk eutnr seu lgstltuŠle se, ler e``ksuc clokr kstk nakrlt tuturnrdnrltnrlcnr, sprk dknskolrk dk mndkckck kxlstkgtk, `ïgd `bkctulkclck sugt
supnrtetk dk `Ātrk nrjeglzeŠle `erk nakrĀ e``ks ce lganrmeŠlk prlg eongerke ce pkrlndl`k.
N ectĀ dk`cereŠlk, ce akc dk skmglal`etlvĀ, kstk Dk`cereŠle dk ce Oktbksde
prlvlgd pncltl`e kdltnrlecĀ Y1], `erk e anst skmgetĀ çg eprlclk ?660. Çg e`kestĀ Dk`cereŠlk, s-e prnpus drkpt s`np stlmucerke dls`uŠllcnr çg `edruc
`nmugltĀŠll `kr`ktĀtnrlcnr dlg dnmkgluc olnmkdl`lgll prlvlgd rkeclzerkee``ksucul dks`bls ce cltkreture ŞtllgŠlal`Ā prlmerĀ. P`npuc e`kstkl Dk`cereŠll
prkvkdk prnpugkrke ugnr peŞl `ng`rkŠl dk kdlterk npkretlvĀ Şl dk prnmnverk e puocl`eŠllcnr pkgtru e``ksuc dks`bls. Çg e`kst skgs Dk`cereŠle sk edrkskezĀtuturnr nrjeglzeŠllcnr `erk rkeclzkezĀ Şl sprlhlgĀ `kr`ktĀrlck ŞtllgŠlal`k,
sevegŠlcnr `erk jkgkrkezĀ rkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr, kdltnrlcnr `erk ae`lcltkezĀrk`kgzerke Şl dlauzerke rkzuctetkcnr `kr`ktĀrlcnr, sevegŠlcnr, oloclntk`erlcnr Şlectnr pkrsnegk dk `erk dkplgdk e``ksuc ce e`kstk `ugnŞtlgŠk.
Çg e`nrd `u splrltuc Dk`cereŠlkl LglŠletlvkl E``ksucul Dks`bls dk ce
Oudepkste Şl e Dk`cereŠlkl dk ce Oktbksde Dk`cereŠle dk ce Okrclg prl vlgd
E``ksuc Dks`bls ce @ugnŞtlgŠk çg dnmkgluc ŗtllgŠkl Şl ŗtllgŠkcnr [meglterk
Y:], skmgetĀ çg n`tnmorlk ?660, prnmnvkezĀ Lgtkrgktuc `e ug lgstrumkgtaug`Šlngec pkgtru n oezĀ e `ugnŞtlgŠkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k jcnoeck Şl e jïgd lrll
umegk, `erk spk`lal`Ā mĀsurl pkgtru lgstltuŠllck dk `kr`kterk, ejkgŠllck
angdetnerk, oloclntk`lck, erblvkck Şl muzkkck. Çg Dk`cereŠle dk ce Okrclg sk mkgŠlngkezĀ `Ā dlskmlgerke `ugnŞtlgŠkck kstk
rkeclzetĀ dner pk humĀtetk de`Ā lganrmeŠle gu kstk pk cerj rĀspïgdltĀ Şl gu kstkdlspnglolcĀ sn`lktĀŠll. Gnl pnslolcltĀŠl eck dlskmlgĀrll `ugnŞtlgŠkcnr trkoulk sĀalk susŠlgutk gu dner prlg anrmkck `cesl`k, der, dk eskmkgke, çg mnd spnrlt
prlg peredljme E``ksucul Dks`bls, nakrlt dk Lgtkrgkt.
Dk`cereŠle dk ce Okrclg dkalgkŞtk E``ksuc Dks`bls `e n sursĀ kxbeustlvĀ dk`ugnŞtlgŠk umegk Şl e mnŞtkglrll `uctureck `erk e anst eprnoetĀ dk `nmugltetkeŞtllgŠlal`Ā. Vkgtru e rkeclze vlzlugke prlvlgd rkprkzkgterke jcnoecĀ Şle``kslolcĀ e `ugnŞtlgŠkcnr Lgtkrgktuc trkoulk sĀ alk vleolc, lgtkre`tlv Şl
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tregsperkgt. @ngŠlgutuc Şl lgstrumkgtkck snatwerk trkoulk sĀ alk pk cerje``kslolck Şl `nmpetlolck. Pprk dknskolrk dk dk`cereŠllck egtkrlnerk, Dk`cereŠledk ce Okrclg e anst skmgetĀ ce glvkc lgstltuŠlngec Şl gu dk pkrsnegk alzl`k.
E`kst aept e pkrmls mlŞ`Ārll ED sĀ noŠlgĀ n vecldltetk lgstltuŠlngecĀ. @ednvedĀ e e`kstul aept eu anst nrjeglzetk `ïtkve `ngakrlgŠk lgtkrgeŠlngeck8 ceJkgkve (KcvkŠle), Pnutbemptng (Merke Orlteglk), Jncm (Jkrmegle), Vedue
(Ltecle), Dósskcdnra (Jkrmegle), Verls (AregŠe). Lmpe`tuc e`kstnr meglakstĀrl sk rkslmtk prlg `rkŞtkrke ce glvkc lgtkrgeŠlngec
ec gumĀrucul dk erblvk Şl prlg lgtkrksuc spnrlt ec `kr`ktĀtnrlcnr aeŠĀ dkeutnerblverke cu`rĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl epnrtuc rkpnzltnrllcnr `u e``ks dks`bls.Dk eskmkgke, kstk rkmer`et aeptuc `Ā s-eu çgtrkprlgs egumlŠl peŞl Şl ce glvkcuclgstltuŠllcnr Şl nrjeglzeŠllcnr prlvlgd eprnoerke pncltl`lcnr lgstltuŠlngeck dk
E``ks Dks`bls.
DupĀ eprnoerke lglŠletlvkl ONEL çg ?66?, ke e anst susŠlgut çg mel muctkŠĀrl etït ce glvkc dk stet, `ït Şl prlg dk`lzllck rkckvegtk eck `nmugltĀŠlcnrŞtllgŠlal`k. Vrlgtrk `kck mel lmpnrtegtk pncltl`l puocl`k rkakrltnerk ce NE pnt almkgŠlngetk dk`lzllck8 NrjeglzeŠlkl pkgtru @nnpkrerk Şl Dkzvncterk K`ngnml`Ā(N@DK) Y2, <], @nmlslkl Kurnpkgk Y56-50].
Ldkke E``ksucul Dks`bls e anst susŠlgutĀ dk mel muctk esn`leŠlllgtkrgeŠlngeck dk `kr`ktĀtnrl, kdltnrl, oloclntk`erl, `um er al PCE (Ppk`lec
Clorerlks Essn`letlng ‐ Esn`leŠle Oloclntk`lcnr Ppk`leclzetk), LACE, @LCLV(@bertkrkd Lgstltutk na Clorery egd Lganrmetlng Vrnaksslngecs ‐ Lgstltutuc
pkgtru oloclntk`erl Şl spk`leclŞtl çg lganrmerk), PVE_@ (P`bncercy Vuoclsblgj
egd E`edkml` _ksnur`ks @necltlng ‐ @neclŠle Kdlturlcnr ŗtllgŠlal`k Şl e_ksurskcnr E`edkml`k), CLOK_ ( Cljuk dks Oloclntbâquks Kurnpìkggks dk
_k`bkr`bk ‐ Clje Oloclntk`lcnr ŗtllgŠlal`k dlg Kurnpe), kLAC ( Kck`trngl`
Lganrmetlng anr Clorerlks ‐ LganrmeŠle Kck`trngl`Ā pkgtru Oloclntk`l), K[E( Kurnpkeg [glvkrslty Essn`letlng ‐ Esn`leŠle [glvkrsltĀŠlcnr Kurnpkgk), Şlectkck. Vrnjremuc spk`lec ec kLAC prnmnvkezĀ dkzvncterke ugkl rkŠkck jcnoeck
dk rkvlstk Şl erblvk `u e``ks dks`bls Y54]. [g ect pntkgŠlec ec mlŞ`Ārll prlvlgd e``ksuc dks`bls kstk `epe`ltetke se dk e
nakrl nemkglcnr dlg çgtrkeje cumk, çg spk`lec çg ŠĀrlck çg `urs dk dkzvncterk, uge``ks kjec ce `ugnŞtlgŠk Şl lganrmeŠll prlg erblvkck dk eutnerblverk Şl rkvlstkckkck`trngl`k `u e``ks dks`bls. Dlskmlgerke dk `ugnŞtlgŠk prlg rkvlstkckkck`trngl`k e`edkml`k kstk pk cerj e``kptetĀ. @u tnetk e`kstke, e``ksuc cee`kstk rkvlstk kck`trngl`k gu kstk jretult. Cl`kgŠk, texkck dk eongemkgt seusltk-url texetk sugt gk`kserk pkgtru e evke e``ks ce puocl`eŠll. @nsturlck tntmel merl dk suos`rlkrk pkgtru e`kstk rkvlstk e dkvkglt n prkn`uperk tnt mel
lmpnrtegtĀ pkgtru oloclntk`l Şl lgstltuŠll dk lganrmerk. Dlg e`kst mntlv,
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oloclntk`lck Şl lgstltuŠllck dk `kr`kterk dlg ŠĀrlck çg `urs dk dkzvncterk `erk euug oujkt clmltet sugt anrŠetk sĀ eguckzk eongemkgtkck pkgtru rkvlstkckŞtllgŠlal`k. Oloclntk`lck uglvkrslterk Şl lgstltuŠllck dk `kr`kterk dlg _kpuocl`e
Mncdnve sugt çg sltueŠll slmlcerk `ïgd sk rkdu`k gumĀruc rkvlstkcnr eongetkdlg mntlvuc `rkŞtkrll prkŠurlcnr ce eongemkgtk. Çg e`kceŞl tlmp sk ml`ŞnrkezĀ oujktuc oloclntk`ll pkgtru eongerk Y5;]. Dksljur, çg e`kst mnd sk clmltkezĀseu sk rkstrl`ŠlngkezĀ e``ksuc lgstltuŠllcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl kdu`eŠlngeck celganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā.
@ngvlgjkrke ark`vkgtĀ kstk `Ā evegtehkck rkeck eck e``ksucul dks`bls cerkvlstkck dk `kr`kterk Şl cltkreturĀ ŞtllgŠlal`Ā vnr e``kckre `kr`kterk, mndkrglzekdu`eŠle, vnr `ngtrloul ce çmpĀrtĀŞlrke `ugnŞtlgŠkcnr çgtrk ŠĀrlck mel dkzvnctetkŞl `kck mel sĀre`k, ŠĀrlck mel puŠlg dkzvnctetk.
Çg uctlmll egl çg ŠĀrlck çg `urs dk dkzvncterk Şl çg tregzlŠlk s-eu çgtrkprlgsmel muctk e`Šlugl çg s`npuc cĀrjlrll e``ksucul ce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā pkgtru
`kr`ktĀtnrll dlg e`kstk ŠĀrl. Estakc, eu anst eprnoetk dk`cereŠll geŠlngeck prlvlgdE``ksuc Dks`bls, `ït Şl eu anst ckjlakretk pncltl`lck geŠlngeck dk e``ks dks`blsce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā.
Çg ?66; çg `edruc @ngjrksucul mngdlec pk prnockmkck lganrmeŠlklmkdl`eck Şl ec oloclntk`lcnr (Znrcd @ngjrkss na Bkectb Lganrmetlng egd
Clorerlks) e anst eprnoetĀ Dk`cereŠle dk ce Pecvednr prlvlgd e``ksuc dks`bls
(Pecvednr Dk`ceretlng ng Npkg E``kss) Y51]. Dk`cereŠle dk ce Orlsoegk prlvlgd e``ksuc dks`bls (Orlsoegk Dk`ceretlng ng Npkg E``kss) Y5:],
eprnoetĀ çg skptkmorlk ?662 ce `ngakrlgŠe E``ksuc Dks`bls Şl @kr`kterke(Npkg E``kss egd _ksker`b @ngakrkg`k) prnmnvkezĀ `ïtkve pncltl`l pre`tl`kdk susŠlgkrk çg Eustrecle e Dk`cereŠllcnr dk ce Oudepkste, Oktbksde Şl Okrclg.
Vrnaksnruc Ertbur Peck dk ce [glvkrsltetke Tesmegle (Eustrecle) susŠlgk `ĀDk`cereŠle dk ce Orlsoegk kstk çg sterk sĀ pugĀ çg epcl`erk çgtr -ug eg pncltl`e
E``ksucul Dks`bls pk tkrltnrluc Eustreclkl Şl, çg e`kceŞl tlmp, pnetk skrvl drkptmndkc pkgtru ectk ŠĀrl prlvlgd prnmnverke e``ksucul dks`bls Y52].
Vncltl`lck ugnr stetk @PL prlvlgd e``ksuc dks`bls ce `ugnŞtlgŠk ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl petrlmngluc `ucturec eu anst `nganrmetk prlg Dk`cereŠle dk ce Okcjnrnd(Okcjnrnd Dk`ceretlng ng npkg e``kss tn s`lkgtlal` ignwckdjk egd `ucturec
bkrltejk) Y5<] `erk e anst skmgetĀ ce 06 leguerlk ?662 dk 56 rk`tnrl eluglvkrsltĀŠlcnr dlg Okcerus, AkdkreŠle _usĀ Şl [`relge. Nolk`tlvk Dk`cereŠlkl`ngsteu çg prnmnverke dkzvnctĀrll trkptetk e e``ksucul puocl` ng-clgk ce
`ugnŞtlgŠk ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl e petrlmnglucul `ucturec, e`umucetk Şl çg mnd `ngstegtjkgkretk dk uglvkrsltĀŠlck dlg @nmugltetke Ptetkcnr Lgdkpkgdkgtk, steolclrke çgmnd `ngsk`vkgt e mĀsurlcnr dk susŠlgkrk e e``ksucul clokr. Çg s`npuc pugkrllçg epcl`erk e e``ksucul jcnoec Şl dks`bls ce `ugnŞtlgŠk, vlltnruc Zko trkoulk sĀ
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alk dureolc, lgtkre`tlv Şl tregsperkgt, prk`um Şl `ngŠlgutuc Şl lgstrumkgtkcksnatwerk trkoulk sĀ alk `nmpetlolck Şl dlspnglolck çg mnd clokr.
Çg luglk ?66< e evut cn` ug kvkglmkgt dkstuc dk lmpnrtegt pkgtru [`relge,
e anst eprnoetĀ Dk`cereŠle dk ce Ncvle e [glvkrsltĀŠlcnr, skmgetĀ dk ?1rk`tnrlcnr el uglvkrsltĀŠlcnr dlg [`relge (\ecte, @rlmkke, [`relge, 5? luglk,?66<). Çg Dk`cereŠle sug steolcltk urmĀtnerkck pnzlŠll Y?6]8
clokrtetke e`edkml`Ā lg`cudk e``ksuc clokr ce lganrmeŠlk, lg`cuslve``ksuc clokr ce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā prlg dkzvncterke çguglvkrsltĀŠl dk erblvk dks`blsk Şl rkvlstk kck`trngl`k `u e``ksdks`bls, prk`um Şl pnslolcltetke dk e `nmugl`e clokr `u `nckjll,çg nrl`k pertk e cumll9
e``ksuc clokr ce lganrmeŠlk kstk n pertk lmpnrtegtĀ e `kr`ktĀrll çg
cumke jcnoeclzetĀ dk estĀzl, n `bklk pkgtru dkzvncterke çg`ngtlguerk e ŞtllgŠkl, kdu`eŠlkl Şl sn`lktĀŠll, Şl lgtkjrerke [`relgklçg `nmugltetke e`edkml`Ā mngdlecĀ.
Vkgtru e pre`tl`e e``ksuc clokr çg `edruc [glvkrsltĀŠlcnr Şl lgstltuŠllcnr dk`kr`kterk er trkoul sĀ alk8
dkzvnctetk pncltl`lck Şl stretkjllck lgstltuŠlngeck prlvlgd e``ksucdks`bls (clokr Şl gkclmltet ce tkxtuc lgtkjrec pkkr -rkvlkw ec
rkvlzultkcnr `kr`ktĀrlcnr), esljuret e``ksuc ce `Āuterke Şl
utlclzerke npkrkcnr mkgŠlngetk mel sus dk `Ātrk nrl`k utlclzetnrl ecLgtkrgktucul pkgtru e `rkŞtk lmpe`tuc ŞtllgŠlal`, sn`lec Şl k`ngnml`ec `kr`ktĀrll9
cegsetk Şl dkzvnctetk erblvkck lgstltuŠlngeck dks`blsk Şl rkvlstkckkck`trngl`k `u e``ks dks`bls9
çg`urehetĀ utlclzerke dks`blsĀ dk e`kstk lganrmeŠll pkgtru`kr`kterk Şl kdu`eŠlk.
N skrlk dk etkclkrk dk cu`ru geŠlngeck Şl rkjlngeck, spngsnrlzetk dk NpkgPn`lkty Lgstltutk (NPL) Şl nrjeglzetk dk AugdeŠle LganrmeŠle Kck`trngl`Ā
pkgtru Oloclntk`l (kLAC.gkt), eu `ngtrloult ce `rkerke jrupurlcnr dk cu`ru
pkgtru E``ksuc Dks`bls, prk`um Şl rkde`terke rk`nmegdĀrlcnr geŠlngeck prlvlgd NE. @u sprlhlguc kLAC.gkt, LACE, KOCLDE ( Kurnpkeg Ourkeu na
Clorery, Lganrmetlng egd Dn`umkgtetlng Essn`letlngs), @ngsnrŠluc kLAC
Dlrk`t Mncdnve, çg _kpuocl`e Mncdnve eu anst nrjeglzetk mel muctk e`Šluglçg s`npuc prnmnvĀrll ldklcnr E``ksucul Dks`bls8 Pkmlgeruc lgtkrgeŠlngec ‗E``ks dks`bls (Npkg E``kss)8 kxpcnrerke `nmugl`Ārll ŞtllgŠlal`k” (?0-?4
luglk, ?662)9 `ngakrlgŠe lgtkrgeŠlngecĀ –@npyrljbt8 Kgeoclgj E``kss nr
@rketlgj _nedocn`is anr Clorerlks>” (50-54 gnlkmorlk, ?662)9 skmlgeruclgtkrgeŠlngec ‗Drkptuc dk eutnr Şl clokrtetke e``ksucul ce lganrmeŠlk çg
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oloclntk`l” (0-4 dk`kmorlk, ?66<). @u prlckhuc mer`Ārll PĀptĀmïgll E``ksucul
Dks`bls (5<-?0 n`tnmorlk, ?66<), Ae`uctetke dk Hurgeclsm Şl ŗtllgŠk eck@nmugl`Ārll e [PM, Esn`leŠle Oloclntk`erlcnr dlg _kpuocl`e Mncdnve,
@ngsnrŠluc kLAC Dlrk`t Mncdnve eu nrjeglzetĀ mese rntugdĀ ‗E``ksuc Dks`bls çg _kpuocl`e Mncdnve” (54 n`tnmorlk ?66<), çg `edruc `Ārkle s-e
prnpus pkgtru dls`uŠlk prnlk`tuc D k`cereŠlkl Esn`leŠlkl Oloclntk`erlcnr dlg
_kpuocl`e Mncdnve prlvlgd E``ksuc Dks`bls ce lganrmeŠlk Y?5]. E`kst
dn`umkgt e anst eprnoet ce 51 n`tnmorlk ?66< ce @ngakrlgŠe EguecĀ eEsn`leŠlkl Oloclntk`erlcnr dlg _kpuocl`e Mncdnve. Çg splrltuc Dk`cereŠlkl dk ceOudepkste prlvlgd LglŠletlve E``ksucul Dks`bls, Dk`cereŠlkl dk ce Okrclg
prlvlgd E``ksuc Dks`bls ce @ugnŞtlgŠk çg dnmkgluc ŗtllgŠkl Şl ŗtllgŠkcnr[meglterk, skmgeterll Dk`cereŠlkl rk`ugns` lmpnrtegŠe stretkjl`Ā e E``ksucul
Dks`bls ce lganrmeŠlk Şl eu skmget e`kst dn`umkgt çg s`npuc prnmnvĀrllE``ksucul Dks`bls pkgtru dlskmlgerke `ugnŞtlgŠkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k jcnoeck Şl e`rketlvltĀŠll umegk Şl pkgtru dktkrmlgerke mĀsurlcnr `erk trkoulk çgtrkprlgskdk `Ātrk lgstltuŠllck dk `kr`kterk, uglvkrsltĀŠlck Şl oloclntk`lck dlg _kpuocl`eMncdnve.
Etkclkruc dk cu`ru Kck`trngl` Vuoclsblgj egd Npkg E``kss”(Oegjecnrk, ?1 gnlkmorlk, ?661) `ngvn`et dk `Ātrk Lgstltutuc Lgdleg dkŗtllgŠk, E`edkmle dk ŗtllgŠk dlg Lgdle Şl AugdeŠle dk @kr`kterk MP
Pwemlgetbeg e rkmer`et clpse tregsperkgŠkl e`tlvltĀŠll dk `kr`kterk e ŠĀrlcnr çg`urs dk dkzvncterk çg `edruc mkdlucul lgtkrgeŠlngec pkgtru ŞtllgŠĀ Şl e prnpus n Vncltl`Ā GeŠlngecĀ Mndkc e E``ksucul Dks`bls ( Getlngec Npkg E``kss Vncl`y
anr Dkvkcnplgj @nugtrlks) Y??] pkgtru ŠĀrlck çg `urs dk dkzvncterk. Kstk dk rkmer`et `Ā prnaksnruc lgdleg çg ŞtllgŠĀ lganrmeŠll, Puooleb
Eruge`becem `erk kstk uguc dlgtrk `kl mel e`tlvl susŠlgĀtnrl el e``ksuculdks`bls, pckdkezĀ pkgtru mlŞ`erke prlvlgd e``ksuc dks`bls çg ŠĀrlck çg tregzlŠlkŞl çg `urs dk dkzvncterk. DkŞl kc `rkdk `Ā kxlstĀ n prnockmĀ `nmugĀ pkgtru`kr`ktĀtnrl dlg e`kstk ŠĀrl, çg spk`lec pkgtru Lgdle, Orezlcle Şl Earl`e, clpse dk
rksursk, kc ealrmĀ `Ā, `kc mel lmpnrtegt kckmkgt `erk merjlgeclzkezĀ`kr`ktĀtnrll kstk e``ksuc ce lganrmeŠll Y?0].
DupĀ eprnoerke dk`cereŠllcnr lgtkrgeŠlngeck, `ït Şl e `kcnr geŠlngeck, s-e
meglakstet n `rkŞtkrk e e`Šluglcnr ckjlscetlvk çg mel muctk ŠĀrl çg tregzlŠlk pkgtru ckjlakrerke E``ksucul Dks`bls ce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā.
Ce ?0 mel ?66: Vercemkgtuc Orezlclkl e kxemlget Ckjke rkakrltnerk ce
dlauzerke rkzuctetkcnr `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k, prlmuc ertl`nc ec `Ārkle stlpuckezĀ`Ā tnetk uglvkrsltĀŠlck Şl lgstltuŠllck dk `kr`kterk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā trkoulk sĀnrjeglzkzk erblvk lgstltuŠlngeck dk ED, çg `erk vnr al dkpnzltetk rkzuctetkck`kr`ktĀrlcnr.
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@nmlsle GeŠlngecĀ pkgtru @ugnŞtlgŠk ( Getlngec Ignwckdjk @nmmlsslng)
dlg Lgdle e `krut `e tnetk ertl`nckck ŞtllgŠlal`k, kdltetk dk sevegŠll lgdlkgl Şlrkeclzetk dlg oegll puocl`l, sĀ alk erblvetk çgtr -ug anrmet NE stegderdlzet Şl
pcesetk çg e``ks dks`bls pk wko sltk-url pkrsngeck. Ler dupĀ `ngstltulrke pnrtecucul e`edkml` geŠlngec dk e``ks dks`bls e`kstk puocl`eŠll ŞtllgŠlal`ktrkoulk sĀ alk pcesetk supclmkgter çg e`kestĀ erblvĀ.
Mlglstkruc ŗtllgŠkl Şl Tkbgncnjllcnr dlg @blge e ednptet pncltl`e E``ksuculDks`bls pkgtru rkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k, ler uglvkrsltĀŠlck dlg BngjIngj eu cegset pncltl`Ā e``ksucul dks`bls pkgtru `kr`ktĀrlck algegŠetk dlg oegll
puocl`l.
Dlg leguerlk ?66: CkjlsceŠle [`relgkl stlpuckezĀ rkspk`terke e``ksuculdks`bls ce rkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k algegŠetk dlg oujktuc dk stet Y?4].
N Ckjk slmlcerĀ prlvlgd ŗtllgŠe Şl @kr`kterke e anst eprnoetĀ çg ?66< Şl dkVercemkgtuc Cltueglkl. Ertl`ncuc 4; ec e`kstkl Ckjl prkvkdk `Ā çg s`npucjeregtĀrll `ecltĀŠll, tregsperkgŠkl `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl pkgtru e stlmuce
prnjrksuc ŞtllgŠlal` tnetk rkzuctetkck e`tlvltĀŠll ŞtllgŠlal`k dksaĀŞuretk dlg oegll puocl`l trkoulk aĀ`utk puocl`k prlg lgtkr mkdluc Lgtkrgktucul seu ectk mlhcne`k
Y?;].
Çg prkzkgt gumĀruc pncltl`lcnr dk E``ks Dks`bls `erk eperŠlg dlvkrskcnrjrupurl Şl `kgtrk dk `kr`kterk, uglvkrsltĀŠl, esn`leŠll, ejkgŠll algegŠetnerk,
kdlturl kstk çg `rkŞtkrk. AlgegŠetnrl `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k dlg `k çg `k ce e`tlvçg`kp sĀ megdetkzk e``ksuc dks`bls ce `kr`ktĀrlck pk `erk ck algegŠkezĀ.Vncltl`lck lgstltuŠlngeck sk kceonrkezĀ çg `nganrmltetk `u rk`nmegderkeDk`cereŠlkl dk ce Okrclg Şl sk çgrkjlstrkezĀ çg _kjlstruc Vncltl`lcnr Erblvkcnr`u E``ks Dks`bls ( _NE_MEV , _kjlstry na Npkg E``kss _kpnsltnry Metkrlec
Er`blvlgj Vncl`lks). Vncltl`e lgstltuŠlngecĀ dk e``ks dks`bls prlvlgdeutnrblverke (megdetuc lgstltuŠlngec) sk çgrkjlstrkezĀ dupĀ `rkerkerkpnzltnrlucul Şl çgrkjlstrerke erblvkl lgstltuŠlngeck çg _kjlstrucul Erblvkcnr `u
E``ks Dks`bls ( _NE_, _kjlstry na Npkg E``kss _kpnsltnrlks). Vntrlvlt
detkcnr _NE_MEV ce ; leguerlk ?656 eu anst çgrkjlstretk 5:2 dk megdetk pkgtru e``ksucul clokr (:< megdetk lgstltuŠlngeck, 52 megdetk dkpertemkgteck,4? megdetk eck AlgegŠetnrlcnr Şl 0< dk megdetk pkgtru tkzk). Zkcc`nmk Trustdlg Merke Orlteglk e anst prlmuc algegŠetnr `erk e çgrkjlstret megdetuc pkgtruE``ksuc Dks`bls (5 n`tnmorlk ?661), e`keste `ngdlŠlnge `e tnetk `npllcktuturnr ertl`nckcnr eck `kr`ktĀrlcnr nrljlgeck puocl`etk çgtr -n rkvlstĀ pkkr -rkvlkw trkoulk sĀ sk dkpugĀ çg VuoMkd @kgtrec Y?1].
Ae`uctetke dk Ertk Şl ŗtllgŠk, Ae`uctetke dk ŗtllgŠk eck Kdu`eŠlkl e[glvkrsltĀŠll dlg Berverd, ŗ`nece dk Drkpt dlg Berverd Şl ŗ`neceJuvkrgemkgtecĀ Hnbg.A.Ikggkdy dlg Berverd eu rk`nmegdet ug `edru hurldl`
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pkgtru pncltl`e uglvkrslterĀ dk e``ks dks`bls8 çg `nganrmltetk `u egjehemkgtucdk dlskmlgerk e rkzuctetkcnr `kr`ktĀrlcnr seck, alk`erk mkmoru ec ae`uctĀŠll kstknocljet sĀ dkpugĀ n `nplk e ertl`nckcnr dlg rkvlstkck ŞtllgŠlal`k çgtr -ug
rkpnzltnrlu lgstltuŠlngec Şl sĀ e`nrdk çg mnd eutnmet [glvkrsltĀŠll n cl`kgŠĀuglvkrslterĀ pkgtru e ae`k e`kstk ertl`nck dks`bls e``kslolck pk Lgtkrgkt. Çgtkrmkgl hurldl`l, pkrmlslugke e`nrdetĀ dk `Ātrk alk`erk mkmoru ec ae`uctĀŠllkstk n cl`kgŠĀ dk glvkc mngdlec, gkkx`cuslvĀ, lrkvn`eolcĀ `erk kxkr`ltĀ tnetkdrkpturlck çg `nganrmltetk `u drkpturlck dk eutnr rkakrltnerk ce alk`erk dlgtrkertl`nckck ŞtllgŠlal`k eck uglvkrslterlcnr, ke pkrmltk dlstrloulrke çg e``ksdks`bls `u `ngdlŠle `e ertl`nckck gu sugt vïgdutk çg s`npurl dk prnalt Y?:].
Vncltl`l lgstltuŠlngeck slmlcerk eu anst eprnoetk Şl dk ectk uglvkrsltĀŠl8[glvkrsltetke dlg Jcesjnw, [glvkrsltetke Pteganrd, [glvkrsltetke dlg Jkgkve,
[glvkrsltetke dlg Cugd, [glvkrsltetke dlg Bemourj, Lgstltutuc Tkbgncnjl` dlg
Duoclg kt`.
Vncltl`lck lgstltuŠlngeck dk E``ks Dks`bls sk çgrkjlstrkezĀ çg _NE_MEVçg anrmĀ dk megdetk lgstltuŠlngeck `erk eutnrlzkezĀ e``ksuc dks`bls cerkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k, rkeclzetk dlg angdurl puocl`k. Trkoulkrkmer`et `Ā pncltl`lck lgstltuŠlngeck dk E``ks Dks`bls sk oezkezĀ pk mndkcuc
pncltl`ll dk eutnerblverk, kceonretĀ dk prnaksnruc Ptkveg Berged dk ce[glvkrsltetke Pnutbemptng Y?2].
Çg uctlmll egl lgstltuŠllck dk`lzlngeck eck ŠĀrlcnr eacetk çg pkrlnede dktregzlŠlk, dk eskmkgke, sk lmpcl`Ā e`tlv çg `ngstltulrke mndkckcnr E``ksuculDks`bls Şl kceonrerke pncltl`lcnr dk E``ks Dks`bls. Estakc, çg oeze _epnrtucul`u prlvlrk ce Ptretkjle DkzvnctĀrll E`tlvltĀŠll Kdltnrleck çg dnmkgluc @kr`ktĀrllçg Earl`e dk Pud (?661), E`edkmle dk ŗtllgŠk dlg Earl`e dk Pud e eprnoet
ouslgkss-mndkcuc e``ksucul dks`bls pkgtru rkvlstkck e`edkml`k.
[glvkrsltetke Tkbgl`Ā (Mlddck Kest Tk`bgl`ec [glvkrslty, Tur`le) nocljĀ`kr`ktĀtnrll uglvkrslterl sĀ dkpugĀ etït `npllck tuturnr ertl`nckcnr kdltetk Şl e`kcnr `erk sk eacĀ ce rk`kgzerk, `ït Şl tkzkck dk mestkr Şl dk dn`tnr çg
rkpnzltnrluc uglvkrslter. Çg e`kceŞl tlmp, uglvkrsltetke çŞl esumĀrkspngseolcltetke dk e prnmnve Şl dk e susŠlgk eutnrll çg puocl`erke ertl`nckcnre`kstnre çg rkvlstkck `u e``ks dks`bls.
Vrlmuc megdet lgstltuŠlngec dk e``ks dks`bl çg ŠĀrlck mkmork eck kLAC (41ŠĀrl) e anst lgtrndus dk `Ātrk Lgstltutuc dk K`ngnmlk Şl Metkmetl`Ā eE`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk dlg _usle. N lglŠletlvĀ slmlcerĀ e anst lmpckmkgtetĀ dk@kgtruc ŗtllgŠlal` @nnrdngetnr dlg Qncnjde e Lgstltutuc dk K`ngnmlk ŞlMetkmetl`Ā e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk dlg _usle Şl Lgstltutuc de Metkmetl`ĀEpcl`etĀ Ikcdysb” e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk dlg _usle. Çg [`relge prlmuc
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megdet lgstltuŠlngec dk e``ks dks`bls e anst ednptet dk `Ātrk [glvkrsltetke dkPtet Tkbgl`Ā Lveg Vuc„uh”.
Vncltl`lck kmlsk dk dlakrltkck lgstltuș ll dk `kr`kterk `e pertk e prn`ksucul dk
e`nrderk e algegș Ārll sugt nakrltk sprk `ngsucterk dk rkjlstruc spk`leclzetmkgŠlgut dk [glvkrsltetke Gnttlgjbem dlg Merke Or lteglk ‐ PBK_VE
H[CLKT Y?<]. E`kstk pncltl`l sugt stru`turlzetk çg trkl jrupk8 5. Erblverke `u e``ks dks`bls (Npkg E``kss Er`blvlgj) ‐ `krk
e``ksuc clokr Şl jretult ce ertl`ncuc puocl`et ec eutnrucul seuvkrslugke rk`kgzetĀ e ertl`ncucul (pnst-prlgt), `u tnetk `Ākmoerjnuc tkmpnrer ec kdlturlcnr mlglmeclzkezĀ npkretlvltetkee``ksucul ce e`kstk ertl`nck.
?. Vuocl`erke `u e``ks dks`bls (Npkg E``kss Vuoclsblgj) ‐ çg
s`npuc npkretlvlzĀrll prn`ksucul dk dlskmlgerk e rkzuctetkcnr`kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k sncl`ltĀ puocl`erke çg rkvlstkck `u e``ksdks`bls seu çg rkvlstkck blorldk.
0. Vncltl`e dk erblverk e detkcnr (Dete Er`blvlgj Vncl`y) ‐ sncl`ltĀerblverke detkcnr prlmerk çgtr -n egumltĀ pkrlnedĀ dk tlmp.
Ce çg`kputuc egucul ?656 1< dk ejkgŠll algegŠetnerk dlg P[E, AregŠe,Jkrmegle, Ltecle, Lrcegde, Okcjle, @egede, Eustrecle, Ppegle, Pukdle, Eustrle,
[gjerle, KcvkŠle Şl Gnrvkjle Şl-eu çgrkjlstret pncltl`lck çg PBK_VE H[CLKT.
Çg _NE_ME_ sugt çgrkjlstretk 4? dk pncltl`l eprnoetk Şl : pncltl`l pceglal`etk.
Çg `edruc `kr`ktĀrll HLP@/Iky Vkrspk`tlvks Purvky, rkeclzetk çg MerkeOrlteglk çg ?66;, 5?<1 dk `kr`ktĀtnrl dlg dlakrltk ŠĀrl Şl dnmkgll eck ŞtllgŠkl eurĀspugs ce çgtrkoerke de`Ā er çgdkpclgl nocljeŠlk egjehetnrlcnr Şl algegŠetnrlcnr
prlvlgd eutnerblverke puocl`eŠllcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k. @kr`kterke e `ngstetet `Ā 5;%dlg eutnrll puocl`eŠllcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k eutnerblvkezĀ puocl`eŠllck seck, <;% dlg`kr`ktĀtnrl eu `ngalrmet `Ā kl er eutnerblve puocl`eŠllck seck çg `ezuc de`Ā er alnocljeŠl dk algegŠetnrl seu egjehetnrl (25% vnr eutneblve okgkvnc, 50% `u
rktl`kgŠk, ler ;% gu er al çgdkpclgl e`kestĀ `krkrk) Y06]. E`kstk detk eu anst`ngalrmetk dk tkstkck nolk`tlvk eck nrjeglzeŠllcnr `erk eu eprnoet pncltl`lck dkeutnerblverk, çg `erk tkmpnuc dk eutnerblverk tlgdk ce 566% Y05].
Çg `edruc prnlk`tucul _NMKN ( _ljbts MKtedete anr Npkg er`blvlgj )
mkgș lgut dk `Ātrk PBK_VE ce [glvkrsltetke dlg Gnttlgjbem eu anst prnpusktrkl pncltl`l prlvlgd eutnerblverke ertl`nckcnr çg rkpnzltnrll8 e) pncltl`e pecld-
vkrdk ( peck-jrkkg pncl`y) ‐ pkrmltk eutnerblverke prk-prlgturlcnr (vkrslugke
ertl`ncucul pïgĀ ce rk`kgzerk)9 o) pncltl`e vkrdk ( jrkkg pncl`y) ‐ pkrmltk
eutnerblverke pnst- prlgturlcnr (vkrslugke ertl`ncucul dupĀ puocl`erk)9 `) pncltl`e surĀ ( jrey pncl`y) ‐ eutnerblverke kstk susŠlgutĀ, der anrmecĀ.
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Ce çg`kputuc egucul ?662 e`kstk pncltl`l, çg `edruc e`kculeŞl prnlk`t, eu anstkxtlgsk prlg lg`cudkrke pncltl`lcnr kdlturlcnr pk prnockmkck drkptucul dk eutnr.
Estakc, s-e rkeclzet n `ceslal`erk e kdltnrlcnr cuïgd çg `ngsldkrerk `ngdlŠllck çg
`erk e`kŞtle pkrmlt eutnerblverke8
@ucnrlck
_NMKN Vncltl`e dk eutnerblverk Kdltnrl %
Qkrdk Qkrdk - sk pnetk eutnerblve ertl ncuc Şçgelgtk dk puocl`erk Şl dupĀ puocl`erk / VDA
5<? ?2,;
ecoestru
Ecoestru - sk pnetk erblve gumel vkrslugke
algecĀ e ertl`ncucul, dupĀ eprnoerke dktlpĀrlrk / VDA
516 ?4
jecokg Jecokg - sk pnetk erblve gumel çgelgtk d
tlpĀrlrk 12 56
eco Eco - gu kstk pkrmlsĀ eutnerblverke ?;0 0:,;
Çg clste _NMKN sugt 1:0 dk kdltnrl (; leguerlk ?656), dlgtrk `erk 1?%
anrmec e``kptĀ egumltk anrmk dk eutnerblverk Y0?].
Vkgtru e esljure E``ksuc Dks`bls ce cltkreture ŞtllgŠlal`Ā çg mĀsurĀ kjecĀsugt susŠlgutk dnuĀ stretkjll `nmpckmkgterk8 eutnerblverke (skca-er`blvlgj)
Şl rkvlstkck pk oezĀ dk e``ks dks`bls (npkg e``kss hnurgecs).Vrlme stretkjlk, gumltĀ @ecke Qkrdk (Jrkkg _ned ), kstk eutnerblverke. Ke
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prkvkdk pceserke puocl`eŠllcnr kck`trngl`k (etït e cu`rĀrlcnr kdltetk, `ït Şl egngpuocl`eŠllcnr) çg erblvkck kck`trngl`k dks`blsk, susŠlgutk dk lgstltuŠllck dk`kr`kterk, çgvĀŠĀmïgt Şl `ucturĀ. E`kstk erblvk sugt gumltk erblvk eck
puocl`eŠllcnr kck`trngl`k seu dkpnzlterll (rkpnzltnrll) lgstltuŠlngeck. LglŠletlveErblvkcnr Dks`blsk (NEL ‐ Npkg Er`blvks Lgltletlvk) Y00] dkzvnctĀ Şl prnmnvkezĀ stegderdkck `erk sugt exetk pk ae`lclterke dlskmlgĀrll lganrmeŠlkl.[ge dlg `kck mel `ugns`utk Şl vncumlgnesk erblvk (pkstk ;26.640 ertl`nck)
kstk erblve dk prkprlgturl çg dnmkgluc alzl`ll, metkmetl`ll, tkbgl`ll Şl ectnrdnmkgll çgrudltk Y04]. E`kstk erblvk nakrĀ `nmugltĀŠll ug e``ks gkclmltet Şljretult etït ce metkrleckck gngpuocl`etk (prkprlgturl), `ït Şl ce metkrle ckck
rk`kgzetk Şl pnstprlgturl, çg e`kceŞl rïgd pnt al `ngsuctetk dlskrteŠllck, dĀrlck dkskemĀ Şl ectĀ cltkreturĀ jrl. Erblvkck pnt eperŠlgk nrjeglzeŠllcnr
(uglvkrsltĀŠlcnr, lgstltuŠllcnr dk `kr`kterk, ceonretnerk) seu pnt al nrjeglzetkdupĀ prlg`lpluc tkmetl` (k`ngnmlk, metkmetl`Ā, oloclntk`ngnmlk Şl ŞtllgŠelganrmĀrll kt`.). Eutnrll eu drkptuc sĀ eutnerblvkzk cu`rĀrlck secĀ aĀrĀ gl`l nrkstrl`Šlk, kxlstĀ dner egumltk `ngdlŠll prlvlgd eutnerblverke pnstprlgturlcnr.<;% dlg rkvlstk pkrmlt eutnrlcnr sĀ eutnerblvkzk ertl`nckck dupĀ 1 seu 5? cugldupĀ puocl`erke ertl`ncucul çg rkvlstĀ. @krlgŠe prlg`lpecĀ pkgtru estakc dkerblvk kstk susŠlgkrke prntn`ncucul LglŠletlvkl Erblvkcnr Dks`blsk NEL VMB(Npkg Er`blvks Lgltletlvk Vrntn`nc anr Mktedete Bervkstlgj), detnr ltĀ `Ārule
kstk pnslolcĀ utlclzerke ugkl lgtkrakŠk ugl`k pkgtru rkjĀslrke Şl rkpertlzerkerksurskcnr pcesetk çg e``ks dks`bls Y0;]. Estakc, erblvkck `u e``ks dks`bls sugt`nmpetlolck `u ectk rksursk `kke `k pkrmltk rkjĀslrke lganrmeŠlkl lg`cuslv Şl çg`ezurlck `ïgd `kr`ktĀtnrll gu `ugns` dksprk kxlstkgŠe ugnr estakc dk rksursk,cn`eclzerke Şl `ngŠlgutuc cnr. Çg prkzkgt kxlstĀ snaturl jretultk pkgtru `rkerke ŞlmkgŠlgkrke NEL, `erk sugt pk cerj utlclzetk çg pceg mngdlec (Dpe`k, K-prlgt,
Akdnre kt`.).
LglŠletlve Erblvkcnr Dks`blsk kstk pk cerj susŠlgutĀ çg dlvkrsk ŠĀrl.@nganrm detkcnr _kjlstrucul Erblvkcnr `u E``ks Dks`bls ( _NE_, _kjlstry na
Npkg E``kss _kpnsltnrlks) ce çg`kputuc egucul ?656 çg cumk eu anstçgrkjlstretk eprnxlmetlv 5;16 dk erblvk `u e``ks dks`bls dlg 2: dk ŠĀrl Y01],ler çg Dlrk`tnrluc Erblvkcnr `u E``ks Dks`bls (DNE_, Dlrk`tnry na Npkg
E``kss _kpnsltnrlks) sugt çgrkjlstretk 5;10 dk erblvk, dlgtrk `erk 25% sugtlgstltuŠlngeck, 50% - tkmetl`k, 4% - ejrkjetnrl Şl ?% - juvkrgemkgteck Y0:].
E`kstk `nck`Šll kck`trngl`k ae`lcltkezĀ prkcu`rerke `ngtkgtucul dljltec pkgtru`rkerke metkrleckcnr dlde`tl`k ngclgk, `ĀrŠlcnr kck`trngl`k kt`. Cldkrl çgnrjeglzerke Erblvkcnr `u E``ks Dks`bls sugt P[E `u 01; dk erblvk, Merke
Orlteglk ‐ 51<, Jkrmegle ‐ 50<, Hepngle ‐ ::. Çg e`kstk ŠĀrl pre`tl` tnetkuglvkrsltĀŠlck eu Erblvk `u E``ks Dks`bls.
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@nganrm detkcnr _NE_ Şl DNE_ çg AkdkreŠle _usĀ sugt çgrkjlstretk ?<dk rkpnzltnrll, Earl`e dk Pud ‐ 5:, [`relge ‐ 56, _nmïgle ‐ 0, Oucjerle,
Iyrjyzstet, Kstngle, Cltuegle ‐ `ïtk ?, çg _kpuocl`e Mncdnve ‐ 5 (Tkzkck
dkpusk ce @ngslcluc GeŠlngec pkgtru E`rkdlterk Şl Etksterk) Y02].
E dnuĀ stretkjlk, rkvlstkck kck`trngl`k ŞtllgŠlal`k `u e``ks dks`bls (npkg
e``kss puoclsblgj ) ‐ @ecke dk Eur (Jncdkg _ned ) dkzvnctĀ mndkckectkrgetlvk dk puocl`erk e cu`rĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k, e rkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k,metkrleckcnr `ngakrlgŠkcnr. _kvlstk kck`trngl`k, dk eskmkgke, kak`tukezĀ
kxpkrtlze tkxtkcnr, der puocl`Ā çg e``ks dks`bls dner metkrleckck eprnoetk.@bkctulkclck pkgtru rkvlstkck kck`trngl`k sugt `ngstltultk dlg `nstuc rk`kgzĀrll,
prkjĀtlrke megus`rlsucul pkgtru pceserke pk skrvkr. Vkgtru algegŠerke e`kstnrmndkck sugt etresk lgvkstlŠllck nrjeglzeŠllcnr, lgstltuŠllcnr dk `kr`kterk Şl euglvkrsltĀŠlcnr. Çg ugkck `ezurl (`k sk çgtïmpcĀ mel rer), rkde`Šllck rkvlstkcnrsteolcks` pkgtru eutnrl seu spngsnrl (algegŠetnrl) n texĀ pkgtru prkcu`rerke
puocl`eŠllcnr eprnoetk pkgtru pceserke çg anrmetuc kck`trngl`. Qecnerke texklkstk verleolcĀ Şl mnolcĀ. Kvldkgt, `ïgd rkde`Šle prlmkŞtk suosldll, puocl`erkeertl`ncucul çg rkvlstĀ kstk jretultĀ. Çg `edruc Vrlmkl `ngakrlgŠk pk prnockmkck`nmugl`Ārll ŞtllgŠlal`k ( Gnrdl` @ngakrkg`k ng P`bncercy @nmmugl`etlng),
`erk s-e dksaĀŞuret ce Cugd ‐ @npkgbeje çg n`tnmorlk ?66?, e anst egugŠet `Āve al `rket _kjlstruc _kvlstkcnr `u E``ks Dks`bls (DNEH), mkgŠlgut dk `Ātrk[glvkrsltetke dlg Cugd (Pukdle). LglŠletlve e anst susŠlgutĀ dk Lgstltutucul
pkgtru Pn`lktetke Dks`blsĀ (Npkg Pn`lkty Lgstltutk) Y0<] Şl ec Oloclntk`llVuocl`k ŗtllgŠlal`k ( VcnP ‐ Vuocl` Clorery na P`lkg`k) Y46]. Ce dete dk ;
leguerlk ?656 çg DNEH eu anst çgrkjlstretk 4;0< dk rkvlstk, dlgtrk `erk 5:16rkack`tĀ lganrmeŠle aucc tkxt Y45]. Vrlg lgtkrmkdluc DNEH kstk pnslolc e``ksuc
ce rkvlstkck ŞtllgŠlal`k dlg tnetk dnmkgll Şl remurlck ŞtllgŠkl (<1 sugt çgdnmkgluc oloclntk`ngnmlkl Şl ŞtllgŠkl lganrmĀrll, 1< dlg `nmugl`erk Şl mes-
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TKN_LK, MKTNDNCNJLK ŗL V_E@TL@ď ÇG OLOCLNTK@NGNMLK
44
mkdle). Çg DNEH sugt çgrkjlstretk rkvlstk dlg 56; ŠĀrl Şl puocl`etk çg ;6 dkclmol. @kc mel merk gumĀr dk rkvlstk eperŠlgk P[E ‐ <21. Orezlcle ‐ 461,
Merke Orlteglk ‐ 0:1 Şl dner n rkvlstĀ dlg Mncdnve ‐ @nmputkr P`lkg`k
Hnurgec na Mncdnve , e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk dlg Mncdnve, `erk e anstçgrkjlstretĀ çg ?66< Y4?]. Egeclze pncltl`lcnr lgstltuŠlngeck dk E``ks Dks`bls gk sujkrkezĀ `Ā kstk
gk`kser dk e kceonre n pncltl`Ā lgstltuŠlngecĀ ED pkgtru oloclntk`lcke`edkml`k Şl ŞtllgŠlal`k, det allgd aeptuc `Ā oloclntk`lck sugt n vkrljĀlmpnrtegtĀ çg prn`ksuc dk `nmugl`erk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā. Vutkm prkzkgte urmĀtnrucslstkm ec pncltl`lcnr lgstltuŠlngeck.
