BIN VI LC A - THNG CNG TH NI (CHAMPA) TRONG H THNG THNG MI NG TH K X-XV1Do Truong Giang Vin Nghin cu ng Nam (ISEAS-VASS) v National University of Singapore

1. V tr ca cc thng cng Champa trong mng li hi thng khu vc Cc nh nghin cu lch s hi thng chu u khng nh vai tr, v th v sc nh hng ca ba th trng kinh t ln, cng ng thi l ba trung tm vn minh ln v sm ca chu, bao gm Trung Hoa, n v bn o Arab. Cc trung tm vn minh y v c bn u c trin n ti nhng vng chu th ca nhng con sng v i, ng thi kin lp nn nhng vng triu v i. S kt ni gia cc trung tm vn minh v i v th trng rng ln dn ti s hnh thnh ca nhng Con ng t la trn b v trn bin. S hng thnh, suy tn ca cc th trng y, cng nh l nhng chnh sch c thc thi bi cc vng triu nhng trung tm vn minh ln ny lun dn n nhng tc ng trc tip v su sc i vi mng li thng mi (c trn b v trn bin) ca khu vc, cng nh l tc nhn quan trng dn ti s ra i, hng thnh v suy vong ca nhiu quc gia nm trn cc tuyn thng mi . Cho n trc khi c s xut hin ca cc thng nhn u chu sau thi k pht kin a l, th nhng ngi nm gi vai tr chi phi i vi mng li thng mi khu vc kt ni cc khu vc vi nhau, c ghi nhn rng ri, l cc thng nhn Trung Hoa, thng nhn n , thng nhn Arab v nhng hi nhn Malayo-polinesian. Trong s pht trin ca nn hi thng chu, khu vc ng Nam - c bit l Th gii hi o ng Nam (Maritime Southeast Asia), c mt v tr v cng quan trng: mt trung gian im trong vic kt ni th trng ng v ng Bc vi th trng Nam v Ty , c bit l sau khi Con ng t la trn b gp nhiu kh khn trong vic chuyn vn cc ngun hng gia cc trung tm v Con ng t la trn bin tr nn thit yu trong vic duy tr cc mi lin h . Khi s pht trin ca1

Nhng tng c bn ca bi vit c trnh by ln u tin ti the First Congress of the Asian Association of World Historians (May 2009, Osaka, Japan). Tc gi xin by t long bit n i vi i hc Osaka (Osaka University) i th mi kinh ph tc gi c c hi gp mt ti Hi tho v trnh by bo co ca mnh. Trong qu trnh hon thin bi vit cng nh tin hnh kho st thc a ti Bnh nh v mt s tnh Nam Trung B, tc gi nhn c nhng kin ng gp, tng khai m ca PGS.TS Nguyn Vn Kim v PGS.TS Ng Vn Doanh. Bn cnh , GS. Momoki Shiro v GS. Bruce Lockhart cng c nhng gp quan trng cho vic hon thin bi nghin cu. Nhn y, tc gi xin c by t lng bit n i vi s quan tm v nhng tng khoa hc ca cc Thy. Bi vit c cng b trong Nguyn Vn Kim (ed.), Ngi Vit vi Bin [Vietnamese and the Sea], The gioi Publishing House, Hanoi, 2011, pp.285-314.