Çg s`npuc kceonrĀrll ugkl pncltl`l dk su``ks prlvlgd e``ksuc dks`bls PVE_@rk`nmegdĀ urmĀtnerkck Y40]8
5. Ldkgtlal`erke susŠlgĀtnrlcnr lgtkrgl el lglŠletlvkcnr E``ksuculDks`bls.
?. Ptudlkrke `edruc gnrmetlv ec lgstltuŠlkl pkgtru e lglŠle `nrk`t
prn`kdure dk s`blmoerk e pncltl`ll prlvlgd e``ksuc ce lganrmeŠleŞtllgŠlal`Ā.
0. @ngcu`rerke `u edmlglstreŠle Ae`uctĀŠlcnr, prk`um Şl `u`ngslclkr pkgtru e steolcl `krlgŠkck ckjeck `erk trkoulk çgdkpclgltkdk `Ātrk pncltl`Ā.
4.
@ngcu`rerke `u ug `nmltkt kxlstkgt dk ce ae`uctetk seu `rkeŠl ug`nmltkt ed-bn` pkgtru e studle pncltl`e dk `nmugl`erk ŞtllgŠlal`Ādlg lgstltuŠlk.
;. @nmugl`erke pceguc dk e`Šlugl prnaksnrlcnr Şl `nceonretnrlcnrae`uctĀŠll, `ït Şl pĀrŠlcnr lgtkrksetk Şl rkeclzerke eg`bktĀrll pkgtrue noŠlgk akkdoe`i -uc Şl pkgtru e `ngstete de`Ā `nck`tlvucae`uctĀŠll sprlhlgĀ e`kestĀ lglŠletlvĀ.
1. Ldkgtlal`erke kvkglmkgtkcnr pkgtru prnmnverke, lgstrulrke Şlspnrlrke jreducul dk `ngŞtlkgtlzerk e pncltl`lcnr dk e``ks
dks`bls, `um er al skmlgerk, pegnurl dk dls`uŠll, prkzkgtĀrl, Şlwnrisbnp-url.
:. Kceonrerke ugul skt dk rk`nmegdĀrl dk pncltl`Ā, lg`cuslv prlvlgdepcl`erke cl`kgŠkl [glvkrslterk, `krlgŠkcnr aeŠĀ dk rkpnzltnrll.
2. Ldkgtlal`erke rksurskcnr `rltl`k Şl sprlhlguc `erk vnr al gk`kserk pkgtru pugkrke çg e pcl`erk e pncltl`ll, lg`cuslv rkspngseolcltetke
pkgtru mkgŠlgkrke ugkl erblvk lgstltuŠlngeck. <. Vceglal`erke pkgtru su``ks8 cu`ru çg `edruc oloclntk`ll lgstltuŠlkl
`e sĀ sk esljurk `Ā erblve kstk mkgŠlgutĀ ce glvkc oug Şl `Ā kstk
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TKN_LK, MKTNDNCNJLK ŗL V_E@TL@ď ÇG OLOCLNTK@NGNMLK
4;
pkrmlsĀ dks`Ār`erke ertl`nckcnr dkpusk, `Ā erblve erk sual`lkgtĀ`epe`ltetk, seu `Ā kstk pceglal`etĀ `rkerke ugkl erblvk gnl.
56. Ldkgtlal`erke ae`uctĀŠll `erk dkhe e pnstet puocl`eŠllck
prnaksnrlcnr pk Lgtkrgkt.
_KAK_LGůK OLOCLNJ_EAL@K8
5. Pweg, E. Tbk `ucturk na Npkg E``kss8 rksker`bkrs„ vlkws egd rkspngsks //Npkg E``kss8 Iky Ptretkjl`, Tk`bgl`ec egd K`ngnml` Espk`ts / Kd. G.,
He`nos. ‐ Nxanrd8 @begdns Vuoclsblgj, ?661. ‐ Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.kprlgts.nrj/`nmmuglty/ocnj/lgdkx.pbp>/ er`blvks/<0-Npkg-
E``kss-Iky-Ptretkjl`-Tk`bgl`ec-egd-K`ngnml`-Espk`ts.btmc. - E``kset8
6;.65.?656.
?. Pweg, E. Npkg e``kss skca-er`blvlgj8 Eg eutbnr study / E.Pweg, P. Ornwg.
‐ @nrgwecc, ?66;. ‐ Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.hls`.e`.ui/upcnedkd^dn`umkgts/Npkg%?6
E``kss%?6Pkca%?6Er`blvlgj-eg%?6eutbnr%?6study.pda . - E``kset8
6;.65.?656.
0. K`ngnml` Lmpcl`etlngs na Ectkrgetlvk P`bncercy Vuoclsblgj Mndkcs8
Kxpcnrlgj tbk `nsts egd okgkalts8 E rkpnrt tn tbk Hnlgt Lganrmetlng Pystkms
@nmmlttkk / Hnbg Bnujbtng, Oru`k _esmusskg egd Vktkr Pbkkbeg, Ql`tnrle
[glvkrslty egd @bercks Nppkgbklm, Eggk Mnrrls, @celrk @rkeskr, Bkckg
Jrkkgwnnd, Meri Pummkrs, Edrleg Jnurcey9 Cnujbonrnujb [glvkrslty. ‐ ?66<. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.hls`.e`.ui/mkdle/dn`umkgts/
puocl`etlngs/rptk`ngnml`nepuoclsblgj.pda . - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
4. Puokr, Vktkr. Npkg E``kss Nvkrvlkw. ‐ Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.kercbem.kdu/~pktkrs/ans/nvkrvlkw.btm. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
;. Oudepkst Npkg E``kss Lgltletlvk. ‐ Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.snrns.nrj/npkge``kss. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
1. Oktbksde Ptetkmkgt ng Npkg E``kss Vuoclsblgj. ‐ Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.kercbem.kdu/~pktkrs/ans/oktbksde.btm. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
:. Okrclg Dk`ceretlng ng Npkg E``kss tn Ignwckdjk lg tbk P`lkg`ks egd
Bumegltlks. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.zlm.mpj.dk/npkge``kss-
okrclg/okrclgdk`ceretlng.btmc. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
2. P`lkg`k, Tk`bgncnjy egd Lggnvetlng anr tbk ?5st @kgtury. Mkktlgj na tbk
NK@D @nmmlttkk anr P`lkgtlal` egd Tk`bgncnjl`ec Vncl`y et Mlglstkrlec
Ckvkc, ?<-06 Heguery ?6648 Algec @nmmuglquk. ‐ Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.nk`d.nrj/dn`umkgt/6,?046,kg^?14<^0442:^?;<<2:<<^5^5^5^
5,66.btmc. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
<. NK@D _k`nmmkgdetlng na tbk @nug`lc anr kgbeg`kd e``kss egd mnrk
kaak`tlvk usk na puocl` sk`tnr lganrmetlng. ‐ Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.nk`d.nrj/detenk`d/6/?:/462?16?4.pda . - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
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TKN_LK, MKTNDNCNJLK ŗL V_E@TL@ď ÇG OLOCLNTK@NGNMLK
4:
?0. @egede, Deyge. Npkg E``kss egd Dkvkcnplgj @nugtrlks. ‐ Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//lgansbkrpes.`nm/nhs/lgdkx.pbp/npkgegdclorerlks/ertl`ck/vlkw/;6/24 . -
E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
?4. Юцзтлниз, Я. Ж. Npkg E``kss tn Ignwckdjk8 Vblcnsnpby, Vncl`y egd
Vre`tl`k. [irelgleg Vrnhk`ts // –Clorerlks egd Lganrmetlng _ksnur`ks lg tbkMndkrg Znrcd na P`lkg`k, @ucturk, Kdu`etlng, egd Ouslgkss” Plxtkkgtb
Lgtkrgetlngec @ngakrkg`k –@rlmke ?66<” Pudei, Ecusbte, Akndnsle,
Initkokc, Gnvy Pvkt, Plmakrnpnc Eutngnmnus _kpuocl` na @rlmke, [irelgk
Hugk 1-54, ?66<. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.jpgto.ru/wlg/lgtkr-
kvkgts/`rlmke?66</dlsi/505.pda . - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
?;. E gkw Cltbuegleg cew ng s`lkg`k rkqulrks ngclgk e``kss anr puocl`cy-augdkd
rksker`b. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//pclp.klac.gkt/klac-ne/ne-gkws/?66<^6:^60^e-
gkw-cltbuegleg-cew-ng. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
?1. Iu`bme, Lryge. Npkg E``kss Vncl`lks lg Dkvkcnplgj egd Tregsltlng@nugtrlks8 :; Tbk LACE Jkgkrec @ngakrkg`k egd @nug`lc –Clorerlks `rketkauturks8 Oulcdlgj ng `ucturec bkrltejk” ?0-?: Eujust ?66<, Mlceg, Ltecy. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.lace.nrj/alcks/bq/pepkrs/lace:;/54?-iu`bme-kg.pda . -
E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
?:. Tbk Berverd Npkg-E``kss Vncl`lks. ‐ Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//ns`.buc.berverd.kdu/NpkgE``kss/nvkrvlkw.pbp. - E``kset8
6;.65.?656.
?2. Гзхизпивн, П.Г. Внхявярсвзнжйунщл озйвявив зяицщязаз дзхярож и цлкрйуяжяжг нжрънщы вххйлдзпжнвм // НЯВ. Хлц. 5. ‐ ?662. ‐ ℑ 5?. ‐ Х. :-
5?.
?<. PBK_VE H[CLKT. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.sbkrpe.e`.ui/huclkt/. - E``kset8
6;.65.?656.
06. Pweg, E. Npkg e``kss skca-er`blvlgj8 Eg eutbnr study. HLP@ Tk`bgl`ec
_kpnrt / Pweg, E. egd Ornwg, P9 Iky Vkrspk`tlvks, Lg`. ‐ ?66;. ‐ Dlspnglolc. bttp8//kprlgts.k`s.sntng.e`.ui/56<<</. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
05. Ыжцнжд, Хявплн. Гжихвгвкжсвю нжрънзаз эффлияж ълцлквнхявярсвзнжйунщл в нжсвзнжйунщл зеюкжялйухяпж хжгзжцывпвцзпжнвюдйю зяицщязаз дзхярож // Внялцнля в хзпцлглннзл зеьлхяпз” (LMP ‐
?661)8 LR Пхлцзххвмхижю зешлдвнлннжю изнфлцлнсвю. ‐ Dlspnglolc8bttp8//lgansn`.ru/?661/tbks/berged.pda . - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
0?. PBK_VE _nMKN. Vuoclsbkr `npyrljbt pncl`lks & skca-er`blvlgj. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.sbkrpe.e`.ui/rnmkn/stetlstl`s.pbp. - E``kset8
6;.65.?656.
00. Npkg Er`blvks Lgltletlvk. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.npkger`blvks.nrj/. -
E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
04. erxlv.nrj. @nrgkcc [glvkrslty Clorery. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.erxlv.nrj/ . -
E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
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TKN_LK, MKTNDNCNJLK ŗL V_E@TL@ď ÇG OLOCLNTK@NGNMLK
42
0;. Tbk Npkg Er`blvks Lgltletlvk Vrntn`nc anr Mktedete Bervkstlgj. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.npkger`blvks.nrj/NEL/npkger`blvksprntn`nc.btmc. -
E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
01. _kjlstry na Npkg E``kss _kpnzltnrlks. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//rner.kprlgts.nrj/.
- E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
0:. Tbk Dlrk`tnry na Npkg E``kss _kpnsltnrlks. ‐ Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.npkgdner.nrj/. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
02. bttp8//www.npkgdner.nrj/algd.pbp>`LD=545&tltck=Mncdnve. - E``kset8
6;.65.?656.
0<. Oudepkst Npkg E``kss Lgltletlvk. ‐ Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.snrns.nrj/npkge``kss. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
46. Vuocl` Clorery na P`lkg`k. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.pcns.nrj. - E``kset8
6;.65.?656.
45. Dlrk`tnry na Npkg E``kss Hnurgecs. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.dneh.nrj/. -E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
4?. DNEH oy `nugtry. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.dneh.nrj/dneh>aug`=oy@nugtry.
- E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
40. Npkg dnnrs egd npkg mlgds8 Zbet ae`ucty eutbnrs `eg dn tn kgsurk npkg
e``kss tn tbklr wnri tbrnujb tbklr lgstltutlng / PVE_@. ‐ ?662. ‐ Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.erc.nrj/sper`/om~dn`/npkgdnnrs^v5.pda . - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
4<
N P[_Pď QECN_NEPď DK LGAN_ME_K ŗLDN@[MKGTE_K ‐ OLNOLOCLNJ_EALE
KCKGE @N_NTKG@N
Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
N dlrk`Šlk e e`tlvltĀŠll Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg” kstk nrlkgtetĀ sprk kceonrerke olnoloclnjreallcnr eck `Ārnr prntejnglŞtl sugt pkrsngecltĀŠl dlg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkl,`ucturll kt`. Ertl`ncuc prkzlgtĀ egeclzĀ su``lgte e oloclnjreallcnr pkrsngeck rkeclzetk çg
oloclntk`e e`edkmlkl çg uctlmuc dk`kglu, evïgd Şl s`npuc prnmnvĀrll e`kstul jkg dk puocl`eŠll.
Ngk na tbk dlrk`tlngs na tbk clorery„s e`tlvltlks ls tbk kceonretlng na tbk oln-
oloclnjrepblks na tbk pkrsngecltlks dlg dlaakrkgt oreg`bks na s`lkg`k, `ucturk, kt`. Tbk
ertl`ck prkskgts tbk egecysls na pkrsngec oloclnjrepblks, wbl`b bes okkg kceonretkd et
tbk @kgtrec P`lkgtlal` Clorery Egdrkl Cupeg” cetkcy. Tbk elm na tbls wnri ls tbk
edveg`kmkgt na su`b puocl`etlngs.
[guc dlgtrk kckmkgtkck e`tlvltĀŠll ŞtllgŠlal`k çg oloclntk`l, dk estakc anertk
lmpnrtegt, çc `ngstltulk kceonrerke oloclnjreallcnr tkmetl`k Şl e olnoloclnjreallcnr.
KxlstĀ mel muctk dkalglŠll pkgtru e`kst jkg dk puocl`eŠll8 cu`rerk `erk `uprlgdk olnjreale ugul eutnr, çmprkugĀ `u tltcurlck
s`rlkrlcnr cul Şl eck `kcnr prlvltnerk ce vleŠe Şl e`tlvltetke se9
oloclnjrealk spk`lecĀ ‐ rkpkrtnrlu `rngncnjl`9 ecaeoktl` seu pk metkrll
ec s`rlkrlcnr rkakrltnerk ce ug egumlt dnmkglu, ce n egumltĀ prnockmĀseu ce ug egumlt eutnr9
oloclnjrealk pkrsngecĀ ‐ oloclnjrealk spk`lecĀ `erk `ngskmgkezĀ tnetks`rlkrlck ugul eutnr, prk`um Şl cu`rĀrlck `erk tretkezĀ dksprk npkre Şl
e`tlvltetke se9
pkrsngecle ‐ cu`rerk çg`blgetĀ vlkŠll Şl e`tlvltĀŠll ugkl pkrsngecltĀŠl. Olnoloclnjreale sk rkeclzkezĀ, dk nol`kl, suo anrmĀ dk dl`Šlngerk
oloclnjreal`k seu lgdl`l oloclnjreal`l. Olnoloclnjreallck pnt al `urkgtk (dk kx.8
Zbn”s wbn”, Znrd Olnjrepbl`ec Lganrmetlng Pystkm” (kdlture PE[_ dlgJkrmegle) Şl rktrnspk`tlvk (dk kx.8 skrle Nemkgl el ŞtllgŠkl”, kdltetĀ dk[glvkrsltetke dk Ptet dlg Mncdnve, `nck`Šle Гжялцвжйщ иевзевейвзацжфвв рълнщы”, kdltetĀ dk E`edkmle dk ŗtllgŠk e _uslkl,
«Евейвзацжфвю рълнщы¹ dlg Iezebsteg).
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
;6
LmpnrtegŠe kceonrĀrll olnoloclnjreallcnreck `Ārnr prntejnglŞtl sugt sevegŠl, nemkgldk `uctur Ā Şl ectk pkrsngecltĀŠl dk
lmpnrtegŠĀ geŠlngeck Şl lgtkrgeŠlngeckrkzldĀ Şl çg `umucerke e dnuĀ aug`Šlllmpnrtegtk8 mkmnrlecĀ, e`kstk cu`rĀrlrkprkzlgtçgd n `rngl`Ā e vlkŠll ŞtllgŠlal`k,`uctureck, pncltl`k, k`ngnml`k kt`.9
lganrmetlvĀ, prlg rkack`terke dlakrltnr Ş`nclŞtllgŠlal`k, ktepk cltkrerk, lstnrl`k kt`.
Olnoloclnjreale sk rkeclzkezĀ, dk nol`kl,suo anrmĀ dk dl`Šlngerk oloclnjreal`k seu
lgdl`l oloclnjreal`l. Olnoloclnjreallck pnt al`urkgtk (dk kx.8 Zbn”s wbn”, Znrd Olnjrepbl`ec Lganrmetlng Pystkm”
(kdlture PE[_ dlg Jkrmegle) Şl rktrnspk`tlvk (dk kx.8 skrle Nemkgl elŞtllgŠkl”, kdltetĀ dk [glvkrsltetke dk Ptet dlg Mncdnve, `nck`Šle Гжялцвжйщи евзевейвзацжфвв рълнщы”, kdltetĀ dk E`edkmle dk ŗtllgŠk e _uslkl,«Евейвзацжфвю рълнщы¹ dlg Iezebsteg).
LmpnrtegŠe kceonrĀrll olnoloclnjreallcnr eck `Ārnr prntejnglŞtl sugt sevegŠl,nemkgl dk `ucturĀ Şl ectk pkrsngecltĀŠl dk lmpnrtegŠĀ geŠlngeck ŞllgtkrgeŠlngeck rkzldĀ Şl çg `umucerke e dnuĀ aug`Šll lmpnrtegtk8 mkmnrlecĀ,e`kstk cu`rĀrl rkprkzlgtçgd n `rngl`Ā e vlkŠll ŞtllgŠlal`k, `uctureck, pncltl`k,k`ngnml`k kt`.9 lganrmetlvĀ, prlg rkack`terke dlakrltnr Ş`ncl ŞtllgŠlal`k, ktepkcltkrerk, lstnrl`k kt`.
Olnoloclnjreallck nemkglcnr dk ŞtllgŠĀ prkzlgtĀ etït lganrmeŠle dksprk e`tlvltetkeŞtllgŠlal`Ā e ugkl pkrsngecltĀŠl, `çt Şl detkck
olnjreal`k, estakc `ngtrloulgd ce kvldkgŠlkrkeŞl pnpucerlzerke rkeclzĀrlcnr çg sakre `kr`kterk-
dkzvncterk, allgd uguc dlgtrk mlhcne`kck dkealrmerk çg `nmugtetke ŞtllgŠlal`Ā. MkgŠlngĀm `Ā çgtrk `kck pkstk 566 dk cu`rĀrl,ce e `Ār nr kceonrerk e `ngtrloult oloclntk`e
gnestr Ā, prlnrltetke n dkŠlg oloclnjreallcktkmetl`k. @kck pkrsnegeck n`upĀ ug cn`mndkst, dner çg uctlmuc dk`kglu
olnoloclnjreallck prkveckezĀ çg clste puocl`eș llcnr Oŗ@ E. Cupeg”, estakc `ngalrmçgd lgtkrksuc spnrlt pkgtru
pkrsngecltĀŠlck ŠĀrll gnestrk.
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
;?
_kakrlgŠkck ce vleŠe Şl e`tlvltetke prnakslngecĀ sk `nck`tkezĀ studllgd puocl`eŠllck çg prksĀ, çg `uckjkrl, dl`Šlngerk
olnjreal`k, kg`l`cnpkdll Ş.e.VrkzkgŠe lgdkxurlcnr euxlclerk dk gumk,
dk tltcurl, dk metkrll a e`lcltkezĀ rkjĀslrkelganrmeŠlkl, ler antnjreallck çgtrkjks`lmejlgke dksprk pkrsnege `erk e skrvlt drkpt
suolk`t pkgtru olnoloclnjreallck.
Olnoloclnjreallck kceonretk ce Oŗ@ sugtŞl glŞtk nmejll edusk dk oloclntk`erlsevegŠlcnr çg jkgkr ec sl, lg mnd spk`lec,
`kcnr `erk eu `ngtrloult pkrsngec cedkzvncterke oloclntk`ll Şl `ngtlguĀ sĀ sprlhlgk lgstltuŠle gnestrĀ, e`kstskgtlmkgt dk rkspk`t Şl rk`ugnŞtlgŠĀ allgd kxprlmet gu rerknrl çg @uvïgtuclgtrndu`tlv dlg pertke ec`Ātultnrlcnr”. TredlŠlngec olnoloclnjrea llck sugt
kceonretk `u prlckhuc detkcnr huolclerk eck prntejnglŞtlcnr. N prlnrltetk e pncltl`ll lganrmeŠlngeck e oloclntk`ll kstk clvrerke
`ngŠlgutucul kck`trngl` `Ātrk utlclzetnr, estakc n pertk dlg olnoloclnjreall sugt
e``kslolck pk sltk-uc Oŗ@ (dk kx.8 E`edkml`leguc Jbknrjbk Du`e”,E`edkml`leguc Onrls Metlkg`n”, E`edkml`leguc Onrls Jelge”,E`edkml`leguc Pvketnscev Mns`eckg`n”, E`edkml`leguc QskvncndMns`eckg`n”), allgd e`tueclzetk eguec `u lganrmeŠlk `urkgtĀ.
Ce stru`turerke metkrlecucul çg olnoloclnjreallck s`rlltnrlcnr-e`edkml`lkgl
Lng DruŠĀ, Dumltru Met`nvs`bl,@ngstegtlg Vnpnvl`l s-e rkspk`tet e`kceŞl
prlg`lplu `rngncnjl`, npkre allgd dlvlzetĀlg mel muctk `nmpertlmkgtk (sprk kx.8
VrnzĀ9 Vnkzlk9 Dremeturjlk9 Ksklstl`Ā9
@rltl`Ā cltkrerĀ9 Vuocl`lstl`Ā, _k`kgzll,Lgtkrvlurl Ş.e.m.d.). Pupclmkgter ceLgdkxuc dk gumk Şl `kc dk tltcurl, e anstkceonret Lgdkxuc clmolcnr lg `erk eu anst
tredusk npkrkck s`rlltnrlcnr.
Çg olnoloclnjreale E`edkml`leguc LngDruŠĀ8 prnzetnruc, dremeturjuc, ksklstuc”çg aug`Šlk dk gumĀruc puocl`eŠllcnr ŞllmpnrtegŠe e`kstnre, eu anst kvldkgŠletk çg
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
;0
`nmpertlmkgtk epertk @epndnpkre druŠlegĀ8 Vnvere ougĀtĀŠll gnestrk”9Vnkzll dk Lng DruŠĀ”. Olnoloclnjreale E`edkml`leguc Dumltru Met`nvs`bl” lg`cudk Şl
`nmpertlmkgtkck lgtltucetk Clste `u angnjremkck `çgtk`kcnr pk vkrsurl dkDumltru Met`nvs`bl”. @epltnckckck _kakrlgŠk” lg emokck cu`rĀrl `ngŠlg clste vkrsurlcnr dkdl`etk
e`kstnr dnuĀ pkrsngecltĀŠl. Ec`Ātultnrll olnoloclnjreallcnr `eutĀ gnl
mndecltĀŠl dk prkzkgterk eck pkrsngecltĀŠll.Vkgtru e lcustre supclmkgter e`tlvltetke
dn`tnrucul beolcltet Qcedlmlr Eglilg, e
`Ārul `erlkrĀ ŞtllgŠlal`Ā e anst prk`kdetĀ dk
mug`e dk hurgeclst, çg olnoloclnjrealk e anstlg`cus ug `nmpertlmkgt `u skck`Šll dlgvkrsurl, pnvkstlrl Şl guvkck skmgetk dk
eutnr.
Olnoloclnjreallck E`edkml`leguc Gl`ncek @nrcĀtkegu”, E`edkml`leguc@ngstegtlg Vnpnvl`l8 sevegt, s`rlltnr,
puocl`lst” `ngŠlg arejmkgtk dlg npkrkck sevegŠlcnr, çg pcus pug ce dlspnzlŠle
`ltltnrucul, pk cçgjĀ Lgdkxuc dk gumk Şl dk tltcurl, ug Lgdkx dk metkrll.
ůlgute e`edkml`Ā e olnoloclnjreallcnr, kceonretk çg `edruc Oŗ@ E.Cupeg” e EŗM, tkgdlgŠe sprk kxbeustlvltetk, stru`ture cnjl`Ā e metkrlecucul
prkzkgtet eu anst çg rkpktetk rçgdurl eprk`letk çg `edruc @ng`ursucul GeŠlngec@kck mel rkuŞltk cu`rĀrl eck egucul çgdnmkgluc oloclntk`ngnmlkl Şl ŞtllgŠkllganrmĀrll” prlg `ceserke e`kstnre pk cn`urlck
prkmlegtk, ler çg eguc ?662 s-eu çgvrkdgl`lt
dk Vrkmluc Merk.
Çg e`tlvltetke se oloclntk`e gu s-e nprlt cee`kstk rkeclzĀrl. Ce ktepe algecĀ sk eacĀcu`rerke @ngstegtlg Ptkrk s`rlltnruc,
puocl`lstuc, pncltl`leguc, alcnsnauc, Nmuc”(ec`Āt. Lng ŗpe`). Pugt çg `ursuc kceonrĀrll Şlectk olnoloclnjreall. [rĀm su``ksk
gknonslŠlcnr oloclnjreal, der Şl `nckjlcnr dlgectk sk`Šll eck oloclntk`ll, çmpĀtlmlŠl dk oloclnjrealk”, çg e`kestĀ mug`ĀmljĀcnesĀ, rkspngseolcĀ, der Şl `rketlvĀ, eperlŠle ectnr cu`rĀrl arumnesk.
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
;4
Evçgd çg vkdkrk lmpnrtegŠe kdltĀrll olnoloclnjreallcnr, çg oloclntk`Ā kstkkceonret prnlk`tuc @ng`kpŠlkl `u prlvlrk ce kceonrerke olnoloclnjreallcnr çg`edruc E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl”. @rkdkm, `Ā er al olgkvkgltĀ
lgstltulrke lg `edruc `nck`Šlkl E`edkml`e” e ugkl suoskrll OlnoloclnjrealesevegŠlcnr” dupĀ kxkmpcuc e`edkmllcnr dlg ectk ŠĀrl.
Clste olnoloclnjreallcnr,
kceonretk `u `ng`ursuc Oŗ@‗E. Cupeg” e EŗM çgtrk egll ?666-?66<8
E`edkml`leguc Jbknrjbk Du`e 8 olnoloclnjrealk / E`ed. dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl,Oloc. ŗt. @kgtrecĀ E. Cupeg”9 ec`Āt. 8 Cldle XesevlŠ`bl, Hegge Glincekve, QeckgtlgeJurlkve Ykt ec.]. ‐ @b., ?66:. ‐ bttp8//www.emclo.esm.md
E`edkml`leguc Onrls Jelge 8 sk`vkgŠk olnoloclnjr eal`k / E`ed. dk ŗtllgŠk eMncdnvkl, Oloc. ŗt. @kgtrecĀ E. Cupeg”9 ec`Āt. 8 Cldle XesevlŠ`bl9 rkd. rksp. 8 Kckge
@nrntkg`n9 rkd. 8 Dumltru Onl`u, Pvktcege Orngs`bl. ‐ @b., ?66:. ‐ bttp8//www.emclo.esm.md
E`edkml`leguc Pvketnscev Mns`eckg`n 8 olnoloclnjrealk / E`ed. dk ŗtllgŠk eMncdnvkl, Oloc. ŗt. @kgtrecĀ E. Cupeg”9 ec`Āt. 8 Hegge Glincekve, Ncje ůur`egu9rkd. oloclnjr. 8 Cldle XesevlŠ`bl. ‐ @b., ?662. ‐ bttp8//www.emclo.esm.md
E`edkml`leguc Qskvncnd Mns`eckg`n 8 olnoloclnjrealk / E`ed. dk ŗtllgŠk e
Mncdnvkl, Oloc. ŗt. @kgtrecĀ E. Cupeg”9 ec`Āt. 8 Hegge Glincekve, Ncje ůur`egu9rkd. oloclnjr. 8 Cldle XesevlŠ`bl. ‐ @b., ?662. ‐ bttp8//www.emclo.esm.md
E`edkml`leguc Onrls Metlkg`n 8 olnoloclnjrealk / E`ed. dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl,Oloc. ŗt. @kgtrecĀ E. Cupeg”9 ec`Āt. 8 Cldle XesevlŠ`bl, Tetlege Dnloegl. ‐ @b., ?66;.
‐ bttp8//www.emclo.esm.md
ŗpe`, Lng. E`edkml`leguc @ngstegtlg Vnpnvl`l8 sevegt, s`rlltnr, puocl`lst 8
`kr`ktĀrl olnoloclnjreal`k Şl lganrmetlvk / E`ed. dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl, Lgst. dk Ptudll
Lgtkrktgl`k, Oloc. ŗt. @kgtrecĀ. ‐ @b., ?66?.
PtrĀdegle dk e-c ugl pk Nm `u [glvkrsuc. E`edkml`leguc Onrls Metlkg`n5<?<-?664 8 olnoloclnjrealk / E`ed. dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl9 kd. ec`Āt. Şl çgjrlh. dkDumltru Oetçr9 ec`Āt. 8 Cldle XesevlŠ`bl, Tetlege Dnloegl9 rkd. rksp. 8 Kckge
@nrntkg`n. ‐ @b., ?66;.
E`edkml`leguc Gl`ncek @nrcĀtkegu, 5<5;-?66; 8 olnoloclnjrealk / ec`Āt. 8 Lng
ŗpe`, Ege Jreoezkl / E`ed. dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl, Lgst. dk Clgjvlstl`Ā, Oloc. ŗt.@kgtrecĀ. ‐ @b., ?661.
E`edkml`leguc Lng DruŠĀ8 prnzetnruc, dremeturjuc, ksklstuc 8 olnoloclnjrealk
/ ec`Āt. 8 Clcle Onderkv9 Qeckgtlge Jurlkv9 Hegge Glincekve, _else Qeslce`bk, Cldle
XesevlŠ`bl9 `nnrd., rkd. Şt. 8 Mlbelc Dncjeg9 rkd. Şt. Şl oloclnjr. 8 @ceudle Pcutu-
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
;;
Jreme9 rksp. dk kdlŠlk 8 Merlege ŗcepe` (EŗM), Kckge @nrntkg`n (Oŗ@)9 E`ed. dk
ŗtllgŠk. e Mncdnvkl9 Oloc. ŗt. @kgtrecĀ –E. Cupeg”. ‐ @b., ?662.
E`edkml`leguc Vevkc Qced ‐ sevegt lcustru Şl prnmntnr tkge`k ec ŞtllgŠkl 8
Yolnoloclnjrealk] / ec`Āt. 8 _else Qeslce`bk, Kckge Vnhnje9 rkd. Şt. 8 E`uclge Erç`u9 rkd.Şt. Şl oloclnjr. 8 @ceudle Pcutu-Jreme9 E`ed. dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl, Lgst. dk @blmlk. ‐ @b., ?66<.
Пйждвгвц Жнвивн 8 евзевейвзацжфвю / Жижд. Нжри Гзйдзпщ, Вн-я Лпцзо.Внялацжсвв в Озйвя. Нжри, Слняц. Нжръ. Е-иж «Ж. Йрожн¹9 хзхя. 8 ЯжгжцжГжцвжн, Гжцвю Озолхирй, Пжйлнявнж Яижълниз9 евейвзац. цлд. 8 ЙвдвюКжхжпвсив. ‐ И., ?66<.
E`edkml`leguc Dumltru Met`nvs`bl8 ce :6 dk egl dk ce geŞtkrk 8
Yolnoloclnjrealk] / Clcle Onderkv, Kujkgle @rkuc9 E`ed. dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl9 Oloc.
ŗt. @kgtrecĀ E. Cupeg”. ‐ @b., ?66<.
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
;1
LGTK_GETLNGEC G[@CKE_ LGAN_METLNG P\PTKM
DETEOEPK
(MNCDNQE)
HEGGE GLINCEKQE
Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
Plstkmuc LgtkrgeŠlngec dk Lganrmerk çg dnmkgluc Gu`cker (LGLP) kstk oeze dk detk`ke mel lmpnrtegtĀ çg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkl Şl tkbgncnjllcnr gu`ckerk. Dlg 0 eprlclk ?66<
LGLP e dkvkglt e``kslolc pkgtru utlclzetnrl prlg Lgtkrgkt. E`kestĀ oezĀ dk detk lg`cudkmel muct dk 0 mlclnegk dk dks`rlkrl oloclnjreal`k eck `ĀrŠlcnr, eck ertl`nckcnr dlg
rkvlstk, eck metkrleckcnr `ngakrlgŠkcnr, tkzkcnr, eck repnertkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl tkbgl`k, eckckjlcnr, stegderdkcnr Şl `lr`e ??6, 666 dk ugltĀŠl dk cltkreturĀ gk`ngvkgŠlngecĀ çg 10 dkclmol.
@kgtruc LGLP çg Mncdnve sk eacĀ çg lg`lgte Oloclntk`ll ŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck –E.Cupeg” e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl. _kpuocl`e Mncdnve kstk mkmoru ec
Plstkmucul LganrmeŠlngec dk Lganrmerk çg dnmkgluc Gu`cker dlg eguc 5<<:.Mkdletnruc çg rkceŠllck `u LGLP rkeclzkezĀ lmpckmkgterke dks`rlkrlcnr oloclnjreal`k,
pntrlvlt tkmetl`ll LGLP. Çg ?66< eu anst lgtrndusk 520 dks`rlkrl oloclnjreal`k dlg
dnmkgluc alzl`ll stĀrlcnr `ngdkgsetk, alzl`ll etnml`k, gegntkbgncnjllcnr. Lgtkrae`k-uc sltk-ucul LGLP kstk olgk stru`turet Şl pkrmltk kak`tuerke repldĀ e
prn`ksucul dk `Āuterk dupĀ mel muctk `rltkrll8 eutnr, tltcu, sursĀ, `uvlgtk-`bklk, cn`uc
Şl eguc kdlŠlkl kt`. Çg pcus utlclzetnrlcnr cl sk nakrĀ ug Tkzeur Muctlclgjv ereo-`blgkz-
kgjckz-areg`kz-jkrmeg-rus-speglnc pkgtru tredu`krke tkrmkglcnr ŞtllgŠlal`l. LGLP kstke``kslolc Şl pk @D-_NM.
Tbk Lgtkrgetlngec Gu`cker Lganrmetlng Pystkm (LGLP) ls tbk ckedlgj rkakrkg`k
deteoesk anr gu`cker s`lkg`k egd tk`bgncnjy. LGLP ls arkkcy evelceock ng tbk Lgtkrgkt
slg`k 0 Eprlc, ?66< egd lg`cudks nvkr 0 mlcclng oloclnjrepbl` rk`nrds egd nvkr
??6,666 gng-`ngvkgtlngec cltkreturk (G@C) rkpnrts lg aucc tkxt lg 10 cegjuejks.
Mncdnve ok`emk LGLP mkmokr lg 5<<:. Mncdnve LGLP @kgtrk ls sltuetkd lgEgdrkl Cupeg @kgtrec P`lkgtlal` Clorery na tbk E`edkmy na P`lkg`ks na Mncdnve.
LGLP Clelsng Naal`kr na Mncdnve egecyzks tbk rkckvegt s`lkgtlal` puocl`etlngs kdltkd
lg Mncdnve anr dete lgput. 520 oloclnjrepbl` rk`nrds ng `ngdkgskd mettkr pbysl`s,
gu`cker pbysl`s, gegntk`bgncnjy, kt`. wkrk lgput lg ?66<.
Tbk LGLP deteoesk ls e jnnd stru`turkd egd eg kesy-tn-usk systkm. Lgtkre`tlvk
Muctlclgjuec Tbkseurus (Ereol`, @blgksk, Kgjclsb, Arkg`b, Jkrmeg, _ussleg,
Ppeglsb) ls vkry uskauc anr s`lkgtlal` tkrms tregscetlng. LGLP DO ls ecsn evelceock ng
@D-_NM.
Lg ?656 tbk Lgtkrgetlngec Gu`cker Lganrmetlng Pystkm (LGLP) wlcc ok
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
;2
[glvkrslty. Lg ?66< Mncdnve LGLP @kgtkr rksumkd dete lgput eatkr e cngj
orkei arnm ?664.
Okcnw ynu `eg skk dete lgput na Mncdnve LGLP @kgtkr e``nrdlgj tbk
ykers8 5<<2 ‐ 51 rk`nrds9 5<<< ‐ 56 rk`nrds9 ?666 ‐ 5: rk`nrds9 ?665 ‐ :rk`nrds9 ?660 ‐ ?? rk`nrds9 ?664 ‐ 5< rk`nrds9 ?664-?662 ‐ 6 rk`nrds9 ?66<
‐ 520 rk`nrds.
La lg tbk pkrlnd arnm 5<<2 tlcc ?664 oesl`eccy gng-`ngvkgtlngec cltkreturk
(`ngakrkg`k prn`kkdlgjs, onnickts, petkgts, prkprlgts kt`.) bed okkg lgput,
tbkg lg ?66< eonut <; ertl`cks wkrk lgput arnm tbk Mncdevleg Hnurgec na tbk
Vbysl`ec P`lkg`ks `cesslalkd metkrlecs s`lkg`k9 `ngdkgskd mettkr pbysl`s9
supkr`ngdu`tlvlty egd supkraculdlty9 etnml` egd mnck`ucer pbysl`s9
lgstrumkgtetlng rkcetkd tn gu`cker s`lkg`k egd tk`bgncnjy, wbl`b rkakrs tn`ngvkgtlngec cltkreturk. Lt ls gk`kssery tn kmpbeslzk, tbet tbk vncumk na
puocl`etlngs lg etnml`, mnck`ucer egd `ngdkgskd mettkr pbysl`s ls eonut 56
pkr `kgt lg tbk LGLP Deteoesk. E jrket gumokr na lgvkstljetlngs ng
`ngdkgskd mettkr pbysl`s erk `errlkd nut lg Mncdnve oy tbk Lgstltutk na
Eppclkd Vbysl`s na tbk E`edkmy na P`lkg`k na Mncdnve, tbk Lgstltutk na
Kck`trngl` Kgjlgkkrlgj egd Lgdustrlec Tk`bgncnjlks na tbk E`edkmy na
P`lkg`k na Mncdnve, tbk Lgstltutk na @bkmlstry na tbk E`edkmy na P`lkg`k na
Mncdnve, tbk Mncdnve Tk`bgl`ec [glvkrslty, egd tbk Mncdnve Ptetk
[glvkrslty. Tbk `ngakrkg`k ng metkrlecs s`lkg`k egd `ngdkgskd mettkr
pbysl`s ls bkcd kvkry ? ykers. Mncdnve dnks gnt usk etnml` tk`bgncnjlks anr
kgkrjy out tbksk tk`bgncnjlks erk uskd lg mkdl`lgk egd s`lkg`k. Tbet ls wby e
spk`lec ettkgtlng ls jlvkg tn tbk puocl`etlngs ng pbysl`s, `bkmlstry, olncnjy
egd mkdl`lgk wbkg tbk cltkreturk ls kxemlgkd. Tbk emnugt na puocl`etlngs ng
Clak P`lkg`ks meiks up 5: pkr `kgt lg tbk LGLP Deteoesk. Tbk rksker`b lg tbk
alkcd na Clak P`lkg`ks lg Mncdnve ls bkcd lg Gl`ncek Tkstkmltegu Ptetk
Mkdl`ec egd Vberme`kutl`ec [glvkrslty, tbk Lgstltutk na Jkgktl`s egd Vcegt
Vbyslncnjy, tbk Lgstltutk na Vbyslncnjy egd Pegn`rketncnjy, tbk Lgstltutk naVcegt Vrntk`tlng egd K`ncnjl` Ejrl`ucturk, tbk Getlngec P`lkgtlal` egd
Vre`tl`ec @kgtkr na Vrkvkgtlvk Mkdl`lgk egd ntbkrs. Tbk Mncdnve LGLP
@kgtrk egecyzks tbk rkckvegt s`lkgtlal` puocl`etlngs na tbksk lgstltutks.
Ckt„s teik e cnni ng tbk e``kss lgtkrae`k tn LGLP deteoesk arnm tbkLgtkrgkt. Ckt„s dkalgk tbk lganrmetlng sker`b `rltkrle. Anr tbls purpnsk npkgtbk sltk8
bttp8//lglsdo.leke.nrj/ nr bttp8//lglsdo?.leke.nrj/
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
;<
Tbk LGLP deteoesk ls e jnnd stru`turkd egd eg kesy-tn-usk systkm. Tbkrk
erk twn weys na sker`b8 Plmpck Pker`b egd Edveg`kd Pker`b. Edveg`kd
sker`b `ng`rktlzks egd clmlts tbk sker`b rkqukst duk tn puccdnwg mkgu na
alkcd gemks. \nu `eg skck`t e gk`kssery alkcd anr sker`b8 eutbnr, pce`k na puocl`etlng kt`. (Alj. 5).
Alj. 5
Tbk gumokr na sker`b alkcds `eg ok lg`rkeskd oy `cl`ilgj ng Y+]. Tbk sljg
Y ‐ ] rkdu`ks tbk alkcd. Anr lgsteg`k, uskrs erk lgtkrkstkd lg puocl`etlngs ng
lndlgk 5?? utlclzetlng lg mkdl`ec tnmnjrepby. Lg tbls `esk tbk dks`rlptnr
alkcds erk `bnskg ‐ YDKL (lgdkxkr essljgkd)] egd uskrs wrltk `nrrkspngdlgj
dks`rlptnrs YLNDLGK 5??] egd YTNMNJ_EVB\] lg tbkm (Alj. ?).
Tbk sker`b rksuct ls dkpl`tkd lg tbk pl`turk8 tbk emnugt na anugd wnris ls
?: ltkms, sker`b wnrds erk merikd lg ykccnw lg YDKL (lgdkxkr essljgkd)]. Tbk
sker`b rksuct sbnws tbk anccnwlgj alkcd gemks8 Tltck, Eostre`t, Eutbnr
(pkrsngec nr `nrpnretk), Puohk`t @etkjnry Gemk, Puohk`t @etkjnry @ndk,Pnur`k (puocl`etlng lganrmetlng, `ngakrkg`k lganrmetlng, petkgt/rkpnrt
gumokr, evelceolclty, hnurgec tltck kt`.), Vce`k na Vuocl`etlng, Dks`rlptnrs
(Lgdkxkr Essljgkd - DKL egd @nmputkr Essljgkd - DK@), Cegjuejk,
_kakrkg`k Gumokr, Qncumk Lssuk, \ker na Vuocl`etlng.
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Tbk LGLP Lgtkre`tlvk Muctlclgjuec Tbkseurus (Ereol`, @blgksk, Kgjclsb,
Arkg`b, Jkrmeg, _ussleg, Ppeglsb) bkcps tn skt e rljbt tkrm lg tbk dks`rlptnr
alkcd (Alj. 0). Lt `eg ok uskauc anr tbk pbysl`lsts, kgjlgkkrs, olncnjlsts,
`bkmlsts, mkdl`s egd tregscetnrs na s`lkgtlal`-tk`bgl`ec cltkreturk ng geturecs`lkg`ks bttps8//gip.leke.nrj/LGLPMCTbkseurus/ Y4].
Alj. ?
La tbk uskrs ae`k dlaal`uctlks lg sker`b tbky `eg `cl`i YBKCV]. \nu `egalgd mnrk lganrmetlng ng bnw tn usk tbk LGLP Deteoesk ngclgk lg –LccustretlvkUul`i Juldk tn tbk LGLP Deteoesk Ngclgk” oy Vktr Edåmki Y;].
Ecsn Mncdnve LGLP @kgtkr naakrs e``kss tn tbk LGLP Deteoesk ng @D-
_NMs.
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Alj. 0
_KAK_KG@KP8
5. bttp8//www.leke.nrj/lglsgim/lgls/eonutlgls/
?. LGLP8 Juldk tn Oloclnjrepbl` Dks`rlptlng8 _kvlslng 2, Emkgdmkgt 0 /
Lgtkrgetlngec Etnml` Kgkrjy Ejkg`y. ‐ Qlkgge, ?66<. ‐ (LGLP _kakrkg`k
Pkrlks Gn. 5). ‐ ?61 p.
0. Ksteoclsbmkgt na Lgtkrgetlngec Gu`cker Lganrmetlng Pystkm - oreg`b na tbk
_kpuocl` na Mncdnve / E. Ouzdujeg, K. Mltsu, E. Egdrlksb, Edrlege
Ouzdujeg // Mncdevleg Hnurgec na tbk Vbysl`ec P`lkg`ks. ‐ ?66?. ‐ Qnc. 5,
Gr ?. ‐ V. :;-::. ‐ bttp8//sam.esm.md/mncdpbys/?66?/vnc5/g?/pda:;.pda
4. bttp8//www.leke.nrj/lglsgim/gkws/?662/gkws^4.btm
;. bttp8//lglsdo.leke.nrj/dn`s/LGLP^deteoesk^qul`i^juldk.pda
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1?
[TLCLXE_KE DETKCN_ OLOCLNMKT_L@K ÇG EPLJ[_E_KELGAN_MEůLNGECď E @K_@KTď_LCN_ ŗTLLGůLAL@K ÇG
DNMKGL[C K@NCNJLKL ŗL EC MKDL[C[L EMOLEGT
CLDLE XEPEQLů@BL Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
Detkck oloclnmktrl`k pkrmlt dktkrmlgerke `kr`ucul gu`cker” ec rkvlstkcnr pkgtrualk`erk dnmkglu ec ŞtllgŠkl. Çg e`kst studlu, çg prn`ksuc kvecuĀrll lmpnrtegŠkl ŞtllgŠlal`ke rkvlstkcnr dlg dnmkgluc k`ncnjlkl Şl ec mkdlucul emolegt eu anst egeclzeŠl trkllgdl`etnrl oloclnmktrl`l8 Lmpe`t Ae`tnr (LA), P@Lmejn Hnurgec _egi (PH_) Şl Pnur`k
Gnrmeclzkd Lmpe`t pkr Vepkr (PGLV). _kzuctetkck sugt prkzkgtetk çg teokck, çg`nganrmltetk `u `etkjnrle Şl regjuc rkvlstkl.
Tbk oloclnmktrl` dete ls uskd anr dktkrmlglgj tbk gu`ckus” na s`lkgtlal` hnurgecsanr ke`b alkcd na s`lkg`k. Lg tbls study tbk oloclnmktrl` esskssmkgt na tbk
kgvlrngmkgtec s`lkg`k egd k`ncnjy hnurgecs wes `errlkd nut uskd tbrkk lgdl`etnrs,
su`b es Lmpe`t Ae`tnr (LA), P@Lmejn Hnurgec _egi (PH_) egd Pnur`k Gnrmeclzkd
Lmpe`t pkr Vepkr (PGLV). Tbk rksucts notelgkd erk prkskgtkd lg teocks e``nrdlgj tn
tbk hnurgec regis.
Pterke mkdlucul emolegt etrejk esupre se n etkgŠlk dknskoltĀ dlg pertkesn`lktĀŠll mngdleck Şl dktkrmlgĀ lgtkgslal`erke `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k çgdnmkgluc e`kste. Mehnrltetke sevegŠlcnr lgstltuŠllcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k dlg prnalcuc
ŞtllgŠk getureck eck E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk sugt egtrkgeŠl çg lmpckmkgterke prnjremucul geŠlngec Esljurerke sk`urltĀŠll k`ncnjl`k e _kpuocl`ll Mncdnve pkgtru egll ?66:-?65;” Y5, p. ?61-?56].
Dlgtrk tnetk slstkmkck k`nslstkmkck prkzlgtĀ `kck mel merk dlal`uctĀŠl dkstudlkrk dlg mel muctk mntlvk8 kxtlgdkrke ckjĀturlcnr dlgtrk ŞtllgŠkck, `erk
npkrkezĀ `u lganrmeŠle k`ncnjl`Ā, lgtkrakrkgŠe espk`tkcnr tkmetl`k ckjetk dkstudlkrke prnockmkcnr dk pncuerk, dk prntk`Šlk e mkdlucul emolegt Şl , çge`kceŞl tlmp, dlauzerke `u vltkze `ngsldkreolcĀ e detkcnr dlg dlakrltk sursk.
Ertl`nckck dlg rkvlstk ŞtllgŠlal`k eu anst, sugt Şl vnr al n sursĀ anertklmpnrtegtĀ dk lganrmeŠlk e`tuecĀ pkgtru `nmugltetke ŞtllgŠlal`Ā . PaïrŞltucsk`ncucul RR e anst mer`et dk ug akgnmkg gnu, dlstlgetlv ‐ eperlŠle çg
oloclntk`l e rkvlstkckcnr çg anrmet kck`trngl`. [g evegteh dknskolt ec
vkrsluglcnr kck`trngl`k eck rkvlstkcnr, çg `nmpereŠlk `u `kck tlpĀrltk, kstk
eperlŠle cnr mel muct npkretlvĀ. [g aept rkmer`eolc çg `ezuc rkvlstkcnr
kck`trngl`k kstk `rkŞtkrke pkrmegkgtĀ e utlclzĀrll bypkrclgi-urlcnr. E`kst aeptmĀrkŞtk kskgŠlec e``ksuc ce ertl`nc, nakrĀ pnslolcltetke dk e ck`ture Şl
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metkrleckck egtkrlnerk rkakrltnerk ce suolk`t, tntndetĀ, pnt al urmĀrltk tkmetl`l,ŞtllgŠk `bler , dlg pug`t dk vkdkrk lgtkrdls`lpclger Y?, p. ??-?4].
Cltkreture dk spk`lecltetk çg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkcnr k`ncnjl`k kstk dknskolt dk
`ng`rks`utĀ8 pre`tl` alk`erk puocl`eŠlk kstk ckjetĀ dk ectk `ïtkve puocl`etkegtkrlnr. Vcus ce e`keste, skrvkŞtk drkpt oezĀ pkgtru `kr`ktĀrl gnl. Estakc,
prnlk`tuc @rnss_ka pkrmltk `ltltnrucul sĀ trke`Ā dk ce rkakrlgŠe dk ce saïrŞltucertl`ncucul ce aucc-tkxtuc dk pk ect sltk. @rnss_ka kstk EjkgŠle dk ÇgrkjlstrerkNal`lecĀ e Ldkgtlal`Ārll Dljlteck e Nolk`tucul (DNL-Dljltec Nohk`t Ldkgtlalkr).
Ke e anst cegsetĀ ce çg`kputuc egucul ?666, drkpt rkzuctet ec `nnpkr Ārll çgtrkkdltnrl, çg kanrtuc dk e pkrmltk rkakrlrke ce puocl`eŠle ngclgk dlgtr-n egumk
rkvlstĀ e`edkml`Ā. E`kst slstkm ugkŞtk, çg anrmĀ dk rkakrlgŠk, mlclnegk dk
kckmkgtk dlg `etkjnrll slmlcerk dlg pug`tuc dk vkdkrk ec `ngŠlgutucul, lg`cuslv
rkvlstk, `ĀrŠl, dn`umkgtk, slturl `k `ngŠlg detk. E`kste kstk ug slstkmuglvkrsec, utlclzet ce puocl`erk, çg pre`tl`e e`edkml`Ā kurnpkegĀ. Mel muctĀlganrmeŠlk pnetk al `ngsuctetĀ ce bttp8//www.`rnssrka.nrj.
Jcnoeclzerke prnockmkcnr k`ncnjl`k sncl`ltĀ dk ce `kr`ktĀtnrl studlkrke Şlutlclzerke kxpkrlkgŠkl lgtkrgeŠlngeck. Ver`urjkrke acuxucul mngdlec ec
rkvlstkcnr çg dnmkgluc k`ncnjlkl Şl ec mkdlucul emolegt kstk pnslolcĀe`tuecmkgtk Şl ce Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg” çg oezkck dk detk eck rkvlstkcnr
ŞtllgŠlal`k çg anrmet kck`trngl` (aucc-tkxt)8 Ngclgk E``kss tn _ksker`b lg tbk
Kgvlrngmkgt, [gltkd Getlng Kgvlrngmkgt Vrnjremmk egd \eck [glvkrslty
(NE_K) ‐ bttp8//www.nerks`lkg`ks.nrj9 E``kss tn Jcnoec Ngclgk _ksker`b lg
Ejrl`ucturk Annd & Ejrl`ucturk Nrjeglzetlng (EJN_E) ‐ bttp8//www.ejlgtkrgktwnri.nrj9 PprlgjkrClgi ‐ bttp8//www.sprlgjkrclgi.`nm9 KOP@N Vuoclsblgj ‐ bttp8//www.kos`nbnst.`nm kt`.
Kvecuerke lganrmeŠlkl ŞtllgŠlal`k kstk prkrnjetlve sevegŠlcnr. EsljurerkelganrmeŠlngec- oloclnjreal`Ā e `kr`ktĀrlcnr çg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkcnr k`ncnjl`ktrkoulk sĀ alk rkeclzetk prlg `Āuterke, skck`terke dn`umkgtkcnr Şl lganrmerke
npkretlvĀ, edl`Ā8 nrjeglzerke e``ksucul clokr ce rksurskck lganrmeŠlngeckmngdleck, kceonrerke lganrmeŠlkl dk tlp dlakrlt, çg`kpïgd dk ce rkzuctetkck`ĀutĀrll lganrmeŠlkl oloclnjreal`k, ae`tnjreal`k Şl rkakretlvk pïgĀ ce kceonrerke
oloclnjreallcnr ŞtllgŠlal`n-euxlclerk, e oezkcnr dk detk tkmetl`k. Ptru`ture
nrjeglzeŠlngecĀ trkoulk sĀ lg`cudĀ tnetk surskck dn`umkgter-lganrmetlvk8 detk
dksprk surskck tredlŠlngeck, vkrsluglck kck`trngl`k eck puocl`eŠllcnr tredlŠlngeck, puocl`eŠll kck`trngl`k kt`.
Dlg eguc ?66; ce Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg” kstk kceonret oucktlguc tkmetl`
`urkgt, evïgd ug `ere`tkr ŞtllgŠlal`n-euxlcler, K`ncnjle, strksuc, edepterke” çganrmet kck`trngl` pk pejlge wko e oloclntk`ll Y0]. Çg oloclnjreale rkspk`tlvĀ
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skck`terke dn`umkgtkcnr sk rkeclzkezĀ cuïgd çg `ngsldkreŠlk estakc dk ae`tnrl8
lgnveŠle, e`tuecltetke, lmpnrtegŠe ŞtllgŠlal`Ā. Kckmkgtkck jkgkreck pk oezĀ
`Ārnre kceonrĀm oloclnjreale tkmetl`Ā sugt urmĀtnerkck8
e) çg oucktlguc tkmetl` trkoulk sĀ alk njclgdltĀ sterke e`tuecĀ e `kr`ktĀrlcnrŞtllgŠlal`k çg dnmkgluc k`ncnjlkl Şl ec mkdlucul emolegt9 o) sk lg`cud cu`rĀrlck tknrktl`k, mktndncnjl`k Şl dk slgtkzĀ Şl sk kx`cud
metkrleck `u prnalc çgjust dk spk`lecltetk9 `) kceonrerke oloclnjrealkl kstk nrlkgtĀ mexlm sprk setlsae`krke
gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmetlvk eck sevegŠlcnr EŗM. Gu putkm evke drkpt s`np rkack`terke kxbeustlvĀ e cltkreturll. Çg prn`ksuc
skck`tĀrll sugt kvldkgŠletk prlnrltĀŠlck tkmetl`k8 `nmpertlmkgtkck oucktlgucullg`cud dn`umkgtk dksprk olnsakr Ā, ckjke k`ncnjl`Ā, `ngskrverke
olndlvkrsltĀŠll, `rkerke rkŠkckl k`ncnjl`k, `ngŞtllgŠe k`ncnjl`Ā `e anrmĀ e`ngŞtllgŠkl sn`leck9 prnockmk tknrktl`k Şl metkmetl`k dk aug`Šlngerk e
pnpuceŠllcnr, puocl`eŠll rkakrltnerk ce prnockmkck pncuĀrll `u suostegŠk tnxl`keck sncurlcnr, eck epkcnr getureck Şl rkzldueck, etmnsakrkl9 `kr`kterke
prn`kskcnr alzl`n-`blml`k çg prntk`Šle mkdlucul çg`nghurĀtnr9 aug`Šlngerke Şledepterke slstkmkcnr alzlncnjl`k çg `ngdlŠllck dk strks9 `nnpkrerke
lgtkrgeŠlngecĀ çg rkzncverke prnockmkcnr k`ncnjl`k. Vkgtru noŠlgkrke`nmpckxĀ e cltkreturll dk pkstk bnterk ec`Ātultnrll rkeclzkezĀ `Āuterkerkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k kck`trngl`k (aucc-tkxt) çg oezkck dk detk Şl lgdl`Ā edrksekck`trngl`Ā çg dks`rlkrke oloclnjreal`Ā.
Vk sltk-uc www.emclo.esm.md eu anst pcesetk 2 aes`l`uck eck oucktlgucul.
Çg tntec eu anst dks`rlsk 4:1< dk puocl`eŠll (mngnjreall, ertl`nck dlg `uckjkrl
Şl rkvlstk, metkrleckck `ngjrkskcnr Şl `ngakrlgŠkcnr, eutnrkakretk eck tkzkcnr dkdn`tnr). 0:;5 dk ertl`nck (:< %) eu anst dks`rlsk dlg rkvlstk ŞtllgŠlal`k.
Ertl`nckck dlg rkvlstk çg anrmet kck`trngl` `ngstltulk ?665 tltcurl (4? %)(Aljure 5).
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
1;
6
?66
466
166
266
5 ? 0 4 ; 1 : 2
ert.kck`trng. ert.lg tntec puoc.lg tntec
Aljure 5. _kpertlzerke ertl`nckcnr dlg rkvlstk çg anrmet kck`trngl` dupĀ aes`.
ouc. tkmetl` K`ncnjle” (Aes`. 5-2)
_kpertlzerke ertl`nckcnr dlg rkvlstk çg anrmet kck`trngl` dupĀ`nmpertlmkgtkck oucktlgucul8 Vrnockmk jkgkreck eck k`ncnjlkl ‐ 051 tlt.9
Vncuerke Şl prntk`Šle mkdlucul emolegt ‐ ;;1 tlt.9 K`ncnjle
ml`rnnrjeglsmkcnr ‐ ??1 tlt.9 K`ncnjle pcegtkcnr ‐ 046 tlt.9 K`ncnjle
eglmeckcnr ‐ 00: tlt.9 Ptrksuc Şl edepterke nmucul Şl e eglmeckcnr ‐ 540 tlt.9
K`ncnjle nmucul ‐ 20 tlt. (Aljure ?).
Jkgkreck
51%
Vncuerke
?2%
Ml`rnnrj.
55%
Vcegtk
5:%
Eglmeck
5:%
Ptrks
:%
Nmuc
4%
Aljure ?. _kpertlzerke ertl`nckcnr dlg rkvlstk çg anrmet kck`trngl` dupĀ tkmk
@rltkrluc prlg`lpec dk skck`terk `ecltetlvĀ e puocl`eŠllcnr kstk kvecuerke
surskcnr lganrmeŠlngeck. Çg 5<1< sevegtuc kgjckz Eceg Vrlt`berd e lgtrndus
pkgtru prlme detĀ tkrmkguc oloclnmktrlk” (dlg jrke`Ā oloclng” ‐ `ertk Şlmktrle” ‐ mĀsurerk). Oloclnmktrle kstk mktndncnjle dk `kr`kterk `erk nakrĀ
pnslolcltetke dk e studle mel `ecltetlv cltkreture e`edkml`Ā prlg lgtkrmkdluc
rkakrlgŠkcnr seu egeclzkl `ltĀrlcnr Şl `uvlgtkcnr `bklk Y4, p. 5?-50].
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[guc dlgtrk `kl mel rĀspçgdlŠl lgdl`etnrl ‐ ae`tnruc dk lmpe`t” ‐ e anst
lgtrndus çg 5<;; pkgtru e kvecue lm pe`tuc ugkl rkvlstk `ng`rktk esupre
cltkreturll dk spk`lecltetk Şl e anrmĀrll nplglkl jkgkreck. Mel tïrzlu, e`kst
tkrmkg e anst epcl`et pkgtru e ldkgtlal`e rkvlstkck lgacukgtk. Ae`tnruc dk lmpe`tec ugkl rkvlstk kstk `ec`ucet çg akcuc urmĀtnr8 gumĀruc dk `ltĀrl çgtr -ug egumlt
eg ec ertl`nckcnr puocl`etk çgtr -n rkvlstĀ pk per`ursuc e dnl egl egtkrlnrl,çmpĀrŠlt ce gumĀruc tntec ec ertl`nckcnr puocl`etk çg rkvlstĀ çg tlmpuc eglcnr
rkspk`tlvl Y;].
@rket dk Kujkgk Jeralkcd çg eguc 5<16, Lgstltutuc dk lganrmerk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā(LPL, Lgstltutk anr P`lkgtlal` Lganrmetlng) mngltnrlzkezĀ Şl kvecukezĀ
puocl`eŠllck ŞtllgŠlal`k dlg `lr`e <666 dk rkvlstk aeŠĀ dk eprnepk 566.666 puocl`etk. Dlg eguc 5<1< clste vecnrlcnr ae`tnrucul dk lmpe`t ec rkvlstkcnr
`ntetk dk LPL kstk puocl`etĀ Şl e`tueclzetĀ eguec çg Hnurgec @ltetlng _kpnrts(H@_) ‐ bttp8//s`lkg`k.tbnmsngrkutkrs.`nm/`ltetlnglmpe`t`kgtkr/.
Acuxuc prlg`lpec ec cltkreturll ŞtllgŠlal`k çc `ngstltulk rkvlstkck mngltnrlzetk.
Qecnerke ugkl e`tlvltĀŠl dk `kr`kterk algeclzetk kstk çg dlrk`tĀ dkpkgdkgŠĀ dk
vecnerke rkvlstkl dk spk`lecltetk çg `erk eu anst puocl`etk rkzuctetkck noŠlgutkY1]. Dlg eguc ?662 çg dks`rlkrke oloclnjreal`Ā e ertl`nckcnr dlg rkvlstk çga nrmet kck`trngl` gnl lgdl`Ām Şl ae`tnruc dk lmpe`t ec rkvlstkl (Aes`. 1-2).
Dk ce saïrŞltuc egucul ?66: `u ae`tnruc dk lmpe`t `ng`urkezĀ P@Lmejn
Hnurgec & @nugtry _egi (PH_), `rket dk `kr`ktĀtnrll dk ce @ngskhn Pupkrlnrdk Lgvkstlje`lngks @lkgtíal`es (@PL@), [glvkrsltetke dlg Jregede,
Kxtrkmedure, @ercns LLL (Medrld) Şl dk Ec`ecå dk Bkgerks ‐ bttp8//www.s`lmejnhr.`nm. E`kst pnrtec lg`cudk 5:666 dk rkvlstk ŞtllgŠlal`klgdl`etnerk, dkzvnctet dlg lganrmeŠllck `uprlgsk çg oeze dk detk P`npus®(Kcskvlkr OQ). P`npus kstk n oezĀ dk detk dk rkzumetk Şl `ltetk pkgtruertl`nck dlg rkvlstk e`edkml`k ‐ bttp8//www.lgan.s`npus.`nm/. Lgdl`etnrll
rkvlstkcnr sk `ec`uckezĀ, utlclzïgd ug ecjnr ltm slmlcer `u Jnnjck Vejk_egiℯ.Vejk_egi kstk ug ae`tnr ancnslt ce `ec`ucerke regjucul ugkl pejlgl Zko, `erk
dkplgdk dk gumeruc Şl dk Vejk_egiuc pejlglcnr `erk eu tegjkgŠk `urkspk`tlve pejlgĀ Zko. GnŠlugke Vejk_egi prnvlgk dk ce gumkck
lganrmetl`leguc emkrl`eg Cerry Vejk, `erk e dkzvnctet ecjnrltmuc ce
[glvkrsltetke Pteganrd Y:]. P@Lmejn Hnurgec _egi (PH_) sk oezkezĀ pktregsakruc dk prkstljlu dk ce n rkvlstĀ ce ecte, esljuret dk rkakrlgŠkck pk `erk n
rkvlstĀ ck ae`k dk ce uge ce ecte Şl ce ke çgsĀŞl. Lgdl`etnrll PH_ sk oezkezĀ pk
`ltĀrlck dlg uctlmll trkl egl. Oeze dk detk P@Lmejn Hnurgec & @nugtry _egi
pkrmltk utlclzetnrlcnr sĀ jkgkrkzk jretult `lterke stetlstl`lcnr puocl`etk Şl sĀkxprlmk cu`rĀrlck dk `kr`kterk.
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
1:
Ae`tnruc dk lmpe`t Şl lgdl`etnrll P@Lmejn trkoulk studleŠl `ngsldkrïgdregjuc rkvlstkl çg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkcnr dk `erk eperŠlgk rkvlste.
?0 leguerlk ?656 P`npus e cegset lgdl`etnruc gnu pkgtru kvecuerke
rkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k ‐ Pnur`k Gnrmeclzkd Lmpe`t pkr Vepkr (PGLV), `rket dk prnaksnruc Bkgi A. Mnkd (@kgtrk anr P`lkg`k egd Tk`bgncnjy Ptudlks,
Ckldkg [glvkrslty). Lgdl`etnruc PGLV kstk dkalglt `e repnrtuc dlgtrk _ew
Lmpe`t pkr Vepkr (_LV) ‐ gumĀruc mkdlu dk `ltĀrl ce cu`rerl puocl`etk çgtr -nrkvlste pk per`ursuc `kcnr trkl egl egtkrlnrl, gntet `e lmpe`tuc orut” ec rkvlstkl
Şl _kcetlvk Deteoesk @ltetlng Vntkgtlec (_D@V) ‐ pntkgŠlecuc dk `lterk ecrkvlstkl çg dnmkgluc sĀu. Ke erk drkpt s`np sĀ pkrmltk `nmpererke dlrk`tĀ esurskcnr çg dlakrltk dnmkgll ‐ bttp8//www.hnurgeclgdl`etnrs.`nm/.
Çg prn`ksuc kceonrĀrll oucktlgucul K`ncnjle, strksuc, edepterke” eu anst
`ngsuctetk 551 rkvlstk ŞtllgŠlal`k çg anrmet kck`trngl`. Clste rkvlstkcnr e anstec`ĀtultĀ çg `nganrmltetk `u gumĀruc ertl`nckcnr lg`cusk çg oucktlguc tkmetl`
(Aes`. 5-2).
Vkgtru alk`erk rkvlstĀ sugt lgdl`etk8 ae`tnruc dk lmpe`t ec rkvlstkl (?6629regjuc rkvlstkl dlgtrk 5?4 dk rkvlstk dlg `etkjnrle K`ncnjlk”, 510 dk rkvlstkdlg `etkjnrle ŗtllgŠkck mkdlucul emolegt” kt`. (LPL Hnurgec @ltetlng _kpnrts®_egilgj, Tbnmsng _kutkrs)9 lgdl`etnruc P@Lmejn (?662)9 regjuc dlgtrk ?56
rkvlstk dlg `etkjnrle K`ncnjlk”, ?;5 dk rkvlstk dlg `etkjnrle ŗtllgŠkckmkdlucul emolegt” kt`. (P@Lmejn Hnurgec & @nugtry _egi)9 lgdl`etnruc
PGLV (?662) (Teokcuc 5). Eu anst utlclzetk rkzuctetkck dlg oezk dk detk8 PH_
(P@Lmejn Hnurgec & @nugtry _egi) ‐ bttp8//www.s`lmejnhr.`nm/hnurgecregi.pbp Y2]9 PGLV (@ZTP Hnurgec
Lgdl`etnrs) ‐ bttp8//www.hnurgeclgdl`etnrs.`nm/Pker`bHnurgec.espx Y<].
Dknerk`k e``ksuc ce Hnurgec @ltetlng _kpnrts® _egilgj sk kak`tukezĀ
`ngtre pcetĀ, e anst utlclzetĀ lganrmeŠle dksprk ae`tnrll dk lmpe`t Şl regjurl dlg
rkvlstkck studletk.
Çg pnalde aeptucul `Ā rkvlstkck dk oezĀ `u `kc mel merk ae`tnr dk lmpe`t
H@_ (Hnurgec @ltetlng _kpnrts®, Tbnmsng _kutkrs) sugt slmlcerk `u PH_(P@Lmejn Hnurgec & @nugtry _egi), kxlstĀ dlakrkgŠk, `erk pnt al kxpcl`etk
prlg aeptuc `Ā rkvlstkck pnpucerk eu ug ae`tnr dk lmpe`t (H@_) mel merk, der
eu ae`tnrl mel ml`l dk prkstljlu ŞtllgŠlal`, çg tlmp `k rkvlstkck dk prkstljlu pnt
al mel puŠlg `ltetk, der eu ug lgdl`etnr mel merk çg PH_ Y56].
Detkck oloclnmktrl`k pkrmlt dktkrmlgerke `kr`ucul gu`cker” ec rkvlstkcnr , pkgtru alk`erk dnmkglu ec ŞtllgŠkl. @ngsldkrïgd emoll ae`tnrl, e anst ec`ĀtultĀn clstĀ dlg 0: dk rkvlstk dlg `etkjnrle K`ncnjlk” Şl ?2 dk rkvlstk dlg `etkjnrle
ŗtllgŠkck mkdlucul emolegt”8 ?; rkvlstk (Kcskvlkr), 52 rkvlstk (Zlcky-
Oce`iwkcc), 5; rkvlstk (Pprlgjkr) kt`. Dlg e`kstk rkvlstk sugt skck`tetk 50:2
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
12
dk ertl`nck (1<%) dlg ?665 ertl`nck kck`trngl`k dks`rlsk pkgtru `kck 2
aes`l`uck eck oucktlgucul (Teokcuc ?).
Egeclzïgd clste rkvlstkcnr , putkm `ngstete `Ā e`kstk rkvlstk lgtrĀ çg tnpuc
`kcnr mel `ltltk 566 dk rkvlstk lgtkrgeŠlngeck dlg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkcnrk`ncnjl`k, `ngsldkretk drkpt `kc mel lmpnrtegt `urkgt ec cltkreturll Ştllgtlal`k
mngdleck, rkeclzet dupĀ n skrlk dk `rltkrll strl`tk. [tlclzerke ae`tnrucul dk
lmpe`t (LPL), e lgdl`etnrlcnr P@Lmejn Hnurgec _egi, PGLV drkpt mĀsurĀ dk`ecltetk kstk anertk rĀspïgdltĀ, kxpcl`eŠle allgd aeptuc `Ā gnl evkm `kck mel
ougk rkvlstk dk spk`lecltetk çg nrl`k dnmkglu. _etkck dk `lterk eck cu`rĀrlcnrlgdlvldueck sugt pnzltlv `nrkcetk `u regjuc r kvlstkl çg `erk sugt puocl`etk.
@kr`ktĀrlck oloclnmktrl`k `u utlclzerke oezkcnr dk detk ng-clgk, `e anrmk
gnl dk prkcu`rerk egecltl`Ā e puocl`eŠllcnr, pkrmlt spnrlrke skmgl`etlvĀ e
`ecltĀŠll çg esljurerke lganrmeŠlngec-oloclnjreal`Ā dnmkgllcnr ŞtllgŠkl.
_KAK_LGůK OLOCLNJ_EAL@K8
5. D[@E, Jbknrjbk. @ngtrlouŠll ce sn`lktetke oezetĀ pk `ugneŞtkrk(Ignwckdjk Pn`lkty). @b., ?66:, p. ?61-?56.
?. ЛПХЯВАНЛЛПЖ, А.Ж.9 КЛГХИЗП, Ж.В. Нзпщл ялндлнсвв п цжкпвяввгвцзпзаз цщниж нжрънщы орейвижсвм ‐ цзйу в глхяз евейвзяли. Lg8
Нжрънщл в ялынвълхивл евейвзялив. ?664, gr ;, p. 5;-?1.
0. K`ncnjle, strksuc, edepterke8 ouc. tkmetl`. Ec`Āt. Cldle XEPEQLů@BL. @b.,?66;-?66<. Aes`. 5 ‐ 2. Dlspnglolc8 www.emclo.lgan
4. JCÄGXKC, Z. Oloclnmktrl`s es e rksker`b alkcd 8 e `nursk ng tbknry egd
eppcl`etlng na oloclnmktrl` lgdl`etnrs Yngclgk]. @nursk Begdnuts, ?660. 55;
p. Y`ltet ?;.56.?66<]. Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.gnrscls.gkt/?664/Olo^Mnduck^I[C.
;. JE_ALKCD, Kujkgk. Tbk Blstnry egd Mkeglgj na tbk Hnurgec Lmpe`t
Ae`tnr. Lg8 Hnurgec na tbk Emkrl`eg Mkdl`ec Essn`letlng Yngclgk]. ?661, vnc.
?<;, gr 5 Y`ltet ?;.56.?66<], p. <6-<0. Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.jeralkcd.clorery.upkgg.kdu/pepkrs/hemehla?661.pda 1. PLTE_[, @.9 PXKDCE@PKI, P. K. _kckvegŠe ae`tnrucul dk lmpe`t ec
hurgeckcnr çg kvecuerke `kr`ktĀrll ŞtllgŠlal`k oln-mkdl`eck. Lg8 Ptktns`np
Yngclgk]. ?661, gr 42 Y`ltet ?;.56.?66<]. Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.stktns`np.rn/erblve/?661/42/
:. Vejk_egi Yngclgk]. Y`ltet ?;.56.?66<]. Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//kg.wlilpkdle.nrj/wlil/Vejk_egi
2. P@LMEJN (?662). PH_ ‐ P@Lmejn Hnurgec & @nugtry _egi Yngclgk].
_ktrlkvkd Akoruery 56, ?656 Y`ltet 56.6?.?656]. Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.s`lmejnhr.`nm/hnurgecregi.pbp
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
1<
<. @ZTP Hnurgec Lgdl`etnrs Yngclgk]. Y`ltet ?5.6?.?656]. Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.hnurgeclgdl`etnrs.`nm/Pker`bHnurgec.espx
56. AECEJEP, M.K.9 IN[_EGNP, Q.D.9 E_KG@LOLE-HN_JK, _.9
IE_EJKN_JNVN[CNP, D.K. @nmperlsng na P@Lmejn hnurgec regi
lgdl`etnr wltb hnurgec lmpe`t ae`tnr. Lg8 Tbk Naal`lec Hnurgec na Tbk
Akdkretlng na Emkrl`eg Pn`lktlks anr Kxpkrlmkgtec Olncnjy Yngclgk]. ?662,
vnc. ??, gr 2 Y`ltet ?;.56.?66<], p. ?1?0-?1?2. Dlspnglolc8
bttp8//www.aeskoh.nrj/`jl/`ngtkgt/aucc/??/2/?1?0
Teokcuc 5. _kvlstkck ŞtllgŠlal`k ereghetk dupĀ gumĀruc ertl`nckcnr
lg`cusk çg oucktlguc tkmetl`
Dkgumlrke rkvlstkl
Grert.
çgouc.K`nc.
Lmpe`tAe`tnr
?662
LPL Hnurgec@ltetlng
_kpnrts®_egilgj
/5?4 (K`ncnjy)
/510
(Kgv. P`l)/5;; (Vcegt P`l.)
PH_ P@Lmejn
?662
P@LmejnHnurgec _egi
?56 (K`ncnjy)?;5
(Kgv. P`l.)5;1
(K`ncnjy, Kvnc.Okbev. & Pyst.)?<6(Vcegt P`l)
PGLV
?662
5.K`ncnjy Ckttkrs (Zlcky-
ce`iwkcc):< <.0<?
4/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,<61
?/?56
(K`ncnjy)4,;5
?.P`lkg`k na Tbk Tntec
gvlrngmkgt (Kcskvlkr);2 ?.;:<
00/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,5?1
00/?;5
(Kgvlrng. P`l)5,;<
0.K`ncnjl`ec Mndkcclgj
(Kcskvlkr);2 ?.5:1
42/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,6<:
42/?56
(K`ncnjy)5,;;
.Nk`ncnjle (Pprlgjkr) 4< 0.66205/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,?54
?0/?56(K`ncnjy)
?,5:
;.Kgvlrngmkgtec Vnccutlng
(Kcskvlkr)41 0.50;
??/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,54;
?4/?;5
(Kgvlrng. P`l)?,6<
1.Jcnoec K`ncnjy &
lnjknjrepby (Zlcky-
ce`iwkcc)
0; ;.064:/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,0<2
5?/?56
(K`ncnjy)?,;4
.Hnurgec na Eppclkd`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
0; 4.;1651/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,?6?
?;/?56(K`ncnjy)
?,<:
2.Vcegt & Pnlc (Pprlgjkr) 0; 5.<<2:/05(Ejrl`.,
Pnlc P`l.)6,56;
0/;:(Pnlc P`l.)
5,42
<.Trkgds lg K`ncnjy &vncutlng (Kcskvlkr)
06 55.<64 ?/5?4(K`ncnjy)
5,420
?/5;1
(K`ncnjy,Kvnc. Okbev.)
1,?;
56.Kgvlrngmkgtec
l`rnolncnjy (Zlcky-
ce`iwkcc)
?< 4.:6:51/<5
(Ml`rnolnc.)6,4;6
0/?;5
(Kgv. P`l)5,<4
55.K`njrepby (Zlcky-ce`iwkcc)
?< 4.6<<?6/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,?55
?4/?56(K`ncnjy)
?,02
5?.Eppclkd Pnlc K`ncnjy(Kcskvlkr)
?< ?.?4: - 6,55;44/?56
(K`ncnjy)5,<0
50.Olndlvkrslty &
@ngskrvetlng (Pprlgjkr)
?< 5.4:0
14/5?4(K`ncnjy)
:</510(Kgvlrng. P`l)
6,6:1
;</?56(K`ncnjy)
:6/?;5(Kgvlrng. P`l)
5,62
54.Kgvlrngmkgtec Bkectb ?: 1.5?6 ?/510 6,4?? 4/?;5 ?,5:
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
:6
krspk`tlvks (Kgvlrng. P`l) (Kgvlrng. P`l)
5;.AKMP Ml`rnolncnjy
`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)?: 0.00;
?;/<5
(Ml`rnolnc.)6,?02
?6/?56
(K`ncnjy)5,26
51.Hnurgec na Vbyslncnjy
(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc) ?;4.14<
:/:4
(Vbyslncnjy)6,:;0
55/5?<
(Vbyslncnjy)5,:5
5:.Jcnoec @begjk Olncnjy(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
?4 ;,2:1
0/510(Kgvlrng. P`l)
;/5?4(K`ncnjy)
6,41?
?/?;5(Kgvlrng. P`l)
:/?56(K`ncnjy)
?,<4
52.@ngskrvetlng Olncnjy(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
?4 4.:6;
;/510(Kgvlrng. P`l)
50/5?4
(K`ncnjy)
6,?11
55/?;5(Kgvlrng. P`l)
52/?56
(K`ncnjy)
?,12
5<.Hnurgec na Eglmec
`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)?4 4.??6
5</5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,05;
54/?56
(K`ncnjy)?,::
?6.Jcnoec Kgvlrngmkgtec
@begjk (Kcskvlkr)?4 0.<;;
</510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,52<
5:/?;5
(Kgvlrng. P`l)0,5?
?5.Aug`tlngec K`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
?4 0.1<<?5/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,?41
5</?56(K`ncnjy)
?,61
??.Kgvlrngmkgtgtkrgetlngec (Kcskvlkr)
?4 0.;515;/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,515
??/?;5(Kgvlrng. P`l)
?,?<
?0.Dlvkrslty&
lstrloutlngs (Zlcky-ce`iwkcc)
?4 0.441?:/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,5<4
?1/?56
(K`ncnjy)5,<6
?4.Etmnspbkrl`
gvlrngmkgt (Kcskvlkr)?4 ?.2<6
?:/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,542
?0/?;5
(Kgvlrng. P`l)5,10
?;.Ml`rnolec K`ncnjy(Pprlgjkr)
?4 ?.22;0;/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,52<
?2/?56(K`ncnjy)
5,42
?1.@bkmnspbkrk (Kcskvlkr) ?0 0.6;4 ?0/510(Kgvlrng. P`l) 6,544 ?;/?;5(Kgvlrng. P`l) 5,26
?:.Pnlc Olncnjy &ln`bkmlstry (Kcskvlkr)
?0 ?.<?1 - 6,5450;/?56
(K`ncnjy)?,50
?2.Kgvlrngmkgtec P`lkg`k& Vnccutlng _ksker`b(Pprlgjkr)
?0 ?.4<?0;/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,6<1
;1/?;5
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,<5
?<.Zetkr, Elr, & Pnlcnccutlng (Pprlgjkr)
?05.0<2
5;/16(Zetkr _ks.)
6,610<?/?;5
(Kgvlrng. P`l)5,6?
06.Kgvlrngmkgtec
egejkmkgt (Pprlgjkr)
?05.56<
564/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,6;;
562/?;5
Kgvlrng. P`l)5,55
05.Kgvlrngmkgtec
ngltnrlgj & Esskssmkgt(Pprlgjkr)
?0 5.60;/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l) 6,610<4/?;5
( Kgvlrng. P`l) 6,1:
0?.Trkgds lg Vcegt P`lkg`k(Kcskvlkr)
??<.?56
/5;;(Vcegt P`l.)
5,:?4?5/?64
(Jkgktl`s)0,:2
00.@urrkgt Nplglng lg
cegt Olncnjy (Kcskvlkr)5< 2.122
/5;;
(Vcegt P`l.)5,24:
0/?<6
(Vcegt P`l.)0,61
04.Hnurgec na K`ncnjy
(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)5< 4.?1?
5:/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,?21
51/?56
(K`ncnjy)0,60
0;.Olncnjl ec @ngskrvetlng(Kcskvlkr)
5< 0.;11?4/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,5:0
00/5;1
(K`ncnjy,Kvnc., Okbev.)
?,0;
01.@clmetl` @begjk
(Pprlgjkr) 5< 0.?6?
?6/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l) 6,?6<
5;/?;5
(Kgvlrng. P`l) ?,610:.Egguec _kvlkws na 52 56.515 0/5?4 5,02< 5/?56
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
:5
`ncnjy, Kvncutlng &Pystkmetl`
(K`ncnjy) (K`ncnjy) 1,01
02. K`nsystkms (Pprlgjkr) 52 0.0:1?</5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,520
?</?56
(K`ncnjy)5,2:
0<. Oesl` & Eppclkd
`ncnjy (Kcskvlkr) 52 ?.;24
4?/5?4
(K`ncnjy) 6,5?2
0:/?56
(K`ncnjy) 5,;<
6.Kgvlrngmkgtecksker`b Ckttkrs (Lgstltutk
na Vbysl`s)5: 5.:5<
:6/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,5?;
;/45(_kgkw.Kgkrjy, &Kgvlrng.)
6,24
5.Kgvlrngmkgtec Lmpe`tsskssmkgt _kvlkw
(Kcskvlkr)5: 5.?6;
/510(Kgvlrng. P`l)
6,616
54/45(_kgkw.Kgkrjy, &Kgvlrng.)
5,:2
?.Arngtlkrs lg K`ncnjy &bk Kgvlrngmkgt (K`nc.
Pn`. na Emkrl`e)
5; ;.61;
</5?4(K`ncnjy)
4/510(Kgvlrng. P`l)
6,46?55/?56
(K`ncnjy)?,54
0.Hnurgec nalnjknjrepby(Zlcky-
ce`iwkcc)
5; 4.;11 5;/5?4(K`ncnjy)
6,?5; ??/?56(K`ncnjy)
?,5;
4.K`ncnjl`ec K`ngnml`s(Kcskvlkr)
5; 5.<5?;0/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,62?
1?/5;1
(K`ncnjy,Kvnc., Okbev.)
5,;<
;.Egguec _kvlkw na Vcegt
lncnjy54 ??.5<?
5/5;;
(Vcegt P`l.)0,24;
5/?<6
(Vcegt P`l.)2,?2
1.@rltl`ec _kvlkws lg
gvlrngmkgtec P`lkg`k &
k`bgncnjy(Teycnr&Areg`ls)
54 :.46<5/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,?41
5?/?;5
(Kgvlrng. P`l)0,4<
:.@rltl`ec _kvlkws nacegt P`l. (Teycnr&Areg`ls) 54 1.?61 :/5;;(Vcegt P`l.) 6,105 2/?<6(Vcegt P`l.) 0,52
2.Egguec _kvlkws nagvlrngmkgtec &
ksnur`ks
54 4.11:1/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,;<6
5/45(_kgkw.Kgkrjy, &
Kgvlrng.) 0,16
<.Ejrl`ucturk, K`nsystkms& Kgvlrngmkgt (Kcskvlkr)
54 ?.22401/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,5?4
45/?56(K`ncnjy)
?,52
;6. K`ncnjl`ec Lgdl`etnrs
(Kcskvlkr)54 5.<24
/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,612
:?/5;1(K`ncnjy,
Kvnc., Okbev.)5,4?
;5. Kgvlrngmkgtec
ksker`b (Kcskvlkr)
50 0.602?4/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)
6,52;?6/?;5
(Kgvlrng. P`l)
5,42
;?.Kgvlrngmkgtecndkcclgj & Pnatwerk
(Kcskvlkr)
50 ?.1;<05/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,6::
1:/?;5
(Kgvlrng. P`l)?,62
;0.K`ntnxl`ncnjy &
gvlrngmkgtec Peakty
(Kcskvlkr)
50 ?.;<60?/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,556
4;/?;5(Kgvlrng. P`l)
5,1;
;4.Zetkr _ksker`b(Kcskvlkr)
5?0.;2:
50/510(Kgvlrng. P`l)
6,5:24/4: (Kertb-Pura. Vrn`.)
?,;4
;;.Mnck`ucer K`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
55 ;.0?;1/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6.0<6
50/?56(K`ncnjy)
?,:1
;1. Hnurgec na
gvlrngmkgtecegejkmkgt (Kcskvlkr)
55 5.:<411/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l) 6,6:526/?;5
(Kgvlrng. P`l) 5,05
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
:?
;:. K`ncnjl`ec @nmpckxlty(Kcskvlkr)
55 5.4;;1:/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,5?0
4?/?56(K`ncnjy)
6,22
;2.Kgvlrngmkgtec
@bkmlstry Ckttkrs(Pprlgjkr)
55 5.01122/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6.6:4
4?/<6
(Kgvlrng.@bkm.)
6,;4
;<.Vcegt, @kcc &gvlrngmkgt (Zlcky-
ce`iwkcc)
56 4.11156/5;;
(Vcegt P`l.)6,4:;
5?/?<6
(Vcegt P`l.)?,;5
16.Eglmec @ngskrvetlng(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
< ?.;2:45/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,555
4;/?56(K`ncnjy)
5,;:
15. E`te Nk`ncnjl`e(Kcskvlkr)
< 5.4;111/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,6::
12/5;1(K`ncnjy,
Kvnc., Okbev.)5,56
1?.AKMP Ml`rnolncnjy
kvlkws(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)2 :.<10
2/<5
(Ml`rnolnc.)5,0:4
1/564
(Ml`rnolnc.)4,55
10.Vkrspk tlvks lg Vcegt
`ncnjy, Kvncutlng &Pystkmetl`s (Kcskvlkr)
2 0.126??/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,?62
?:/5;1
(K`ncnjy,Kvnc., Okbev.)
?,2;
14.Equetl` Tnxl`ncnjy
(Kcskvlkr)2 0,;5: - 6,510
55/542
(Equetl` P`l) 5,;:
1;.K`ntnxl`ncnjy(Pprlgjkr)
2 ?.0;;02/510
(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,564
42/?;5(Kgvlrng. P`l)
5,5;
11.Cegds`epk K`ncnjy(Pprlgjkr)
: ?.4;040/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,5?;
46/?56(K`ncnjy)
5,2<
1:.Hnurgec na @bkml`ec
`ncnjy (Pprlgjkr): ?.0?:
41/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,5;2
0?/?56
(K`ncnjy)5,04
12.Kurnpkeg Hnurgec nPnlc P`lkg`k (Zlcky-
ce`iwkcc)
: ?.?46 4/05(Ejrl`uct., Pnlc
P`l.)
6,6<;;/;:
(Pnlc P`l)5,:<
1<._kstnretlng K`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
: 5.2<?;;/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,625
;;/?56(K`ncnjy)
5,00
6.Vcegt K`ncnjy
(Pprlgjkr): 5.:06
/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,624
;4/?56
(K`ncnjy)5,0;
5.Vkdnolncnjle (Kcskvlkr) : 5.4;512/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,6:2
;2/?56(K`ncnjy)
5,?2
?.Equetl` K`ncnjy(Pprlgjkr)
: 5.56;21/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,6;<
:0/?56(K`ncnjy)
5,5<
Teokcuc ?. _kvlstkck ŞtllgŠlal`k çg dnmkgllck ŞtllgŠkcnr k`ncnjl`k Şl eckmkdlucul emolegt ereghetk çg `nganrmltetk `u ae`tnruc dk lmpe`t
K`ncnjy`ec P`lkg`ks Hnurgec
Dkgumlrke rkvlstkl
Grert.çg
ouc.K`nc.
Lmpe`t
Ae`tnr
?662
LPL Hnurgec@ltetlng
_kpnrts®_egilgj
/5?4 (K`ncnjy)
PH_P@Lmejn
?662
P@LmejnHnurgec _egi
/?56 (K`ncnjy)/5;1(K`ncnjy,Kvncutlng, Okbev.& Pystkm.)
PGLV
?662
5.Trkgds lg K`ncnjy &vncutlng (Kcskvlkr)
06 55.<64?/5?4
(K`ncnjy)5,420
?/5;1(K`ncnjy,Kvncutlng)
1,?;
?.Egguec _kvlkws na`ncnjy, Kvncutlng &
52 56.515 0/5?4(K`ncnjy)
5,02< 5/?56(K`ncnjy) 1,01
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
:0
Pystkmetl`
0.K`ncnjy Ckttkrs
(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc):< <.0<?
4/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,<61
?/?56
(K`ncnjy)4,;5
.Jcnoec @begjk Olncnjy
(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)?4 ;,2:1
;/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,41?
:/?56
(K`ncnjy)?,<4
;.Mnck`ucer K`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
55 ;.0?;1/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6.0<6
50/?56(K`ncnjy)
?,:1
1.Jcnoec K`ncnjy &
lnjknjrepby (Zlcky-
ce`iwkcc)
0; ;.064:/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,0<2
5?/?56
(K`ncnjy)?,;4
.Arngtlkrs lg K`ncnjy &bk Kgvlrngmkgt (K`nc.
Pn`. na Emkrl`e)
5; ;.61; </5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,46?
55/?56(K`ncnjy)
?,54
2.@ngskrvetlng Olncnjy(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
?4 4.:6;50/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,?11
52/?56(K`ncnjy)
?,12
<.Hnurg. na Olnjknjrepby(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
5; 4.;115;/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,?5;
??/?56(K`ncnjy)
?,5;
56.Hnurgec na Eppclkd`ncnjy(Zlcky-
ce`iwkcc)
0; 4.;1651/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,?6?
?;/?56
(K`ncnjy)?,<:
55.Hnurgec na K`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
5< 4.?1?5:/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,?21
51/?56(K`ncnjy)
0,60
5?.Hnurgec na Eglmec`ncnjy(Zlcky-
ce`iwkcc)
?4 4.??65</5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,05;
54/?56(K`ncnjy)
?,::
50.K`njrepby (Zlcky-
ce`iwkcc)?< 4.6<<
?6/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,?55
?4/?56
(K`ncnjy)?,02
54.Aug`tlngec K`ncnjy
(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
?4 0.1<<?5/5?4
(K`ncnjy)
6,?415</?56
(K`ncnjy)
?,61
5;.Vkrspk tlvks lg Vcegt`ncnjy, Kvncutlng &
Pystkmet. (Kcskvlkr)2 0.126
??/5?4(K`ncnjy)
6,?62
?:/5;1(K`ncnjy,Kvncutlng)
?,2;
51.Olncnjl`ec
@ngskrvetlng (Kcskvlkr)5< 0.;11
?4/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,5:0
00/5;1(K`ncnjy,Kvncutlng)
?,0;
5:.Dlvkrslty &lstrloutlngs (Zlcky-
ce`iwkcc)
?4 0.441?:/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,5<4
?1/?56(K`ncnjy)
5,<6
52. K`nsystkms
(Pprlgjkr)52 0.0:1
?</5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,520
?</?56
(K`ncnjy)5,2:
5<.AKMP Ml`rnolncnjy`ncnjy (Zlcky-ce`iwkcc)
?: 0.00;?;/<5
(Ml`rnolnc.)6,?02
?6/?56
(K`ncnjy)5,26
?6.Nk`ncnjle (Pprlgjkr) 4< 0.66205/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,?54
?0/?56
(K`ncnjy)?,5:
?5. Pnlc Olncnjy &ln`bkmlstry (Kcskvlkr)
?0 ?.<?1 - 6,5450;/?56
(K`ncnjy)?,50
??.Ml`rnolec K`ncnjy(Pprlgjkr)
?4 ?.22;0;/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,52<
?2/?56(K`ncnjy)
5,42
?0.Ejrl`ucturk,`nsystkms &
gvlrngmkgt (Kcskvlkr)
54 ?.22401/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,5?4
45/?56
(K`ncnjy)?,52
?4.Eglmec @ngskrvetlng(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
< ?.;2: 45/5?4(K`ncnjy)
6,555 4;/?56(K`ncnjy)
5,;:
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
:4
?;. Oesl` & Eppclkd`ncnjy (Kcskvlkr)
52 ?.;244?/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,5?2
0:/?56(K`ncnjy)
5,;<
?1.Cegds`epk K`ncnjy
(Pprlgjkr): ?.4;0
40/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,5?;
46/?56
(K`ncnjy)5,2<
?:.Hnurgec na @bkml`ec
`ncnjy (Pprlgjkr) : ?.0?:
41/5?4
(K`ncnjy) 6,5;2
0?/?56
(K`ncnjy) 5,04
?2.Eppclkd Pnlc K`ncnjy(Kcskvlkr)
?< ?.?4: - 6,55;44/?56
(K`ncnjy)5,<0
?<.K`ncnjl`ec Mndkcclgj
(Kcskvlkr);2 ?.5:1
42/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,6<:
42/?56
(K`ncnjy)5,;;
06.K`ncnjl`ec K`ngnml`s(Kcskvlkr)
5; 5.<5?;0/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,62?
1?/5;1(K`ncnjy,
Kvncutlng)5,;<
05._kstnretlng K`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
: 5.2<?;;/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,625
;;/?56(K`ncnjy)
5,00
0?.Vcegt K`ncnjy(Pprlgjkr)
: 5.:06;2/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,624
;4/?56(K`ncnjy)
5,0;
00.Olndlvkrslty &@ngskrvetlng (Pprlgjkr)
?< 5.4:014/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,6:1
;</?56(K`ncnjy)
5,62
04. E`te Nk`ncnjl`e(Kcskvlkr)
< 5.4;111/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,6::
12/5;1(K`ncnjy,Kvncutlng)
5,56
0;. K`ncnjl`ec@nmpckxlty (Kcskvlkr)
55 5.4;;1:/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,5?0
4?/?56(K`ncnjy)
6,22
01.Vkdnolncnjle
(Kcskvlkr): 5.4;5
12/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,6:2
;2/?56
(K`ncnjy)5,?2
0:.Equetl` K`ncnjy(Pprlgjkr)
2 5.56;21/5?4
(K`ncnjy)6,6;<
:0/?56(K`ncnjy)
5,5<
Kgvlrngmkgtec P`lkg`ks Hnurgecs
Dkgumlrke rkvlstkl
Grert.çg
ouc.K`nc
Lmpe`tAe`tnr
?662
LPL Hnurgec
@ltetlng_kpnrts®_egilgj
/510(Kgvlrng.
P`l)
PH_P@Lmejn
?662
P@Lmejn Hnurgec
_egi/?;5 (Kgv. P`l)/45(_kgkweockKgkrjy, Pust. &
Kgvlrng.)
PGLV
?662
5.@rltl`ec _kvlkws lg
gvlrngmkgtec P`lkg`k &
k`bgnc. (Teycnr&Areg`ls)
54 :.46<5/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,?41
5?/?;5(Kgv. P`l)
0,4<
?.Kgvlrngmkgtec Bkectb
krspk`tlvks?: 1.5?6
?/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,4??