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mi giao thng gia cc trung tm kinh t ln cng pht trin, th cc vng bin ca ng Nam cng c nhng c hi d nhp vo mng li hi thng khu vc, tn dng mi trng kinh t bin, kin lp cc Trung tm lin th gii vn hnh mng li ring ca khu vc2. S suy yu ca mt/hay ng thi nhiu trung tm kinh t ln, chiu hng ngc li, dn ti s suy yu, khng hong v thm ch dit vong ca nhiu Th ch bin vn ph thuc cht ch vo s vn hnh ca mng li hi thng (s dit vong ca cc vng quc bin Ph Nam, Srivijaya hay Malacca c th c xem nh l nhng v d in hnh cho lun im ny). Tuy nhin, ng Nam khng phi /v khng bao gi l mt khu vc l thuc hon ton v b ng vo s vn hnh ca mng li thng mi bin khu vc, c dn dt bi cc trung tm vn minh ln v di s iu hnh ca cc thng nhn Trung Hoa, n hay Arab. Ngc li, cc ngun s liu ng Nam , cng nh s liu ngoi khu vc minh chng s ch ng, tch cc v vai tr ca cc chnh th vng ng Nam - c bit l cc chnh th tng tn ti vng Eo Malacca cng nh l cc Th ch bin trong khu vc, trong vic d nhp vo mng li hi thng chu cng nh s vn hnh ca mng li ny. Vai tr ch ng v tm hot ng rng ln trn khp cc mt bin chu ca cc thng nhn gc Malayu l mt v d quan trng cho tnh ch ng ca thng nhn ng Nam 3. Bn cnh , ng Nam cn c bit n nh nhng trung tm cung cp cc mt hng thit yu cho cc th trng ln, c bit l cc mt hng c ngun gc nhit i nh qu, trm hng, long no, inh hng, nhc u khu, t mc4. Cc chnh th vng ng Nam l nhng ch nhn v ng thi l nhng ngi vn hnh ca cc mng li trao i ni a, ni vng v lin vng y; thu gom cc mt hng c gi tr cao trn th trng (c bit l cc ngun hng c ngun gc t cc vng Cao Nguyn), chuyn vn ti cc cng th cn duyn v t d nhp vo mng li thng mi khu vc v quc t.

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Theo GS. Sakurai Yumio th trc th k th 10, Ph Nam, Srivijaya-Sailendra l nhng trung tm lin th gii c v tr ni bt khu vc ng Nam . Trong thi i thng mi cc trung tm vng nh Ayuthaya v Batavia pht trin thnh cc trung tm lin th gii. Xem Sakurai Yumio: Th phc dng cu trc lch s ca khu vc ng Nam (thng qua mi quan h gia bin v lc a), Tp ch Nghin cu ng Nam s 4, 1996, tr.41.3

V vai tr v nh hng ca cc c dn Malayu trong lch s hi thng chu, c bit l th gii bin ng Nam , c th tham kho cng trnh ca GS. Leonard Y.Andaya: Leaves of the same tree Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 2008.4

Anthony Reid: Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: The Lands Below the Winds. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990; v Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce: 1450-1680: Expansion and Crisis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. Mt ti liu khc nghin cu v cc ngun hng ca ng Nam trong trao i bun bn vi nh Tng, c th xem Paul Wheatley: Geographical Notes on Some Commodities Involved in Sung Maritime Trade, Journal of the Malayan, Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 32, 2. Kuala Lumpur, 1959.

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Xt trn bnh din khu vc ng Nam , mt khu vc m yu t bin c xem nh mt c trng mang tnh ph qut cho ton khu vc5. Nm trn tuyn ng hi thng quc t kt ni vi cc trung tm kinh t ln ca th gii, nn vic pht trin ngoi thng v d nhp vo mng li hi thng khu vc lun c mt sc ht ln i vi cc chnh th trong khu vc - bao gm c cc Chnh th trng nng (agrarian-based polities) nh Java, Angkor hay i Vit v cc Chnh th trng thng hay Th ch bin (Commercial-based polities/marine polities). Trong mt bi cnh lch s v iu kin a - sinh thi v a - kinh t nh vy, cc hi cng trong sut chiu di lch s, lun gi mt vai tr quan trng i vi cc chnh th ny6. Cc thng cng nm gi chc nng nh cc trung tm u mi (entrepot) cho vic giao thng trong mt khu vc v ng thi kt ni cc khu vc vi nhau. Cc dng sng v tuyn ng mn ven sng thng l knh giao tip chnh (i khi l duy nht) i vi vng ni a v ph thuc vo a hnh ca vng duyn hi, s hin din ca cc m ly cng nh kh nng di chuyn ca cc thng thuyn ln. Trong mt s trng hp, th ph (capital city) c th nm cch xa b bin mt vi dm v pha ni a7. Tnh quc t ca cc Chnh th cng (Port-polities) l mt c im th hin s phn vinh ca n. Cc cng th khng ch l kinh v chnh tr, thng mi m cn l cc trung tm vn ha ca cc chnh th8. Mt s cng th tiu biu ca vng ng Nam trc khi c s hin din ca cc on thuyn bun chu u c th k ti l: Srivijay Palembang, Melacca, Thi Ni (Champa) v.v... S hnh thnh, hng khi v suy tn ca cc thng cng, hay cc Chnh th cng th ca vng ng Nam , mt mt th hin cc gi tr, c im chung mang tnh ph qut nhng mt khc cng th hin s phn ng v thch ng ca nhng ngi ng u cc chnh th trc cc c hi, thch thc ca mi trng a kinh t khu vc, th gii. Trn con ng thng mi bin ca khu vc v th gii y, vng bin Vnh Bc B (bin Giao Chu) v c vng Bin ng ca Vit Nam trong sut chiu di lch s c mt v tr thit yu v c nhng ng gp tch cc i vi s chuyn vn ca mng5