4/?;5
(Kgv. P`l)?,5:
0.Jcnoec @begjk Olncnjy(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)
?4 ;,2:1 0/510(Kgv. P`l)
6,41? ?/?;5(Kgv. P`l)
?,<4
.Arngtlkrs lg K`ncnjy &bk Kgvlrngmkgt (K`nc.
Pn`. na Emkrl`e)
5; ;.61; 4/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,46?
55/?56(K`ncnjy)
?,54
;.Kgvlrngmkgtecl`rnolncnjy (Zlcky-ce`iwkcc)
?< 4.:6:51/<5
(Ml`rnolnc.)6,4;6
0/?;5
(Kgv. P`l)5,<4
1.@ngskrvetlng Olncnjy
(Zlcky-Oce`iwkcc)?4 4.:6;
;/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,?11
55/?;5
(Kgv. P`l)?,12
.Egguec _kvlkws na
gvlrngmkgtec &ksnur`ks 54 4.11:
1/510
(Kgv. P`l) 6,;<6
5/45(_kgkweock
Kgkrjy &Kgvlrng.)
0,16
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
:;
2.Jcnoec Kgvlrngmkgtec@begjk (Kcskvlkr)
?4 0.<;;</510
(Kgv. P`l)6,52<
5:/?;5(Kgv. P`l)
0,5?
<.Zetkr _ksker`b
(Kcskvlkr)
5?0.;2:
50/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,5:2
4/4: (Kertb-
Purae`k Vrn`.) ?,;4
56.Kgvlrngmkgt
gtkrgetlngec (Kcskvlkr) ?4 0.;51
5;/510
(Kgv. P`l) 6,515
??/?;5
(Kgv. P`l) ?,?<
55.@clmetl` @begjk(Pprlgjkr)
5< 0.?6??6/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,?6<
5;/?;5(Kgv. P`l)
?,61
5?.Kgvlrngmkgtec
nccutlng (Kcskvlkr)41 0.50;
??/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,54;
?4/?;5
(Kgv. P`l)?,6<
50.@bkmnspbkrk (Kcskvlkr) ?0 0.6;4?0/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,544
?;/?;5(Kgv. P`l)
5,26
54.Kgvlrngmkgtec
ksker`b (Kcskvlkr)50 0.602
?4/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,52;
?6/?;5
(Kgv. P`l)5,42
5;.Etmnspbkrl`
gvlrngmkgt (Kcskvlkr)?4 ?.2<6
?:/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,542
?0/?;5
(Kgv. P`l)5,10
51.Kgvlrngmkgtecndkcclgj & Pnatwerk
(Kcskvlkr)50 ?.1;< 05/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,6:: 1:/?;5
(Kgv. P`l)?,62
5:.K`ntnxl`ncnjy &gvlrngmkgtec Peakty
(Kcskvlkr)50 ?.;<6
0?/510(Kgv. P`l)
6,5564;/?;5
(Kgv. P`l)5,1;
52.P`lkg`k na Tbk Tntecgvlrngmkgt (Kcskvlkr)
;2 ?.;:<00/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,5?1
00/?;5(Kgv. P`l)
5,;<
5<.Kgvlrngmkgtec P`lkg`k
& Vnccutlng _ksker`b
(Pprlgjkr)
?0 ?.4<?0;/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,6<1
;1/?;5(Kgv. P`l)
6,<5
?6.K`ntnxl`ncnjy
(Pprlgjkr)
2 ?.0;;02/510
(Kgv. P`l)
6,56442/?;5
(Kgv. P`l)
5,5;
?5. K`ncnjl`ec Lgdl`etnrs(Kcskvlkr)
54
5.<24/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,612
:?/5;1(K`ncnjy,
Kvnc., Okbev.)5,4?
??. Hnurgec na Kgvlrngmkgtegejkmkgt (Kcskvlkr)
55 5.:<411/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,6:5
26/?;5(Kgv. P`l)
5,05
?0.Kgvlrngmkgtecksker`b Ckttkrs
(Lgstltutk na Vbysl`s)5:
5.:5<:6/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,5?;
;/45(_kgkweock
Kgkrjy,
& Kgvlrng.)
6,24
?4.Olndlvkrslty &
@ngskrvetlng (Pprlgjkr)?< 5.4:0
:</510
(Kgv. P`l)6,6:1
:6/?;5
(Kgv. P`l)5,62
?;.Zetkr, Elr, & Pnlcnccutlng (Pprlgjkr) ?0
5.0<2 5;/16(Zetkr _ks)
6,610 <?/?;5(Kgv. P`l)
5,6?
?1.Kgvlrngmkgtec@bkmlstry Ckttkrs
(Pprlgjkr)
55 5.01122/510
(Kgv. P`l)6.6:4
4?/<6(Kgv. @bkm.)
6,;4
?:.Kgvlrngmkgtec Lmpe`t& Esskssmkgt _kvlkw(Kcskvlkr)
5:5.?6;
/510(Kgv. P`l)
6,616
54/45(_kgkweock
Kgkrjy,
& Kgvlrng.)
5,:2
?2.Kgvlrngmkgtec
egejkmkgt (Pprlgjkr) ?05.56<
564/510
(Kgv. P`l)6,6;;
562/?;5
(Kgv. P`l)5,55
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BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď
:1
MNDK_GLXE_KE PK_QL@LLCN_ DK LGAN_ME_K E
@LTLTN_LCN_ ‐ [G LMVK_ETLQ EC TLMV[C[L
ME_LE VNVKP@[C, QECKGTLGE T@E@KG@N, TEME_E ME_LEG
Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
Tkbgncnjle lganrmeŠlkl lmpugk `krlgŠk gnl Şl s`blmoĀrl çg oloclntk`e. Çg ertl`nc skkvldkgŠlezĀ mnmkgtkck gnl lmpnrtegtk per`ursk dk Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg” çgmndkrglzerke e`tlvltĀŠll seck, çg spk`lec e sk`tnrucul `etecnjerke Şl `ceslal`erke
cltkreturll prlg kxtlgdkrke pnslolcltĀŠlcnr eck rkjĀslrke lganrmeŠlkl çg `etecnjuckck`trngl`.
Tbk lganrmetlng tk`bgncnjy suppnsks tbk gkw dkmegds egd `begjks lg tbk
clorery. Tbk ertl`ck rkack`ts tbk gkw lmpnrtegt mnmkgts na tbk @kgtrec P`lkgtlal`
Clorery Egdrkl Cupeg” lg tbk prn`kss na mndkrglzetlng na lt„s e`tlvltlks, kspk`leccylg `etecnjlgj egd `cesslal`etlng na tbk puocl`etlngs. Lt mkegs tbk kgcerjkmkgt na tbk
pnslolcltlks na algdlgj tbk lganrmetlng lg tbk kck`trngl` `etecnjuk.
Çg kpn`e tkbgncnjllcnr lganrmeŠlngeck, `ïgd tntuc sk dksaĀsnerĀ çgtr -ug rltm
kxtrenrdlger dk repld Şl ndete `u s`blmoĀrlck `k eu lgtkrvkglt çg sn`lktetk, s-eu
s`blmoet anertk muctk cu`rurl Şl çg Oloclntk`e ŗtllgtlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ e Eŗ e_kpuocl`ll Mncdnve, `erk çg`ker`Ā sĀ rĀspugdĀ `krlgŠkcnr e`tueck, `Ā`l ndetĀ`u kvncuŠle e``kckretĀ e ŞtllgŠkl, gkvnlck dk lganrmetlzerk eck utlclzetnrlcnr`rks` Şl sk dkzvnctĀ çg permegkgŠĀ.
Çg egll „<6, `ïgd çg rkpuocl`Ā e epĀrut prnockme lgtrndu`krll gnlcnrtkbgncnjll lganrmeŠlngeck, Oloclntk`e ŗtllgtlal`Ā e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgtks-e
dk`ls sĀ ae`Ā Şl ke prlmll peŞl çg eutnmetlzerke prn`kskcnr dk cu`ru. E`kceŞl egkstk mer`et dk lgstecerke ugkl rkŠkck lgtkrgk, angdetĀ dk n k`blpĀ dk
prnjremlŞtl dk ce @kgtruc dk @ec`uc ec Eŗ, `erk eu çg`kput egeclze e`tlvltĀŠll
oloclntk`ll çg vkdkrke eutnmetlzĀrll kl. [guc dlg `kck mel sncl`ltetk sk`tnerk cee`kst `epltnc e anst Pkrvl`luc @etecnjerke Şl @ceslal`erke Cltkreturll, `erk e Şlçg`kput lgtrndu`krke lganrmeŠlkl prlvlgd gnlck lgtrĀrl çg oloclntk`Ā. Vereckc, ce
@kgtruc dk @ec`uc ec Eŗ, e anst `rket ug jrup dk `etecnjetnrl dlg oloclntk`Ā,dlrlhet dk Kckge OnŠeg, `erk eu çg`kput lgtrndu`krke cltkreturll rktrnspk`tlvk8e`keste sk aĀ`ke pk oeze alŞkcnr. Çg prkzkgt tnetĀ lganrmeŠle sk eacĀ çg prn`ksdk rkde`terk `nganrm gnucul prnjrem dk eutnmetlzerk U-Pkrlks. Ce mnmkgt
putkm ealrme `u `krtltudlgk `Ā Oŗ@ e anst prlgtrk prlmkck oloclntk`l dlgrkpuocl`Ā `erk e aĀ`ut prlmll peŞl sprk eutnmetlzerke prn`kskcnr dlg
oloclntk`Ā.
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TkgdlgŠe pkrmegkgtĀ e `nck`tlvucul Oloclntk`ll ŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck e Eŗsprk pkrak`Šlngerk e mntlvet dnrlgŠe dk e lmpckmkgte ug prnjrem mel evegsetdk eutnmetlzerk. JreŠlk Vrnlk`tucul dk Eutnmetlzerk, cegset çg e`kc tlmp dk
AugdeŠle PN_NP, e anst prn`uret snatuc lgtkjret dk oloclntk`Ā U-Pkrlks, `erk eanst kceonret çg Merke Orlteglk. Estakc, e çg`kput n ktepĀ mel evegsetĀ çgrkeclzerke lganrmetlzĀrll oloclntk`ll. DupĀ n pkrlnedĀ `nmpcl`etĀ dkŞ`ncerlzerk, s-e çg`kput prkcu`rerke `nmputkrlzetĀ Şl anrmerke oezkl dk detk e
oloclntk`ll. Ce prlme ktepĀ e lmpckmkgtĀrll slstkmucul U-Pkrlks e anst
pceglal`etĀ, pereckc `u gnlck lgtrĀrl, Şl rkeclzerke `ngvkrslkl oezkl dk detk, dkhelgtrndusĀ ce @kgtruc dk @ec`uc Şl `erk sk eacĀ pk oegdk mejgktl`k. E`kestĀ
oezĀ dk detk e anst trlmlsĀ ce LMK _nmïgle (alrme dlstrloultnr dk slstkm
lganrmetl` U-Pkrlks). _kzncverke ser`lgll e `krut mel muct tlmp
dlstrloultnrlcnr slstkmucul, der, çg algec, e anst çg`kputĀ `ngvkrsle oezkl dkdetk, prn`ks, `erk mel gk`ksltĀ tlmp (Şl gu ug eg). Kstk vnroe dksprk ug cu`ruanertk mljĀcns Şl `erk sk kxk`utĀ çg `ngtlguerk ce Pk`tnruc @etecnjerk, çg
pereckc `u prkcu`rerke puocl`eŠllcnr gnl. EstĀzl oeze dk detk e puocl`eŠllcnr lgtretk çg oloclntk`Ā Şl dupĀ
rktrn`ngvkrsle dn`umkgtkcnr kxlstkgtk lgtrndusk `ngŠlgk ?20652 dks`rlkrl oloclnjreal`k Şl kstk pusĀ ce dlspnzlŠle utlclzetnrlcnr prlg Mnducuc [email protected] U-Pkrlks, pk `erk çc utlclzĀm çg prkzkgt, ae`k lganrmeŠle mele``kslolcĀ Şl mel uŞnr dk jkstlnget. Tkbgncnjle prnjremucul U-Pkrlks pkrmltk
noŠlgkrke ugul rĀspugs repld Şl çmougĀtĀŠkŞtk `ecltetke cul, pkrmlŠçgdrkjĀslrke nrl`Ārul dn`umkgt dupĀ8 eutnr, tltcu, gumĀr ugltetk, `ntĀ, vkdktĀ dksuolk`t, `uvegt-`bklk kt`. @etecnjuc kck`trngl` ec oloclntk`ll prkzlgtĀ oeze dkdetk, `nmpusĀ dlg dks`rlkrl oloclnjreal`k stegderdlzetk, `erk pkrmlt `Āuterke
dupĀ kckmkgtk skperetk seu jrupurl dk kckmkgtk. Çgtrndu`ïgd tnetĀ lganrmeŠleçg oeze dk detk, `nceonretnrll skrvl`llcnr rkspk`tlvk sk `ngdu` dk tnetkstegderdkck, rkjuclck Şl gnrmkck çg vljnerk8 Ptegderduc lgtkrgeŠlngec dkdks`rlkrk oloclnjreal`Ā LPOD Şl `kc geŠlngec.
Kstk anertk lmpnrtegt `e utlclzetnruc sĀ-Şl jĀskes`Ā lganrmeŠle dnrltĀ `udetk `ït mel prk`lsk Şl `ït mel repld. Dlg e`kstk `ngsldkrkgtk `etecnjuc,lgdlakrkgt dk anrme cul dk rkde`terk, e anst Şl kstk ug lgstrumkgt dk oezĀ. Kc
prkzlgtĀ ug lgdl`k rkakrltnr ce `ngŠlgutuc `nck`Šllcnr Şl lcustrkezĀ metkrlecuclganrmetlv, eacet çg oloclntk`Ā. ÇgsĀ pïgĀ ce lgtrndu`krke çgtrkjucul angd dkdn`umkgtk çg oeze dk detk (dn`umkgtkck rktrn) okgkak`lerll sugt gkvnlŠl sĀ`ngsuctk Şl `etecnejkck tredlŠlngeck. Dk-e cugjuc eglcnr, `etecnejkck
tredlŠlngeck pk alŞk eu `ngstltult ugl`e sursĀ dk rkack`terk Şl rkjĀslrk elganrmeŠllcnr, e`kstule rkvkglgdu-l ug cn` lmpnrtegt çg dkskrvlrke
utlclzetnrucul. @etecnejkck tredlŠlngeck pk alŞk lg`cud8 `etecnjuc jkgkrec Şl
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`etecnejkck puocl`k, `erk sugt dlvlzetk çg `etecnejk ecaeoktl`k Şl `etecnejk
slstkmetl`k Şl `erk sugt prkzkgtk çg tnetk alcleckck oloclntk`ll. @etecnjucecaeoktl` rkack`tĀ puocl`eŠllck çg nrdlgke ecaeoktl`Ā e eutnrlcnr seu tltcurlcnr.
@etecnjuc slstkmetl` ec lgtrĀrlcnr çg oloclntk`Ā dupĀ eguc 5<<0 kstk stru`turetdupĀ s`bkme dk @ceslal`erk Xk`lmecĀ [glvkrsecĀ (@X[). VïgĀ çg eguc 5<<0`etecnjuc slstkmetl` kstk stru`turet dupĀ s`bkme dk @ceslal`erk Oloclntk`er -Oloclnjreal`Ā (OOI). Çg prkzkgt e`kst `etecnj sk eacĀ çg prn`ksuc dk rkde`terkçg `nganrmltetk `u sbkme @X[.
@nmperïgd çg prkzkgt pnslolcltĀŠlck dk rkjĀslrk e lganrmeŠllcnr çg`etecnejkck tredlŠlngeck `u `kck dlg `etecnjuc kck`trngl`, `erk sk dkzvnctĀ repld
prlg `etecnjerke lgtrĀrlcnr rk`kgtk Şl rktrn`ngvkrslk, putkm ealrme `u
`krtltudlgk `Ā egumk `etecnjuc kck`trngl` nakrĀ n jemĀ mel cerjĀ dk
pnslolcltĀŠl dk rkjĀslrk e lganrmeŠlkl, n `ecltetk mel ougĀ Şl çgtr -ug tlmp muctmel s`urt. De`Ā `etecnejkck tredlŠlngeck nakrĀ lganrmeŠll dksprk dn`umkgt çgspk`lec etug`l `ïgd okgkal`leruc `ugneŞtk `u prk`lzlk eutnruc, `neutnruc, tltcuc,etug`l `etecnjuc kck`trngl` çl nakrĀ pnslolcltĀŠl mel vestk dk e jĀsl lganrmeŠlegk`kserĀ.
@Āuterke çg oeze dk detk pnetk al kak`tuetĀ dupĀ mel muctk `rltkrll8 - eutnr (eutnr-pkrsnegĀ alzl`Ā, eutnr `nck`tlv)9 - tltcu9
- gumk lgtkrgeŠlngec pkgtru `ertk (LPOG) seu skrleck (LPPG)9 - vkdktĀ dk suolk`t9 - `uvlgtk-`bklk9
- gnmkg`cetnruc spk`lecltĀŠlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k (pkgtru eutnrkakretk, tkzk dkdn`tnret)9
- lgdkxuc @X[9
- lgdkxuc J_GTL (Азххрджцхяплннщм Црецвижязц Нжрънз-
Ялынвълхизм Внфзцгжсвв)9 - `nte cn`ecĀ (`nte `larl`Ā)9
- cn`eclzerke dn`umkgtucul.Estakc, çg sltueŠle `rketĀ, `etecnjuc tredlŠlngec e çg`kput sĀ plerdĀ dlg tkrkg
çg aeŠe `etecnjucul kck`trngl`. @u tnetk e`kstke putkm ealrme `Ā Oloclntk`eŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ e Eŗ gu ve rkgugŠe lmkdlet ce `etecnjuc tredlŠlngec. Kgkvnlk çg`Ā dk muct tlmp pkgtru `e okgkal`lerll oloclntk`ll sĀ sk nolŞgules`Ā emïgul gnlck tkbgncnjll lganrmeŠlngeck.
Nrjeglzerke lganrmeŠlkl Şl e``ksuc ce `etecnejkck oloclntk`ll (tredlŠlngec Şlkck`trngl`) kstk esljuret Şl `ngtrncet zlcgl` dk Pkrvl`luc @etecnjerk Şl@ceslal`erk. @etecnjuc trkoulk sĀ alk pkrak`t, allgd`Ā kc kstk `ngsldkret lglme
ŞtllgŠlal`Ā e oloclntk`ll.
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DksaĀŞuregdu-Şl e`tlvltetke pntrlvlt stretkjlkl çg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkl, `ucturll,lganrmeŠlkl, Oŗ@ e EŗM kstk çgtr -n `ngtlguĀ mndkrglzerk e e`tlvltĀŠll seck.
Oŗ@ dkpugk kanrturl susŠlgutk çg dkzvncterke skrvl`llcnr lganrmeŠlngeck
pkgtru utlclzetnrll oloclntk`ll çg `nrkspugdkrk `u gk`ksltĀŠlck cnr dk lganrmerk,çg esljurerke Şl çmougĀtĀŠlrke e``ksucul ce rksursk lganrmeŠlngeck `ït melverletk Şl ce `rkerke çg `ngtlguerk e `ngdlŠllcnr gk`kserk pkgtru utlclzerke cnrkal`lkgtĀ. Ezl lganrmerke `ltltnrlcnr kstk esljuretĀ dk `etecnjuc kck`trngl` Şl
pkrmltk `e alk`erk egjehet ec EŗM, Şl gu gumel, sĀ noŠlgĀ lganrmeŠllckgk`kserk pntrlvlt lgtkrksucul Şl çg tlmp repld.
ÇgsĀ pkgtru e çgdkpclgl `ït mel olgk mlslugke dk dlskmlgerk e lganrmeŠlkl, pkgtru e nakrl skrvl`ll Şl prndusk dk `ecltetk utlclzetnrlcnr, pkgtru e-l etrejk Şle-l mkgŠlgk, Oŗ@ trkoulk sĀ çgtrkprlgdĀ dlvkrsk e`Šlugl prlg `erk sĀ ldkgtlal`k
gkvnlck Şl eŞtkptĀrlck utlclzetnrlcnr etït dlg pug`t dk vkdkrk ec `ngŠlgutucul, `ïtŞl ec mnducul dk aurglzerk e e`kstnre. Dlg e`kstk `ngsldkrkgtk gk -em putke
prnpugk çg vlltnr studlkrke utlclzetnrlcnr prlgtr-ug sngdeh ec nplglkl. Detkck
stetlstl`k egeclzetk, noŠlgutk çg urme sngdehucul, er aurglze lganrmeŠllrkckvegtk prlvlgd utlclzetnrll dk lganrmeŠlk kck`trngl`Ā. E`kceŞl sngdeh gk-er
pkrmltk sĀ dktkrmlgĀm dlal`ucteŠlck Şl noste`nckck çgtïmplgetk dk `Ātrkutlclzetnrl çg e``kserke dlakrltnr jkgurl dk dn`umkgtk. Nplgllck rkspngdkgŠlcnr
prlvlgd setlsae`krke gk`ksltĀŠlcnr cnr dk lganrmerk er sujkre ldkke studlkrllmel vestk e dlakrltnr `etkjnrll dk utlclzetnrl çg `ngtkxtuc rksurskcnrlganrmeŠlngeck kck`trngl`k dk dlakrlt prnalc. Çg `ng`cuzlk, putkm ealrme `usljuregŠĀ `Ā rkzuctetkck noŠlgutk çg urme ugkl eskmkgke `kr`ktĀrl er skrvl ce
prnlk`terke ugnr skrvl`ll Şl prndusk dn`umkgterk lganrmeŠlngeck dk `ecltetk,e`kstke allgd, çg angd, ug lmpkretlv ec tlmpucul.
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@[CT[_E LGAN_MEůLNGECď ÇG @NGTKRT[CMNDK_GLXď_LL DN@[MKGTď_LL ŗTLLGůLAL@K
CLCLE ONDE_KQ
Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
Cu`rerke rkprkzlgtĀ n egeclzĀ prnockmkl dk anrmerk e `ucturll lganrmeŠlngeck çg oloclntk`e e`edkml`Ā. Mndkrglzerke skrvl`llcnr dk eslstkgŠĀ lganrmeŠlngecĀ e`kr`ktĀtnrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`l prksupugk `rkerke Şl prnmnverke ugnr gnl lgstrumkgtk dke``ks ce lganrmeŠlk.
Tbls pepkr prkskgts e study ng tbk lganrmetlng `ucturk anrmlgj wltblg tbk s`npk
na tbk e`edkml` clorery. Tbk lmprnvlgj lganrmetlngec esslsteg`k ng s`lkgtlal`
rksker`b mkegs `rketlng egd prnmntlng na gkw mktbnds egd tnncs tbet wlcc kesk
lganrmetlng e``kss.
Dkzvncterke sn`lktĀŠll lganrmeŠlngeck `ngstltulk uguc dlg nolk`tlvkckstretkjl`k eck Mncdnvkl pkgtru urmĀtnrll egl, prk`um Şl uge dlg ktepkck dktregzlŠlk pkgtru lgtkjrerke ŠĀrll çg [glugke KurnpkegĀ. @nganrm prlg`lpllcnrkurnpkgk, `ngdlŠllck prlg`lpeck dk kdlal`erk e sn`lktĀŠll lganrmeŠlngeck sugt
dkzvnceterke `ucturll lganrmeŠlngeck Şl lgstrulrke tuturnr `ktĀŠkglcnr pkgtruancnslrke evegtehkcnr sn`lktĀŠll lganrmeŠlngeck çg vleŠe Şl e`tlvltetke cnr.
KvncuŠle gnŠlugll dk lganrmetlzerk prksupugk eutnmetlzerke mehnrltĀŠll prn`kskcnr prlg epcl`erke `ec`ucetnerkcnr sprk gnŠlugke dk sn`lktetklganrmeŠlngecĀ jcnoecĀ, s`blmoerke e``kgtkcnr dk ce mlhcne`kck tkbgl`k Şl
prn`ksk tkbgncnjl`k, ce prn`ksk dk kdu`eŠlk, lgstrulrk, anrmerk e ugnr gnlmndecltĀŠl dk e`tlvltetk, e ugkl `ucturl lganrmeŠlngeck.
N `eck sljurĀ dk e esljure gnl rkeclzĀrl çg vleŠe ugkl sn`lktĀŠl kstk`nck`terke Şl dlskmlgerke lganrmeŠlkl Şl `ugnŞtlgŠkcnr prlg lmpcl`erke çg e`kst
prn`ks e tuturnr mkmorlcnr sn`lktĀŠll. Çg sn`lktetke lganrmeŠlkl e`kstk`ere`tkrlstl`l sugt dkalgltnrll pkgtru e`tlvltetke stru`turlcnr dk lganrmerk Şldn`umkgterk. LgstltuŠle `u `kck mel merl pnslolcltĀŠl dk e `lr`uce lganrmeŠlekstk oloclntk`e.
E`tlvltetke oloclntk`ll e`edkml`k kstk nrlkgtetĀ sprk `rkŞtkrke `egtltĀŠll Şl`ecltĀŠll lganrmeŠlkl, çmougĀtĀŠlrke Şl dlvkrslal`erke skrvl`llcnr, kxtlgdkrke
oezkcnr dk detk prnprll, `rkerke ugnr gnl lgstrumkgtk dk e``ks ce lganrmeŠlk pkgtru `nmugltetke ŞtllgŠlal`Ā.
Lganrmerke Şl dn`umkgterke çg `edruc oloclntk`ll e`edkml`k sk rkeclzkezĀestĀzl çgtr -ug `ngtkxt dkalglt dk emkstk`uc dlgtrk tredlŠlngec Şl mndkrg. P -eu
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mndlal`et mndkckck dk prndu`Šlk Şl `nmugl`erk mkdlk Şl ŞtllgŠlal`Ā, s-eu
tregsanrmet mktndncnjllck dk lganrmerk, dn`umkgterk Şl dk mug`Ālgtkck`tuecĀ.
Mkdllck dljlteck nocljĀ oloclntk`e e`edkml`Ā sĀ-Şl rkdkalgkes`Ā cn`uc Şlrncuc çg mkdluc lganrmeŠlngec. @e stru`turĀ dk lganrmerk Şl dn`umkgterk,
oloclntk`e kstk `bkmetĀ sĀ ldkgtlal`k Şl sĀ dkzvĀculk jeme prnockmkcnr dkanrmerk e `ucturll lganrmeŠlngeck e okgkal`lerlcnr Şl sĀ steolckes`Ā `Ālck
pre`tl`k dk rkeclzerk.
@ucture lganrmeŠlngecĀ rkack`tĀ, çg kskgŠĀ, `ucture jkgkrecĀ e mkmorlcnrsn`lktĀŠll. Mehnrerke vncumucul dk lganrmeŠll, dkzvncterke repldĀ e slstkmkcnrlganrmeŠlngeck Şl lmpckmkgterke tkbgncnjllcnr lganrmeŠlngeck mndkrgk lgtrĀçgsĀ çg `ngtredl`Šlk `u pnslolcltĀŠlck Şl `epe`ltĀŠlck okgkal`lerlcnr dk e ck
vecnrlal`e. _kuŞlte ugkl `ĀutĀrl çg oezkck dk detk kck`trngl`k dkplgdk çg merkmĀsurĀ dk eolcltĀŠlck `kcul `erk gevljbkezĀ çg speŠluc lganrmeŠlngec.[tlclzetnruc trkoluk sĀ alk `epeolc sĀ alctrkzk lganrmeŠle utlcĀ dlg vncumuclmkgs dk lganrmeŠll tregsmlsk, der gu çgtntdkeuge dlspugk dk eolcltĀŠlckspk`lal`k gk`kserk çg prn`ksuc dk rkjĀslrk e lganrmeŠlkl. Vrlg urmerk, sugtgk`kserk e`Šlugl dk lgstrulrk Şl çgdrumerk, dk anrmerk `ngtlguĀ e
okgkal`lerlcnr çg e``kserke oezkcnr dk detk kck`trngl`k. Dlg e`kstk `ngsldkrkgtk, oloclntk`e e`edkml`Ā Şl-e `ng`kgtret kanrturlck
sprk anrmerke `ucturll lganrmeŠlngeck e puocl`ucul sĀu. Per`lge spk`leclŞtlcnrçg lganrmerk kstk sĀ nrlkgtkzk okgkal`lerll sprk surskck `k nakrĀ lganrmeŠll dk
`ecltetk Şl dk çg`rkdkrk, sĀ `ngtrloulk ce anrmerke `epe`ltĀŠlcnr dk lgvkstljeŠlk.
Nolk`tlvuc prlnrlter ec e`tlvltĀŠll Oŗ@ E. Cupeg” e EŗM e anstçgtntdkeuge e`nrderke skrvl`llcnr dk eslstkgŠĀ lganrmeŠlngecĀ `kr`ktĀtnrlcnrŞtllgŠlal`l dlg `edruc lgstltuŠllcnr suonrdngetk e`edkmlkl. Vceguc dk e`tlvltetk ec
oloclntk`ll e`edkml`k dkrlvĀ dlg pceguc dk e`tlvltetk ec EŗM. E`keste lmpcl`Ārkspngseolcltetke oloclntk`ll ŞtllgŠlal`k pkgtru dlauzerke çg sn`lktetk erkeclzĀrlcnr gnl. TntndetĀ, kstk gk`kser ug acux dk lganrmeŠlk e`tuecĀ sprk
`kr`ktĀtnrll ŞtllgŠlal`l. Dn`umkgterke kstk n ktepĀ gk`kserĀ e `kr`ktĀrll Şl erk drkpt s`np
`ugneŞtkrke kxpkrlkgŠkl ŞtllgŠlal`k çg dnmkgluc supus lgvkstljeŠlkl. Oloclntk`lle`edkml`k çl rkvlgk ser`lge sĀ `nck`tkzk, sĀ prkcu`rkzk, sĀ e`tueclzkzk Şl sĀaurglzkzk `Ātrk `nmugltetke ŞtllgŠlal`Ā lganrmeŠle dn`umkgtetĀ çg tnetkdnmkgllck ŞtllgŠkl `u skrvl`llck edlŠlngetk e`kstnre.
PusŠlgkrke e`tlvltĀŠll dk lganrmerk Şl dn`umkgterk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā gk`kserĀtkmkcnr dk `kr`kterk kstk pnslolcĀ dner prlg utlclzerke mlhcne`kcnr mndkrgk dklganrmerk. E`keste pr ksupugk `rkŞtkrke pkranrmegŠkcnr oloclntk`ll e`edkml`k
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prlg prnmnverke prnduskcnr dk lganrmerk Şl dn`umkgterk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā çg anrmetkck`trngl`8 `etecnejk, `ĀrŠl, rkvlstk Şl oezk dk detk.
@nmugltetke ŞtllgŠlal`Ā dlg Mncdnve okgkal`lezĀ dk e``ks ce urmĀtner kck
oezk dk detk8 Emkrl`eg Metbkmetl`ec Pn`lkty(bttp8//www.ems.nrj/metbs`lgkt)9 KOP@N (bttp8//kos`nbnst.`nm)9 EJN_E
(bttp8//www.ejlgtkrgktwnri.nrj)9 Blgerl (bttp8//wbn.lgt)9 NE_K
(bttp8//www.nerks`lkg`ks.nrj)9 Lgtkrgetlngec gu`cker lganrmetlng systkms
(bttp8//lglsdo.leke.nrj).
@ke mel rkuŞltĀ sursĀ lganrmeŠlngecĀ e`edkml`Ā e zlckcnr gnestrk sugtrkvlstkck kck`trngl`k dkstlgetk `nmugltĀŠll ŞtllgŠlal`k. _kvlstkck ŞtllgŠlal`k `utkxt lgtkjrec aurglzetk ng-clgk rkack`tĀ lganrmeŠle epĀrutĀ ce glvkc jcnoec çgdnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkcnr kxe`tk Şl umeglstk, tkbgncnjlkl Şl mkdl`lgll. E``ksuc ce
vkrslugke kck`trngl`Ā e rkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k kstk jeregtet prlg eutkgtlal`erkerkŠkckl dk `ec`ucetnerk e EŗM dk ce urmĀtnerkck edrksk8 www.lgtkrs`lgkg`k.wlcky.`nm9 www.esbs.nrj9 www.ossengclgk.nrj9
www.s`lhnurgecs.nrj9 www.e`m.nrj9 www.eps.nrj9 www.elp.nrj9
www.eppclkdprnoeolclty.nrj9 www.pcegtmegejkmkgtgktwnri.nrj9
www.rs`.nrj/puoclsblgj.
Vejlglck wko eck oloclntk`lcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k dlg `edruc lgstltuŠllcnr dkçgvĀŠĀmïgt supkrlnr dlg Mncdnve, dk eskmkgke, esljurĀ ckjĀturl Şl mntnerkdk `Āuterk spk`leclzetk çg s`npuc lganrmĀrll Şl dn`umkgtĀrll ŞtllgŠlal`k.
Vrnduskck ŞtllgŠlal`k mndkrgk `um sugt oezkck dk detk, rkvlstkck Şl `ĀrŠlckkck`trngl`k, lmpug gnl kxljkgŠk Şl rkstrl`Šll dk utlclzetk. Mlslugke oloclntk`ll
e`edkml`k kstk sĀ lganrmĀm `kr`ktĀnrll ŞtllgŠlal`l dksprk pnslolcltetkee``ksĀrll puocl`eŠllcnr skrleck dlspnglolck çg rkŠkck, se e`nrdĀm skrvl`ll dk`ngsucterk çg e``kserke oezkcnr dk detk nakrltk ng-clgk prlg lglŠlkrke sevegŠlcnrçg tkbgl`lck dk `Āuterk, `ït Şl `kr`ktĀrll dn`umkgterk pk tltcu, rkzumet, tkxtlgtkjrec.
Dkzvncterke `ucturll lganrmeŠlngeck prksupugk mndkrglzerke skrvl`llcnr dk
eslstkgŠĀ lganrmeŠlngecĀ e`nrdetk `kr`ktĀtnrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`l prlg esljurerkelganrmeŠlngecĀ `ït mel repldĀ ce tkmkck dk `kr`kterk. Çg e`tlvltetke stru`turlcnrlgandn`umkgterk e`kestĀ mlslugk rkvlgk spk`leclŞtlcnr çg lganrmerk.
Qnrolgd dksprk `ucture lganrmeŠlngecĀ çg `ngtkxtuc mndkrglzĀrlldn`umkgtĀrll ŞtllgŠlal`k, kstk `ezuc, sĀ ae`km n peregtkzĀ Şl esupre `ucturll
lganrmeŠlngeck e spk`leclŞtlcnr dlg lgstltuŠllck lgandn`umkgterk. _kecltetke zlckl çgelgtkezĀ aeŠĀ dk spk`leclŞtll çg lganrmerk ug Şlr dk
`krlgŠk8 sĀ dlspugĀ dk eolcltĀŠl dk utlclzerk e k`blpemkgtucul tkbgl`, sĀ alk olgklganrmeŠl, sĀ alk aemlclerlzeŠl `u verlktĀŠlck dk prnjremk pkgtru e al `epeolcl sĀ
rkjĀskes`Ā Şl sĀ `nmugl`k lganrmeŠle, sĀ sk nrlkgtkzk çg oezkck dk detk stn`etk
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çg slstkmuc prnprlu, sĀ `ugnes`Ā surskck dlg ectk slstkmk, sĀ pnskdk eolcltĀŠl dkçgdrumerk Şl lgstrulrk. Etrloutuc dk oezĀ ec spk`leclŞtlcnr çg lganrmerk kstk`nmpktkgŠe. Vrlg urmerk, spk`leclŞtll dlg stru`turlck lgandn`umkgetrk trkoulk
sĀ prnjrkskzk mkrku çg dnmkgluc `ugnŞtlgŠkcnr Şl `nmpktkgŠkcnr, trkoluk sĀetlgjĀ ug çgect glvkc dk `ucturĀ lganrmeŠlngecĀ.
EGECLXE GK@KPLTďůLCN_ LGAN_MEůLNGECK ECK
PVK@LECLŗTLCN_ @BLMLŗTL ŗL KAL@LKGůE @K_LGůKLOLOCLNJ_EAL@K ÇG @ED_[C Oŗ@
CLCLEGE MKCGL@
Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
Ertl`nc lg`cudk n egeclzĀ e gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck e spk`leclŞtlcnr `blmlŞtl,kak`tuetĀ çg urme eg`bktĀrll ugul egumlt kŞegtlng dk spk`leclŞtl dlg `edruc Lgstltutuculdk @blmlk e EŗM. Ptudlu gk s`netk çg vlckej surskck prlmerk dk lganrmeŠll Şl surskcksk`ugderk, s`npuc e`umucĀrll lganrmeŠlkl, `egeckck dk lganrmerk.
Tbk prkskgt pepkr dkecs wltb tbk lganrmetlng gkkds na s`lkgtlsts na tbk Lgstltutk na
@bkmlstry na tbk E`edkmy na P`lkg`ks na Mncdnve. Anr tbls purpnsk e pepkr-oeskd
survky qukstlnggelrk wes kceonretkd. Tbk study sbnws tbk mnst lmpnrtegt prlmery
egd sk`ngdery snur`ks na lganrmetlng anr `bkmlsts, tbk s`npk na tbk e``umucetlng na
lganrmetlng egd weys tn e``kss lganrmetlng
Ptudlkrke gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck kstk uge dlg dlrk`Šllck dk oezĀ eck`kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k çg dnmkgluc e`tlvltĀŠll oloclnjreal`k Şl e ectnr jkgurl dke`tlvltetk lganrmetlvĀ. Vrlg `krlgŠk dk lganrmerk” çgŠkckjkm `kke `k pkr`kpk
`ngŞtlkgt Şl kxprlmĀ okgkal`leruc çg `k prlvkŞtk lganrmerke se.
Vkgtru nrjeglzerke reŠlngecĀ e dkskrvlrll oloclnjreal`k e `blmlŞtlcnr kstkgk`kser sĀ sk `kr`ktkzk pertl`ucerltĀŠlck `krlgŠkcnr lganrmetlvk8
- `ngŠlgutuc Şl dnmkgluc gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck9 - tkmetl`e gk`kserĀ spk`leclstucul9 - dktkrmlgerke ugul spk`leclst ‐ cldkr, `erk pnetk al `ngsuctegt pk n
tkmĀ Şl lgtkrmkdler çgtrk `ngsuctegt Şl `ltltnr9
- `nlg`ldkgŠe gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck e tkmkl, e jreducul dk`ugnŞtlgŠĀ e spk`leclstucul Şl prnalcuc e`tlvltĀŠll cul.
KvldkgŠlkrke e`kstnr pertl`ucerltĀŠl kstk n mug`Ā dlal`lcĀ Şl kck pnt alstudletk prlg egeclze ŞtllgŠlal`n-lganrmetlvĀ e e`tlvltĀŠll prnakslngeck e
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okgkal`lerlcnr, prlg kvldkgŠe nplglkl utlclzetnrlcnr dk lganrmeŠlk dksprkgk`ksltĀŠlck lganrmeŠlngeck çg dlakrltk mnmkgtk.
Ce studlkrke gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck sk ancnsks` dlakrltk mktndk dk
`kr`kterk8- noskrverke9
- eg`bkterke9
- lgtkrvlkverke9
- egeclze `krlgŠkcnr çgdkpclgltk9 - egeclze `krlgŠkcnr lganrmetlvk9 - studlkrke pcegurlcnr Şl prnjremkcnr9 - studlkrke cu`rĀrlcnr dk `kr`ktĀrl ŞtllgŠlal`k Ş. e.
Çg tlmpuc prn`ksucul ŞtllgŠlal` dk dktkrmlgerk e cltkreturll putkm
kvldkgŠle urmĀtnerkck `ere`tkrlstl`l eck gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck 8 - tkmetl`e gk`ksltĀŠll lganrmeŠlngeck9 - glvkcuc dk prkjĀtlrk e spk`leclstucul9- s`npuc edrksĀrll ce lganrmeŠlk9- glvkcuc prnakslngec.
Çg `ngtlguerk vnm egeclze rkzuctetkck eg`bktĀrll spk`leclŞtlcnr `blmlŞtl dlg`edruc Lgstltutucul dk @blmlk ec E.ŗ.M., kak`tuetk çg s`npuc studlkrllgk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck Şl e kal`lkgŠkl dk skrvlrll cnr oloclnjreal`k.
MkgŠlngĀm `Ā sngdehuc s-e clmltet ce surskck dk lganrmerk çg verlegtĀ prlgt. Egeclzkck kak`tuetk eu `uprlgs 05 dk okgkal`lerl el Lgstltutucul dk @blmlk.
Eu anst rkpertlzetk 05 dk eg`bktk, rkstltultk ‐ dner ?:. Mktnde dk `kr`kterk e
anst eg`bkte pk oezĀ dk `bkstlnger, `u çgtrkoĀrl çgsnŠltk dk kxpcl`eŠll vkroeck Şlverlegtk dk rĀspugs.
Kak`tuïgd egeclze eg`bktkcnr, s-e noskrvet lgtkrksuc vĀdlt ec spk`leclŞtlcnraeŠĀ dk `ĀrŠl. [ge dlg `euzkck lgtkrksucul pkgtru `ertk kstk aeptuc `Ā egumk çg`ĀrŠl Şl kdlŠll dk e`kst tlp, spk`leclstuc vkdk ug çg`kput nrjeglzetnrl` Şljkgkrec. @ertke, dk rkjucĀ, çŞl pĀstrkezĀ lmpnrtegŠe se mel muct tlmp, dk`ït
metkrleckck dlg kdlŠllck pkrlndl`k. Dk e`kke sk `krk `e çg oloclntk`Ā sĀ l ske`nrdk mel muctĀ etkgŠlk e`tlvltĀŠlcnr, prn`kskcnr `u `ertke.
Dk n merk pnpucerltetk ce spk`leclŞtl sk ou`urĀ kdlŠllck pkrlndl`k. Oe `bler
Şl mel muct, rkvlstkck ŞtllgŠlal`k dupĀ spk`lecltĀŠl sugt ugknrl mel e``ksetk
dk`ït `ĀrŠlck, cu`ru vĀdlt dk `krlgŠkck okgkal`lerlcnr. Çg `ngdlŠllck e`tueck, `ïgdOŗ@ erk e``ks ce oezkck dk detk eck rkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k çg anrmet kck`trngl`,`ltltnrll pnt e``kse rkvlstkck mel dks Şl mel repld.
[g rnc lmpnrtegt cl sk etrloulk Şl metkrleckcnr `ngakrlgŠkcnr. 4:,1% dlg
rkspngdkgŠl çŞl skck`tkezĀ lganrmeŠle dlg orkvktk. Vk uctlmuc pceg sk eacĀ
metkrleckck `k eperŠlg ectnr lgstltuŠll Şl eutnrkakretkck.
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Dlg eg`bktk em `ngstetet `Ā :1,?% dlg rkspngdkgŠl leu lganrmeŠlegk`kserĀ dlg mngnjreall, 566% dlg rkvlstk ŞtllgŠlal`k, lg`cuslv çg anrmetkck`trngl`, 56% dlg eutnrkakretk, 12,:% dlg metkrleckck `ngakrlgŠkcnr, 06%
dlg dĀrl dk skemĀ. Ptudlkrke utlclzĀrll dk `Ātrk spk`leclŞtl e kdlŠllcnr sk`ugderk, dk eskmkgke ,
`ngtrloulk ce prk`Āuterke gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck eck cnr, dkmngstrkezĀ çg`k mĀsurĀ okgkal`lerll sugt esljureŠl `u kdlŠll oloclnjreal`k , `erk kstk kak`tuc
ancnslrll cnr, ce `k glvkc k `ucture oloclnjreal`Ā Şl prkjĀtlrke okgkal`lerlcnr pkgtru lganrmeŠlk. Ancnslrke surskcnr sk`ugderk `krk `ugnŞtlgŠk epertk8`ugneŞtkrke stru`turll, e slstkmucul dk nrdngerk, sk `krk n mug`ĀsupclmkgterĀ dk steolclrk e cn`ucul ugdk pnt al jĀsltk. Dk e`kke surskck
sk`ugderk sugt mel puŠlg ancnsltk.
Dlg e`kestĀ `etkjnrlk rkvlstkck rkakretlvk sugt `kc mel ark`vkgt ancnsltk.Okgkal`lerll sugt anertk olgk aemlclerlzeŠl `u kck . Evegtehuc e`kstnre kstk
rkack`terke mel pk cerj e cltkreturll dk spk`lecltetk dk`ït `etecnejkck dk oloclntk`Ā.
Dlg eg`bktĀ em noskrvet `um ancnsks` spk`leclŞtll surskck sk`ugderk. Ceçgtrkoerke `k dlal`uctĀŠl çgtïcgks` çg utlclzerke surskcnr sk`ugderk dk
lganrmerk, 2?,;% eu e``kgtuet clpse tlm pucul pkgtru `Āuterke cnr, 5?,0% clpsesurskcnr gk`kserk, ?% eu rĀspugs `Ā gu `ugns` tnetk surskck sk`ugderk dklganrmerk. Mktndkck sk`ugderk dk lganrmerk, `k prkzlgtĀ lgtkrks pkgtruspk`leclŞtll `blmlŞtl sugt8 `etecnejkck tredlŠlngeck eck oloclntk`ll Şl `etecnjuc
kck`trngl` 566%, pk cn`uc dnl spk`leclŞtll eu mkgŠlnget rkvlstkck rkakretlvk ‐ :5,4%, clstkck dk cltkreturĀ ‐ 1:%.
P`npuc e`umucĀrll lganrmeŠlkl kstk n dlrk`Šlk dk studlkrk e gk`ksltĀŠlcnrlganrmeŠlngeck. @ugns`ïgd s`npuc e`umucĀrll lganrmeŠlkl putkm dktkrmlge
anrmkck dk prkzkgterk e dn`umkgtkcnr, e `ngŠlgutucul lganrmeŠlkl. Dlg detkckeg`bktkl em `ngstetet `Ā 2<,<% e`umuckezĀ lganrmeŠle `u s`npuc dk `kr`kterk
ŞtllgŠlal`Ā, 2:,5% `u s`npuc e`tlvltĀŠll dlde`tl`k, :<,:% ‐ e cĀrjlrll nrlzngtucul
`ucturec.Vrlvltnr ce `egeckck dk lganrmerk, `rltkrluc e`kste `ngtrloulk ce `nnrdngerke
e`tlvltĀŠll skrvl`llcnr lganrmetlvk Şl oloclnjreal`k eck oloclntk`ll, prk`um Şl ce`nmpckterke angducul oloclntk`ll. @egeckck dk lganrmerk sugt8
G/n @egeck dk lganrmerk Okgkal`lerl % Vrn`kgtk
5. Oloclntk`e ?: 566
?. Lgtkrgktuc ?; <;,?
0. Nrjegk dk lganrmerk 0 5?,4
4. @nrkspngdkgŠe `u `nckjll ?5 :5,4;. @ngte`tk pkrsngeck < 40,0
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Dlg detkck prkzkgtetk `ngstetĀm `Ā oloclntk`e k pk prlmuc pceg çglganrmerke spk`leclŞtlcnr, pk cn`uc dnl ‐ lgtkrgktuc, pk cn`uc trkl ‐ `nrkspngdkgŠe `u `nckjll.
[g ect pug`t ec eg`bktkl prkvkdke ancnslrke cltkreturll çg ectk clmol Şl ,
rkspk`tlv, `ugneŞtkrke clmoll mndkrgk. Çg oloclntk`e gnestrĀ angduc strĀlg dk
cltkreturĀ kstk onjet Şl `ugneŞtkrke clmoll strĀlgk kstk n gk`ksltetk. Dlg detkckeg`bktkl s-e `ngstetet `Ā eosncut tnŠl okgkal`lerll `ugns` clmoe rusĀ 566%,clmoe kgjckzĀ 2;,:%, clmoe areg`kzĀ ;:,5%. E`blzlŠlngerke mngnjreallcnr Şlmetkrleckcnr dlde`tl`k dupĀ spk`lecltetk, çg clmoe rnmïgĀ, kstk uge dlgtrk `kck
mel strlgjkgtk prnockmk e`tueck.
Eg`bkte gk-e dkzvĀcult Şl pĀrkrke spk`leclŞtlcnr dksprk çgvk`blrkelganrmeŠlkl. Okgkal`lerll eu e``kgtuet, `Ā e`blzlŠlngerke puocl`eŠllccnr
pkrlndl`k e ŠĀrlcnr dk pkstk bnterk kstk n gk`ksltetk str lgjkgtĀ. Dk`ecehuc merkdk tlmp dlgtrk kceonrerke Şl puocl`erke metkrleckcnr ae`k lge`tuecĀ nlganrmeŠlk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā.
_kzncverke e`kstkl prnockmk çg `ngdlŠllck e`tueck pnetk al bntĀrïtĀ prlgutlclzerke mel kak`tlvĀ e oezkcnr dk detk e rkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k e``kslolck çgOloclntk`e ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ –Egdrkl Cupeg” ‐ Emkrl`eg @bkml`ec
Pn`lkty, NE_K, EJN_E, KOP@N, BLGE_L, ectk rkvlstk eongetk çg anrmetkck`trngl` çg dnmkgluc `blmlkl.
Vrnmnverke lganrmeŠlkl dksprk `ĀrŠlck gnl, lgstrulrke spk`leclŞtlcnr çg
prn`ksuc `ĀutĀrll lganrmeŠlkl gk`kserk `u utlclzerke `etecnejkcnr tredlŠlngeck Şlkck`trngl`k, rkvlstkcnr ngclgk pnt rldl`e glvkcuc dkskrvlrll lganrmeŠlngeck çg
oloclntk`Ā Şl setlsae`k gk`ksltĀŠlck okgkal`lerlcnr.
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ЖИЯРЖЙУНЩЛ ОЦЗЕЙЛГЩ ПЩОЗЙНЛНВЮ
ЯЛГЖЯВЪЛХИВЫ КЖОЦЗХЗП ЪВЯЖЯЛЙЛМ П
ЕВЕЙВЗЯЛИЛ ВНХЯВЯРЯЖ ЫВГВВ ЖИЖДЛГВВ НЖРИ ЦГ
П. А. АРЦУЛПЖ
Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
Ertl`ncuc suoclglezĀ aeptuc `Ā angduc dk rkakrlgŠĀ Şl angduc jkgkrec ec oloclntk`ll Oŗ@ –E. Cupeg”, olgk çgzkstretk, jeregtkezĀ ug glvkc çgect dk mug`Ā oloclnjreal`Ā.
Kak`tuerke rkakrlgŠkcnr tkmetl`k pk `eck nrecĀ, Şl rĀspugs ce sncl`ltĀrlck oloclnjreal`k
eck okgkal`lerlcnr ce `etecnejkck kstk dlrk`Šle prlg`lpecĀ e skrvl`llcnr oloclnjreal`k Şl dkrkakrlgŠĀ çg oloclntk`e, pcesetĀ çg lg`lgte Lgstltutucul dk @blmlk ec E`edkmlkl dk
ŗtllgŠk e _M.Ertl`ncuc prkzlgtĀ detkck prlvlgd dlspnglolcltetke megueckcnr dk `blmlk çg clmoe
rnmïgĀ (Teokckck 5, ?), egeclzkezĀ teokckck dk detk Şl nakrĀ lganrmeŠll dksprkdnmkgluc `kc mel esljuret `u cltkreturĀ dlde`tl`Ā çg clmoe rnmïgĀ `kc ec `blmlkl. Pugt
`ere`tkrlzetk egumltk `etkjnrll dk `ltltnrl (studkgŠl, mestkregzl Şl dn`tnregzl el
lgstltuŠllcnr Eŗ e _M, prk`um Şl el ectnr lgstltuŠll dlg _M), `erk eu gkvnlk dk e`kstklganrmeŠll. Çg ertl`nc kstk rkack`tetĀ gk`nrkspugdkrke angducul metkrleckcnr dlde`tl`k
çg clmoe rnmïgĀ `u gk`ksltĀŠlck dk lganrmerk e e`kstkl `etkjnrll dk `ltltnrl Şl sugtnakrltk mel muctk sncuŠll pkgtru e`kestĀ prnockmĀ.
Tbk ertl`ck pnlgts nut tbet tbk wkcc kqulppkd rkakrkg`k egd jkgkrec augds na tbk
clorery, jueregtkk bljb ckvkc na oloclnjrepbl` wnri. Tbk melg dlrk`tlngs na
oloclnjrepbl` egd rkakrkg`k skrvl`k lg tbk clorery, cn`etkd et tbk Lgstltutk na
@bkmlstry na tbk E`edkmy na P`lkg`ks na Mncdnve erk nrec tbkmetl` rkakrkg`ks egd
oloclnjrepbl` rkspngsk tn rkquksts na tbk okgkal`lerlks et tbk `etecnjs.
Tbk ertl`ck prkskgts dete ng tbk evelceolclty na `bkmlstry tkxtonnis lg _nmegleg
(Teocks 5,?), egecyzks tbk teocks egd prnvldks lganrmetlng ng tbk mnst essurkd wltb
cltkreturk anr tke`blgj `bkmlstry lg tbk _nmegleg cegjuejk dlrk`tlng. Pnmk
`etkjnrlks na rkedkrs (studkgts, mestkr's egd VbD studkgts na tbk Lgstltutlngs na EPM
egd ntbkr lgstltutlngs lg Mncdnve), wbn gkkd tbls lganrmetlng erk `bere`tkrlzkd. Tbk
ertl`ck rkack`ts gng`nmpcleg`k na tbk augd trelglgj metkrlecs lg _nmegleg wltb tbk
lganrmetlng gkkds na tbls `etkjnry na rkedkrs egd skvkrec sncutlngs tn tbls prnockm
erk naakrkd
Пщхзивм рцзплну хоцжпзънз-евейвзацжфвълхизм цжезящ пз гнзазгкжпвхвя зя оцжпвйунзм в озйнзм ризгойлиязпжннзхяв хоцжпзънзаз, ж
яжибл зеьлаз фзндж евейвзялив. Зхнзпнщг эйлглнязг хоцжпзънз-евейвзацжфвълхизаз зехйрбвпжнвю п евейвзялил, цжхозйзблннзм п
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22
Внхявярял Ывгвв Жиждлгвв Нжри ЦГ юпйюляхю пщозйнлнвл рхянщыялгжявълхивы хоцжпзи, ж яжибл евейвзацжфвълхижю озгзьу ъвяжялйюг рижяжйзазп. Джляхю езйутзл изйвълхяпз хоцжпзи з нжйвъвв ялы вйв внщы
вкджнвм п фзндл евейвзялив. Евейвзацжфвълхивл кжоцзхщялгжявълхизаз ыжцжиялцж (оз ывгвв) хзхяжпйючя 16% зя зеьлаз ъвхйжкжоцзхзп. <6% зя зеьлаз ъвхйж кжоцзхзп оцвыздюяхю нж вкджнвю нж
цргщнхизг юкщил. П цлкрйуяжял хоцжпзънз-евейвзацжфвълхизаз зехйрбвпжнвю
нлизязцщы ижялазцвм ъвяжялйлм (хярдлнязп, гжавхяцжнязп,дзиязцжнязп), ю зецжявйж пнвгжнвл нж нлхззяпляхяпвл фзнджйвялцжярцщ оз ывгвв нж цргщнхизг юкщил внфзцгжсвзннщг кжоцзхжгъвяжялйлм.
Нж олцпзг эяжол, п цжгижы рнвплцхвяляхизаз зецжкзпжнвю, и нжгзецжьжчяхю хярдлнящ, гжавхяцжнящ кж внфзцгжсвлм, дйю нжовхжнвюирцхзпщы вйв двойзгнщы цжезя. П джннзг хйръжл гщ п хзхязюнввзелхолъвяу вы внфзцгжсвлм оз ркизм нжрънзм ялгжявил. Дцразл длйз, изадж п евейвзялир зецжьжчяхю дзиязцжнящ, изязцщг нрбнжвнфзцгжсвю з фрнджглняжйунщы вххйлдзпжнвюы оз ывгвв, гнзавл вкнвы оцвыздюя хз хпзвг ховхизг рълензм йвялцжярцщ нж цргщнхизгюкщил.
Ъяз п яжизг хйръжл гщ гзблг оцлдйзбвяу>
Яжейвсж ℑ5
Цжкдлйщ Ръленвив Нжрънз-пхозгза. - Зеьжю ывгвю : нжкпжнвм 5; нжкпжнвм
+ Kg`l`cnpkdle
gng`nmpck`t.
Qnc. 5, ?, 0, ;, 1 (K)
- Жнжйвявълхижю ывгвю 5? нжкпжнвм 2 нжкпжнвм
- Нлзцажнвълхижю ывгвю 56 нжкпжнвм 4 нжкпжнвю
- Зцажнвълхижю ывгвю 51 нжкпжнвм 51 нжкпжнвм
- Фвквълхижю ывгвю(зеьжю) 4 нжкпжнвю 0 нжкпжнвю
- - изййзвднжю ывгвю ? нжкпжнвю -
- - ипжнязпжю ывгвю 5 нжкпжнвл -
- - эйлияцзывгвю 5 нжкпжнвл -
- - фзязывгвю - -
Жнжйвквцрю джннщл, оцвплдлннщл п яжейвсл ℑ5, гзбнз хдлйжяупщпзд, ъяз п слйзг нжтв ъвяжялйв зелхолълнщ внфзцгжсвлм з нжйвъвв
рълензм йвялцжярцщ оз пхлг цжкдлйжг ывгвв.
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Нз, нлзеыздвгз ръвящпжяу, ъяз ръленжю йвялцжярцж рхяжцлпжляижбдщл 06 йля, хззяпляхяплннз, в хцзив ыцжнлнвю эязм йвялцжярцщ,яжибл п цжгижы эязаз пцлглнв.
П цлкрйуяжял, лхйв ховхжяу пхл рхяжцлптвл ръленвив,пщцвхзпщпжляхю дцражю ижцявнж. Яжейвсж ℑ?
Цжкдлйщ Ръленвив Нжрънз-пхозгза. - Зеьжю ывгвю 5 нжкпжнвл 56 нжкпжнвм
+ Kg`l`cnpkdle gng`nmpck`t. Qnc. 5, ?, 0, ;, 1
- Жнжйвявълхижю ывгвю 0 нжкпжнвю 4 нжкпжнвю
- Нлзцажнвълхижю ывгвю - 0 нжкпжнвю
- ывгвю гляжййзп 0 нжкпжнвю -
- Зцажнвълхижю ывгвю ; нжкпжнвм 1 нжкпжнвм - Фвквълхижю ывгвю (зеьжю) 5 нжкпжнвл ? нжкпжнвю
- - изййзвднжю ывгвю 5 нжкпжнвл -
- - ипжнязпжю ывгвю - -
- - эйлияцзывгвю 5 нжкпжнвл -
- - фзязывгвю - -
Жнжйвквцрю джннщл яжейвсщ ℑ ?, пщюпйюлг нжвезйлл зелхолълннщл цжкдлйщ8 «Зцажнвълхижю ывгвю¹ в «Жнжйвявълхижю ывгвю¹. П цжкдлйл
«Нлзцажнвълхижю ывгвю¹ оцвхряхяпрчя яцв фрнджглняжйунщы озхзевюоз ывгвв гляжййзп. Озйзблнвл п дцравы цжкдлйжы ывгвв оцзхязижяжхяцзфвълхизл.
Лблазднз п йжезцжязцвв «Эйлияцзывгвю¹, «Ипжнязпжю фвквиж¹,«Фзязывгвю¹ озхярожчя гжавхяцжнящ, дзиязцжнящ, оцвыздюя нжоцжиявир хярдлнящ.
Оз эявг ялгжг оцзпздюя вххйлдзпжнвю нл язйуиз рълнщл ВнхявяряжЫвгвв, нз в Внхявяряж Оцвийжднзм Фвквив, зядлйунщы йжезцжязцвмВнхявяряж Эизйзавв в Алзацжфвв.
Дйю озйнзящ внфзцгжсвв оцвпзбр ыжцжиялцвхявир ъвяжялйлм,изязцщл оцвыздюя п евейвзялир, х нждлбдзм озйръвяу нлзеыздвгрчвнфзцгжсвч. Эяз хярдлнящ, гжавхяцжнящ, дзиязцжнящ, хяжблцщЖиждлгвв Нжри Цлхорейвив Гзйдзпж9 Азхрджцхяплннзаз РнвплцхвяляжГзйдзпщ9 Ялынвълхизаз Рнвплцхвяляж Гзйдзпщ9 РЙВГж9Явцжхозйухизаз Рнвплцхвяляж (цжхозйзблннзаз п Ивтвніпл, п изязцзгоцжиявълхив зяхряхяпрля евейвзялиж)9 Хйжпюнхизаз Рнвплцхвяляж.Оцлдхяжпйлннщм ховхзи ръленщы кжплдлнвм нл зизнъжялйунщм, яжи ижи
рълнщл ЖН ЦГ оцлозджчя п цжкйвънщы рнвплцхвяляжы в изййлдбжы в,хззяпляхяплннз, зцвлнявцрчя хярдлнязп нж евейвзялир Жиждлгвв Нжри.
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<6
Рплйвълнвл озязиж ъвяжялйлм, олцлъвхйлннщы ижялазцвм хпюкжн хозпщтлнвлг (п озхйлднвл аздщ) оцлхявбж нжрънзм длюялйунзхяв пЦлхорейвил Гзйдзпж, х зяицщптвгвхю нзпщгв пзкгзбнзхяюгв дйю
гзйздлбв, хяцлгюьлмхю цлжйвкзпжяу хлею п ердрьлг. Нз, пзкпцжьжюху и рижкжннзм пщтл оцзейлгл, ызър оздълцинряу, ъяз<6% ръжьвыхю нл пйждлчя црххивг юкщизг, ж яжибл внзхяцжннщгвюкщижгв п дзхяжязънзм глцл, ъязещ пзхозйукзпжяухю рълензмйвялцжярцзм, нжизойлннзм п фзндл евейвзялив.
Оцвплдлннщл джннщл озкпзйючя хдлйжяу хйлдрчьвл пщпздщ8 Дйю рхолтнзаз зхрьлхяпйлнвю эффлиявпнзаз зелхолълнвю
внфзцгжсвзннщы озяцлензхялм ъвяжялйлм нлзеыздвгздзизгойлиязпжяу пхл цжкдлйщ ывгвв йвялцжярцзм нж цргщнхизг юкщил,
вхозйукрю дйю эязаз ижи хцзънщл глцщ, яжи в нж олцхолиявпр. Вхыздю вк пщтлхижкжннзаз оцлдйжажч нлхизйуиз пжцвжнязп пщыздж
вк хйзбвптлмхю хвяржсвв8 5. Оцвзецлхяв хзпцлглннщл ръленвив в озхзевю п Цргщнвв
(хжгщм ещхяцщм в оцзхязм хозхзе) ?. Олцлплхяв ръленщл озхзевю х жнайвмхизаз, нлглсизаз,
фцжнсркхизаз, црххизаз юкщизп нж цргщнхивм юкщи, вхозйукрюдйю эязаз хвхялгр оцзлиязп, ацжнязп в я. д. Х эязм слйучзоцлдлйвяу ховхзи хжгщы жияржйунщы фрнджглняжйунщыръленвизп, цжхоцлдлйвяу оз йжезцжязцвюг в олцлплхяв.Ръленвив гзбнз нл вкджпжяу, дзхяжязънз зхяжпвяу нж @D.
0. Хжгщм хйзбнщм хозхзе8 хзкджяу хпзв ръленвив. Яживг зецжкзг, зхнзпнщл нжоцжпйлнвю цжкпвявю нжрънщы
вххйлдзпжнвм п зейжхяв ывгвв озйръжя нзпщм вгорйух в ердряоцздзйблнщ пщхзизоцзфлххвзнжйунщгв гзйздщгв рълнщгв,эффлиявпнз вхозйукрчьвгв внфзцгжсвзннщм озялнсвжй евейвзяливЖиждлгвв Нжри ЦГ.
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MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
<5
KQEC[E_KE KAL@LKGůKL MEGEJKMKGT[C[L_KP[_PKCN_ [MEGK CE OLOCLNTK@E M[GL@LVECď
”O.V. BEPDK[”
Vncltl`l dk pkrsngec (5)
dr., `nga. uglv. CLDLE I[CLINQPIL, TETLEGE ŗET_EQ@E
Oloclntk`e Mugl`lpecĀ O.V. Besdku”
_ksurskck umegk hne`Ā ug rnc lmpnrtegt çg esljurerke `ecltĀŠll skrvl`llcnr nakrltk
dk oloclntk`Ā. Kck rkprkzlgtĀ `bkle su``ksucul çg e`tlvltetke oloclntk`ll. Çg s`npuc
kvecuĀrll kal`lkgŠkl megejkmkgtucul rksurskcnr umegk ce Oloclntk`e Mugl`lpecĀ O.V.Besdku” s-e lglŠlet ug studlu exet pk pkr`kpŠle egjeheŠlcnr. @e mktndĀ dk `kr`kterk s -e
utlclzet lgtkrvlkverke pkgtru e vkrlal`e nplgllck Şl pkr`kpŠllck skjmkgtucul megejkrlec
Şl e skjmkgtucul kxk`utnrlu. _ kzuctetkck studlucul sugt dktecletk Şl egeclzetk.
Bumeg rksnur`k oklgjs pcey eg lmpnrtegt pert lg kgsurlgj tbk queclty na tbk
skrvl`ks tbet tbk clorery naakrs. Tbky rkprkskgt tbk iky tn tbk su``kss na e clorery. Lg
nrdkr tn kvecuetk tbk bumeg rksnur`k megejkmkgt kaal`lkg`y, e study wes `errlkd nut
et tbk O.V. Besdku Mugl`lpec Clorery. Tbk rksker`b mktbnd wes tbk lgtkrvlkw, uskd
tn `bk`i ontb tbk pkr`kptlng na tbk megejkrlec skjmkgt, egd tbet na tbk kxk`utlvkngk. Tbk rksucts na tbk study erk dktelckd egd egecyzkd.
Oloclntk`lck puocl`k sk `ngarugtĀ `u merl prnockmk k`ngnml`k, dksuprevlkŠulrk `bler, `erk lgacukgŠkezĀ gkjetlv megejkmkgtuc rksurskcnrumegk. Vk dk n pertk, `e sĀ suprevlkŠules`Ā, oloclntk`lck trkoulk sĀ
pkranrmkzk, dk`l eu gkvnlk dk `kl mel ougl spk`leclŞtl. Der çg e`kceŞl tlmpe`tuc dk skck`Šlk gu dĀ regdemkgtuc dnrlt, dlg `euze, plkŠkl ml`l dk anrŠĀ dkmug`Ā (spk`leclŞtl oloclntk`erl) Şl pk dkesupre acu`tueŠllck dk pkrsngec çŞl cesĀ
emprkgte pk kanrtuc oloclntk`ll dk e rkŠlgk Şl utlclze rksurskck umegk._kzncverke e`kstnr prnockmk gu sk pnetk rkeclze dner prlg çmougĀtĀŠlrkeskck`Šlkl seu rkdks`rlkrke pnsturlcnr, `krutk, lerĀŞl, dk mkdluc sn`lec, k`ngnml`Şl pncltl`. @ngdlŠllck sn`leck, k`ngnml`k Şl (çg _M) `kck pncltl`k, ce rïgduc cnrlgacukgŠkezĀ Şl ectĀ dlmkgslugk e megejkmkgtucul rksurskcnr umegk -
kvecuerke egjeheŠlcnr (clpse mlhcne`kcnr pkgtru spnrurlck prkvĀzutk dk pncltl`lck dk kvecuerk e oloclntk`lcnr). Çg e`kst `ngtkxt megejkmkgtuc
rksurskcnr umegk, ug megejkmkgt kal`lkgt ec rksurskcnr umegk, dkvlgk
mlhcn`uc lgdlspkgseolc ec oloclntk`lcnr pkgtru sncuŠlngerke prnockmkcnr
nrjeglzeŠlngeck Şl lgdlvldueck eck egjeheŠlcnr.
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MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
<?
Çg kanrtuc dk e suprevlkŠul oloclntk`lck puocl`k eu utlclzet tnt erskgecuc mlx-
ucul dk meriktlgj. Eu utlclzet lgstrumkgtk olgk `ugns`utk, Şl ce akc, olgkkxpcnretk Şl egeclzetk dk oloclntk`l eŞe gumlŠll `kl 4V" (Vrndusuc, Vceserke
(DlstrlouŠle), Vrnmnverke, VrkŠuc). Oloclntk`lck sugt lgstltuŠll puocl`k `erknakrĀ skrvl`ll lganrmeŠlngeck, `uctureck, kdu`eŠlngeck, rk`rkeŠlngeck kt`.Pkrvl`llck, çgsĀ, lmpcl`Ā ug ec `lg`lcke V", kskgŠlec, putkrke `Ārule edkskedkpĀŞkŞtk lmpe`tuc nrl`Ārul ect ”V”. ŗl e`kst ec `lg`lcke ”V”, ldkgtlal`et dkZlcclem H. M`Kwkg, kstk rkprkzkgtet dk Vkrsnegk (EgjeheŠl)” Y0, p. :?]. Vkrsnegkck, edl`Ā egjeheŠll, `ngakrĀ vltecltetk oloclntk`ll, kl esljurĀ rkceŠle
oloclntk`ll `u utlclzetnrll, kl setlsae` `krlgŠkck cnr, kl esljurĀ rkeclzerkes`npurlcnr oloclntk`erk. Çgtr -n mĀsurĀ dkcn` gkjclheolcĀ, rkceŠllck Şl gng-
rkceŠllck `u oloclntk`e rkzuctĀ dlg e`tlvltĀŠlck `ntldlkgk Şl dlg rke`Šllck
egjeheŠlcnr, `erk çgdkpclgks` rncuc dk rksurse dk anrŠĀ e oloclntk`ll Şl `erkrkspk`tĀ prnmlslugke aĀ`utĀ dk oloclntk`Ā utlclzetnrlcnr sĀl. [tlclzetnruc gurkŠlgk prlg `k `eck, mnd, ehugj skrvl`llck Şl rksurskck oloclntk`ll ce kl, seu prlg`k `eck Şl mlhcn` kstk tregsmlsĀ, aurglzetĀ lganrmeŠle, kl rkŠlg pkrsnegkck `erkl-eu skrvlt etug`l `ïgd eu epkcet ce oloclntk`Ā etug`l `ïgd eu sncl`ltet ugdn`umkgt, n rkakrlgŠĀ, n `ngsucteŠlk, kt`. Oloclntk`lck sk eskemĀgĀ çgtrk kck -
eu e`kckeŞl s`npurl, aug`Šll, mlslugl. Ck dlakrkgŠlezĀ dlmkgslugke umegĀ ‐ egjeheŠll kl. Nemkgll hne`Ā `kc mel rkec Şl putkrgl` rnc çg esljurerke `ecltĀŠll,
skrvl`llcnr, kl rkprkzlgtĀ `bkle sprk su``ksuc oloclntk`ll, kl dktkrmlgĀ pkranrmegŠe oloclntk`ll. Tknrktl`leguc Getecle Xevtur ealrme çg`Ā çg ?666 `Ā”... pkrsngecuc `ngstltulk nolk`tuc prlg`lpec ec kxkr`ltĀrll megejkmkgtucul. ...çg oloclntk`ngnmle _M s-e `ngŞtlkgtlzet aeptuc `Ā sncuŠlngerke prnockmkcnr
`nmpckxk, `erk steu çg aeŠe oloclntk`lcnr, dkplgdk bntĀrïtnr dk jreduc dkvecnrlal`erk e pntkgŠlecucul umeg Y2, p. 1:]. Çg e`kceŞl tlmp nemkgll sugt Şl`ke mel dlal`lcĀ rksursĀ pkgtru oloclntk`l çg `kke `k prlvkŞtk edmlglstrerkee`kstnre. Ec `lg`lcke ”V” rkprkzlgtĀ pkgtru megejkmkgtuc oloclntk`er `ke meldlal`lcĀ prnvn`erk.
Kal`lkgŠe epcl`Ārll M_[ dkplgdk çgtr -n mĀsurĀ anertk merk dkaugdemkgtuc mktndncnjl`-gnrmetlv, `erk gu sk rkakrĀ ce ckjlsceŠle çg dnmkglu`l ce jeme cerjĀ dk lgstrumkgtk Şl mk`eglsmk megejkrleck dk esljurerk e
supnrtucul k`ngnml`n-algeg`ler, stru`turec- prn`ksuec Şl mntlveŠlngec gk`kser pertl`lpĀrll egjeheŠlcnr ce dkrucerke prn`kskcnr dk megejkmkgt (`ngtre`tuc`nck`tlv dk mug`Ā, `ngtre`tuc lgdlvlduec dk mug`Ā, rkjucemkgtk, prn`kdur l,rkjucl, lgstru`Šll, `ng`kptk, gnrmk, vlzlugk, mlslugk Şl vecnrl `erk esljurĀnpkreolcltetk slstkmucul dk M_[” Y?, p. 2;]. E`kleŞl pĀrkrk çmpĀrtĀŞkŞtk Şl E.
Vrndeg8 ”Vncltl`e ... kstk kxprksle vecnrlcnr Şl `ucturll megejkrleck Şl gk eretĀ`k lgtkgŠlngkezĀ sĀ ae`Ā nrjeglzeŠle pkgtru e-Şl etlgjk nolk`tlvkck ... N
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MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
<0
pncltl`Ā dk rksursk umegk kstk ug jbld dk `nmpnrtemkgt pk tkrmkg cugj ecnrjeglzeŠlkl prlvlgd `kke `k ve ae`k, seu gu, `u egjeheŠll sĀl” Y:, p. 42].
Çg s`npuc kvecuĀrll kal`lkgŠkl Megejkmkgtucul _ksurskcnr [megk (çg
`ngtlguerk M_[) ce OM s-e lglŠlet ug studlu exet pk pkr`kpŠle egjeheŠlcnr. @emktndĀ dk `kr`kterk s-e utlclzet lgtkrvlkverke egjeheŠlcnr. Lgtkrvlkverke, allgdn eudlkrk sn`lecĀ, ug mlhcn` dk kstlmerk e lmpe`tucul e`tlvltĀŠlcnr M_[ emutlclzet-n pkgtru e vkrlal`e nplgllck Şl pkr`kpŠllck skjmkgtucul megejkrlec(`ngdu`krke dk vïra Şl lgtkrmkdlerĀ) Şl e skjmkgtucul kxk`utnrlu (oloclntk`erl,egjeheŠl çg prlme clglk, rkceŠllck `u utlclzetnrll, `erk `kc mel olgk Ştlu Şl slmtzlcgl` prnockmkck lgstltuŠlkl) pkgtru e noŠlgk ug teocnu `ït mel empcu pnslolc eespk`tkcnr M_[ çg e`tlvltetke megejkrlecĀ e OM.
Ce kceonrerke `bkstlngerucul s-eu cuet çg vkdkrk etït espk`tkck dk glvkc
jcnoec, `ït Şl espk`tkck ckjetk dk e`tlvltĀŠlck M_[. MkgŠlngĀm dk ce çg`kput
`Ā kvecuerke jcnoecĀ e M_[ ce OM sk rkeclzkezĀ çg alk`erk eg9 sk rkeclzkezĀeguec Şl ugkck e`tlvltĀŠl eck M_[. Kvecuerke M_[ çgtr -ug `nmpckx ugl` ‐ jcnoec, e`tlvltĀŠl Şl kal`lkgŠe M_[ - gu s-e kak`tuet. Estakc, urmĀrlgdkvecuerke kal`lkgŠkl M_[, `bkstlngeruc e anst stru`turet çg petru`nmpertlmkgtk/mnduck8 5. Vncltl`l9 ?. Lmejlgke jkgkrecĀ e M_[ OM ”O.V.
Besdku9 0. Mntlverk, rk`nmpkgserk9 4. Kal`lkgŠe M_[ .Alk`erk `nmpertlmkgt erk ug gumĀr dlakrlt dk çgtrkoĀrl. GumĀruc dk
çgtrkoĀrl kstk `ngdlŠlnget dk nolk`tlvuc mnducucul. Vrlmuc mnduc Vncltl`l, kstkmel dkteclet Şl e anst stru`turet pk Şeptk dlmkgslugl8 `lgk ce OM sk n`upĀ dk
M_[>9 kxlstĀ ce OM pncltl`l dk pkrsngec>9 pncltl`lck pk `erk ck `ugns`9 le`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru `erk kxlstĀ prn`kdurl `cerk ce OM9 e`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru `erk
prn`kdurlck sk rkspk`tĀ9l prn`kdurlck pkgtru `erk `ngsldkrĀ prn`kdurlck `e allgd lg`nrk`tk9 e`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru `erk gu `ugns` sual`lkgt prn`kdurlckkxlstkgtk. Vrlg e`kst mnduc gk-em prnpus sĀ urmĀrlm de`Ā egjeheŠll `ugns``edruc pncltl` Şl mktndncnjl` ec M_[ Şl de`Ā, çg vlzlugke cnr sk rkspk`tĀ.
Mnducuc LL `uprlgdk dnuĀ dlmkgslugl, der dkstuc dk `uprlgzĀtnerk8
kckmkgtkck `erk `ere`tkrlzkezĀ gkjetlv M_[ OM9 kckmkgtkck `erk`ere`tkrlzkezĀ pnzltlv M_[ OM. Emokck eu e`kceŞl gumĀr dk espk`tk kxpusk
çg e`kleŞl su``kslugk, kceonretk dlgelgtk, edl`Ā çgtrkoĀrl çg`blsk, pkgtru e ckuŞure mug`e `nmpcktĀrll, der Şl pkgtru e ae`lclte prkcu`rerke detkcnr. Vrlge`kst mnduc gk-em prnpus sĀ kvecuĀm etre`tlvltetke OM çg vkdkrke rk`rutĀrll,skck`tĀrll egjeheŠlcnr, ae`tnrll pnzltlvl dk rkŠlgkrk e rksurskcnr umegk ce OM,espk`tkck sceok seu anrtk eck kvecuĀrll pkranrmegŠkcnr, `nganrtuc pk pnst ecegjehetucul, espk`tk eck mkdlucul Şl `ucturll nrjeglzeŠlngeck. Mnducuc LLL, s-e
exet pk mntlveŠlk8 ae`tnrll mntlveŠlngecl kxlstkgŠl ce OM 9 ae`tnrll dkmntlvetnrl
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MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
<4
kxlstkgŠl ce OM urmĀrlgd prlg e`kst mnduc kal`lkgŠe e`tlvltĀŠll dk mntlverk Şlespk`tkck gkjetlvk eck e`kstul `ngtkxt.
Mnducuc LQ, e evut drkpt s`np eprk`lkrke kal`lkgŠkl M_[ dk `Ātrk
egjeheŠl8 Megejkmkgtuc _ksurskcnr [megk ce OM kstk uguc kal`lkgt> eu anstrujeŠl ldkgtlal`k akkdoe`i-uc pnzltlv Şl akkdoe`i gkjetlv Şl sĀ e`nrdk n gntĀ dkce 5 (`kc mel ml`) ce 56 (`kc mel merk) M_[ OM.
@e kckmkgt ec stru`turll `bkstlngerucul, eu anst ancnsltk çgtrkoĀrl8lgtrndu`tlvk, dk nplglk, dk `ugnŞtlgŠk, dk ldkgtlal`erk, dk `ngtrnc. Eu anstdlstrloultk Şl rkturgetk 566 dk `bkstlngerk. Vkgtru kŞecnguc dk `ngdu`krk (`kl`k kceonrkezĀ pncltl`lck, ck lmpckmkgtkezĀ, lgstrulks` egjeheŠll `e sĀ ck`ugnes`Ā Şl epcl`k `nrk`t) eu anst dlstrloultk 4; dk `bkstlngerk. KŞegtlnguc s-e
dktkrmlget çg akcuc urmĀtnr. Pugt 05 dk alcleck `u 05 dk dlrk`tnrl, 5 dlrk`tnr
jkgkrec, 0 dlrk`tnrl edhug`Šl, 1 dkpertemkgtk `u aug`Šll mktndl`k, 4 skrvl`ll. Vkgtru egjeheŠl, oloclntk`erl seu dlstrloult ;; dk `bkstlngerk (oloclntk`erl
dk ce _kceŠll `u puocl`uc prkpngdkrkgt Şl `ïŠlve dlg dkpertemkgtk Şl skrvl`ll).Qrkm sĀ mkgŠlngem `Ā rkspngdkgŠll/egjeheŠll eu rke`Šlnget prnmpt, eu anstdks`blŞl pkgtru `nceonrerk, e anst uŞnr dk cu`ret `u kl. Çg`Ā ug espk` t pk `erk
c-em skslzet çg prn`ksuc dksaĀŞurĀrll lgtkrvlucul, glmkgl dlg kŞecnguc oloclntk`erlcnr gu e `krut lganrmeŠll edĀujĀtnerk, cĀmurlrk, spk`lal`erk seu ectkçgtrkoĀrl. E`keste gk ae`k sĀ `ng`bldkm `Ā egjeheŠll OM sugt aemlclerlzeŠl `u
`bkstlngerke, lgtkrvlkverke, `Ā vnr sĀ pertl`lpk, estakc `ngtrloulgd ceçmougĀtĀŠlrke prn`kskcnr, e`tlvltĀŠlcnr dk M_[.PpkrĀm `Ā rĀspugsurlck eu anst slg`krk, çg prkemouc esljurïgdu -l `Ā kstk
ug lgtkrvlu egnglm, ler rkzuctetkck vnr al aĀ`utk puocl`k çgtr -n ŞkdlgŠĀ e pkrsngecucul OM, vnr al puocl`etk çgtr -n rkvlstĀ dk spk`lecltetk.
Çg `ngtlguerk gk vnm rkakrl, çg e`kst ertl`nc, dner ce rkzuctetkck mnducucul L”Vncltl`l dk pkrsngec”.
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MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
<;
Teokc gr. 5. @lgk ce OM sk n`upĀ dk megejkmkgtuc rksurskcnr umegk>
%
dlrk tnrl
%
egjeheŠl Tntec dlrk tnrl,
egjeheŠl %
Dlrk tnruc jkgkrec 1?,? 16,6 15, 6
Dlrk tnrll edhug Šl ( erk egumk, prk lzeŠl)
Tetlege @nŞkrlCerlse @çŞceru
Tetlege Njbll
Cudmlce Vçgzeru
22,<
0:,6
00,0
?6
4,0
:1,4
0?,:
0?,:
?
:,0
21,6
0;,6
00,6
5:,6
1,6
dlrk tnrll dkpertemkgtkcnr ?2,6 :,0 5:,6Dlrk tnrll dk alcleck ;;,6 ;6,< ;0,6
Ectk 0,1 0,1 4,6
Gu eu rĀspugs ? 6 ?
_Āspugsurlck slgtktlzetk, çg merk, `nrkspugd rkecltĀŠll Şl putkm `ng`bldk `Āde, egjeheŠll OM Ştlu `nrk`t `lgk sk n`upĀ dk M_[. ”Vncltl`e dk esljurerk `u
pkrsngec” stlpuckezĀ urmĀtnerkck8 ” _kspngseolcltetke esljurĀrll `u rksursk
umegk, `ecltetke, dkzvncterk, mntlverke cnr eperŠlgk8 5. ŗkaucul Pkrvl`lucul Vkrsngec .
?. Megejkrlcnr lgtkrmkdlerl.
0. Dlrk`tnrlcnr dk oloclntk`Ā. 4. ŗkalcnr dk alcleck”.
Dlrk`tnrll edhug`Šl çg kjecĀ mĀsurĀ sk n`upĀ dk prnockmkck dk pkrsngec derçgtïktetk l sk e`nrdĀ, `nganrm rkzuctetkcnr (0;%) Tetlegkl @nŞkrl. ŗkauculDkpertemkgtucul _ksursk [megk, `erk kak`tukezĀ egjeherke prnprlu-zlsĀ l s-
eu e`nrdet dner 5:%. Tetlege @nŞkrl, `e dlrk`tnr edhug`t, `nganrm alŞkl
pnstucul, kstk rkspngseolcĀ dk lgstrulrke pkrsngecucul (dner n dlrk`Šlk dke`tlvltetk e M_[), der kstk pkr`kputĀ `e dlrk`tnruc edhug`t rkspngseolc dkM_[. EgjeheŠll n Ştlu `e prkŞkdlgtk e @nmlslkl dk `ng`lclkrk, `e sk`rkter e
@nmlslkl dk etksterk. Pugt pnzlŠll tkmpnrerk der ckjetk dk megejkmkgtucrksurskcnr umegk ler egjeheŠll l-eu nakrlt prlmnrdlecltetk.
Oloclntk`e Mugl`lpecĀ erk kceonretĀ prnprle pncltl`Ā çg dnmkglucrksurskcnr umegk oezetĀ pk ckjlsceŠle çg vljnerk Şl pk `edru dk rkjckmkgterkec oloclntk`ll. Vncltl`lck dk pkrsngec OM sugt supclmkgtetk dk pcegurl dk
e`Šlugl, prnjremk npkreŠlngeck egueck pkgtru rkeclzerke nolk`tlvkcnr pktkrmkg cugj. Kceonretk, eprnoetk, e`kstk pncltl`l, rkjucl, prn`kdurl eu anst
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MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
<1
lmpckmkgtetk Şl çg`ktĀŠkgltk çg tredlŠle oloclntk`ll Şl tnetk e`tlvltĀŠlck dk pkrsngec eu anst edusk çg `ng`nrdegŠĀ `u kck. @ngdlŠle kskgŠlecĀ kstk `ee`kstke sĀ alk rkspk`tetk dk megejkrl Şl dk egjeheŠl.
ŗtlu egjeheŠll dk kxlstkgŠe cnr> E`keste e anst lgtkgŠle çgtrkoĀrll e dnue dlg`bkstlnger8 KxlstĀ ce OM pncltl`l dk pkrsngec > _Āspugsurlck sugt pnzltlvk. Dlg
566 rkspngdkgŠl 2;% eu rĀspugs de. < egjeheŠl eu olaet rĀspugsuc gu Ştlu.
Vrnoeolc sugt gnl egjeheŠl8 1 dlgtrk oloclntk`erl Şl trkl dlg kŞecnguc dk`ngdu`krk. Dlgtrk oloclntk`erl putkeu sĀ gu Ştlk. Der dlgtrk dlrk`tnrl, Şkal,`rkdkm `Ā sugt gnl egjeheŠl. DlstrlouŠle prn`kgtuecĀ n lcustrkezĀ teokcuc gr. 5.
Teokc gr. ?. KxlstĀ ce Oloclntk`e Mugl`lpecĀ pncltl l dk pkrsngec>
%Dlrk tnrl
%Oloclntk erl
Tntec dlrk tnrl,egjeheŠl %
DE
de Ā DE nmpckteŠl çgtrkoerke 0
<6,6 25,5 2;, 6
G[
De`Ā G[, trk`kŠl ce çgtrkoerke gr. :
6 6 6
Gu ŗTL[
De`e Gu ŗTL[, trk`kŠl ce çgtrkoerkegr. :
1% 50,6% <,6%
Gu eu rĀspugs 1,6
_kspngdkgŠll, dlrk`tnrll Şl egjeheŠll, eu anst rujeŠl sĀ gumkes`Ā pncltl`lck pk `erk ck `ugns`. Gnmlgeclzerke pncltl`lcnr e anst prksteolcltĀ. Çg clste pkgtru olaerk eu anst lg`cusk pncltl`l kxe`tk `e megejkmkgtuc `ngacl`tkcnr , alse
pnstucul, `ngtre`t lgdlvlduec dk mug`e, ONG[P kt`., der Şl gnmlgeclzĀrl dk`ngtrnc `e8 pncltl`e dk anrmerk prnakslngecĀ e pkrsngecucul, lgstrulrke
pkrsngecucul Şl dkzvncterk prnakslngece, pkgtru e vkdke de`Ā çgtr -edkvĀr ck`ugns` seu ck lgtulks`. _kzuctetkck noŠlgutk s`nt çg kvldkgŠĀ pncltl`lck pk `erk
alk`erk dlg kl ck `ugns` `kc mel olgk ‐ `ngtre`tuc lgdlvlduec dk mug`Ā, alŞe pnstucul, `kc mel oug oloclntk`er, secerlzerk. _kstuc dlg `kck, nakrltk sĀ ck olakzk, eu anst lgtultk. Ce e`kestĀ `ng`cuzlk em ehugs egeclzïgd npŠluglck pkgtru pncltl`e dk anrmerk prnakslngecĀ e pkrsngecucul, lgstrulrke
pkrsngecucul Şl dkzvncterk prnakslngecĀ `erk dk aept gu sugt pncltl`l
skperetk. Mel muct dk 4? prn`kgtk Ştlu kxe`t `um sk gumkŞtk `nrk`t ‐ Vncltl`e dk anrmerk prnakslngecĀ OM. _kstuc rkspngdkgŠl, sugtkm `ngvlgŞl`Ā eu evut çg vkdkrk egumk e`kst dn`umkgt der gu Ştleu kxe`t tltcuc.
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MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
<:
Teokc gr. 0. GumlŠl pncltl`lck pk `erk ck `ugneŞtkŠl.
dlrk`t. %
Tntec
dlrk t.,
egjeh.%
% egjeh.
pncltl`e dk
rk`ruterk
?0 ;5,5 0< ?<,6 51 pncltl`e dk
rk`ruterk
pncltl`e dk
anrmerk
prnakslngecĀ e pkrsngecucl
0? :?,6 4? 52,6 56 pncltl`e dk
anrmerk
prnakslngecĀ e pkrsngecucul
lgstrulrke
pkrsngecucul
0? :?,6 41 ?;,; 54 lgstrulrke
pkrsngecucul
rkjucemkgt
prlvlgd
nrjeglzerke
`ng`ursucul
pkgtru egjeherk
55 ?4,6 5: 56,< 1 rkjucemkgt
prlvlgd
nrjeglzerke
`ng`ursucul
pkgtru egjeherk
Kvecuerke
pkrsngecucul
?0 5;,6 ;6% 4<,6 ?: Kvecuerke
pkrsngecucul
megejkmkgtuc
`ngacl`tkcnr
< ?6,6 55 ? megejkmkgtuc
`ngacl`tkcnr
pncltl`e dk
esljurerk `u
pkrsngec
55 ?4,6 ?< 0?,: 52 pncltl`e dk
esljurerk `u
pkrsngec
skck`terke
pkrsngecucul
2 5:,; 5: 51,0 < skck`terke
pkrsngecucul
alse pnstucul 0< 21,: 2? :2,5 40 alse pnstucul
`kc mel oug
oloclntk`er
0< 21,: 22 2<,6 4< `kc mel oug
oloclntk`er
dkzvncterk
prnakslngece
? 4,0 0 5 dkzvncterk
prnakslngecesecerlzerk 0< 21,: 22 2<,6 4< secerlzerk
prnmnverke
pkrsngecucul
4 5; 55 prnmnverke
pkrsngecucul
`ngtre`t
lgdlvlduec dk
mug`e
0< 21,: 22 2<,< 4< `ngtre`t
lgdlvlduec dk
mug`e
ONG[P 5 5 6 ONG[P
Ectk, prk`lzeŠl 6 6 6 Ectk, prk`lzeŠl
Gu eu rĀspugs 1 1 6 Gu eu rĀspugs
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MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
<2
Ce akc Şl pncltl`e dk rk`ruterk, dk esljurerk `u pkrsngec, skck`terke
pkrsngecucul `erk sugt pĀrŠl lgtkjregtk eck Vncltl`ll Esljurerke `u pkrsngec
ce OM. _k`ruterke Şl skck`terke pkrsngecucul OM.
Dner ug egjehet dlg kŞecnguc `ngdu`krll e mkgŠlnget `Ā Ştlk _kjucemkgtuc dk etrloulrk e ongusucul, lgstrumkgt dk kvecuerk e
pkranrmegŠkl jcnoeck, e pkranrmegŠkl dk k`blpĀ9 dk ce kxk`utnrl glmkgl g-e
mkgŠlnget `Ā çc `ugneŞtk. VuŠlgk ugltĀŠl prn`kgtueck e e`umucet pnzlŠle megejkmkgtuc ngacl`tucul.
E`kst rkzuctet pnetk al `nmkgtet duec8 (5) pnetk al `ngsldkret gkjetlv ‐ gu sk
prnmnvkezĀ, lgstrulkŞtk pkrsngecuc `u rkakrlrk ce megejkmkgtuc`ngacl`tucul, estakc egjeheŠll gu `ugns`9 ce-m rkjĀslt çgsĀ çg Vrnjremuc dk
dkzvncterk prnakslngecĀ pk eguc ?662 Şl (?) pnetk al `ngsldkret pnzltlv8
nemkgll gu `ugns` pkgtru `Ā gu kxlstĀ `ngacl`tk mehnrk Şl rkpkr`usluglesupre e`tlvltĀŠll jcnoeck eck OM. @ngacl`tkck sugt cn`eck ‐ dkpertemkgtk
seu alcleck - Şl rerknrl lgacukgŠkezĀ `nmpnrtemkgtk jkgkreck. _epnertkckegueck M_[ çgrkjlstrkezĀ8 çg ?664 ‐ gl`l ug `ngacl`t9 çg ?66; ‐ gl`l ug
`ngacl`t9 çg ?661 ‐ 4 `ngacl`tk9 ?66: - ? `ngacl`tk, çg ?662 ‐ 4 `ngacl`tk.
Tnetk `ngacl`tkck eu anst rkmkdletk pnzltlv.
ŗl tntuŞl gk perk streglu prn`kgtuc pk `erk ce `umucet pnzlŠle kvecuerke
pkrsngecucul, dupĀ pĀrkrke gnestrĀ kstk anertk ml` çg `nmpereŠlk `u kanrtuc
OM dk kvecuerk e e`tlvltĀŠll, e pkranrmegŠkcnr lgstltuŠlngeck. Ce OM kxlstĀmel muctk pncltl`l `u rkakrlrk ce kvecuerk8
5. Kvecuerke e`tlvltĀŠll Şl pkranrmegŠkcnr rksurskcnr umegk9?. _kjucemkgt dk nrjeglzerk Şl kvecuerk e `ngakrlgŠkl egueck
Oloclntk`e Mugl`lpecĀ O.V. Besdku” - supnrt lganrmeŠlngec pkgtru`nmugltetke `blŞlgĀulegĀ8 skrvl`ll, prnjremk lgnvetlvk”9
0. _kjucemkgt dk etrloulrk e ONG[P-ucul (`ngŠlgk kckmkgtk dk pkranrmegŠĀ lgdlvlduecĀ)9
4. _kjucemkgt dk kvecuerk e oloclntk`ll `nganrm slstkmucul dk prlnrltĀŠl
egueck9
;. Tnpuc @kc mel oug oloclntk`er ec egucul”9 Etksterke, prn`ks dk kvecuerk e `nmpktkgŠkl Şl pkranrmegŠkl lgdlvldueck,
`erk sk pktrk`k eguec ce OM, gu e anst mkgŠlngetĀ dk glmkgl._ujeŞl sĀ olakzk e`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru `erk kxlstĀ prn`kdurl `cerk ce OM
egjeheŠll eu mkgŠlnget `e `kck mel `ugns`utk pncltl`l, prn`kdurl dk
megejkmkgt ec rksurskcnr umegk sugt `kck `u rkakrlrk ce8 secerlzerk
(Egtrkprlze dk orljedĀ), ce kvecuerk (_kjucemkgtuc Tnpucul ”@kc mel oug
oloclntk`er”), ce `ngtre`tuc lgdlvlduec dk mug`Ā Şl alŞe pnstucul ‐ `kck pk`erk alk`erk dlg egjeheŠl ck-eu vĀzut, slmŠlt pkgtru `Ā ck-eu `nmpcktet (sugt
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MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
<<
nocljetnrll). [rmkezĀ `u ug pug`teh anertk oug dkzvncterke prnakslngecĀ (`u
:0%) , epnl mel hns s-e `ceset kvecuerke (`u 11%).
Teokc gr. 4. E`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru `erk kxlstĀ prn`kdurl `cerk ce OM
%
Dlrk`tnrl
%
EgjeheŠl Tntec dlrk tnrl,
egjeheŠl %
Egjeherk 566,6 <?,: <1, 6
Pecerlzerk 566,6 <?,: <1,6
rkceŠllck uutlclzetnrll
<;,; 2<,6 <?,6
lgstrulrk Şl pkrak`Šlngerk <;,; 26,6 2:,6
kvecuerke pkranrmegŠkcnr 566,6 15,< :<,6rkceŠllck u secerleŠll 21,1 01,1 ;<,6
Vrnmnverk 41,1 15,< ;;,6
suprevkjbkrk Şl `ngtrnc 14,4 46,6 ;5,6
_k`ruterk ;5,5 ?<,6 0<,6
pceglal`erke pkrsngecucul 41,1 ?;,; 0;,6
dnmkgll dk dk`lzlk 46,6 54,; ?1,6
@ng`kdlkrk 46,6 ?<,6 ?4,6
prnockmk aemlcleck <,2: ?5,6 ??,6
ectkck (prk`lzeŠl `erk) 1,1 0,1 ;,6%
@kck mel muctk pug`tk eu e`umucet pnzlŠllck8 secerlzerk, egjeherk, rkceŠllck`u puocl`uc, lgstrulrk, kvecuerk. E`tlvltĀŠlck `kck mel lmpnrtegtk dlgtr -n
oloclntk`Ā, çg vlzlugke `kcnr `erk ck-eu det prlnrltetk. EgjeheŠll `ugns` muctk prn`kdurl M_[. Gk`ng`nrdegŠĀ sk lvkŞtk çg dlakrkgŠe rĀspugsurlcnr ce pnzlŠlekvecuerke pkranrmegŠkcnr `erk e`umucet :<%. Vk `ïgd ce çgtrkoerke de`Ā`ugns` Vncltl`e dk kvecuerk e pkrsngecucul, eu rĀspugs `Ā `ugns` çg prnpnrŠlkdk 11 %.