Theo gio s Sakurai Yumio th ch s duyn hi ISCL ca khu vc ng Nam (bao gm c ng Nam lc a) l 5 (Area/ length of Sea Coastal Line). Ch s ny c ngha l tnh bnh qun 1 km b bin ch che ph 5 km2 t lin. Trong khi Trung Quc ch s ny l 500. Thm ch ngay c Nht Bn, c coi l o quc ch s ny cng cn l 20Chnh v th ng Nam l khu vc c m cao nht th gii v nng m bin ng Nam thnh Thin ng ca th gii thc vt. Xem Sakurai Yumio: Th phc dng cu trc lch s ca khu vc ng Nam (thng qua mi quan h gia bin v lc a), Tp ch Nghin cu ng Nam , s 4, 1996, tr.38.6 7 8

J.Kathirithamby-Wells and John Villiers (Ed.): The Southeast Asian Port and polity Rise and Demise, Singapore University Press, 1990, pp.3 J.Kathirithamby-Wells - John Villiers (Ed.): The Southeast Asian Port and polity, Sd, pp.3 J.Kathirithamby-Wells - John Villiers (Ed.): The Southeast Asian Port and Polity, Sd, pp.4; tham kho thm cng trnh nghin cu ca GS. Shigeru Ikuta: Vai tr ca cc cng th vng ven bin ng Nam t u th k II TCN n th k XIX; trong: th c Hi An, Nxb. Khoa hc X hi, H., 1991.

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li ny. Cc vng bin ny nm lin k vi cc trung tm thng mi ln Nam Trung Hoa (cng Qung Chu) v nm gi vai tr cu ni gia th trng ng Bc vi cc trung tm kinh t khc c ng Nam , Nam v Ty nn sm c cc thng nhn quc t xem nh l mt khu vc c v tr chin lc quan trng c v mt a-chnh tr v a-kinh t9. Trong sut mt thi k lch s di lu, vng quc Champa c ghi nhn l ch nhn ca vng b bin di dc theo b bin min Trung Vit Nam ngy nay. Cc h thng cng bin ven b ca Champa sm c ghi nhn nh nhng a im dng chn thng xuyn ca cc on thuyn bun ni a cng nh l ngoi quc10. Cc c dn c ca vng quc ny tn dng trit vic khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn ca mt h sinh thi ph tp (General Ecosystem), ng thi tn dng cc nhn t ngoi sinh do iu kin quc t mang ti gy dng nn trn mnh t ny nhng vng triu hng mnh, mt nn vn minh c sc vi nhng du tch hin cn lu li n ngy nay. Mt s nh nghin cu cho rng, trong sut chiu di lch s Champa ch n thun l mt Th ch bin, ly hot ng kinh t bin lm nn tng v cng l nhn t quyt nh s tn vong ca vng quc ny. Quan im y da trn mt thc t l, vng quc Champa hnh thnh v pht trin trn mt khng gian lnh th di v hp dc theo ven bin min Trung Vit Nam ngy nay, b gii hn v pha Ty bi dy ni Trng Sn chy dc sut chiu di lnh th, pha ng l Bin ng rng ln. Do tnh cht a hnh ni v bin gn nh nm st nhau, cc con sng y u ngn, u ch yu chy theo hng Ty - ng t ni xung bin, v mi con sng u l mt h thng ring r. B bin min Trung li lm vi rt nhiu vnh nc su thun li cho vic neo u ca tu thuyn. Bn cnh cn c s xut hin ca nhng o, cm o9