Gk-em lgtkrkset `erk sugt E`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru `erk gu `ugns` sual`lkgt prn`kdurlck kxlstkgtk. Dlg `kl 566 dk rkspngdkgŠl gu eu rĀspugs :<. Pk
rkmer`Ā estakc `Ā tntuŞl nemkgll `ugns` prn`kdurlck rkakrltnerk ce M_[. Dner
: egjeheŠl dlg `etkjnrle megejkrl dk glvkc mkdlu gu `ugns` sual `lkgt
pncltl`lck dk pkrsngec. @nte prn`kgtuecĀ e rĀspugsurlcnr sugt gkskmglal`etlvk,aept pkgtru `erk gu ck `nmkgtĀm.
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MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
566
Teokc gr. ;. E`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru `erk gu ugns` sual`lkgt prn`kdurlck kxlstkgtk
%
Dlrk`tnrl
%
EgjeheŠl Tntec dlrk`tnrl,
egjeheŠl %
Gu eu rĀspugs 24,4 :4,; :<,6Dnmkgll dk dk`lzlk 5;,; ?;,4 ?5,6
_k`ruterk :,? 54,; 5?,6
Vceglal`erke pkrsngecucul 1,1 54,; 55,6
Egjeherk 4,0 54,; 56,6
Lgstrulrk Şl pkrak`Šlngerk 2,< 56,< 56,6
Kvecuerke pkranrmegŠkcnr 4,0 56,< 2,6
@ng`kdlkrk ?,? 56,< :,6
Vrnockmk aemlcleck 1,1 :,? :,6Puprevkjbkrk Şl `ngtrnc ?,? 56,< :,6
Pecerlzerk 6 :,? 4,6
_kceŠllck `u secerleŠll ?,? 0,1 0,6
_kceŠllck `u utlclzetnrll, `u puocl`uc
6 0,1 ?,6
Vrnmnverk 6 6 6
Ectkck (prk`lzeŠl `erk) 6 6 6
Gu etït dk jkgkrns eu olaet E`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru `erk prn`kdurlck sk rkspk`tĀce OM8 sk dnvkdkŞtk `Ā sk rkspk`tĀ, çg vlzlugke egjeheŠlcnr, pnzlŠle lgstrulrk(::%), secerlzerk (:?%), rkceŠllck `u puocl`uc (:5%). _kzuctetk eprnepk
pnzltlvk eu e`umucet kvecuerke (1;%) Şl egjeherke (14%). Ler dnmkgllck
vucgkreolck sugt8 dnmkgll dk dk`lzlk (2%), rkceŠllck `u secerleŠll (??%).E`kstk rkzuctetk trkoulk lg`cusk sprk çmougĀtĀŠlrk urjkgtĀ.
Teokc gr. 1. E`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru `erk prn`kdurlck sk rkspk`tĀ ce OM8
%
Dlrk`tnrl
%
EgjeheŠl Tntec
dlrk`tnrl,
egjeheŠl %
Lgstrulrk Şl pkrak`Šlngerk <;,; 15,2 ::,6
Pecerlzerk <0,0 ;4,; :?,6
_kceŠllck `u utlclzetnrll, `u puocl`uc 21,1 ;2,? :5,6
Kvecuerke pkranrmegŠkcnr 21,1 4:,0 1;,6
Egjeherk <0,0 ;0,0 14,6Vrnmnverk ?4,6 ;4,; 45,6
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MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
565
_k`ruterk 42,2 ?;,4 04,6
@ng`kdlkrk ?4,6 ?;,4 ?;,6
Vrnockmk aemlcleck 5:,2 0;,4 ;?,?
Puprevkjbkrk Şl `ngtrnc 4,0 01,4 ??,6
_kceŠllck `u secerleŠll 2,< ;?,: 15,1
Vceglal`erke pkrsngecucul 5;,0 ?;,4 ?5,6
Dnmkgll dk dk`lzlk 4,0 ?5,< ?1,?
Ectkck (prk`lzeŠl `erk) 4,0 :,0 1,6
Gu eu rĀspugs 6 6 0
@kck mel muctk npŠlugl, ce akc `e Şl ce çgtrkoĀrlck prk`kdkgtk, eu anstkxprlmetk pkgtru 8 egjeherk, secerlzerk, kvecuerke pkranrmegŠkcnr, lgstrulrk Şl
pkrak`Šlngerk, rkceŠllck `u puocl`uc, der çgtr -n mĀsurĀ mel ml`Ā. Teokcuc gr. :.rkckvĀ dlakrkgŠe dlgtrk rĀspugsurlck e`umucetk ce npŠlugke kxlstĀ Şl skrkspk`tĀ.
Teokc gr. :. KxlstĀ pncltl`l / sk rkspk`tĀ pncltl`l
KRLPTď % PK _KPVK@Tď DLAK_KGůE
Egjeherk <1% 14% ?4%
Pecerlzerk <1% :?% 0?%
Kvecuerke
pkranrmegŠkcnr :<% 1;, 6% 54%
Lgstrulrk Şl pkrak`Šlngerk
2:% ::,6% 56%
_kceŠllck `u utlclzetnrll <?% :5,6% ?5%
DlakrkgŠe dlgtrk kxlstĀ Şl sk rkspk`tĀ kstk merk, dk ?4% ce secerlzerk9anertk merk, 0?% ce egjeherk9 ?5 % ce rkceŠllck `u puocl`uc9 54% ce kvecuerk956% ce lgstrulrk. DlakrkgŠe e anst dk`cegŞetĀ dk rĀspugsurlck oloclntk`erlcnr,edl`Ā suoectkrglcnr. PĀ urmĀrlm `nrkceŠle dlgtrk rĀspugsurlck dlrk`tnrlcnr(putkrll) / egjeheŠlcnr (kxk`utnrlcnr) 8
Egjeherk - <0, 0% / ;0,0% - dlakrkgŠe 46%
Pecerlzerk ‐ <0,0% / ;4,;% - dlakrkgŠe 0<,?%
Kvecuerke pkranrmegŠkcnr ‐ 21,1% / 4:,0% - dlakrkgŠe 0<,0%
Lgstrulrk Şl pkrak`Šlngerk ‐ <;,;% / 15,2% - dlakrkgŠe 00,:%
_kceŠllck `u utlclzetnrll - 21,1% / ;2,? ‐ dlakrkgŠe ?2,4%
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MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
56?
Vutkm trejk glŞtk `ng`cuzll. Dlrk`tnrll kceonrkezĀ pncltl`l `erk trkoulkrkspk`tetk. Egje heŠll sugt `kl `erk tkstkezĀ `ecltetke prnduskcnr dlrk`tnrlcnr.Dner mel muct dk humĀtetk dk ce 15% ce ;2, ;4, ;0% ealrmĀ `Ā sk rkspk`tĀ.
Der pkgtru `Ā çg eŞe zlsuc tnp eu lkŞlt egjeherke, secerlzerke, kvecuerke e`kstkrkzuctetk eu Şl n `ngnteŠlk suolk`tlvĀ. EstĀzl glmkgl gu-l mucŠumlt dksecerlzerk Şl kvecuerk. Ce akc Şl sk`tnruc `kc mel dlal`lc dlg oloclntk`Ā -
rkceŠllck `u puocl`uc - oloclntk`erll vnr çg `ngtlguerk utlclzetnruc dlg sk`ncuctrk`ut8 umlc, tĀ`ut, rkspk`tuns. EstĀzl çgsĀ evkm ug ect prndus ec cumll
vlrtueck, muct mel clokrtlg, `erk eckjk, `erk spugk `k gu-l pce`k, `erk vrke
tretet arumns, skrvlt prnmpt, kt`. Gnterke s`ĀzutĀ e e`kstkl pnzlŠll ‐ rkceŠle `uutlclzetnrll ‐ kxprlmĀ dk aept dlal`uctetke sk`tnrucul ugdk çŞl kxkr`ltĀ mug`e
oloclntk`erll.
Verednxuc dlakrkgŠlkrll pug`tkcnr dk vkdkrk dlgtrk `ngdu`Ātnrl Şl kxk`utnrl pnetk al dk`l, kxpcl`et `ïgd sk rkakrĀ ce secerlzerk, kvecuerk, egjeherk, ugdkdk`ldkgtuc kstk dlrk`tnruc ler kxk`utnruc gu tntdkeuge kstk `ngsuctet, gu l sk
`krk nplgle Şl pnetk al gkmucŠumlt. Der dlakrĀ, Şl anertk muct, pug`tkck dkvkdkrk ce ectk pnzlŠll ugdk kxk`utnrll eu e`umucet pugtk mel muctk dk`ïtdlrk`tnrll `e8 prnmnverke, rkceŠllck aemlcleck, pceglal`erke pkrsngecucul,rkceŠllck `u secerleŠll, suprevkjbkrk Şl `ngtrnc.
Teokc gr. 2. Dlrk`tnrl/egjeheŠl/dlakrkgŠe dlrk`tnrl egjeheŠl dlakrkgŠe
Vrnockmk aemlcleck 5:,2 0;,4 52,?
Puprevkjbkrk Şl `ngtrnc 4,0 01,4 0?,5
_kceŠllck `u secerleŠll 2,< ;?,5 40,?
Vceglal`erke pkrsngecucul 5;,0 ?;,4 56,5
Dnmkgll dk dk`lzlk 4,0 ?5,< 5:,1
Dlg teokcuc dk mel sus vkdkm `cer `Ā egjeheŠll deu pnzltlv e`kstnr espk`tk,
dk`l, putkm `ng`bldk `Ā egjeheŠll sugt muct mel mucŠumlŠl dk `um sk rkspk`tĀ pncltl`lck rkakrltnerk ce rkceŠllck edmlglstreŠlkl `u kl, ce rkceŠllck `u egjeheŠll, ce prnockmkck aemlcleck, ce dnmkgllck dk dk`lzlk. Gk çgtrkoĀm dk `k dlrk`tnrll gusugt mucŠumlŠl dk espk`tkck dk `erk kl sugt rkspngseolcl8 ‐ suprevkjbkrk Şl`ngtrnc, pceglal`erke pkrsngecucul, dnmkgll dk dk`lzlk, rkceŠllck `u egjeheŠll >
@nmpcktĀm egeclze `u rĀs pugsurlck ce e`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru `erk `ngsldkrĀ prn`kdurlck ancnsltk `e allgd lg`nrk`tk. Detkck noŠlgutk eu s`ns ler çg prlm pceg secerlzerke. Vrk`lzĀm `Ā ce e`kestĀ çgtrkoerk gu eu rĀspugs :? dk
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MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
560
rkspngdkgŠl dlg `kl 566. Dner 55 pkrsnegk dlgtr -n sutĀ eu mkgŠlnget `elg`nrk`tk prn`kdurlck dk secerlzerk. Mel mucŠumlŠl çg e`kst `ez eu anst
oloclntk`erll dlgtrk `erk gu eu rĀspugs 44 dk pkrsnegk, pk `ïgd ce dlrk`tnrl gu
eu rĀspugs gumel ?2 dk pkrsnegk. ÇgskemgĀ `Ā 5: egjeheŠl dlg lkrerblemegejkrlecĀ dk mlhcn` eu prktkgŠll ce rkspk`terke ugnr pncltl`l. DktecleturmĀrlŠl dlstrloulrke gkmucŠumlrlcnr aeŠĀ dk pncltl`l, texïgdu-ck `e lg`nrk`tk,
çg teokcuc gr. 2. E`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru `erk `ngsldkreŠl prn`kdurlck ancnsltk `e allgd
lg`nrk`tk.
%
Dlrk`tnrl
%
EgjeheŠl Tntec
dlrk`tnrl,
egjeheŠl %
Gu eu rĀspugs 1?,? 26,6 :?,6
Pecerlzerk 5;,; :,0 55,6
_k`ruterk 5;,; 6 :,6
Egjeherk 55,6 0,1 :,6
Vceglal`erke pkrsngecucul 5;,; 6 :,6
Lgstrulrk Şl pkrak`Šlngerk ?,? :,0 ;,6
Kvecuerke pkranrmegŠkcnr 4,0 0,1 4,6
Puprevkjbkrk Şl `ngtrnc 4,0 0,1 4,6
Dnmkgll dk dk`lzlk 2,< 6 4,6
_kceŠllck `u secerleŠll 2,< 6 4,6
@ng`kdlkrk 4,0 6 ?,6
Ectkck (prk`lzeŠl `erk) 4,0 6 ?,6
Vrnockmk aemlcleck ?,? 6 5,6
_kceŠllck `u utlclzetnrll, `u puocl`uc ?,? 6 5,6
Vrnmnverk 6 6 6
_Āspugsurlck noŠlgutk sugt, çg merk, pnzltlvk der lgsual`lkgtk pkgtru etrejk `ng`cuzll jkgkreck esupre kal`lkgŠkl M_[ ce OM O.V.Besdku”. Evkmgkvnlk Şl dk egeclze rkzuctetkcnr noŠlgutk ce `kckcectk mnduck eck sngdehuculrkeclzet, `erk vnr urme Şl `erk vnr al `nrkcetk `u pkranrmegŠe nrjeglzeŠlngecĀ eOM. M egejkmkgtuc rksurskcnr umegk rkprkzlgtĀ ”`ncnege vkrtkorecĀ” eugkl nrjeglzeŠll mndkrg çg vlzlugke tknrktl`lkglcnr J. VĀglŞnerĀ Şl L.-N.
VĀglŞnerĀ. Kl sugt dk pĀrkrk `Ā, ”tnt `k `kke `k çgskemgĀ megejkmkgtuc
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MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL
564
rksurskcnr umegk erk ckjĀturĀ dlrk`tĀ `u prndu`tlvltetke, `u pkranrmegŠe Şl `usu``ksuc” Y1, p. <].
Pngdehkck dk nplglk çg rïgduc egjeheŠlcnr rkprkzlgtĀ ug mnd mel snalstl`et
dk e pĀtrugdk çg mlgtke cnr. Alk`erk nm erk tlperk rk`urkgtk dk jïgdlrk,slmŠlrk Şl `nmpnrtemkgt `erk pnt al epcl`etk çg mnd prndu`tlv seu gkjetlv.
Nemkgll sugt dlakrlŠl. [gll vnr sĀ eloĀ rk`ugneŞtkrke Şkaucul, ecŠll slmt `Ā melvecnrnesĀ kstk rk`ugneŞtkrke `nckjlcnr. [gll esplrĀ ce prkŠulrk puocl`Ā.
Alk`er k egjehet rksplrĀ ect nxljkg pslbncnjl`, `ngsldkrĀ spk`leclŞtll dk ce@nmpegle Jeccup, cldkr mngdlec çg kvecuerke Şl egeclze etltudlglcnr, enplgllcnr Şl e `nmpnrtemkgtkcnr Y5, p. ??;].
_KAK_LGůK OLOCLNJ_EAL@K8
5. O[@ILGJBEM, Mer`us, @NAAMEG, @urt. Megejkr `ngtre `urkgtucul.
Ou`urkŞtl8 ECCAE, ?66:, ?01 p. ?. I[CLINQPIL, Cldle. EonrdĀrl eck megejkmkgtucul ce OM ”O.V.Besdku”.
Çg8 @ertke, mnduc gnstru dk e dĀlgul. @b., ?661, p. 24-<6.
0. M`KZKG, Zlcclem H. AnrŠe oregducul. Ou`urkŞtl8 ECCAE, ?662, 5:? p. 4. M[CK_-@EMKG, Ml`bekc9 @_N[@BK_, _l`berd9 CKLJB, Puseg.
Bumeg _ksnur`k Megejkmkgt. E `esk study epprne`b. Cngdng8 @bertkrkd
Lgstltutk na Vkrsnggkc egd Dkvkcnpmkgt, ?66<, ;51 p.
;. GN_DPT_NM, Ihkcc9 _LDDK_PT_ECK, Hnges. Augiy Ouslgkss Anrkvkr8`um sĀ gk ou`urĀm dk `epltecl sm. Ou`urkŞtl8 Vuocl`e, ?66<. ?01 p.
1. VďGLŗNE_ď, J., VďGLŗNE_ď, L.N. Megejkmkgtuc rksurskcnr umegk.
LeŞl8 Vnclrnm, ?66:, 0;2 p. :. V_NDEG, Edrlege. Megejkmkgtuc rksurskcnr umegk. LeŞl8 Vrlg`kps Kd.,
?662, 5?6 p.
2. XEQT[_, Getecle. KvncuŠle ldkll dk megejkmkgt çg jïgdlrke tknrktl`Ā dk oloclntk`ngnmlk dlg _kpuocl`e Mncdnve. Çg8 Vrnockmk e`tueck eck tknrlkl Şl pre`tl`ll oloclntk`ngnml`k. @Ātrk 4; dk egl dk çgvĀŠĀmïgt oloclntk`ngnml`çg _M . @b., ?66;, p. 10-2;.
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DKXQNCTE_KE @NCK@ůLLCN_
56;
OLOCLNTK@E E@EDKML@ď ‐ TKGDLGůK ÇGDKXQNCTE_KE @NCK@ůLLCN_
KCKGE ONůEG-JELGE
Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
Çg ertl`nc sugt egeclzetk prlg`lpllck, `ng`kpŠllck, ae`tnrll Şl ldkncnjle dkzvnctĀrll`nck`Šllcnr. Pugt egeclzetk surskck prlg`lpeck dk `nmpckterk e `nck`Šllcnr oloclntk`ll,`erk sugt kxkmpceruc dkpnzltucul Ckjec ec _M, e`blzlŠllck, dngeŠllck, s`blmouc dk
puocl`eŠll, kt`. P`blmouc dk puocl`eŠll kstk uge dlg `kck mel lmpnrtegtk sursk dk`nmpckterk e `nck`Šllcnr.
Lg tbk ertl`ck tbkrk erk egecyzkd tbk prlg`lpcks, `ng`kpts, ae`tnrs egd `ncck`tlngs
dkvkcnpmkgt ldkncnjy. Lt egecyzks tbk melg snur`ks na tbk clorery `ncck`tlngs
e`qulsltlngs, su`b es ckjec dkpnslt `npy na tbk _kpuocl` na Mncdnve, pur`besks,
dngetlngs, kx`begjk na puocl`etlngs, kt`. Kx`begjk na puocl`etlngs ls ngk na tbk mnst
lmpnrtegt snur`ks anr `ncck`tlngs e`qulsltlng.
Oloclntk`e e`edkml`Ā kstk n oloclntk`Ā ŞtllgŠlal`Ā `u prnalc kg`l`cnpkdl`.E`tlvltetke oloclntk`ll kstk exetĀ pk `nck`terke Şl nrjeglzerke eslstkgŠkl
lganrmeŠlngeck, evïgd s`npuc setlsae`krll `krlgŠkcnr dk lganrmerk,dn`umkgterk Şl ck`turĀ e `kr`ktĀtnrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`l etït prlg mktndk tredlŠlngeck,`ït Şl prlg utlclzerke tkbgncnjllcnr mndkrgk.
Dkzvncterke `nck`Šllcnr rkprkzlgtĀ uge dlg `kck mel lmpnrtegtk e`tlvltĀŠl dk oloclntk`Ā Şl `ngstltulk çg e`kkeŞl mĀsurĀ ug dnmkglu dk oezĀ ec
oloclntk`ngnmlkl.
E`kst prn`ks lg`cudk, pk cïgjĀ `rkŞtkrke `nck`Šllcnr Şl espk`tuc megejkrlec, pk `kc dk egeclzĀ e gk`ksltĀŠll dk lganrmerk, rkstru`turerk Şl kvecuerk e`nck`Šllcnr. Kstk ug prn`ks dlgeml`, lgacukgŠet dk s`blmoĀrlck `erk sk prndu`ce glvkcuc mkdlucul Şl ec `nmugltĀŠll dkskrvltk.
Dkzvncterke `nck`Šllcnr kstk çg e`kceŞl tlmp n merk rkspngseolcltetklgtkck`tuecĀ. Kvldkgt `Ā n `nck`Šlk gu pnetk al rnduc çgtïmpcĀrll seu ecnpŠluglcnr uglcetkreck.
Dkzvncterke `nck`Šllcnr trkoulk sĀ sk rkeclzkzk çg mnd rltml` Şl slstkmetl`, pk oeze ugul pceg hudl`lns, erk sĀ `uprlgdĀ kckmkgtkck kskgŠleck8
- `ngŠlgutuc Şl stru`ture `nck`Šllcnr9 - rksurskck algeg`lerk `erk sk rkpertlzkezĀ çg aug`Šlk dk nolk`tlvkck
urmĀrltk (e`blzlŠll `urkgtk, e`blzlŠll rktrnspk`tlvk, mkgŠlgkrke ugnr `nck`Šll,
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`ngskrverke `nck`Šllcnr, ug egumlt k`blcloru çgtrk dlvkrskck `etkjnrll dkdn`umkgtk )9
- mndecltĀŠlck dk prn`urerk e puocl`eŠllcnr (`umpĀrerk, dngeŠll, s`blmo
dk puocl`eŠll kt`.). Dkzvncterke `nck`Šllcnr kstk n e`tlvltetk `nmpckxĀ, ce `erk `ngtrloulk çgtkrj pkr sngecuc Şl `erk ugkŞtk tnetk skrvl`llck oloclntk`ll. @nmpckterke `nck`Šllcnrsk kak`tukezĀ dk `Ātrk skrvl`lu @nmpckterke Şl KvldkgŠe @nck`Šllcnr” çg`nceonrerk `u skrvl`llck Oloclntk`ll dkŠlgĀtnerk dk angdurl.
Ce rkeclzerke e`blzlŠlkl dk dn`umkgtk sk urmĀrkŞtk pĀstrerke ugulk`blcloru `ecltetlv Şl `egtltetlv `erk sĀ esljurk angducul ug prnalc kg`l`cnpkdl`Şl ug `ere`tkr uglter.
E`blzlŠlngerke dn`umkgtkcnr sk oezkezĀ pk n skck`Šlk rljurnesĀ, skck`Šlk
lmpusĀ dk prnalcuc `nck`Šllcnr, dk `epe`ltetke dk dkpnzlterk Şl, gu çg uctlmĀlgstegŠĀ, dk pnslolcltĀŠlck oujkterk.
@ugneŞtkrke surskcnr dk lganrmerk kstk dknskolt dk lmpnrtegtĀ çge`tlvltetke dk dkzvncterk e `nck`Šllcnr.
N pncltl`Ā kal`lkgtĀ, `nkrkgtĀ e dkzvnctĀrll `nck`Šllcnr Şl lmpcl`ltĀ eskck`Šlkl erk çg vkdkrk urmĀtnrll ae`tnrl8 kxtkrgl, lgtkrgl Şl ae`tnruc umeg.
Kxtkrgl sugt e`kl ae`tnrl `erk, aĀrĀ e lgtkrvkgl dlrk`t çg dk`lzle dk skck`Šlk nlgacukgŠkezĀ, steolclgd `edruc cerj çg `erk çŞl dksaĀŞnerĀ oloclntk`e e`tlvltetke.
Vkgtru e al mel kxpcl`lŠl, vnm kxkmpclal`e prlg kxlstkgŠe ugkl lgarestru`turllganrmeŠlngeck spk`leck, gumltĀ slstkm sn`lec dk `nmugl`erk. Ktepe prkclmlgerĀ e e`blzlŠlkl sk rkakrĀ ce pnslolcltĀŠlck dk lganrmerk esupre`krlgŠkcnr Şl gk`ksltĀŠlcnr utlclzetnrlcnr.
Lgtkrgl sugt e`kl ae`tnrl `erk lgacukgŠkezĀ dlrk`t dk`lzle dk skck`Šlk Şl `erksugt dkpkgdkgtk dk algegŠerk, prnalcuc `nck`Šllcnr, speŠlu kt`.
Ae`tnruc umeg sk rkakrĀ ce `epe`ltĀŠlck prnakslngeck eck pkrsngecuc lmpcl`etçg kak`tuerke skck`Šlkl.
Vkgtru rkeclzerke ugkl skck`Šll kal`lkgtk kstk gkvnlk sĀ sk steolckes`Ā
egumltk prlg`lpll Şl `rltkrll dk skck`Šlk. E`kstke sugt8
- jkgkreck tlpuc dk oloclntk`Ā, tlpurlck dk dn`umkgtk `k ec`Ātulks``nck`Šle, oujktuc, clmltkck `epe`ltĀŠll dk dkzvncterk Şl speŠluc dk ck`turĀ,`krlgŠkck pcegucul dk `kr`kterk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā, jreduc dk eutnmetlzerk e oloclntk`ll9
- spk`lal`k dktkrmlgetk dk `ecltetke lganrmeŠlkl (mnduc dk treterk esuolk`tucul, rkckvegŠe dn`umkgtucul repnrtetĀ ce prnalcuc `nck`Šllcnr
oloclntk`ll, vecnerke lgtrlgsk`Ā e dn`umkgtkcnr). @ngstetĀm `Ā surskck prlg`lpeck dk `nmpckterk e `nck`Šllcnr Oŗ@ E.
Cupeg” sugt urmĀtnerkck8 dkpnzltuc ckjec ec _kpuocl`ll Mncdnve, e`blzlŠllck,
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dngeŠllck, s`blmouc dk puocl`eŠll, kt`. Jreduc dk `ngtrlouŠlk e surskcnr celgtrerke metkrleckcnr kstk dlakrlt. Vk per`ursuc egucul rk`kgt `ke mel merk
pngdkrk n dkŠlgk s`blmouc dk puocl`eŠll, `Ārnre çl eperŠlgk çg mkdlu 00,2%
dlg tnetk lgtrĀrlck, kc allgd urmet dk dngeŠll `u ?1,5% , dk dkpnzlt ckjec `u?5,0% Şl dk e`blzlŠll `u dner 51,; %.
Dkzvncterke mndkrgĀ e oloclntk`lcnr Şl e oloclntk`ngnmlkl prk`um Şl`rkŞtkrke vkrtljlgnesĀ e vecucul lganrmeŠlngec eu lmpus s`blmouc dk
puocl`eŠll, mel ecks `kc lgtkrgeŠlngec, `e anrmĀ kxtrkm dk lmpnrtegtĀ çg`lr`uceŠle vecnrlcnr `uctureck dk ce ŠerĀ ce ŠerĀ. Etït s`blmouc lgtkrg dk
puocl`eŠll, `ït Şl `kc lgtkrgeŠlngec sk pre`tl`Ā ezl dk tnetk oloclntk`lck, `e anrmĀkal`e`k dk `nmpckterk e `nck`Šllcnr Şl dk vecnrlal`erk e surpcusucul dkkxkmpcerk dkŠlgutk dk e`kstke.
P`blmouc dk puocl`eŠll prkzlgtĀ `ïtkve lg`ngtksteolck evegtehk8
- kstk n anrmĀ e dlecnjucul ŞtllgŠlal` çgtrk pertkgkrl9 - sk rkeclzkezĀ, çg prlmuc rïgd, çg vecnrl dk `ngŠlgut, gu çg vecnrl pur
algeg`lerk9
- kstk mel k`ngnml` dk`ït e`blzlŠllck, dknerk`k gu egtrkgkezĀ sumkvecnrnesk9
Vrlg s`blmo sk pnt prn`ure Şl puocl`eŠllck gk`nmkr`leclzetk.Oŗ@ E. Cupeg” e EŗM `nceonrkezĀ `u ``e ?;; pertkgkrl dlg ;6 dk ŠĀrl.
Vertkgkrll dk oezĀ sugt oloclntk`lck e`edkml`k, oloclntk`lck uglvkrslterk ŞllgstltuŠllck ŞtllgŠlal`k. Oloclntk`e e`edkml`Ā mkgŠlgk n `nce onrerk aru`tunesĀ`u8 Oloclntk`lck E`edkml`k dlg _nmïgle, _usle, [`relge, ůĀrlck Oectl`k,Oloclntk`lck [glvkrslterk dlg Ml`bljeg, Okrikcky, @bl`ejn, Iegses (P[E),
dlg Cngdre (Egjcle) Şl Ckldkg (Ncegde), Muzkuc GeŠlngec dk Lstnrlk GeturecĀdlg AregŠe, Oloclntk`e GeŠlngecĀ dlg Verls, Oloclntk`e GeŠlngecĀ dlgOu`urkŞtl, Pn`lktĀŠlck ŗtllgŠlal`k dlg @emorldjk (Egjcle) Şl @ec`utte (Lgdle),Lgstltutuc dk Metkmetl`Ā dlg Chuochege (Pcnvkgle) kt`.
Çg `edruc oloclntk`ll kxlstĀ Angduc dk _kzkrvĀ Şl P`blmo ec`Ātult dlg
puocl`eŠllck ŞtllgŠlal`k, kdltetk dk `Ātrk sevegŠll lgstltuŠllcnr e`edkml`k Şl dlgectk puocl`eŠll rkprkzkgtetlvk kdltetk çg _kpuocl`e Mncdnve. DkstlgeŠle e`kstulangd kstk dk e esljure s`blmouc lgtkrgeŠlngec Şl rkpuocl`eg dk puocl`eŠll.
@nmpckterke `nck`Šllcnr dk `ertk Şl kdlŠll pkrlndl`k prlg e`blzlŠll s-e
kak`tuet dlg dlakrltk sursk çg clmltkck sumkcnr ecn`etk ce e`kst `epltnc. Eu anstnrjeglzetk dnuĀ cl`lteŠll puocl`k pkgtru prksterke skrvl`llcnr dk eongerk ce
kdlŠll pkrlndl`k (prlgt Şl ngclgk) Şl cl`lteŠle pkgtru e`blzlŠlngerk dk `ertkŞtllgŠlal`Ā.
Vkgtru eguc `urkgt e anst pnslolcĀ eongerke rkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k Şlrkakretlvk ruskŞtl, e rkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k rnmïgkŞtl Şl aregŠuzkŞtl, e rkvlstkcnr Şl
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zlerkcnr rkpuocl`egk prn`urïgd ``e ?1; eongemkgtk. Eu anst çg`bkletk`ngtre`tk `u ejkgŠl k`ngnml`l pkgtru e`blzlŠlngerke `ĀrŠlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k kdltetkce kdlturlck dlg _nmïgle, _usle Şl Ncegde (``e :6: uglt.).
@nganrm BntĀrïrll Juvkrgucul _kpuocl`ll Mncdnve gr. 156 dlg 6?.6:.<: prlvlgd Dkpnzltuc ckjec dk puocl`eŠll, Oloclntk`e ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ E.Cupeg” e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl dlspugk dk ug kxkmpcer dk alk`erktltcu dk puocl`eŠll pntrlvlt prnalcucul oloclntk`ll. Dkpnzltuc ckjec ec _kpuocl`llMncdnve lg`cudk urmĀtnerkck `etkjnrll dk dn`umkgtk - `ĀrŠl, rkvlstk, ornŞurl,@D-url kt`. Çg eguc ?66< `e Dkpnzlt ckjec eu anst prlmltk ‐ ?1<4 uglt.
DngeŠllck `ngstltulk n sursĀ lmpnrtegtĀ dk `nmpckterk e `nck`Šllcnr ugkl oloclntk`l. DngeŠle `ngstĀ çg prlmlrke jretultĀ e metkrlecucul dn`umkgter dk cedlvkrsk pkrsnegk alzl`k seu hurldl`k (lgstltutk, sn`lktĀŠl, kdlturl, eutnrl kt`.). Vk
per`ursuc egucul ?66< eu anst rk`kpŠlngetk 0060 uglt.Angdurlck dk puocl`eŠll eck Oloclntk`ll ŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck E. Cupeg” e
EŗM `uprlgd n merk verlktetk dk puocl`eŠll dlg ŠerĀ Şl strĀlgĀtetk. Vkstk <1%dlg tnetk metkrleckck lgtretk çg `nck`Šllck Oloclntk`ll e`edkml`k ck rkprkzlgtĀ`ĀrŠlck Şl kdlŠllck pkrlndl`k.
VïgĀ ce 5 leguerlk ?656 angduc oloclntk`ll `uprlgdke8 5456;6: uglt. ‐ :5;026 `ĀrŠl + 104514 rkvlstk+56:26 ornŞur l + ;6520 kd.
spk`leck. Lg`cuslv8
Angduc e`tlv ‐ 50:2::5 uglt. ( 12<?:6 `ĀrŠl + 1?2;02 rkvlstk +56:26 ornŞurl + ;6520 kd. spk`leck) Angduc dk _kzkrvĀ Şl P`blmo ‐ 05:01 uglt. ( ?1556 `ĀrŠl + ;1?1 rkvlstk) Dn`umkgtkck lgtretk çg `nck`Šllck oloclntk`ll sugt dlg urmĀtnerkck dnmkgll
dk oezĀ8ŗtllgŠk sn`ln-umegk ‐ 4<6;04 uglt.
ŗtllgŠk getureck Şl kxe`tk ‐ 222?0: uglt.
Oloclntk`e dkŠlgk `nck`Šll dk dn`umkgtk tredlŠlngeck, @D Şl oezk dk detkEJN_E, NE_K, BLGE_L, KOP@N, KCPKQLK_ , `er k esljurĀ ug slstkm
ugl` dk eslstkgŠĀ lganrmeŠlngecĀ e `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k augdemkgteck Şlepcl`etlvk.
_KAK_LGůK OLOCLNJ_EAL@K8
5. Oloclntk`e e`edkml`Ā 5<?2-?660 / EŗM9 Oloclntk`e ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ. @b.8
@lvltes, ?660. 5<2 p.
?. KvldkgŠe `nck`Šllcnr dk oloclntk`Ā8 Lgstru`Šlugk, gr. 5;? dlg 62.6;.?660. 0. Ckjke _kpuocl`ll Mncdnve `u prlvlrk ce oloclntk`l, gr. ?21-RLLL dlg 51 gnlkmo.
5<<4.
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DK CE OLOCLNTK@E @NGJ_KP[C[L DLG ZEPBLGJTNG ‐ CE OLOCLNTK@E ŗTLLGůLAL@ď @KGT_ECď ‗EGD_KL
C[VEG” E E@EDKMLKL DK ŗTLLGůK E MNCDNQKL
_NDL@E @NPTEŗ, C[@LE E_Gď[T
Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
Ertl`ncuc sk rkakrĀ ce rkceŠllck dk s`blmo dlgtrk Oloclntk`e @ngjrksucul dlgZesblgjtng Şl Oloclntk`e ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ Egdrkl Cupeg” e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠkdlg _kpuocl`e Mncdnve. Kstk kvldkgŠlet çg spk`lec Vrnjremuc P`blmo dk Duocktkcegset dk Oloclntk`e @ngjrksucul çg ?66; Şl sugt egeclzetk evegtehkck e`kstul prnjremkck`trngl` aeŠĀ dk `kc tredlŠlngec.
Tbk ertl`ck rkakrs tn tbk kx`begjk rkcetlngs oktwkkg tbk Clorery na @ngjrkss arnm
Zesblgjtng egd tbk @kgtrec P`lkgtlal` Clorery –Egdrkl Cupeg” na tbk _kpuocl` naMncdnve. Lg e spk`lec wey lt ls kmpbeslzkd tbk Dupcl`etk Metkrlecs Kx`begjk
Vrnjrem, ceug`bkd oy tbk Clorery na @ngjrkss lg ?66; egd tbkrk erk egecyzkd tbk
edvegtejks na tbls kck`trngl` prnjrem nvkr tbk tredltlngec ngk.
Oloclntk`e ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ Egdrkl Cupeg” e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk eMncdnvkl erk akrl`lte ŞegsĀ dk e sk eace prlgtrk `kl `lr`e ?166 pertkgkrl elOloclntk`ll @ngjrksucul dlg P[E.
_kceŠllck dk s`blmo dlgtrk e`kstk dnuĀ oloclntk`l eu anst lglŠletk çg`Ā çg5<1;, pk per`ursuc e`kstnr eprnepk 4; dk egl oloclntk`e e`edkml`Ā
okgkal`llgd dk gumkrnesk dn`umkgtk etçt dk gk`kserk prn`ksucul dk `kr`kterkdlg `edruc E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk. Vk dk ectĀ pertk, detnrltĀ `nceonrĀrll çgtrk
oloclntk`lck gnestrk, e anst Şl kstk pnslolcĀ prnmnverke rkzuctetkcnr `kr`ktĀrlcnrsevegŠlcnr E`edkmlkl pkstk bnterkck ŠĀrll.
Çg ?66; Oloclntk`e @ngjrksucul e cegset Vrnjremuc P`blmo dk Duocktk
(DMKV8 Dupcl`etk Metkrlecs Kx`begjk Vrnjrem) çg verlegtĀ kck`trngl`Ā,
nakrlgd pnslolcltetke dk skck`terk ng-clgk e puocl`eŠllcnr. Estakc, evegtehuce`kstul prnjrem aeŠĀ dk `kc tredlŠlngec kstk çg prlmuc rçgd npkretlvltetke,
prlg`lpllck kskgŠleck dk aug`Šlngerk allgd urmĀtnerkck8
N çgtrkejĀ verlktetk dk mktndk dk cn`eclzerk e puocl`eŠllcnr `Āutetk9
Vnslolcltetke dk e arugzĀrl” tltcurlck dlg tnetk `kck 5? `etkjnrll dksuolk`tk prnpusk dk Oloclntk`e @ngjrksucul9
E``ks ce çgtrkeje oezĀ dk detk e tltcurlcnr prnpusk9
De`Ā tltcuc `nmegdet kstk dlspnglolc, `nga lrmerke `nmkgzll sk ae`k
lmkdlet prlgtr-ug k-melc9
NdetĀ skck`tet, tltcuc dkvlgk gkdlspnglolc pkgtru ecŠl pertkgkrl9
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@nmkgzlck sçgt çgdkpclgltk lmkdlet `k eu anst pcesetk, lgdl`çgdu-sk
prlgtr-ug mkseh dete `ng`rktĀ dk kxpkdlkrk e `ĀrŠlcnr sncl`ltetk9
@nte pertkgkrucul kstk e`tueclzetĀ pkrlndl`, dlspnglolcĀ çg rkjlm ng-
clgk Şl steolcltĀ çg alk`erk eg çg aug`Šlk dk gumĀruc dk puocl`eŠll prlmltk dk ce pertkgkr çg eguc prk`kdkgt. Estakc, dlg ?66; Oloclntk`e ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ Egdrkl Cupeg” e EŗM e
okgkal`let lg `edruc e`kstul prnjrem dk 4?5 `ĀrŠl, pertk dlg `erk eu anstrk`kpŠlngetk çg cuge eujust ?66<. K dk rkmer`et `e puocl`eŠllck rkprkzlgtĀeperlŠll rk`kgtk ce kdlturl prkstljlnesk `um er al Nxanrd [glvkrslty Vrkss,
@emorldjk [glvkrslty Vrkss, Pprlgjkr, Gnve P`lkg`k Vuoclsbkrs,
Teycnr&Areg`ls Jrnup, kt`.
Vrnjremuc P`blmo dk Duocktk kstk n ougĀ npnrtugltetk pkgtru
`nmugltetke ŞtllgŠlal`Ā dlg Mncdnve Şl pkgtru utlclzetnrll Oloclntk`ll pkgtru edks`npkrl gnl studll ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl e-Şl cĀrjl e``ksuc ce rkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr`nckjlcnr dk pkstk bnterk.
VrkzkgtĀm çg `ngtlguerk `çtkve tltcurl çgsnŠltk dk s`urtk edgntĀrl. Lgtkrgetlngec Mljretlng Cew8 Dkvkcnplgj Veredljms egd Iky
@becckgjks / Kd. oy _. @bnckwlgsil. ‐ Tbk Bejuk8 TM@ Esskr Vrkss,
?66:. ‐ 4<? p.
Edgnterk8 @ertke egeclzkezĀ prnockmkck ckjetk dk mljreŠle lgtkrgeŠlngecĀ,
`um er al treal`uc dk allgŠk umegk, lmpe`tuc utlclzĀrll tkbgncnjllcnr olnmktrl`k(ce emprkgtkck dljlteck, sprk kxkmpcu) pkgtru ldkgtlal`erke Şl mel ougemngltnrlzerk e mljreŠlkl lgtkrgeŠlngeck Şl pkgtru lgtkgslal`erke `nnpkrĀrll ce
arngtlkre [glugll Kurnpkgk. Çg cu`rerk sçgtkxemlgetk dk eskmkgke drkpturlck jrupurlcnr
vucgkreolck dk mljregŠl, `um er al mug`ltnrll Şlakmklck-vl`tlmk eck treal`ucul, pkrsnegkck aĀrĀ`ktĀŠkglk. Kstk egeclzetĀ dk eskmkgke prnockme
rkspngseolcltĀŠll stetkcnr Şl prkvkdkrlck prntk`Šlkl
Şl eslstkgŠkl `ngsucerk e mljregŠlcnr vucgkreolcl.Vrlg prnockmkck eonrdetk, puocl`eŠle ve`ngtrloul ce n çgŠkckjkrk mel empcĀ e ckjlllgtkrgeŠlngeck dksprk mljreŠlk. @ertke rkprkzlgtĀrnduc `ngcu`rĀrll ugnr nrjeglzeŠll lgtkrgeŠlngeck,e spk`leclŞtlcnr çg drkpt, e `kr`ktĀtnrlcnr Şl
kxpkrŠlcnr çg prnockmkck mljreŠlkl lgtkrgeŠlngeck Şl kstk dkstlgetĀ ugul jrupcerj dk `ltltnrl8 pncltl`lkgl, `kr`ktĀtnrl, dn`tnregzl, pre`tl`lkgl çg drkpt,rkprkzkgtegŠl el sn`lktĀŠll `lvlck Şl hurgeclŞtl.
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DKXQNCTE_KE @NCK@ůLLCN_
555
Oln`bkmlstry egd Vbyslncnjy na Gkutrnpblc / Kd. oy Ptkvkg Z.
Kdwerds. ‐ @emorldjk8 @emorldjk [glvkrslty Vrkss, ?66;. ‐ ?<< p.
Edgnterk8 Gkutrnalce rkprkzlgtĀ prlme clglk dk
epĀrerk e nrjeglsmucul çmpntr lve lgvezlkl petnjkglcnr oe`tkrlecl Şl augjl`lzl. E`keste kstk n`kcucĀ `ltntnxl`Ā `u ug pntkgŠlec dk prntk`Šlkanertk çgect, pnskdçgd çg e`kst s`np ug çgtrkjerskgec dk prntklgk egtlml`rnolkgk.
@ertke dks`rlk rncuc gkutrnalckl çg `ezuc lgak`ŠllcnrŞl lgacemeŠllcnr Şl ae`k n trk`krk çg rkvlstĀ e
oln`blmlkl Şl alzlncnjlkl e`kstkl `kcuck,kvldkgŠllgd mk`eglsmkck prlg `erk e`keste
dkplstkezĀ Şl dlstrujk ml`rnnrjeglsmkck petnjkgk. Vuocl`eŠle pugk çg dls`uŠlkdks`npkrlrlck rk`kgtk prlvlgd rncuc `ltnilgkcnr çg rkjcerke aug`Šlkl gkutrnalckl. @ertke ve prkzkgte lgtkrks pkgtru `kr`ktĀtnrll dlg dnmkgluc oln`blmlkl, e
olncnjlkl mnck`ucerk Şl alzlncnjlkl, der Şl pkgtru lmugncnjl Şl bkmetncnjl. Kgdurlgj Uukstlngs lg Jkrngtncnjy / Kd.
oy Dkore H. Pbkkts, Dege Oredcky, Hng
Bkgdrl`is. ‐ Gkw \nri8 Pprlgjkr Vuoclsblgj
@nmpegy, ?661. ‐ ?<1 p.
Edgnterk8 Eutnrll `ĀrŠll tretkezĀ prnockmkckjkrngtncnjlkl dlg pkrspk`tlve dlakrltnr dls`lpclgk
ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl kcu`ldkezĀ `Ālck dk eonrderk ee`kstkle. Vrlg egeclze mndecltĀŠlcnr çg `erk n
dls`lpclgĀ e lgacukgŠet ectk dls`lpclgk seu e okgkal`let çg urme e`kstkl lgacukgŠk, eutnrll eretĀ`um e`tlvltetke, çg tegdkm, jkgkrkezĀ prnjrksuc.Çg cu`rerk sçgt egeclzetk prnockmkck dktkrmlgetk dk sn`lktetke çg tregzlŠlk,kceonretk stretkjll Şl dkalgltk pkrspk`tlvkck rkmer`eolck pk `erk e`kestĀ ŞtllgŠĀ
ck erk. @ertke kstk edrksetĀ spk`leclŞtlcnr çg dnmkgluc jkrngtncnjlkl Şl `kcnrlgtkrkseŠl dk suolk`tuc rkspk`tlv. Tbk Dygeml` Oe`tkrlec Jkgnmk / Kd. oy
Vktkr Muccegy. ‐ @emorldjk8 @emorldjk
[glvkrslty Vrkss, ?66;. ‐ 4?0 p.
Edgnterk8 @ertke prkzlgtĀ n egeclzĀ prnaugdĀ emk`eglsmkcnr Şl `ngsk`lgŠkcnr olncnjl`k e
rkereghemkgtkcnr jkgnmucul çg oe`tkrll. Kak`tuc olncnjl` ec e`kstnre kstk lmkgs, lgacukgŠçgd
vlruckgŠe oe`tkrlecĀ Şl rkzlstkgŠe ce egtlolntl`k.
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DKXQNCTE_KE @NCK@ůLLCN_
55?
Eutnrll kxemlgkezĀ mk`eglsmkck lmpcl`etk çg rkereghemkgtkck jkgnmucul Şl`ngsk`lgŠkck olncnjl`k dlrk`tk eck e`kstnr e`Šlugl. Vuocl`eŠle sk edrkskezĀstudkgŠlcnr dlg uctlmuc eg ec ae`uctetll, mestkregzlcnr, dn`tnregzlcnr, `çt Şl
`kr`ktĀtnrlcnr dlg dnmkgluc olncnjlkl.Muctlpbesk Bnmnjkgnus @etecysls / Kd. oy O. @nrglcs Ykt ec.]. ‐
Zklgbklm8 Zlcky-Q@B Qkrcej, ?66;. ‐ 465 p.
Edgnterk8 Vuocl`eŠle dk aeŠĀ rkprkzlgtĀ n`ertk dk rkakrlgŠĀ pkgtru `kl `erk e`tlvkezĀçg dnmkgluc `eteclzkcnr `u aezk muctlpck. Eutnrll puocl`eŠlkl - sevegŠl dk rkgumk dlgdnmkgluc lgdustrlec Şl e`edkml` eu pnrgltdk ce ldkke dk oezĀ e ktepkl dk dkzvncterk
pçgĀ ce epcl`erke `nmkr`lecĀ `u tkgdlgŠk dkrkeclzerk k`ngnml`Ā, prkzkgtçgd `ng`ls Şl`nmpktkgt tnetk aeŠktkck e`kstkl mktndncnjllaes`lgegtk.
_kmntk Pkgslgj na Cegds`epks wltb
Ppk`trec Lmejks8 e Vbysl`ec Mndkclgj
Epprne`b / Kd. oy Hnbg O. Edems, Eceg
_. Jlccksplk. ‐ Gkw \nri8 @emorldjk [glvkrslty Vrkss, ?661. ‐ 01? p.
Edgnterk8 Lmejlglck spk`treck, mel ecks `kck dk pk setkclŠl `um er al Cegdset sçgt utlclzetk çgçgtrkeje cumk çg dlvrksk s`npurl çg`kpçgd dk cemngltnrlzerke s`blmoĀrlcnr dk mkdlu Şlkvecuerke rksurskcnr getureck pçgĀ ce`nnrdngerke npkreŠluglcnr mlclterk.
@ertke rkprkzlgtĀ ug çgdrumer prlvlgd prkcu`rerke Şl lgtkrprkterke lmejlglcnr spk`treck
ancnslgd mndkck alzl`k eŞe çg`çt sĀ sk ae`Ā
`ngkxlugke dlgtrk pertke tknrktl`Ā Şl `kelgjlgkrkes`Ā e dktk`tnrucul ce dlstegŠĀ `u cumkerkecĀ. Kstk ug meguec dk rkakrlgŠĀ pkgtrustudkgŠl Şl spk`leclŞtl dlg dnmkgllck çg `erk sçgt utlclzetk lmejlglck spk`treck,
prk`um k`ncnjle, jkncnjle, jknjreale, slcvl`ucture, pceglal`erke uroegĀ,erbkncnjle, lgjlgkrle `lvlcĀ.