Li Tana: A View from the Sea: Perspectives on the Northern and Central Vietnam Coast, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 37/1 (2006), pp. 83-102; John K. Whitmore: The Rise of the Coast: Trade, State and Culture in Early i Vit, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 37/1 (2006), pp.103-122.10

Nhng ghi chp c th v tuyn ng bin t Qung Chu ca Trung Hoa n cc a im ca Champa c th thy trong Tn ng Th. Ti liu ny cho bit i ng nm Trinh Nguyn, Gi am chp rng: ng Qung Chu vo bin, i v pha ng Nam 200 dm n ni n Mn, i v pha Ty 2 ngy n ni Cu Chu Thch. Li i v pha nam 2 ngy n Tng Thch. Li i v pha Ty Nam 3 ngy n ni Chim Bt Lao. pha ng nc Hon Vng 200 dm l trong bin. Li i v pha nam 2 ngy n ni Lng Sn. Li i 1 ngy n nc Mn c, i mt ngy na n nc C t, i na ngy na n chu Bn Lng. Dn theo: Nguyn Vn Siu: i Vit a d ton bin, Vin S hc v Nh Xut bn Vn ha, 1997, tr.220-221. Sch An nam ch lc ca L Tc bin son vo nm 1333, phn Cc dn bin cnh phc dch cng a ra li bnh v v tr t nhin ca Chim Thnh (Champa): Nc ny ven bin, nhng thuyn bun ca Trung Hoa vt bin i li vi cc nc ngoi phin u t y, ly ci, nc cha. y l bn th nht phng Nam, theo: L Tc: An Nam ch lc, Vin i hc Hu, 1961, tr.32. Mt ti liu Trung Hoa khc l Daoyi zazhi, cho bit i vi cc tu t Canton ti cc phin quc (Barbarian countries), Champa l nc gn nht, tu thuyn c th ti trong vng 8 ngy nu thun gi; Di thi nh Nguyn, Qubilai Khan coi Champa nh l mt bn p m rng nh hng n vng Nam Dng (bin ng Nam ) v n Dng; nhng t liu y chng t v tr chin lc ca Champa trong h thng hi thng khu vc. Dn theo: Momoki Shiro: Mandala Champa Seen from Chinese Sources; trong: Tran Ky Phuong and Bruce Lockhart (Ed.): The Cham of Vietnam History, Society and Art, NUS Press, Singapore, 2001.