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T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_
550
OLOCLNTK@E @NGJ_KP[C[L ‐ KDLAL@L[C
@[GNŗTLGůKCN_
C[DMLCE ME_Lŗ@KE@ Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
Oloclntk`e @ngjrksucul Ptetkcnr [gltk eck Emkrl`ll, çg nrljlgec, Tbk
Clorery na @ngjrkss na tbk [gltkd Ptetks na Emkrl`e gumk `ugns`ut Şl çganrmk s`urtk, Tbk Clorery na @ngjrkss, seu dner Clorery na @ngjrkss, kstk
oloclntk`e puocl`Ā `ke mel merk Şl `ke mellmpnrtegtĀ e [glugll9 allgd, dk aept Oloclntk`e
GeŠlngecĀ e Ptetkcnr [gltk eck Emkrl`ll. Oloclntk`e e
anst angdetĀ çg eguc 5266 Şl kstk `ke mel vk`bklgstltuŠlk akdkrecĀ `ucturecĀ e geŠlugll sl `ke mel merk
oloclntk`e dlg cumk. EmpcesetĀ çg trkl `cĀdlrl dlgZesblgjtng, Clorery na @ngjrkss kstk tntndetĀ, Şl `ke mel merk oloclntk`Ā ecumll dupĀ gumĀruc dk reaturl, dupĀ gumĀruc dk `ĀrŠl Şl dupĀ gumĀruc dknolk`tk eacetk çg `nck`Šle se. E`keste `ngŠlgk pkstk 06 mlclnegk dk `ĀrŠl Şl ectkdn`umkgtk tlpĀrltk çg pkstk 4:6 dk clmol, mel muct dk 15 mlclnegk dk
megus`rlsk. Vk pnst dk `urlnzltĀŠl, putkm mkgŠlnge `kck mel rerk `nck`Šll dk
`ĀrŠl dlg Emkrl`e dk Gnrd,lg`cuslv anrme gkalglsetĀ eDk`cereŠlkl dk LgdkpkgdkgŠĀ,uge dlg `kck petru `npll,
kxlstkgtk çg tnetĀ cumke eOloclkl cul Jutkgokrj, pkstk 5
mlclng dk kdlŠll eck zlerkcnr dlgtnetĀ cumke dlg uctlmkck trklsk`nck, pkstk 1.666 dk okgzl
dkskgetk, alcmk, 4.2 mlclnegk dk bĀrŠl, ?.: mlclnegk dk çgrkjlstrĀrl, pkstk 50.:mlclnegk dk pnzk Şl lmejlgl, lg`cuslv dkskgk erbltk`tureck Şl plksk dk ertĀ,Oktts Ptredlverlus Şl @essevkttl Ptredlverlus. Dlrk`tnruc e`tuec ec oloclntk`ll
kstk Hemks B. Oucclgjtng, `erk erk tltcuc nal`lec dk Clorerleg na @ngjrkss Şl k`kc dk-ec trklsprkzk`kcke dlrk`tnr ec Oloclntk`ll @ngjrksucul ,dk ce angderke se.
Tltcuc dk Clorerleg na @ngjrkss, çg rnmïgĀ tredus drkpt, Oloclntk`eruc
@ngjrksucul, dkskmgkezĀ dlrk`tnruc çgtrkjll lgstltuŠll- Clorery na @ngjrkss.
Vkrsnege `erk urmkezĀ e al Clorerleg na @ngjrks kstk gumltĀ dk prkŞkdlgtkck
Ptetkcnr [gltk ce rk`nmegderke Şl eprnoerke Pkgetucul ŠĀrll. [ctkrlnr e`kestedkvlgk oloclntk`er-Şka ec tuturnr sk`Šluglcnr Oloclntk`ll @ngjrksucul. [ge dlg
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T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_
554
rkspngseolcltĀŠlck cul Clorerleg na @ngjrkss kstk dk e guml çg aug`Šlk ug Vnkt
Ceurketk, edl`Ā ug pnkt ceurket, `ngsuctegt çg pnkzlk.
Oloclntk`e e anst sltuete çg `cĀdlrke @epltnclucul pïgĀ ce lgvezle orltegl`e
dlg 5254, `k e `ngdus ce erdkrke ml`ll `nck`Šll dk `ĀrŠl. N cugĀ mel tïrzlu, prkŞkdlgtkck Tbnmes Hkaakrsng e nakrlt @ngjrksucul oloclntk`e se pkrsngecĀ `k`ngŠlgke `erŠl e`blzlŠlngetk pk per`ursuc e ;6 dk egl, allgd `ngsldkretĀ `ke mel
–realgetĀ” oloclntk`Ā dlg P[E. Lg 525;, @ngjrksuc e e``kptet nakrte prkŞkdlgtkcul Hkaakrsng, `k e `ngstltult tkmkcle ugkl oloclntk`l geŠlngeck.@ng`kptuc cul Hkaakrsng prlvlgd uglvkrsecltetke sl lmpnrtegŠe tuturnrsuolk`tkcnr pkgtru n oloclntk`Ā e @ngjrksucul evke sĀ jbldkzk dkzvncterkeuctkrlnerĀ e lgstltuŠlkl.
Elgswnrtb _egd Ppnaanrd, e anst `kc `erk e cu`ret ce Oloclntk`e
@ngjrksucul çg pkrlnede 5214 ‐ 52<4, e epcl`et pk s`erĀ cerjĀ alcnsnale culHkaakrsng. Lg 52:6 kc e lgtrndus ckjke `npyrljbt-ucul ler lg 5<:0 e `ngvlgs
@ngjrksuc sĀ eprnok `ngstrulrke ugkl gnl `cĀdlrl. Lg 5221, dupĀ kvecuerke melmuctnr prnlk`tk, @ngjrksuc e eprnoet `ngstrulrke `cedlrll çg stlc lteclegrkges`kgtlst pk oeze dkskgkcnr erbltk`Šlcnr Hnbg Pmltbmkykr sl Veuc H Vktz.
Çg 5<24, @ngjrksuc e eprnoet angdurlck gk`kserk pkgtru rksteurerke `cĀdlrll`k purte çg`Ā dlg 5<26 gumkck prkŞkdlgtkcul Tbnmes Hkaakrsng. _ksteurerke evlzet `ngskrverke spckgdnrll sk`ncucul RLR, `ït Şl mndkrglzerke `cĀdlrll
pkgtru e rĀspugdk `krlgŠkcnr sk`nucul RRL. Oloclntk`e e anst rkdks`blsĀ çg5<<:, ce eglvkrserke e 566 dk egl dk ce çgallgŠerk. Pkrvl`llck dk rkakrlgŠĀ prkstetk ce ;4;,624 pkrsnegk dlg pnpuceŠlk, sugt
kak`tuetk pkrsngec, prlg tkckang, Şl prlg `nrkspngdkgŠĀ s`rlsĀ seu kck`trngl`Ā. Dlg tntecuc dk 545,24:,256 kckmkgtk dlg `nck`Šll e oloclntk`ll, pnt al
kgumkretk8
?5?52462 `ertl `etecnjetk çg Oloclntk`e @ngjrksucul e slstkmucul dk`ceslal`erk 55;<<161 `ĀrŠl `u `ere`tkrk merl seu rldl`etk, lg`ugeouck (`ĀrŠltlpĀrltk çgelgtk dk 5;65), mngnjreall, skrleck, muzl`Ā, ckjĀturl dk zlerk,
ornŞurl, repnertk tkbgl`k, prk`um Şl ectk dn`umkgtk tlpĀrltk9 56<6?<:<1 kckmkgtk ae` pertk dlg `nck`Šll spk`leck. E`kstke lg`cud8
066;6?2 metkrleck eudln, `um er al dls`url, `esktk, `ĀrŠl, Şl ectk anrmetkçgrkjlstretk9
1?::2552 megus`rlsk9
;0;:02; bĀrŠl9 51621;:? ml`rnalcmk9
;1:4<;1 plksk dlg teocĀ dk muzl`Ā9
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T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_
551
5;-cke çg kmlsakre vkstl`Ā. @nck`Šle lg`cudk, dk eskmkgke, prlme `ertk
tlpĀrltĀ, kxlstkgtĀ çg Emkrl`e dk Gnrd, "Tbk Oey Vsecm Onni" (5146). Oloclntk`e dlspugk dk eprnxlmetlv 566 dk `ĀrŠl pkgtru `npll kxtrkm dk
rerk, lg`cuslv "Gnue Tbk @blcdrkg's Vcey-Tblgj" (Vblcedkcpble, 5:10) sl "Tbk@blcdrkg's Olock" (Vblcedkcpble, 5:10). @ke mel ml`Ā `ertk çg Oloclntk`e@ngjrksucul kstk "Ncd Ilgj @nck." E`kste kstk dk 5 / ?; "x 5 / ?;", seu
dksprk mĀrlmke pkrlnedkl dk ce saïrŞltuc e`kstkl prnpnzlŠll. @ke mel merk`ertk çg Oloclntk`e @ngjrksucul kstk dk ;-dk-: rkzkrveŠl çg pl`lnerk `erk
prkzlgtĀ lmejlgl `ncnr dlg Obuteg. @u sprlhlg dk ce Ml`rnsnat, n k`blpĀ dkstudkgŠl dk ce Messe`busktts Lgstltutk na Tk`bgncnjy çgrkjlstretk dk vleŠĀ
vk`bl Şl `ucturll, çg e`kestĀ ŠerĀ dlg Esle dk Pud -Kst Şl e aĀ`ut 46.666 dkantnjreall dljlteck dlspnglolck pkgtru e Erblvkcnr GeŠlngeck Obuteg.
@kc mel lmpnrtegt dlgtrk kxpcneteŠllck dlvlzlkl dk megus`rls sugtdn`umkgtkck dk ?0 prkskdlgtl, verllgd dk ce Jknrjk Zesblgjtng ce @ecvlg
@nncldjk.
Olocle Jutkgokrj, kstk uge dlg `nmnrlck Oloclntk`ll @ngjrksucul, e anst
e`blzlŠlngetĀ çg 5<06. Kstk uge dlgtrk `kck trkl kxkmpcerk pkrak`tĀ pk pkrjemkgt dlg cumk.
Mel muct dk 5 mlclng dlg lmejlgl sugt e``kslolck pk prlgturl Şl Antnjreallck`etecnjucul ng-clgk.
Oloclntk`e dkŠlgk `ke mel `uprlgzĀtnerk `nck`Šlk dk muzl`Ā emkrl`egĀ çgcumk, mel muct dk ?? mlclnegk dk prndusk, lg`cuslv ;.1 mlclnegk dk plksk dk
muzl`Ā anelk. @nck`Šle `uprlgdk n edugerk merk dk megus`rlsk nrlj lgeck dk
`nmpnzltnrl dk tketru emkrl`eg muzl`eck Şl `ke mel merk `nck`Šlk dk nrl`k akc
dlgtrk lgstrumkgt muzl`ec (aceut) dlg cumk. Oloclntk`e spngsnrlzkezĀ n cugjĀduretĀ dk dlauzerk skrlk dk `ng`krtk dk muzl`e dk `emkre.
@u pkstk 5,; mlclnegk dk prndusk, Erblve pnpucerĀ dk @ucturĀ çg AnciclakEmkrl`eg @kgtkr (EA@) kstk `kc mel merk dkpnzlt dk dn`umkgteŠlk `ucturecktredlŠlngeck çg Ptetkck [gltk Şl uguc dlgtrk `kck mel merl dlg cumk. E`kste
`ngŠlgk `ke mel merk `nck`Šlk dk muzl`Ā lgdlegĀ dlg Emkrl`e dk `uvïgt Şl evnrolt, lg`cuslv `ke mel vk`bk çgrkjlstrerk ktgnjreal`Ā çg dnmkglu.
Çg`kpïgd `u 5<05, Oloclntk`e e nakrlt `ĀrŠl ce nrol çg orelcck Şl pkçgrkjlstrĀrl sngnrk. Oloclntk`e GeŠlngecĀ Pkrvl`luc pkgtru gkvĀzĀtnrl Şl
pkrsnegkck `u begdl`ep alzl` kstk çg prn`ks dk dksaĀŞurerk e lgvkgterucul dk
çgrkjlstrĀrl pk `esktk eudln, `u rk`kgt dkzvnctetk dljltec Qnrolgd `ĀrŠl Şlk`blpemkgtk dljlteck dk rkderk.
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T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_
55:
Angduc oloclntk`ll eu jkgkrecĀ `k `ngŠlgk `ke mel merk `nck`Šlk dk @_LPP
dlg P[E-@rnss (gumĀruc dk tkckang Şl edrkse) Şl prlmerkcnr nreŞkcnr dlg
cumk. Oloclntk`e dnoïgdkŞtk, pkstk 2.666 dk vncumk dk ug eg Şl `ĀrŠl `kdkŠlgk mel muct dk 5?4,666 dk tkckanegk Şl dk dlrk`tnerk, ml`rnalcmetk ecknreŞucul dk ce 1;6 nreŞk dlg P[E Şl nreŞk. E`keste `nck`Šlk vestĀ `u prlgdk
`ĀrŠl strĀlgk lstnrl`k. (eprnepk 5.;66 pk eg prlmltk dk ce mel muct dk 566 dkŠĀrl).
@kc mel vk`bl zler nrljlgec, çg `nck`terk kstk Mkr`urlus Vøocl`es@nmpertlmkgterk sume dk Anrreljg Lgtkccljkg`k, ?< dk`kmorlk 51;<.
ŗtllgŠlal` Şl tkbgl` dk lganrmer k Oloclntk`e @ngjrksucul erk uge dlgtrk `kck
mel merl `nck`Šll Şl dk `kck mel dlvkrsk lganrmeŠll ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl tkbgl`k dlgcumk. E`kstk metkrleck `ngstltulk eprnxlmetlv ug sakrt dk `ertk `erk se tntecĀŞl dk `nck`terk e rkvlstkl.
Çg 52<:, Oloclntk`e Şl-e dks`bls pnr Šlck puocl`ucul allgd kcnjletĀ `e ugmngumkgt geŠlngec jregdlns –`ke mel merk, mel `nstlsltnerk Şl mel sljure
oloclntk`Ā dlg cumk”.
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T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_
552
OLOCLNTK@E QL_T[ECď K[_NVKEGď
dr. TETLEGE C[@BLEGOŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
Oloclntk`e KurnpkegĀ kstk n oloclntk`Ā kurnpkegĀ vlrtuecĀ, uglal`etĀ çgtr -nslgjurĀ rkŠke, `erk nakrĀ e``ks `kgtreclzet ce rksurskck e 42 dk oloclntk`lgeŠlngeck dlg Kurnpe. @e Şl çgtr -n oloclntk`Ā tredlŠlngecĀ, el`l pnt al jĀsltk tntakcuc dk metkrleck8 dn`umkgtk nrljlgeck, `ĀrŠl, bĀrŠl, antnjreall, muzl`Ā kt`.[tlcltetke dljlteclzĀrll dn`umkgtkcnr Şl e anrmĀrll ugkl rkŠkck ugl`k kstkdkmngstretĀ prlg aeptuc `Ā el e``ks lmkdlet Şl `nganrteolc ce dn`umkgtkck
oloclntk`ll geŠlngeck e ugkl ŠĀrl kurnpkgk, pk dk ectĀ pertk çc pnŠl `Āute çg oloclntk`lck ugkl ectk ŠĀrl, çg `ezuc çg `erk clpskŞtk çg oloclntk`e `ngsuctetĀ.
LganrmeŠle gk`kserĀ pnetk al noŠlgutĀ çg çŠlve peŞl (ktepk).
L. Mel çgtçl sk lgtrĀ pk sltuc bttp8//www.tbkkurnpkegclorery.nrj/
Pk s`rlk `uvçgtuc `Āutet. Pk ae`k `cli pk outnguc (E).
Vejlge "_kzuctet" ve nakrl urmetnerkck8
Clste `nck`Šllcnr sncl`ltetk (O)9
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T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_
55<
@nck`Šllck lg`cusk. El`l lgtrĀ `ĀrŠlck ngclgk, lmejlgl, mepk,muzl`Ā (@).
Ougnguc (D) ngclgk pkrmltk e``ksuc ngclgk ce metkrleckck dljlteclzetk.
De`Ā dupĀ e``kserke outngucul ngclgk dn`umkgtuc gu sk dks`bldk, e`kste g-eanst çg`Ā dljlteclzet. @bler Şl çg e`kst `ez, tltcuc `Āutet pkrmltk e``ksuc ce "alŞedk oloclntk`Ā" e dn`umkgtucul.
LQ. E``kserke outngucul "alŞe dk oloclntk`Ā" pkrmltk vlzueclzerke detkcnrdksprk dn`umkgt.
Etug`l `çgd metkrlecuc `Āutet gu kstk dlspnglolc çg anrmet kck`trngl`, kstkealŞetĀ lganrmeŠle ugdk pnetk al jesltĀ. Lg drkepte outngucul "AlŞe dk
oloclntk`Ā" kstk ealŞetĀ dlspnglolcltetke dn`umkgtucul rkspk`tlvk çg oloclntk`lck dlg çgtrkeje KurnpĀ.(J).
Oloclntk`e KurnpkegĀ kstk ug prnlk`t gng`nmkr`lec `erk nakrĀ, e``ks ce`nck`Šllck e 42 dk oloclntk`l geŠlngeck dlg Kurnpe çg 0; dk clmol.
_ksurskck oloclntk`lcnr geŠlngeck pertkgkrk ce e`kst prnlk`t sçgt dknpntrlvĀgumkrl`k (`ĀrŠl, ealŞk, çgrkjlstrĀrl sngnrk, vldkn kt`.) Şl oloclnjreal`k.
Etug`l `çgd gk rkakrlm ce okgkal`lerll ugkl eskmkgke oloclntk`l, putkmealrme `Ā e`keste kstk dkstlgetĀ pkgtru nrl`k `ktĀŠkeg dlg çgtrkeje cumk,`erk sk n`upĀ dk `kr`kterke dn`umkgtkcnr seu e rkakrlgŠkcnr oloclnjreal`krkakrltnr ce e`kstk dn`umkgtk.
Oloclntk`e KurnpkegĀ nakrĀ n vestĀ `nck`Šlk vlrtuecĀ dk dn`umkgtk çg tnetkdnmkgllck. Ce akc, nakrĀ nrl`Ārkl pkrsngek lgtkrksetk n `eck dk e``ks slmpcu cerksurskck `uctureck kurnpkgk.
Qlzlugke Şl mlslugke Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk
Ldkke pk `erk sk exkezĀ (vlzlugke) Oloclntk`e KurnpkegĀ kstk dk enakrl tuturnr e``ks ugl` ce onjĀŠle Şl dlvkrsltetke `ucturll Şl `ugnŞtlgŠkcnr(ŞtllgŠkl) kurnpkgk.
Mlslugke Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk kstk urmĀtnerke8 Oloclntk`e pkrmltkdks`bldkrke sprk uglvkrs e `ugnŞtlgŠkl, e lganrmeŠlkl Şl e `ucturlcnr
oloclntk`lcnr geŠlngeck eck Kurnpkl. @lgk pertl`lpĀ ce dkzvncterke Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk>
@kck 42 dk oloclntk`l geŠlngeck kurnpkgk pertkgkrk eck Oloclntk`llKurnpkgk sçgt mkmork eck @ngakrlgŠkl kurnpkgk eck dlrk`tnrlcnr dk
oloclntk`l geŠlngeck `erk kstk n augdeŠlk evçgd nolk`tlvuc dk e prnmnve ŞlçgtĀrl rncuc oloclntk`lcnr geŠlngeck eck Kurnpkl. Mkmorll @ngakrlgŠkl kurnpkgkeck dlrk`tnrlcnr dk oloclntk`l geŠlngeck sçgt dlrk`tnrll oloclntk`lcnr geŠlngeck eckPtetkcnr mkmork eck @ngslclucul Kurnpkl.
E`kstke sçgt8 Ecoegle, Ermkgle, Eustrle, Ezkroelheg, Okcjle, Onsgle-
BkrŠkjnvlge, Oucjerle, @rneŠle, @ypru, _kpuocl`e @kbĀ, Degkmer`e, Ppegle,
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T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_
5?6
Kstngle, Algcegde, AregŠe, Jknrjle, Jkrmegle, Jrk`le, [gjerle, Lscegde,
Lrcegde, Ltecle ‐ AcnrkgŠe, Ltecle - _nme, Cktngle, Clk`btkgstklg, Cltuegle,
Cuxkmonurj, Me`kdngle, Mecte, Mncdnve, Mugtkgkjr u, ůĀrlck dk hns,
Gnrvkjle, Vncngle, Vnrtujecle, _nmïgle, _usle - Mns`nve, _ussle -Vktkrsonurj, Pelgt-Merlg, Pkrole, Pcnve`le, Pcnvkgle, Pukdle, KcvkŠle, Tur`le,
[`relge, Merke Orlteglk Şl Qetl`eg.
Lstnrl`uc Şl pkrspk`tlvkck Oloclntk`ll kurnpkgk
Pkrvl`luc Oloclntk`e KurnpkegĀ, cegset çg mertlk ?66; e epĀrut dlgtr -ug
prnlk`t suovkgŠlnget dk @nmlsle kurnpkegĀ. Çg`kpçgd `u cegserke se, euepĀrut gnl prnlk`tk `nalgegŠetk dk @nmlsle kurnpkegĀ, puŠlg `ltk puŠlg `erksusŠlg Şl çgtĀrks` (sprlhlgĀ) Oloclntk`e KurnpkegĀ, prnlk`tk prk`um8 TKC-
MK-MN_ - ?66;-?66:, KDCprnhk`t - ?661-?662, TKCpcus - ?66:-?66< Şl
A[MEJEOE - ?662-?66<.
Oloclntk`e KurnpkegĀ e anst eckesĀ dk @nmlsle kurnpkegĀ drkpt oezĀnrjeglzeŠlngecĀ e Oloclntk`ll gumkrl`k kurnpkgk ‐ Kurnpkege. E`kestĀlglŠletlvĀ e @nmlslkl kurnpkgk prlvkŞtk gu gumel oloclntk`lck, `l çg kjecĀmĀsurĀ muzkkck, erblvkck Şl ectk lgstltuŠll petrlmngleck.
Ol rnuc Oloc lntk ll kurnpkgk
Jkstlugke `ntldlegĀ (edmlglstreŠlk, prnmnverk, dkzvncterk, mkgŠlgkrk,`ng`kpŠlk, cu`rĀrl kdltnrleck, ehutnr tkbgl` kt`.) kstk esljuretĀ dk 8 Olrnuc
Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk.Oloclntk`e KurnpkegĀ nakrĀ ug e``ks ugl` ce `etecnejkck Şl `nck`Šllckgumkrl`k eck oloclntk`lcnr geŠlngeck eck Kurnpkl.
VutkŠl dk eskmkgke8
PĀ `ĀuteŠl slmucteg çg `nck`Šllck e pkstk 0: dk oloclntk`l geŠlngeck ŞlsĀ noŠlgkŠl rĀspugsurl dlg çgtrkeje KurnpĀ ‐ eckjçgd clmoe dk `ngsucterk e
sltk-cul wko ec Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk.
PĀ vkrlal`eŠl de`Ā dn`umkgtuc `erk vĀ lgtkrkskezĀ kstk ealŞet çg rkŠke.PĀ cn`eclzeŠl dn`umkgtuc `erk vĀ lgtkrkskezĀ, çg `ezuc çg `erk e`kste
g-e anst çg`Ā gumkrlzet Şl DumgkevnestrĀ vĀ `ngk`teŠl dlrk`t ce dla krltkckskrvl`ll dk –rkprndu`krk” nakrltk dk oloclntk`lck geŠlngeck.
PĀ e``kseŠl rkŠkckck nakrltk çg rkzuctetkck `ĀutĀrlcnr DumgkevnestrĀ pkgtru e dks`npkrl ectkck nakrltk ng-clgk8 clorĀrll kg cljgk pkgtru e `umpĀrecu`rerke skck`tetĀ, mntnerk dk `Āuterk pkgtru e eprnaugde n `Āuterk detĀ kt`.
Kxpcnrerke `nck`Šllcnr gumkrl`k Şl eck `etecnejkcnr dlg oloclntk`lckgeŠlngeck eck Kurnpkl kstk anertk slmpcĀ. @cl`eŠl pk outnguc "@nck`Šll" Şldks`npkrlŠl dlvkrsltetke rksurskcnr oloclntk`lcnr.
ŗtlŠl `Ā putkŠl ce akc noŠlgk lganrmeŠll dksprk alk`erk oloclntk`Ā geŠlngecĀ >
VutkŠl sĀ vĀ çgs`rlkŠl pkgtru e okgkal`le dk skrvl`ll pkrsngeclzetk 8 e pĀstre
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T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_
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Pkrvl`ll pkgtru prnakslnglŞtl Vceset çg `kgtruc pklsehucul dn`umkgter ec oloclntk`lcnr Kurnpkl, rkŠkeue
Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk dnrkŞtk sĀ çmpertĀ `u ecŠl kxpkrŠl, dkzvncterke tkbgl`Ā ŞlkvncuŠle gnrmkcnr wko pk `erk ck utlclzkezĀ.
Vkgtru n s`urtĀ lgtrndu`krk çg nrjeglzerke (slstkmuc, stru`ture) Oloclntk`ll
Kurnpkgk, putkŠl ealŞe prkzkgterke çg anrmet Vnwkr -Vnlgt kak`tuet dk uguc
dlgtrk spk`leclŞtl "Krl` veg dkr Mkuckg".
Meguecuc –Oloclntk`e kurnpkegĀ” kstk ug jbld pre`tl` `erk ehutĀ oloclntk`lck geŠlngeck sĀ çgŠkckejĀ dks`rlkrke `nck`Šllcnr cnr çg pnrtecucOloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk. Çg pcus, kc pkrmltk oloclntk`lcnr pertkgkrk sĀ sk esljurkdk aeptuc `Ā dks`rlkrke `nck`Šllcnr cnr kstk `nganrmĀ gnrmkcnr utlclzetk dk
pnrtecuc Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk. Vk cçgjĀ aeptuc `Ā e`kst jbld kstk çg prlmuc rlgddkstlget vlltnrlcnr pertkgkrl el Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk, putkŠl e``kse egumltk
pĀrŠl eck e`kstul meguec Şl sĀ dks`npkrlŠl _ìpkrtnrluc gnstru dkMìtednggìks ! (_kzuctetk dk s`blmo)
DnrlŠl sĀ lgsteceŠl Oloclntk`e KurnpkegĀ pk sltk-uc DumgkevnestrĀ >
LgsteceŠl mlgl ilt dk `Āuterk ec Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk Şl okgkal`leŠl dk ugskrvl`lu ugl`. Kstk slmpcu Şl jretult. E`kst ilt nakrĀ e``ks ce tnetk prnjremkckdk aug`Šlngerk eck Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk.
DetnrltĀ ilt dk `Āuterk Oloclntk`e KurnpkegĀ, utlclzetnrll dumgkevnestrĀer putke vkrlal`e, çg nrl`k mnmkgt, de`Ā ug dn`umkgt egumk e anst gumkrlzet.[tlclyetnrll vnr al nrlkgteŠl sprk rksursk lmonjeŠltk, gu dner `ĀrŠl, `l Şl
antnjreall, bĀrŠl, lmejlgl, pertlturl muzl`eck, stempk, alcmk kt`. @ecltetke Şl
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T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_
5?0
aleolcltetke e`kstnr rksursk vnr al jeregtetk dk oloclntk`lck getlngeck eck
Kurnpkl `erk ck skck`tkezĀ Şl esljurĀ aug`Šlngecltetke.
Pkrvl`l l nmpckmkgterk
Oloclntk`e KurnpkegĀ nakrĀ n clstĀ dk ckjĀturl pkgtru `ngk`terk cerksurskck dk pk wko `erk pnt al utlck utlclzetnrlcnr sĀl.
Anrumuc dk prksĀ ec Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk vĀ Šlgk ce `urkgt `u gnutĀŠlck
oloclntk`lcnr gumkrl`k kurnpkgk Şl vĀ prkzlgtĀ `nmugl`Ārlck dk prksĀ ŞllganrmeŠll prlvlgd oloclntk`lck geŠlngeck dlg Kurnpe.
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Oloclntk`e kurnpkegĀ kvncukezĀ `ngstegt Şl lgtkjrkezĀ dlg `k çg `k melmuctk `nck`Šll. VutkŠl sĀ vĀ eongeŠl ce P`rlsnerk dk lganrmerk e Oloclntk`ll
Kurnpkgk pkgtru e al lganrmet rkjucet `u kvncuŠllck seck. Çgs`rlkrke kstk
jretultĀ.
De`Ā evkŠl `nmkgterll seu rkmer`l pk skeme Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk, trlmltkŠlmksehkck ce LganFTbkKurnpkegClorery.nrj seu utlclzeŠl anrmuceruc"Çgs`rlkrk".
Oloclntk`e KurnpkegĀ urmkezĀ n pncltl`Ā Şl rkjucl slmlcerk `kcnr dkalgltkdk Kurnpe (pnrtecuc [glugll Kurnpkgk).
Vk `çt kstk pnslolc, s`npuc kstk dk e aurglze puocl`ucul lganrmeŠle pk `erk
n `eutĀ çg prnprle se clmoĀ. E`kst cu`ru gu kstk tntuŞl pnslolc çgtntdkeuge,
detk allgd clmltĀrlck rksurskcnr.
Vrlg`lpllck urmetk sçgt dk`l epcl`etk esupre Kurnpkl, Şl vnr al çg kjecĀmĀsurĀ e pcl`etk esupre Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk8
e) Tnetk pejlglck ce glvkcuc çgtçl (*) vnr al tredusk çg tnetk clmolck eckŠĀrlcnr kurnpkgk pertkgkrk.
o) Vrlnrltetk ve al detĀ repldltĀŠll puocl`Ārll, çg spk`lec dlspnglolcltĀŠllugkl tredu`krl.
`) Mkcegjk (emkstk`uc) mel muctnr clmol (**) ve al eutnrlzetĀ çgtr -nmeglkrĀ clmltetĀ.
(*) 8 speŠllck dk gevljerk, dk `Āuterk, dk e`npkrlrk Şl dk ealŞeh e
lganrmeŠlkl (**) 8 mel muct dk n clmoĀ pk n slgjurĀ pejlgĀ
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T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_
5?;
Çg tkrmkgl pre`tl`l e`keste skmglal`Ā `Ā 8 5. Lgstrumkgtkck dk jkstlugk eck tredu`krll vnr al dkzvnctetk Şl
mkgŠlgutk dk Nal`luc Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk.
?.
_keclzerke tredu`krlcnr ve Šlgk dk rkspngseolcltetke alk`Ārkl oloclntk`l pertkgkrk.
0. Pkrvl`llck Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk vnr evlze alk`erk oloclntk`Ā `çgdve kxlste vrkn sncl`lterk, çgsĀ gu ve esljure rĀspugsuc ce e`kestĀ`krlgŠĀ (sncl`lterk).
4. Cks lganrmetlngs urjkgtks nu repldkmkgt pìrlmìks skrngt kgegjcels uglqukmkgt, kx. 8 cks mkssejks d„krrkur ed bn`.
;. Cks ìtudks `ng`krgegt ck sltk skrngt rìeclsìks uglqukmkgt degs ckscegjuks nü ce tredu`tlng kst rìeclseock.
1. Ck "_k`bkr`bk Kgjlgk Vrnmntlng" (Vrnmntlng sur mntkurs dk
rk`bkr`bk) kxlstkre kg prkmlkr clku kg egjcels.
Ck "_k`bkr`bk Kgjlgk Vrnmntlng" (Vrnmntlng sur mntkurs dk
rk`bkr`bk) kxlstkre kg prkmlkr clku kg egjcels.
:. Ce ruorlquk Oloclntbâquks rkstkre uglqukmkgt kg egjcels,
aregêels kt ecckmegd.2. Ce ruorlquk Trìsnrs cks kxpnsltlngs slmlcelrks skrngt kg egjcels.
<. Ce ruorlquk Megejkmkgt kt ck Megukc skrngt melgtkgus
uglqukmkgt kg egjcels, `nmmk cegjuk dk trevelc dk TbkKurnpkeg Clorery.
56. @kpkgdegt, sl ugk oloclntbâquk kg pertl`uclkr snubeltk tredulrk ktmelgtkglr c„ugk nu c„eutrk dks sk`tlngs `l-dkssus evk` sks prnprks
rkssnur`ks, "Tbk Kurnpkeg Clorery" (ce Oloclntbâquk kurnpìkggk) skre bkurkusk dk cks eaal`bkr.
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T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_
5?1
‗OLOCLNTK@E ?.6” - N GN[ď TKBGNCNJLKLGAN_MEůLNGECď VKGT_[ OLOCLNTK@L
@_LPTLEG VCďLKŗ[-DQN_GL@
Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
EstĀzl Lgtkrgktuc `ngtrloulk ce dkmn`retlzerke lganrmeŠlkl Şl e
`nmugl`Ārll, prlg e``ksuc ce n `egtltetk merk dk lganrmeŠlk edugetĀ çgtr -noloclntk`Ā” uglvkrsecĀ, e``kslolcĀ nrl`ïgd, nrlugdk Şl nrl`ul, kclmlgïgd
oerlkrkck dk `nmugl`erk lmpusk dk jreglŠk alzl`k, k`ngnml`k seu sn`leck.Epcl`ererke gnlcnr tkbgncnjll lganrmeŠlngeck çg oloclntk`l s`blmoĀ e``ksuc celganrmeŠlk Şl du`k ce dkzvncterke dk lgstrumkgtk pkranrmegtk dk stn`erk,`Āuterk Şl dlauzerk e lganrmeŠlkl, ler oloclntk`ll çl rkvlgk rncuc sĀ sk edeptkzkçg `kc mel repld mnd ce gnlck tkbgncnjll.
Oloclntk`e ?.6” kstk ug `ng`kpt gnu, ug skrvl`lu dk oloclntk`Ā dlakrlt dk`kc tredlŠlngec, `erk setlsae`k pckger eŞtkptĀrlck utlclzetnr ucul e`tuec dk
oloclntk`Ā, `epeolcĀ sĀ esljurk utlclzetnruc `u tnetĀ lganrmeŠle dk `erk erkgkvnlk8 e``ks gkclmltet, jretult, aĀrĀ oerlkrk, ce nrl`k tlp dk lganrmeŠlk, çgnrl`k `ncŠ ec cumll.
@ng`kptuc Oloclntk`e ?.6” e dkrlvet dk ce Zko ?.6”, allgd oezet pk
erbltk`ture pertl`lpĀrll” Şl ancnslrke lgtkcljkgŠkl `nck`tlvk”. @ng`kptuclg`cudk8 skrvl`ll ngclgk prk`um slstkmkck NVE@, slstkmk dk rkakrlgŠk
vlrtueck, ocnjurl, wlils, ug tnrkgt çg `rkŞtkrk dk lganrmeŠll dk ce utlclzetnrçgepnl sprk oloclntk`Ā. PusŠlgĀtnrll `ng`kptucul prkzl`, `Ā mndkcuc Oloclntk`e
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T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_
5?:
?.6” ve çgcn`ul skrvl`llck tredlŠlngeck, uglcetkreck `erk `ere`tkrlzkezĀ oloclntk`lck dk sk`nck. Çg ertl`ncuc Pkrvl`ll pkgtru urmĀtnerke jkgkreŠlk dkoloclntk`l puocl`et çg Clorery Hnurgec (?661) Ml`bekc K. @esky (`ngsldkret
pĀrlgtkck `ng`kptucul Oloclntk`e ?.6”) Şl Ceure @. Pevestlgui mkgŠlngkezĀaeptuc `Ā Oloclntk`e ?.6” pnetk rkvlteclze mnduc çg `erk gnl lgtkre`ŠlngĀm `uutlclzetnrll Y5, ?]. Gumel s`blmoïgd pkr`kpŠle gnestrĀ, prlvlgd rncuc
oloclntk`erucul Şl e oloclntk`ll, putkm s`blmoe mndkcuc oloclntk`ll `e lgstltut
sn`lec Şl kdlal`et pk ug augdemkgt gnu, `erk sĀ `nrkspugdĀ gk`ksltĀŠlcnre`tueck. Ce ktepe dk tregzlŠlk, ser`lge prlg`lpecĀ kstk dk e rupk stkrkntlpurlck,anrmetk çg tlmp, e rkpnzlŠlnge oloclntk`e çg `kgtruc `nmugltĀŠll.
Dkhe muctk oloclntk`l eu kxtlgs skrvl`llck cnr prlg lmpckmkgterke gnlcnr
tkbgncnjll `k Šlg dk e``ksuc ce oezk dk detk e`tueck, `ĀrŠl eudln, muzl`Ā,
metkrleck vldkn, skrvl`ll Lgstegt Mkssejlgj dk rkakrlgŠĀ, prlg `erk `ltltnruc ck
pnetk e``kse nrl`ïgd dner `u ug slgjur `cl`i. Dk kxkmpcu, Oloclntk`e Vuocl`Ā(J@VC) dlg Cewrkg`kvlcck, JE e cegset skrvl`ll eudlnonni, muzl`Ā, vldkn`erk pnt al e``ksetk clokr dk pk lgtkrgkt Y0]. Oloclntk`e Vuocl`Ā dlg BugtlgjtngPtetlng, G\, e `rket ug prnjrem dk çmprumut lVnd Pbuaack. [gkck oloclntk`lŞl-eu kxtlgs skrvl`llck alzl`k prlg `rkerke ugnr zngk pkgtru edncks`kgŠl Şle`tlvltĀŠl `nmuglterk. Vrlg kxtlgdkrke e`kstnr skrvl`ll ce glvkc alzl` Şl vlrtuec
oloclntk`e ve n`upe ug cn` lmpnrtegt Şl dk vïra çg `rkerke ugkl sn`lktĀŠl
lgtkrksetk dk eprnaugderke `ugnŞtlgŠkcnr çg dlakrltk dnmkgll Şl, dk eskmkgke,ve `ngtrloul ce dkzvncterke e`kstnr skr vl`ll prlg prnprle `ngtrlouŠlk. Çg prkzkgt muctk oloclntk`l dkhe ancnsks` skrvl`ll gnl, çgsĀ pceglal`erke Şl
e`tueclzerke skrvl`llcnr kxlstkgtk çg oloclntk`Ā gk`ksltĀ n vlzlugk dk
pkrspk`tlvĀ pkgtru e dktkrmlge `erk espk`t e ugul skrvl`lu seu çgsuŞl skrvl`luc
gk`ksltĀ n çmougĀtĀŠlrk, pnetk e`keste al rkeclzet çg `edruc gnlcnr tkbgncnjlllganrmeŠlngeck. Vr lgtr-n `nceonrerk çgtrk pkrsngec Şl utlclzetnrl, e`kstke`tueclzĀrl er putke sĀ sk dkzvnctk ce ug glvkc `nmuglter Şl `nkrkgt çgdkpkgdkgŠĀ dk ldklck prnpusk dk `Ātrk utlclzetnrl. Vrlg lmpckmkgterke Şl
e`tueclzerke e`kstnr skrvl`ll ve `rkŞtk skmglal`etlv gumĀruc dk utlclzetnrl dk ce`kc alzl` ce `kc vlrtuec, `erk ve al n ktepĀ gnuĀ çg prnmnverke oloclntk`ll çgrïgdurlck meskcnr. Qe `rkŞtk Şl e``ksuc clokr Şl kal`lkgt ce tnetk lganrmeŠllck dk
`erk erk gkvnlk ug utlclzetnr. Ancnslgd kckmkgtk dlg Zko ?.6, e`kstk skrvl`ll
vnr `ĀpĀte n lmejlgk etre`tlvĀ pkgtru tlgkrl `erk vnr al lgtkrkseŠl dk studlkrke
gnlcnr skrvl`ll, lmpckmkgterke cnr ce glvkc pre`tl` pkgtru e slmpclal`e
gk`ksltĀŠlck prnprll, pkgtru e spnrl prndu`tlvltetke Şl rncuc oloclntk`ll çg rïgduc`nmugltĀŠll. [g kxkmpcu er al `rkerke skrvl`llcnr pkrsngeclzeolck Şl `nck`tlvkngclgk, prlg `erk utlclzetnruc ve putke `nmkgte seu `nmpcktk, dk kxkmpcu,
tltcurl, eutnrl seu jkgurl prkakreolck çg `etecnjuc kck`trngl` ec oloclntk`ll,
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T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_
5?2
`rkerke ugkl `nmugltĀŠl ngclgk dlgtrk utlclzetnr- oloclntk`Ā, utlclzetnr -utlclzetnr
prlg `erk vnr evke e``ks ce dlakrltk tkmk dk dls`uŠlk, prnpugkrl, sujkstll kt`.Dk eskmkgke, lmpckmkgterke e`kstnr skrvl`ll gk`ksltĀ Şl prntkherke detkcnr
pkrsngeck eck `clkgŠlcnr, prlg pĀstrerke egnglmetucul çg tlmpuc e``ksĀrll seck.Tnetk e`kstke rĀmïg ce dls`rkŠle alk`Ārkl oloclntk`l, dk e kxtlgdk erkecuc sĀu dkskrvl`ll Şl dk e spnrl prndu`tlvltetke e`kstul vlltnr slstkm prlg `nceonrerk Şl
pertkgkrlet `nmuglter çg prnmnverke e`kstul slstkm ce glvkc jcnoec kal`lkgt Şldlgeml`.
_KAK_LGůK OLOCLNJ_EAL@K8
5. Ml`bekc K. @esky, Ceure @. Pevestlgui. Clorery ?.6. Pkrvl`k anr tbk gkxt-
jkgkretlng clorery. - Clorery Hnurgec, </5/?661.?. Clorery ?.6. Zlilpkdle, bttp8//kg.wlilpkdle.nrj/wlil/Clorery^?.6.
0. bttp8//`etecnj.klgktwnri.gkt/sker`b/t>eudlnonni&sker`bs`npk=5
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EGLQK_Pď_L
5?<
@CKVPLD_E EGLCN_8
dlecnj `u LNG ŗVE@ Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
ÇgŠkckp`lugke sk rĀtĀ`kŞtk prlgtrk rçgdurl. Dner `ltlgd pnŠl çgŠkckjk justucck`turll Şl pnŠl sĀ eosnrol skgsuc ugkl vlkŠl çmpclgltk Şl cngjkvlvk,pclgk dk`ng Šlgut. Dk aermk`uc ŞtllgŠkl e anst peslnget Şl oloclnjreauc Oloclntk`llŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck” E. Cupeg” Lng ŗpe`. Estakc e Ştlut sĀ çgarugtk tnetk
jrkutĀŠlck Şl sĀ noŠlgĀ dk ce vleŠĀ tnt `k Şl-e dnrlt, ler ç g e`kstk dk`kgll,
`ĀrŠlck l-eu dkvkglt suretkck `kck mel ougk.
Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 Dnmguck ŗpe`, eŠlehugs ce n vçrstĀ vkgkreolcĀ, eŠl trk`ut
prlg dlakrltk s`blmoĀrl redl`eck.@um eŠlvĀzut dvs `Ā e kvncuet cumke dlg pug`tdk vkdkrk lgtkck`tuec>
Lng ŗpe`8 MucŠumks` pkgtru çgtrkoerkee`keste alcnsnal`Ā, der Şl puŠlgsnalstl`etĀ. EvkŠl drkptetk `çgd spugkŠl
`Ā em trk`ut prlg dlakrltk s`blmoĀrlredl`eck. M-em gĀs`ut çgtr -ug eg `u
nrjeglzerke `ncbnzucul, –56 egl elMncdnvkl” 5<06. Çg tlmpuc ve`egŠkcnrdk verĀ em cu`ret çg e`kst `nck`tlv,`ngtrloulgd ce –`ngstru`Šle`nmuglsmucul”. Vrlmkck `ugnŞtlgŠk dk `ertk Şl ecaeoktuccetlg, ck-em prlgs çg egll 5<01-5<0: dk
ce areŠll Şl surnrlck mel merl. Ce Ş`nece prlmerĀ dlg cn`ecltetk em çgvĀŠet trklegl, dupĀ `erk e urmet Merkck _Āzonl pkgtru EpĀrerke Vetrlkl edl`Ā ec LL_Āzonl Mngdlec, dupĀ `erk Ş`nece mkdlk 5<;6, uglvkrsltetke dk Ptet dlg@blŞlgĀu 5<;;. Ler de`Ā sĀ vnrolm dksprk `um e kvncuet cumke dlg pug`t dk vkdkrk
lgtkck`tuec, putkm spugk `Ā e prnjrkset muct, eu evut cn` s`blmoĀrl çg sprk olgk.Cumke e s`Āpet dk rĀzonelk mngdleck, e scĀolt dl`teture `nmuglstĀ `ukx`kpŠle Vetrlkl Gnestrk, muctk ŠĀrl kurnpkgk çŞl eckj `Ālck dk dkzvncterk `u
mel muctĀ dkmn`reŠlk.Tnetk e`kstke sugt glstk jkgkrecltĀŠl. De`Ā k sĀ pugkme``kgtuc pk lgtkck`t, trkoulk sĀ rk`ugneŞtkm `Ā e`kestĀ –pĀturĀ sn`lecĀ”, e`kst
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EGLQK_Pď_L
506
tkrmkg çg tnetk pkrlnedkck prlg `erk ml-e anst det sĀ trk`, sk eaceu suo `ngtrnc.
Eu evut cn` rkprkslugl 5<0:-5<02 çg Tregsglstrle, dkpnrtĀrl çg Oesereole5<4:.
Ectk mktndk dk strçmtnrerk e pnpuceŠlkl, `u tnetk e`kstke, glvkcuc lgtkck`tuculŞl ec lgtkck`tuecltĀŠll çg pkrlnedkck rkspk`tlvk, dupĀ `um `rkd, e anst çg`rkŞtkrk. Çg `ng`cuzlk vrkeu sĀ ealrm `Ā lgtkck`tuecll eu anst Şl rĀmçg dkprk`leŠl. Lerde`Ā sĀ gk clmltĀm ce spk`lecltetke dk oloclntk`er - oloclnjrea ce gnl, çg_kpuocl`e Mncdnve çg uctlmll ?6-06 dk egl, e dkvkglt mel pnpucerĀ Şl mel
prnakslnglstĀ der gu kstk dlg pĀ`etk eprk`letĀ. Ce Oloclntk`e ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ –Egdrkl Cupeg” oloclntk`erll Şl oloclnjreallsugt vĀzuŠl dner `e glŞtk ugltĀŠl euxlclerk `erk dlauzkezĀ lganrmeŠle. Der
pkgtru e s`blmoe sltueŠle kstk gk`kser dk e pugk e``kgtuec gu pk prn`kskck dkdlauzerk e lganr meŠlkl, `l pk `kck dk kceonrerk e lganrmeŠlkl Şl e surskcnrlganrmetlvk.
Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 @erk kstk eronrkck e`tlvltĀŠlcnr dvs> @k aug`Š ll e Š l mel
kxkr`ltet>
Lng ŗpe`8 DupĀ eosncvlrke ae`uctĀŠll dk lstnrlk Şl alcncnjlk em anst rkpertlzetce Ş`nece mkdlk dlg @rluckgl çg `ecltetk dk prnakssnr dk clmoĀ Şl cltkreturĀmncdnvkgkes`Ā. Dlg 5<;1 dupĀ `ĀsĀtnrle `u `nckje Ncje Emerlkl, pçgĀ çg
vere cul 5<16, dupĀ `erk em `ngtlguet e`tlvltetke pkdejnjl` ce Ş`nece mkdlkmncdnvkgkes`Ā dlg `nmuge Oucone`e, relnguc Egkgll Gnl. Çg 5<16 em trk`ut`u treluc ce @blŞlgĀu. Vrlmll Şeptk egl (5<16-5<1:) em e`tlvet çg `ecltetk dk
oloclnjrea Şl oloclnjrea supkrlnr ce Oloclntk`e _kpuocl`egĀ –G.@. Irupsil” ezlOloclntk`e GeŠlngecĀ, ler dlg 5<1:Şl pçgĀ estĀzl sugt prkn`upet dk
oloclnjrealk, oloclncnjlk, kceonrerke surskcnr lganrmetlvk çg `edruc Oloclntk`llŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl. Em çgdkpclgltaug`Šllck dk oloclnjrea prlg`lpec (5<1:-5<:6), Şka dk sk`tnr ce sk`Šle dklganrmerk çg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkcnr sn`leck e EŗM (5<:6-5<::), dlrk`tnr ec Oŗ@
e EŗM (5<::-5<2;), oloclnjrea prlg`lpec (5<2;-?666), oloclnjrea dk`etkjnrlk supkrlnerĀ ce Oŗ@ e EŗM (?666-?66<).
Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 Vkgtru oloclntk`ngnmlk, kstk gkvnlk Şl dk teckgt seu dkug egumlt studln epcl`et>
Lng ŗpe`8 Oloclntk`ngnmle kstk ug dnmkglu çg pclgĀ dkzvncterk çg `erk çgmerk mĀsurĀ dkplgd dlrk`t seu lgdlrk`t tnetk ŞtllgŠkck. Oloclntk`ngnmle ce akc `e Şl nrl`erk ŞtllgŠĀ erk gkvnlk dk teckgt, `erk de`Ā kckstk etug`l çgtr -edkvĀr kc rĀmçgk teckgt dner çg `ez `Ā sk meglakstĀ. @çt
prlvkŞtk studluc epcl`et, pnt spugk `Ā Şl e`keste pnetk al oug mel muct seu mel puŠlg.
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Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 DupĀ onjete kxpkrlkgŠĀ dk oloclnjrea, `rkdkŠl `Ā estĀzlmucŠl tlgkrl sugt peslngeŠl dk oloclntk`Ā>
Lng ŗpe`8 De`Ā sugt tlgkrl peslngeŠl dk oloclntk`Ā, etug`l trkoulk sĀ
`ngstetĀm `Ā e`kŞtle trkoulk `ĀuteŠl `u cumçgerke. @ugns` mel mucŠl tlgkrl`erk sk salleu dk aeptuc `Ā cu`rkezĀ çg oloclntk`Ā. Ler de`Ā oĀgulŠl `Ā ku Lngŗpe`, em anst peslnget dk oloclntk`Ā, vĀ pnt spugk `Ā em anst Şl em rĀmes
peslnget, çgsĀ gu dk oloclnte`Ā, der dk ugkck espk`tk dlg e`tlvltetke e`kstnre Şlegumk dk kceonrerke surskcnr lganrmetlvk `um er al8 lgdkxurlck oloclnjreal`k,
studll dn`umkgter-lganrmetlvk. Vnt spugk `Ā tlgkrktuc dk ezl kstk peslnget dklgtkrgkt, `kke `k kstk ug aept rkjrkteolc.
Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 @um `rkdkŠl, `k er trkoul dk aĀ`ut pkgtru `e kdu`eŠletlgkrll jkgkreŠll sĀ eloĀ ect `ngŠlgut>
Lng ŗpe`8 Kdu`eŠle tlgkrll jkgkreŠll kstk n prnockmĀ uglvkrsecĀ. E vnroldksprk ug ect `ngŠlgut `çgd gu-c `ugnŞtl pk `kc prkakret kstk lmpnslolc. Estezlçgtrkeje sn`lktetk kstk çmpĀrŠltĀ çg `nmugltĀŠl `u lgtkrksk dlakrltk. Kstklmpnslolc sĀ jĀskŞtl ug prlg`lplu dk kdu`eŠlk `nmugĀ pkgtru `kl onjeŠl Şl `klsĀre`l, pkgtru stĀpçgl Şl supuŞl.Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 @um vkdkŠl dvs, `k-l clpskŞtk tlgkrll jkgkreŠll dk estĀzl. Lng ŗpe`8 TçgĀre jkgkreŠlk dk estĀzl mel `ngtlguĀ sĀ rĀmçgĀ `u `epuc pck`et,
pk `erk gu-c prlgdk seole. Gu-l ehugjk `ureh sĀ stçrpkes`Ā dknskolrke dlgtrk
kcltĀ Şl prnstlmk. Gu Ştlk sĀ-Şl epkrk drkpturlck, der sk mucŠumkŞtk `ulganrmeŠle ŞnptltĀ. Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 De`Ā er al sĀ deŠl çgepnl e`kck dk`kgll dk e`tlvltetk
ŞtllgŠlal`Ā e dvs, `k saeturl ck-eŠl de tlgkrlcnr>
Lng ŗpe`8 MuŠumks` pkgtru pnslolcltetke dk e de saeturl tlgkrlcnr. E`tlvltetke
mke oloclnjreal`Ā Şl lganrmetlvĀ, sprk akrl`lrke mke Şl-e jeslt njclgdlrke çgmel muctk rkakrlgŠk dlgtrk `erk mkrltĀ tnetĀ etkgŠle oloclnjreale. Ler de`Ā sĀalm mel `ng`rkŠl, vĀ lgdkmg drejl `nckjl sĀ gu vĀ ruŞlgeŠl dk e`tloltetke dvsŞl sĀ gu vĀ clmlteŠl ce aug`Šllck pk `erk ck evkŠl `nganrm pcegucul. AlŠl etkgŠl ce
prn`kskck kak`tuetk Şl `ng`nmltkgt çg`kr`eŠl sĀ ck dks`npkrlŠl pk `kck meletre`tlvk, sĀ vĀ eckjkŠl `u tkme `erk kstk mel eprnepk dk suackt, sĀ vĀ cĀseŠlmnclpslŠl dk `kke `k ae`kŠl, çgtr -eŞe akc, çg`çt sĀ ehugjkŠl ce n `ngtnplrk elgtkrkskcnr. Vrlg`lpecuc çgsĀ kstk mnduc e`kste dk e`tlvltetk spnrkŞtk `ecltetkeçgtrkjll vnestrk e`tlvltĀŠl. Pus `epuc, hns pĀcĀrle! Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 De`Ā eŠl evke n`ezle sĀ dlrlheŠl kanrturlck dk rkanrmĀ
ŞtllgŠlal`Ā dlg _kpuocl`e Mncdnve, `k eŠl ae`k>
Lng ŗpe`8 Vrlmks` jcume dvs, der tntuŞl gu pnt sĀ alu dk e`nrd `Ā pkgtru ee``kckre dkzvncterke ŞtllgŠkl çg _kpuocl`e Mncdnve vnr al Şl çg `ngtlguerkçgtrkprlgsk `erkve rkanrmk.
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EGLQK_Pď_L
50?
KskgŠlec kstk `Ā e`kstk rkanrmk sĀ gu n`nckes`Ā Oŗ@ `um s-e mel çgtçmpcet dkgkgumĀretk nrl. Peu pnetk egumk `Ā Oŗ@ dk pntkgŠlecuc ŞtllgŠlal` ec `Āruledkplgdk dkzvncterke ŞtllgŠkl çg jkgkrec, kstk umlcltĀ, kstk tregsanrmetĀ çgtr -ug
skrvl`lu euxlcler dk dkskrvlrk. Kstk vĀzutĀ slmpclstĀ aĀrĀ drkpt ce stetut dklgstltuŠlk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā, `u clmltk ce algegŠerk. Dk`l sĀ tlgdkm sprk ug `kgtru lganrmeŠlngec lgtkjret çg çgtrkjuc prn`ks dkdkzvncterk e ŞtllgŠkl.
E@EDKML@LEG[C VEQKC QCED ‐ [G ALDKC V_LKTKG EC
OLOCLNTK@LL E@EDKML@K, KR@KCKGT @LTLTN_
KCKGE VNHNJE
Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
@ngsumetnr, çg `ezuc gnstru, kstk nrl`k pkrsnegĀ `erk utlclzkezĀ rksurskcknrl skrvl`llck ugkl oloclntk`l. E`edkml`leguc Vevkc Qced kstk gumlt, pk ougĀdrkptetk, `ltltnr, okgkal`ler, `ngsumetnr dk lganrmeŠlk. Egumk ce oloclntk`Ā c-
e edus gkvnle pkgtru lganrmeŠlk ‐ oezĀ Şl erjumkgt pkgtru ldklck secklgnvetnerk Şl pkgtru rkeclzerke e`kstnre.
E al nm dk ŞtllgŠĀ çgskemgĀ e al, eskmkgl oreducul, vkŞgl` vkrdk Şl çg pclgĀanrŠĀ. Pevegtuc Vevkc Qced, detnrltĀ etçt kgkrjlkl pkrsngeck `u `erk kstk
çgzkstret, `çt Şl kxpkrlkgŠkl prnakslngeck e`umucetk pk per`ursuc eglcnr, kstk, cerçgdu-l, eutnr dk gumkrnesk mngnjreall, megueck kt`. ŗl de`Ā k sĀ gk pugkmçgtrkoerke de`Ā Dnmgle Pe, Vevkc Qced, Şl-e jĀslt `ltltnruc, rĀspugdkm, `u`krtltudlgk, ealrmetlv. Kstk, `u edkvĀret, ug cldkr gkpkrk`bk Şl çg e`kestĀdlrk`Šlk.
Çc `ugns` pk dguc Qced dlg eguc 5<:4, `çgd em anst gumltĀ çg `ecltetk dk
ŞkaĀ e alcleckl Oloclntk`ll ŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck e E.ŗ.M., uctkrlnr, ŞkaĀ dk sk`Šlk,aug`Šlk çg `erk em e`tlvet pçgĀ çg luglk ?66<. @bler dk ce oug çg`kput ml-em
`rket n lmprkslk pnzltlvĀ dksprk Dumgkecul, noskrvçgd `epe`ltetke sekxtrenrdlgerĀ dk mug`Ā! Qlzlte çg pkrmegkgŠĀ sece dk ck`turĀ Şl kxpnzlŠllcnrgnl. K dk mkgŠlnget `Ā gu Şl-e s`blmoet `u glml` e`ke etltudlgk dk e e`umuce
gnl `ugnŞtlgŠk, oe dlg `ngtre, jreduc dk eprk`lkrk e `ĀrŠll Şl dk `ngŞtlkgtlzerk`Ā k anertk gk`kserĀ e spnrlt dner çg tlmp!
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500
DupĀ mnduc Şl akcuc `um cu`rkezĀ çg sĀclck dk oloclntk`Ā, mel `u skemĀ, `Āk mkrku çg `Āuterk dk gnl lganrmeŠll, em çgŠkcks `Ā kstk ug `eteclzetnr vĀdlt ectnt `k k gnu çg ŞtllgŠĀ, ec ldklcnr prnjrkslstk çg dnmkglu. Ce n kvkgtuecĀ
çgtrkoerk, @lgk-l `kc mel e`tlv `ltltnrrkmer`et pk per`ursuc eglcnr dk e`tlvltetk
çg `edruc Oloclntk`ll E`edkml`k>, pnt
rĀspugdk `u mçgdrlk ‐ e`edkml`leguc Vevkc
Qced. @u tnetĀ `krtltudlgke pnt spugk `Ākstk ug `ltltnr-sevegt dk pkranrmegŠĀ Şl,tntndetĀ, aldkc prlktkg ec Oloclntk`ll gnestrk.
Kstk, pk cçgjĀ muctk ectkck, Şl n alrkectrulstĀ... çg skgsuc `Ā, ndetĀ `k e
dks`npkrlt rksursk lga nrmeŠlngeck utlck, prkakrĀ sĀ ck dlskmlgkzk Şl ectnre, sĀ gu pĀstrkzk çg sk`rkt, e`kstk gnl tltcurl ŞleperlŠll dk pk reaturlck oloclntk`ll. Dlg`ngtre, lganrmeŠle prnespĀtĀ kstk dls`utetĀŞl egeclzetĀ `u çgtrkj `nck`tlvuc ceonretnrucul Dumgkecul, `kl 5;-?6 dk `nckjl,
`erk sugt ce akc dk prlktkgnŞl Şl `ucŠl , eskmkgl des`Ācucul cnr. Çg e`kst `ngtkxt putkm vnrol, dk`l, dksprk e`edkml`leguc Qced çg `ecltetke se dk prnmntnr ec
Oloclntk`ll E`edkml`k.Der Şl ug susŠlgĀtnr ec e`kstkle... Allgd n pkrsnegĀ `erk meglakstĀ lglŠletlvĀçg tnetk dlrk`Šllck dk e`tlvltetk, pk per`ursuc eglcnr `çt e anst çg aug`Šle dkvl`kprkŞkdlgtk ec E.ŗ.M., e`edkml`leguc Qced e evut çg ser`lgĀ sĀ alk Şl`uretnruc oloclntk`ll gnestrk. Kstk pkrlnede `çgd `u susŠlgkrke Şl prlg epnrtucdlrk`t ec Dgucul Qced oloclntk`e e anst `nmpcktetĀ `u gnl tltcurl dlg dngeŠll. Tntel`l k dk mkgŠlnget `Ā Dumgkecul, pkrsngec, e edus dlg dlakrltk cn`ecltĀŠl, meleprnpletk seu mel çgdkpĀrtetk, Şl e dnget oloclntk`ll `kck mel sncl`ltetk rkvlstkŞtllgŠlal`k `e8 Рхолыв ывгвв, Ывгвю оцвцзднщы хзлдвнлнвм, Вкплхявю ЦЖН.
Хлцвю ывгвълхижю, _kvlste dk `blmlk, @blmle Ş.e. E`kst jkst gnolc vkglt dlg pertke Dgucul Qced e dus, çg algec, ce cl`blderke ce`ugkcnr dlg egll 5<<<-?66;
dlg angduc dk rkvlstk ec oloclntk`ll.
Çl edu`km Şl pk e`kestĀ `eck mucŠumlrl dlg pertke çgtrkjucul `nck`tlv! K n`lgstk pkgtru Oloclntk`e E`edkml`Ā sĀ eloĀ sprlhlguc ugkl pkrsngecltĀŠl,
prk`um kstk `ke e e`edkml`legucul Vevkc Qced ‐ ug kx`kckgt `ltltnr Şl ug aldkc prlktkg!
ŗl tntuŞl, mel prksus dk tnetk rĀmçgk Nmuc `nmpckx pk `erk-c rkprkzlgtĀ.@u n onjetĀ stru`turĀ lgtkrlnerĀ, `u ug splrlt vlu-lggnltnr, `u n vestĀlgtkcljkgŠĀ Şl ug `ere`tkr putkrgl` çgsnŠlt dk vls Şl dk ldkec, Ştlk e mer`e
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EGLQK_Pď_L
504
kxlstkgŠe `kcnr dlg huruc sĀu. Dnmgle Pe prkzlgtĀ ug kxkmpcu etçt pkgtrutlgkrll `erk ae` dner prlmll peŞl çg ŞtllgŠĀ, `çt Şl pkgtru jkgkreŠle mel çg vçrstĀ.Drejnstke Şl rkspk`tuc aeŠĀ dk nm, jrlhe, te`tuc, `umsk`Ādkgle Şl merke
peslugk pkgtru `blmlk ‐ sugt dner `çtkve, çg nplgle mke, nrl`um, lgsual`lkgtk,dlgtrk `ere`tkrlstl`lck `nmpckxltĀŠll seck! Drkpt erjumkgt Şl lcustrerk vlk e sçrjulgŠkl Şl strĀdulgŠkl seck pkrsngeck Şl
prnakslngeck vlgk Şl rk`kgte tlpĀrlturĀ ‐ `ertke-dkdl`eŠlk E`edkml`leguc
VEQKC QCED, sevegt lcustru Şl prnmntnr tkge`k ec ŞtllgŠkl.Ck`turçgd alcĀ `u alcĀ, çŠl del skeme `Ā e`kestĀ vestĀ olnoloclnjrealk kstk `u
edkveret rkprkzkgtetlvĀ, dupĀ `um kstk, çg prlmuc rçgd, pkrsngecltetke dks`rlsĀçg ke. @u ectk `uvlgtk, pkrsngehuc prnprlu-zls ae`k e`keste `ertke e al
lgtkrksegtĀ Şl vecnrnesĀ! Ler n `ertk ougĀ, dupĀ s`rlltnruc emkrl`eg E.
Orngsng Ec`ntt, ... k e`kke `erk kstk dks`blsĀ `u egumltk spkregŠk Şl çg`blsĀ`u çg`çgterk Şl okgkal`ll”, dupĀ `um pnetk al `eclal`etĀ ce huste-l vecnerk ŞleperlŠle sus-mkgŠlngetĀ.
Dk e`kke, QĀ urĀm Şl pk vlltnr, Dnmguck E`edkml`leg, muctĀ sĀgĀtetk Şl,dksljur, merl çmpclglrl pkrsngeck, der Şl prnakslngeck, ecĀturl dk merke aemlclke `blmlŞtlcnr nrjegl`l, olnnrjegl`l Şl el `nmpuŞlcnr geturecl!
E_BLQLPT[C LNG MN_NŗEG[ CE :; DK EGL
_ELPE QEPLCE@BKOŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
PĀ sk pĀstrkzk u plktetk, sĀ sk `ceskzk u sljuregŠĀ
Şl sĀ sk edĀpnstkes`Ā çg pecetk plkskck dk pkrjemkgtseu dk bïrtlk, pk `erk mïge strĀmnŞlcnr e çgs`rlslstnrle tlmpurlcnr dlspĀrutk”.
Gl`ncek Lnrje
Lng MnrnŞegu e`tlvkezĀ çg dnmkgluc erblvlstl`ll dlg eguc 5<21. Mel olgk
dk ?6 dk egl kstk gkclpslt dlg skdluc erblvkcnr . ŗl-e çg`kput `erlkre dk erblvlstçg Erblve GeŠlngecĀ. Dk ce ? akoruerlk 5<2: Şl pïgĀ çg prkzkgt kstk mkrku ce
pnst çg Erblve ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl çgaug`Šle dk erblvlst prlg`lpec, çgdkpclglgdu-Şl çgtntdkeuge skrlns nocljeŠluglckdk skrvl`lu. L-eu trk`ut prlg mïlgl mll dk dn`umkgtk, e per`urs mll dk pejlgl
çgjĀcokgltk dk vrkmk, ugkck s`rlsk nrdnget Şl `ecljreal`, ectkck tlpĀrltk, ugkck`u `ere`tkrk cetlgk, ectkck `u `ere`tkrk `blrlcl`k… Ck-e dkscuŞlt telgkck `e
glmkgl ectuc, rĀspugzïgd mllcnr dk sncl`ltĀrl çg anrmĀ dk lganrmeŠll, `krtlal`etkkt`. E rkeclzet mel muctk e`tlvltĀŠl8 dk `nmpckterk, dk vkrlal`erk Şl dk `rkerk e
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EGLQK_Pď_L
50;
eperetucul dk rkakrlgŠĀ, cu`rĀrl dk `ngstltulrk e angducul erblvlstl`, dk eslstkgŠĀmktndl`Ā prlvlgd nrdngerke dn`umkgtkcnr çg lgstltuŠll, e dkskrvlt `kr`ktĀtnrll
E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl, nakrlgdu-ck dn`umkgtk dk erblvĀ.
PĀroĀtnrltuc gnstru kstk rkspngseolc dk `rkerke Şl `nmpckterke angdurlcnr pkrsngeck eck pkrsngecltĀŠlcnr mer`egtk dlg sakre ŞtllgŠkl dlg _kpuocl`eMncdnve. Qnm mkgŠlnge dner `ïtkve dlgtrk angdurlck pkrsngeck `rketk Şl
pkrak`tetk dk dc MnrnŞegu8 e`edkml`leguc Le`blm Jrnsuc (lstnrl`),
e`edkml`leguc Egtng Eocnv (`blmlst), e`edkml`leguc Ertlnm Cezerkv
(lstnrl`), e`edkml`leguc Gl`ncek Dlmn (pkdncnj), e`edkml`leguc Lurlk
Ckeclinv (`blmlst), e`edkml`leguc Plmlng @lonteru (`rltl` Şl lstnrl` cltkrer),mkmoruc `nrkspngdkgt Kujkglu _usskv (lstnrl` Şl alcncnj), mkmoruc
`nrkspngdkgt Jbknrjbk @kecïl (lgjlgkr, slstkmk Şl k`blpemkgtk kgkrjktl`k) Ş.
e. @ngstetĀm `Ā Erblve ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ çg `erk sugt `ng`kgtretk Şl pĀstretk ``e 00666 dk dn`umkgtk dk erblvĀ eck @ngslclucul Puprkm pkgtruŗtllgŠĀ Şl Dkzvncterk Tkbgncnjl`Ā, eck sk`Šllcnr dk ŞtllgŠĀ Şl eck lgstltutkcnrŞtllgŠlal`k dk `kr`kterk, `ngstltulk n sursĀ vecnrnesĀ Şl sljurĀ dk lganrmeŠll `u
prlvlrk ce lstnrle E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl, e ŞtllgŠkl geŠlngeck çgjkgkrec. MkgŠlngĀm aeptuc `Ā Erblve ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ e EŗM lg`cudk, `e
pertk lgtkjregtĀ, Şl Erblve dk Anc`cnr, `ngstltultĀ dlg metkrlec eutkgtl`,`nck`tet çg kxpkdlŠllck anc`cnrl`k kak`tuetk pk tkrkg. Dc MnrnŞegu çŞl edu`k
`ngtrlouŠle ce ouge aug`Šlngerk e erblvkl ecĀturl dk `nckjll sĀl, dge EgtnglgeOkrznl Şl dc Dumltru Mlrngnv. Lng MnrnŞegu s-e gĀs`ut ce ; skptkmorlk 5<04 çg setuc @Āprlege, relnguc
PtrĀŞkgl. Dks`kgdkgt ec ugkl vk`bl aemlcll dk ŠĀregl jnspnderl, kstk prlmuc
`nplc çg aemlclk, urmet dk dnuĀ surnrl ‐ Veres`nvle Şl Merle. VĀrlgŠll,Jbknrjbk Şl Eckxegdre MnrnŞegu, s-eu strĀdult sĀ ck dke `npllcnr studll Şl nkdu`eŠlk eckesĀ. Aluc Lng Şl all`e mel ml`Ā, Merle, Şl-eu aĀ`ut studllck ce
Ae`uctetke dk lstnrlk Şl alcncnjlk e Lgstltutucul Vkdejnjl` dk Ptet Lng
@rkegjĀ”, e`tuecmkgtk [glvkrsltetke Vkdejnjl`Ā dk Ptet Lng @rkegjĀ”. Dc
Lng MnrnŞegu e e`tlvet çg mel muctk dnmkgll, noŠlgïgd rkzuctetk rkmer`eolck.Allgd lstnrl` Şl alcncnj Şl-e jĀslt vn`eŠle çg e`tlvltetke dk erblvlst, dkdl`ïgdu-
sk kl. MkgŠlngĀm aeptuc `Ā e cu`ret Şl ce Kg`l`cnpkdle Pnvlktl`ĀMncdnvkgkes`Ā `erk e anst tlpĀrltĀ çg npt vncumk, allgd rkde`tnr -Şka ce_kjlstruc dk `uvlgtk Şl ce Lstnrle V@[P, alcnznalk Şl dr kpt. E `ngtrloult ce
kceonrerke e`kstkle, evïgd puocl`etk urmĀtnerkck ertl`nck8 Onrndlgn, oĀtĀcledk ce... (KPM, vnc. 5. @blŞlgĀu, 5<:6, p. 4:6)9 Qnlgnve (KPM, vnc. ?.
@blŞlgĀu, 5<:5, p. :6)9 DurckŞtl (KPM, vnc. ?. @blŞlgĀu, 5<:5, p. 0<6)9 DĀg`kgl (KPM, vnc. ?. @blŞlgĀu, 5<:5, p. 0<0)9 XuorkŞtl (KPM, vnc. 0.
@blŞlgĀu, 5<:?, p. ?0)9 @blrleg`e (KPM, vnc. 0. @blŞlgĀu, 5<:?, p. ?:2)9
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EGLQK_Pď_L
501
@ndrkeg`e (KPM, vnc. 0. @blŞlgĀu, 5<:?, p. 05:)9 @nhuŞge (KPM, vnc. 0.
@blŞlgĀu, 5<:?, p. 0?6)9 @Āprlege (KPM, vnc. 0. @blŞlgĀu, 5<:?, p. ;1;)9
@Āprlege” ‐ segetnrlu rkpuocl`eg... (KPM, vnc. 0. @blŞlgĀu, 5<:?, p. ;1;)9
Джнълнщ (Хзпляхижю Гзйджпвю8 ицжяижю энсвийзолдвю. Ивтвнлп, 5<2?, ц.516)9 Цлъж (Хзпляхижю Гзйджпвю8 ицжяижю энсвийзолдвю. Ивтвнлп,5<2?, ц. ;?2) Ş. e.
Vkgtru çgtrkjlrke pnrtrktucul nmejlec, vnm mkgŠlnge Şl `ïtkve detk dksprkaemlclstuc Lng MnrnŞegu. Kstk ug snŠ kxkmpcer pkgtru `ke dk-e dnue
humĀtetk” ‐ dge Kckge, sĀroĀtnrlgd eguc trk`ut gugte dk eur. Kstk ug tetĀ luoltŞl luoltnr pkgtru `kl trkl `npll (Lurlk, Clclege, _uscege) Şl ug ougkc ednrettn`mel dk trkl gkpnŠl (@rlstlge, Eclnge, Lucleg). PnŠll MnrnŞegu cn`ulks` çg@blŞlgĀu, der eu pĀstret Şl `ese pĀrlgtkes`Ā dlg setuc @Āprlege, ugdk sk edugĀ
`u drej tnt gkemuc cnr. KxlstĀ cu`rurl salgtk pk `erk dc Lng MnrnŞegu ck
rkspk`tĀ çg`Ā dlg arejkdĀ `nplcĀrlk Şl `erk çc `ere`tkrlzkezĀ, egumk etltudlgkeskrlnesĀ aeŠĀ dk tnt `k ae`k, drejnstke gkmĀrjlgltĀ aeŠĀ dk setuc getec, dk ŠerĀŞl dk gkem.
Dck Lng MnrnŞegu, e`um ehugs ce ug arumns huolcku, vĀ edu`km dlg pertke`nck`tlvucul Oloclntk`ll Şl ec Erblvkl ŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck e E`edkmlkl dkŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl nmejll `u n`ezle eglvkrsĀrll Şl slg`krk urĀrl dk sĀgĀtetk,dnrlgdu-vĀ rkeclzĀrl arumnesk, egl mucŠl Şl akrl`lŠl, pclgl dk e`kkeŞl drejnstk
dk mug`Ā Şl dk vleŠĀ.
N QLEůď T_ďLTď ÇG C[MKE @ď_ůLCN_ Plcvle @ncksgl` ce 16 dk egl
_ELPE QEPLCE@BK, KCKGE QEPLCE@BK
Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
‗Gl`l n ser`lgĀ gu erk n vecnerk mel `ngsldkreolcĀ Şl gu mkrltĀ n mel merk `lgstk dk`ït `kke `k ae`k çg skrvl`luc `nmugltĀŠll ug oloclntk`er `nmpktkgt Şl skrlns”.
Mkcwlc Dkwky
@ecke vlkŠll dgkl Plcvle @ncksgl`, Şkauc sk`Šlkl _kceŠll `u Vuocl`uc Şl@ngskrverke Angdurlcnr dlg Oloclntk`e ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ Egdrkl Cupeg” e
E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl, dlg 5<1: Şl pïgĀ çg prkzkgt trk`k prlg oloclntk`Ā, prlgtrk ilcnmktrl dk reaturl pclgk `u `ĀrŠl, tkzk dk dn`tnr, rkvlstk,
zlerk… E mĀrturlslt `Ā de`Ā er mel evke n`ezle sĀ-Şl eckejĀ çg`Ā n detĀ prnaksle, aĀrĀ çgdnlecĀ er eckjk-n tnt pk `ke dk oloclntk`er, e nmucul `ĀrŠll…
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EGLQK_Pď_L
50:
LmprkslngkezĀ bĀrgl`le kl kgnrmĀ, `urĀŠkgle suacktkes`Ā, gĀzulgŠe gknonsltĀdk e setlsae`k gk`ksltĀŠlck lganrmeŠlngeck eck `ltltnrlcnr, a ldkcltetke prnakslkl,
eckesĀ n detĀ Şl pkgtru tntdkeuge.
P-e gĀs`ut ce ? gnlkmorlk 5<4< çg setuc Brlstl`l, relnguc Pnrn`e, çgtr -naemlclk dk ŠĀregl jnspnderl, @blrlc Şl Derle @ecderk, `erk uctkrlnr eu trk`ut `utreluc çg setuc VïrclŠl, e`kceŞl relng. Çg eguc 5<1; tkrmlgĀ Ş`nece dk npt egl dlgset, ler çg 5<1: ‐ `ke mkdlk dlg nreŞuc Pnrn`e. Çg pkrlnede 5<1:-5<12
cu`rkezĀ ce oloclntk`e dlg setuc DumorĀvkgl, relnguc Pnrn`e, ugdknrjeglzkezĀ angduc oloclntk`ll Şl dkskrvlrke `ltltnrlcnr. E`kst eg l-e mer`et
snerte, dktkrmlgïgdu-l `ecke pkgtru tnetĀ vleŠe prlgtrk `ĀrŠl Şl `ltltnrl, `Ārnreck-e skmĀget çg suacktk cumlgĀ, `ugnŞtlgŠk Şl drejnstk dk tnt `k k arumns. ŗl -e
aĀ`ut studllck ce Ae`uctetke dk Alcncnjlk `u spk`leclzerke çg Oloclntk`ngnmlk Şl
Oloclnjrealk e [glvkrsltĀŠll dk Ptet dlg Mncdnve (5<12-5<:4). Vk mĀsure
anrmĀrll prnakslngeck `ngtlgulk `ngsuctĀ pkrmegkgt cltkreture dk spk`lecltetkdlg rkvlstkck dlg dnmkglu8 Oucktlguc EO_M , Mejezlg Oloclncnjl`, Olocln
Vncls, Oloclntk`e, Oloclntk`e Ou`urkŞtlucul, Eostr e`tk çg oloclncnjlk Şl ŞtllgŠelganrmĀrll Ş. e. Vertl`lpĀ ce e`tlvltĀŠlck dk lgstrulrk prnakslngecĀ nrjeglzetk çgOŗ@. Çg 5<<2 e pertl`lpet çg nr. Mlgsi (Okcerus) ce ug skmlger dk spk`lecltetk
rkakrltnr ce prnockmkck dk `etecnjerk, ler çg 5<<6 çg Pegit-Vktkrsourj ce
skmlgeruc `u tkme @ecemltĀŠlck dkzestrucul (lg`kgdlucul) Şl secverke vecnrlcnr
`uctureck”. E anst çg dkpcesĀrl pkgtru s`blmouc dk kxpkrlkgŠĀ ce `nckjll dlg`kck mel merl oloclntk`l dlg Kstngle (5<22) Şl _nmïgle (5<2<). E urmet`ursurlck dk megejkmkgt ce ŗ`nece dk Oloclntk`ngnmlk dlg Mncdnve (5<<2).
Dk ce ? akoruerlk 5<:5 Şl pïgĀ çg prkzkgt e`tlvkezĀ çg `edruc Oloclntk`llŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl. @e spk`leclst s-e
anrmet mug`lgd çg `ïtkve sk`Šll, kxkr`ltïgd urmĀtnerkck aug`Šll8 oloclntk`er(5<:5-5<2?), rkde`tnr supkrlnr (5<2?-5<20), Şka ec sk`tnrucul KdlŠll skrleck Şl
pkrlndl`k çg sk`Šle @etecnjerk Şl Vrkcu`rerk e Vuocl`eŠllcnr (5<20-5<2<) ŞlŞkauc sk`Šlkl _kceŠll `u Vuocl`uc Şl @ngskrverk e Angdurlcnr dlg 5<2< pïgĀ çg
prkzkgt. @nganrm etkstĀrll `edrkcnr oloclntk`erk dlg 06 mel ?661 dgkl Plcvle@ncksgl` l s-e `ngakrlt jreduc dk `eclal`erk L (çgtïl), dnvedĀ e
prnakslngeclsmucul çg dnmkglu. Pk`Šle _kceŠll `u Vuocl`uc Şl @ngskrverk e Angdurlcnr kstk suodlvlzlugke
oloclntk`ll `erk nrjeglzkezĀ jkstlngerke, `nmugl`erke Şl `ngskrverke`nck`Šllcnr. Vkgtru e eprk`le e`tlvltetke dgkl @ncksgl` vnm kgumkre dnerugkck dlgtrk etrlouŠllck prlg`lpeck `k steu çg aeŠe sk`Šlkl Şl `erk sugt rkeclzetk çgtkrmkgll steolclŠl detnrltĀ ougkl nrjeglzĀrl e e`tlvltĀŠll8 `ngstltulrke Şl`ngskrverke angdurlcnr dk oezĀ Şl euxlclerk9 anrmerke `ngtlgjkgtucul dk`ltltnrl9 e`tlvltetke dk lganrmerk `urkgtĀ e `ltltnrlcnr9 dkskrvlrke npkretlvĀ e
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EGLQK_Pď_L
502
`ltltnrlcnr prlg çmprumutuc puocl`eŠllcnr çg sece dk ck`turĀ, ce dnml`lclu Şlçmprumutuc lgtkroloclntk`er9 kak`tuerke `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl mktndl`k pk
prnalcuc dk e`tlvltetk e sk`Šlkl9 kceonrerke Şl tnteclzerke prnjremkcnr dk
e`tlvltetk kt`.MkgŠlngĀm aeptuc `Ā sk`Šle rkspk`tlvĀ kstk uge dlgtrk `kck mel merl sk`Šll
dlg oloclntk`e gnestrĀ. DkŞl çgtïmplgĀ dlal`uctĀŠl dlg `euze empcesĀrllangducul dk puocl`eŠll çg mel muctk skdll eck EŗM Şl çg lg`lgte Mlglstkruculdk HustlŠlk ec _kpuocl`ll Mncdnve, dge @ncksgl` rkuŞkŞtk sĀ nrjeglzkzke`tlvltetke sk`Šlkl estakc çg`ït `ltltnrll eu e``ks ce e`kstk puocl`eŠll çg tkrmkgs`urt. Dïgse pnskdĀ `ecltĀŠl megejkrleck Şl çg e`tlvltetke `u pkrsngecuc sk`Šlkl,`rkïgd n etmnsakrĀ eml`ecĀ, der Şl dk `nceonrerk Şl `nnpkrerk çg e`kceŞl tlmp.
Dge @ncksgl` s-e ealrmet pk pceg prnakslngec, allgd çgect eprk`letĀ. K
dlstlgsĀ `u Dlpcnme dk Ngnerk e Vrkzldlucul EŗM (5<<1), Dlpcnme Oŗ@ eEŗM (?660), Dlpcnme dk Mkrlt e Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg” e EŗM (?66<).
@u prlckhuc arumneskl eglvkrsĀrl çl urĀm dgkl Plcvle @ncksgl` sĀgĀtetk,akrl`lrk, gnl rkeclzĀrl, sĀ rĀmïgĀ mkrku tïgĀrĀ çg suackt Şl ce `blp.
_KAK_LGůK OLOCLNJ_EAL@K8
5. MEDEG, L. @ncksgl` Plcvle Lg8 MEDEG, L. Oloclntk`ngnmle Şl oloclnjreale Mncdnvkl8 Vrnaksnrl Şl dls`lpncl. @b., ?661, p. ?1:.
?. T_NAďLCď, Q. Plcvle @ecderk-@ncksgl`, `nceonretnerk e Oloclntk`ll ŗtllgŠlal`k@kgtreck e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl. Lg8 T_NAďLCď, Q. _elnguc Pnrn`e.
@rngl`Ā dn`umkgterĀ (sk`. RQ ‐ çg`kp. sk`. RRL). @b., ?661, p. ?1:.
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DLQK_TLP
50<
QLEůE ÇG ... ‗_KACK@ůLL CLGJQLPTL@K”
dr., `nga. uglv. E[_KCLE BEGJEG[
Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
Pk Ştlk `Ā clmoe kstk oeze jïgdlrll,edl`Ā, pkgtru e jïgdl nmuc erk gkvnlk sĀ
pnskdk ug lgstrumkgt prlg `erk sĀ-Şlmetkrleclzkzk jïgdlrke ‐ clmoe. K ug
pnstucet jkgkrec `ugns`ut, `erk gu mel
sus`ltĀ dls`uŠll, çgŠkcks Şl dk ug gklglŠletçg telgkck clmoll. Vkgtru ecŠll çgsĀ, clmoegu kstk dner n `eck dk e-Şl kxprlmejïgdurlck, `l kstk muct mel muct. Ke
dkvlgk, pkgtru `kl eckŞl s-n eckejĀ,rkack`Šle vlkŠll, vleŠe çg rkack`Šlk seuslmpcu spus ‐ mnd dk kxlstkgŠĀ. Kstkkxkmpcuc prnaksnrucul uglvkrslter Egetnc
@lnoegu, dn`tnr beolcltet çg alcncnjlk,mkmoru `nrkspngdkgt ec E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl. Dnmgle serntughkŞtk zluĀ `u zluĀ çg _kack`Šll clgjvlstl`k”, n gnuĀ cu`rerk lkŞltĀ dk suo
pege sïrjulg`lnsucul clgjvlst, kdltetĀ suo kjlde Lgstltutucul dk Alcncnjlk ec
E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl çg eguc ?66< (skck`Šlk, `nnrdngerk Şl prkaeŠĀdk Eckxegdru OegtnŞ).
Cu`rerke edugĀ lgvkstljeŠll arĀmïgtetk çg vrkmurl mel ougk Şl mel jrkck,der mkrku e`tueck ‐ etug`l `ïgd ldkke eole e çg`ncŠlt çg mlgtke eutnrcul, e`um`ïgd e`kkeŞl ldkk s-e `npt çg e`kkeŞl suostegŠĀ `e Şl ndlglnerĀ. Kstk vnroe dk
suolk`tk `k Šlg dk clgjvlstl`Ā jkgkrecĀ, dk slgtexĀ, dk `uctlverke clmoll vnroltkŞl s`rlsk, dk sn`lnclgjvlstl`Ā. Dk aept, dlvkrsltetke suolk`tkcnr dk lgvkstljeŠlkrkack`tĀ dlvkrsltetke mnducul dk kxlstkgŠĀ çg clmoĀ e `kr`ktĀtnrucul Şl nmuculEgetnc @lnoegu, cu`ru alrks` pkgtru `kc `erk rĀspugdk, lgverleolc, `u
prnmtltudlgk Şl dls`krgĀmïgt dkngtncnjl` ce `kck mel dlvkrsk prkn`upĀrlcegsetk dk `Ātrk `kl `erk, çg vlrtutke ugkl rkprnoeolck Şl `ngdemgeolck lgkrŠll,`rkd `Ā dnmkgluc jcntl` Şl ktgl`” çg _kpuocl`e Mncdnve Šlgk dk eutnrltetkeaeorl`egŠlcnr dk slstkm”, dupĀ kxprksle pcestl`Ā e cul Eck`u _ussn” (Ec.OegtnŞ, p. 50).
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@epltncuc EdkvĀr Şl `nmpktkgŠĀ clgjvlstl`Ā pnrgkŞtk dk ce olgk`ugns`utucdl`tng cetlg Clgjue cetlge kst augdemkgtum clgjuek gnstrek (clmoe cetlgĀ kstkaugdemkgtuc clmoll gnestrk) Şl dkzvnctĀ `ngvlgjkrlck sevegtucul rkakrltnr ce
rnmegltetke gnestrĀ, eprk`lkrlck vlzevls dk ldklck çgelgteŞlcnr gnŞtrl Şljïgdurlck dksprk krnzlugke `ngŞtllgŠkl geŠlngeck e rnmïglcnr mncdnvkgl”.Clmoe kstk ug etrlout kskgŠlec ec stetucul” ‐ e ealrmet tntdkeuge Egetnc
@lnoegu Şl rkealrmĀ e`kst cu`ru çg pejlglck `epltncucul ec LL-cke ec cu`rĀrll.Tltcurlck dk ertl`nck `uprlgsk el`l vnroks` dk ce slgk8 Olclgjvlsmuc geŠlngec -rus `e ae`tnr dlstru`tlv ec ugltĀŠll dk gkem Şl dk clmoĀ e rnmïglcnrmncdnvkgl, [g stet suvkreg ‐ n slgjurĀ clmoĀ dk stet, _kpkrk eck dkmgltĀŠllgeŠlngeck8 clmoe Şl stetuc kt`.
@epltncuc @uvïgtuc Şl gnrme cltkrerĀ ce prlme vkdkrk perk `kve mel rkdus
çg dlmkgslugl dk`et `kckcectk. ÇgsĀ tn`mel el`l çc evkm çg aeŠĀ pk clgjvlstucEgetnc @lnoegu, `kc çmpĀtlmlt dk akgnmkgkck dk stru`turĀ Şl dk aug`Šlngerk eclmoll, `kc etkgt ce dktecluc `uvïgtucul Şl `kc `erk s-e slmŠlt anertk olgk çgmlhcn`uc” dnmkgllcnr dk studlkrk tknrktl`Ā Şl pre`tl`Ā e clmoll rnmïgk prlg`erk s-e `ngse`ret `e eutnrltetk çg dnmkglu.
Egetnc @lnoegu, allgd kc çgsuŞl uguc dlgtrk vcĀsterkck e`kstkl kpn`l dkrkjkgkrerk geŠlngecĀ `erk, uctkrlnr, çg `ecltetk dk prnaksnr Şl dk nm dk ŞtllgŠĀ,evke sĀ pugĀ umĀruc ce rksteolclrke `umpkgkl drkptçŠll rnmïgkŞtl çg e`kestĀ
zngĀ pustlltĀ dk tkrnerke lstnrlkl, dkvkglgd vn`ke sngnrĀ Şl `cerĀ e `ngŞtllgŠklrnmïglcnr oesereokgl”, sk pceskezĀ, aĀrĀ e evke çgsĀ Şl prktkgŠle, çg Şlruc prnmntnrlcnr ugltĀŠll dk clmoĀ Şl dk gkem, dksprk e `Ārnr trudĀ vnrokŞtk çg`epltncuc ec LLL-cke8 Kujkglu @nŞkrlu, Gl`ncek @nrcĀtkegu, Plcvlu Okrkheg,_uokg Oudejnv, Onrls @eze`u, Qeckrlu _usu, Lng Dumkglui, Qlteclk Merlg,
Jrljnrk @lg`lckl.
[g pl` dk umnr ugknrl, skgtlmkgt dk durkrk ectknrl, `ngvlgjkrk edïg`Ā çgedkvĀr, gkdumkrlrk çg gkedkvĀr, clglŞtk çg suackt Şl lgsetlsae`Šlk çg aeptk...Egetnc @lnoegu kstk nmuc `erk Şl-e dkdl`et vleŠe çg `Āuterke `uvïgtucul
vkrldl` zou`lumet çg çgŠkckjkrke `nmpnrtemkgtucul cul sn`lnclgjvlstl` Şlmkrku çg pkrpktuerke gnrmkl clgjvlstl`k Şl verlktketke vnrolrll.
Vrnaksnruc Egetnc @lnoegu, s`Ācdet çg eclgturlck rnmegltĀŠll `Ārkle l-erĀspugs tntdkeuge `u n drejnstk epertk, e ancnslt olhutkrllck clmoll areg`kzk ŞlçgŠkckp`lugke cetlgĀ pkgtru e ck rkjĀsl, çgtr -n anrme mel prnespĀtĀ, çg dksejllclmoll rnmïgk. Dls`ursuc dïgsucul kstk e`edkml`, snoru, pk ecn`url çgsĀçgacĀ`Āret Şl pclg dk putkrke erjumkgtucul `erk gumel strljet gu sk cesĀ. PĀ gkemlgtlm `Ā Egetnc @lnoegu kstk uguc dlgtrk `kl mel `ngsk`vkgŠl Şl`nmpktkgŠl stĀpïgl el `etkdrkl uglvkrslterk Şl `erk e çgvĀŠet jkgkreŠll çgtrkjl dkalcncnjl sĀ çgvkŠk, sĀ vnrokes`Ā Şl sĀ jïgdkes`Ā rnmïgkŞtk.
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N ‗E_LK E DKPTLG[C[L” DK ME_LE OLKŗ[
ME_LE OECEOEGOŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”
–Muzl`e sk kjeckezĀ `u zonruc. Vnetk `ïgd nmucul l s-eu tĀlet erlplck l-e anst
detĀ muzl`e>” Merle OlkŞu
–QleŠe mke k ug turgku…” dk Merle OlkŞu, dkskmgetĀ @ertke Egucul?66< çg cuge skptkmorlk, ce Pecnguc dk @ertk, Oloclntk`e GeŠlngecĀ, e anste`blzlŠlngetĀ rk`kgt dk `Ātrk Oloclntk`e E`edkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk.
Kstk n `ngakslugk nrecĀ, çgrkjlstretĀ Şl stlclzetĀ dk @ceudle Vertnck. Merke `çgtĀrkeŠĀ dk npkrĀ vlgk sĀ gk pnvkstkes`Ā dksprk vleŠe se `bler dk
ce çg`kputurl8 dksprk `nplcĀrlk, dksprk anemke dlg ‗4:, dksprk prlmkck –sugktkmuzl`eck” euzltk dk nemkgll dlg setuc getec Qncngtlrl, r. ŗtkaeg QndĀ, ce dner`çtkve cugl.
@ertke kstk s`rlsĀ çgtr -n clmoĀ slmpcĀ, eŞe `um kstk Şl eutnerke ‐ mndkstĀŞl alrkes`Ā, der çgzkstretĀ dk ceDumgkzku `u n vn`k
lg`nmpereolcĀ.Eskmkgl Merlkl @konterl,
Merle OlkŞu g-e vkglt pk cumk
dlgtr-ug gkem merk `u mnŞllçgtlgsk, s-e gĀs`ut çgtr -naemlclk dk nemkgl slmpcl.
@erlkre muzl`ecĀ Şl-e çg`kput-n allgd çg`Ā ce Okgdkr, ugdk eçgvĀŠet ce Tkbgl`umuc dk
BldrnmkclnreŠll. E`ncn, ce ug
akstlvec, e Şl anst rkmer`etĀ `eallgd `ke mel ougĀ. Estakc, dlg s`kge dk ce Okgdkr,
Merle OlkŞu e ehugs sĀ `çgtk pk `kck mel merl s`kgk dlg
cumk ‐ tketruc Ce P`ece
(Ltecle), Tketruc OncŞnl
(_usle), Mktrnpnclteg Npkre(Gkw \nri).
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@u n dknskoltĀ pcĀ`krk gk pnvkstkŞtk eutnerke dksprk Merkck @ng`ursLgtkrgeŠlngec dlg Tniln (5<1:), ugdk e noŠlgut Vrkmluc L pkgtru rncuc @ln-@ln-
seg çg npkre Medemk Outtkracy. El`l, kstk etlgs epnjkuc `erlkrkl seck.
@ltlgd pejlglck rkcetetk dk merke `çgtĀrkeŠĀ, gu pnŠl rĀmçgk lgdlakrkgt aeŠĀdk vleŠe se jrke Şl pclgĀ dk prnockmk ‐ pertk e vlkŠll gk`ugns`utĀ dkmehnrltetke. _Āmçl lmprkslnget dk aeptuc `Ā Vrlmedngge Tketrucul dk NpkrĀ ŞlOeckt tlmp dk 5: egl e `çgtet çg @nruc Olskrl`ks`.
Qncumuc kstk `uprlgs dk n gnstecjlk kgnrmĀ dupĀ turgkkck çg ŠĀrlck `u `kckmel merl s`kgk dlg cumk, dupĀ setuc getec `u nemkgll cul, dupĀ surnrlck Şlmeme se. Pçgt dks`rlsk Şl ugkck mnmkgtk bezcll, sltueŠll `k tk ae` se zçmokŞtl.Dk ugkck çgsĀ, çŞl emlgtkŞtk `u mel puŠlgĀ pcĀ`krk, der, vnroe kl , –eŞe kreuvrkmurlck”.
@u muctĀ drejnstk pnvkstkŞtk dksprk prlktkgle kl `u vkstltkck `çgtĀrkŠkMerle @ecces, Lrlge Erblpnve Şl Kckge NorezŠnve.
Dk eskmkgke, çŞl emlgtkŞtk gnstecjl` dksprk stejlugke ce aelmnsuc tketruCe P`ece, ugdk e anst e``kptetĀ çg eguc 5<1;.
Vejlgl çgtrkjl sugt dkdl`etk merkcul turgku ce Mktrnpnclteg Npkre dlg Gkw\nri, Tketrucul OncŞnl dlg Mns`nve.
–Dk trkl nrl em anst lgvltetĀ sĀ cu`rkz ce OncŞnl Tketr, pnvkstkŞtk eutnerke,der ku gu pnt cĀse `k em mel drej ‐ oeŞtlge mke, nemkgll eprnpleŠl, tketruc
ugdk m-em cegset. Gu pnt. Qnl `çgte pkgtru el mkl. Vkgtru e`kl `erk mĀluoks` Şl mĀ çgŠkckj. El`l n se-ml alk `kc mel olgk!”
E`kste kstk akgnmkguc Merle OlkŞu `çgtĀrkeŠe dk teclk lgtkrgeŠlngecĀ `erk