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c hnh thnh trong qu trnh to sn nh: Hn Gi (Qung Bnh), o Cn C (Qung Tr), C Lao Chm (Qung Nam), L Sn - C Lao R (Qung Ngi), Hn Tre (Khnh Ho), Ph Qu (Ninh Thun - Bnh Thun) Sinh thnh v pht trin trong mt iu kin a l v mi trng sinh thi nh vy, cc c dn c Champa sm la chn cho mnh con ng pht trin xuyn sut trong lch s, l hng bin, gy dng mt nn kinh t bin bng vic ch ng d nhp vo mng li hi thng ca khu vc, v thc t nh c tha nhn rng ri, Champa tng mt thi l vng quc bin in hnh ca khu vc ng Nam . Champa l mt Th ch bin, l mt quan im c tha nhn rng ri. Tuy nhin, c phi trong sut chiu di lch s y, Champa n thun ch l mt Th ch bin nh nghi vn c nu ln bi GS. Momoki Shiro11?. a hnh lnh th c xa ca mandala Champa c nhn nhn nh l mt trong nhng vng t b chia ct bi cc o, dc v ni ven bin. Cc vng ng bng nh hp nm chu th ca nhng con sng ngn, c dc cao bt ngun t dy Trng Sn ra bin, cng thm vi kh hu nng m a ti nhn nh cho rng kinh t nng nghip ca Champa l km pht trin. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc ng bng ven bin u l nhng vng ng bng km ph nhiu, khng thun li cho vic pht trin mt nn nng nghip bn vng. Cc ng bng chu th sng Thu Bn (thuc tiu quc Amaravati - vng Qung Nam ngy nay), hay ng bng chu th sng Cn (thuc tiu quc Vijaya - vng Bnh nh ngy nay) c ghi nhn nh nhng vng ng bng tr ph. Cc vng chu th ln ny to nn tng cho s pht trin mt nn kinh t nng nghip mang li cc ngun thu n nh v bn vng cho cc tiu quc Amaravati v Vijaya. Da trn mt nn tng kinh t nng nghip bn vng thuc khng gian chu th , cc c dn c ti cc tiu quc ny m rng v kt ni vi cc c dn min thng thuc khng gian cao nguyn pha ty, cng nh cc cng ng c dn thuc khng gian duyn hi, v ng nhin vi c dn ca cc vng qun o xa hn na. Cc dng sng - v nhnh ca chng nh Thu Bn hay sng Cn chnh l trc chuyn vn v kt ni cc khng gian sinh thi - tc ngi . Cc cng th nm h lu ca cc con sng ny nm gi vai tr l im kt ni gia bin - khng gian cn duyn v khng gian qun o, vi lc a khng gian ng bng v khng gian cao nguyn. Da trn s a dng v ni kt cht ch ca cc mi trng sinh thi nh vy, trong sut chiu di lch s ca mnh, cc tiu quc Amaravati v Vijaya lun nm gi mt v th tri vt v thm ch l thng tr i vi cc tiu quc khc trong mandala Champa. Cc tiu quc Amaravati cng vi Vijaya c th coi nh nhng v d in hnh cho nhn xt ca GS. Trn Quc Vng khi11

Xem: Momoki Shiro: Chmpa ch l mt th ch bin? (Nhng ghi chp v nng nghip v ngnh ngh trong cc t liu Trung Quc), Tp ch Nghin cu ng Nam , s 4 - 1999, tr.43-48.

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ng nhn mnh rng ngi Chm v vn ha Champa trong khong 15-16 th k tn ti thch nghi v ng bin ti tnh vi mi h sinh thi t ni rng ti bin khi 12. V, ngi Chm c c ci nhn v bin ng n, bit cu trc mt nn kinh t tng hp a ngnh, tuy cn cht phc, th s nhng bit khai thc mi ti nguyn trn ngun rng, di bin khi xut khu, c i chin thuyn v thng thuyn ln, mnh ra khi gp phn xy dng Champa hng thnh mt thi13. Khng ch ring vng h lu ca sng Thu Bn v sng Cn, cc nh nghin cu ch ra rng, mi vng h lu ca cc h thng sng ln trn lnh th ca mandala Champa xa u c du tch v s hin din ca cc thng cng c. u th k XVII, khi gh vo b bin min Trung Vit Nam, C.Borri nhn xt: V hi cng th tht l l lng, ch trong khong hn 100 dm 1 cht m ngi ta m c hn 60 cng, tt c u rt thun tin cp bn v ln t lin l v ven b c rt nhiu nhnh bin ln 14. Da trn nhng kho st chuyn su ti min Trung Vit Nam, cng vi mt d cm ngh nghip su sc, c gio s Trn Quc Vng a ra gi thuyt v s hin din ca c mt nn vn ha cng th ti min Trung ca Vit Nam15. Nhn thc mang tnh khai m ca GS. Trn Quc Vng c cc nh nghin cu, c bit l cc chuyn gia kho c hc k tha v i su nghin cu. Chuyn gia kho c hc Champa - L nh Phng, da trn vic kho st cc du tch cng th ven bin min Trung ngy nay, lit k ra danh sch cc thng cng c ca mandala Champa, bao gm: Katligara nm trn a bn tnh Qung Tr ngy nay - c th gn cng Ca Vit hin i; Jilina nm trn a bn thnh ph Hu - cng T Hin - T Duy ngy nay; Indrapura - mt thng cng quan trng, ca ng ca kinh Indrapura vn ra bin m theo ng chnh l i Chim cng nm trn vng t Hi An (Qung Nam - Nng); Vi Ja Sa hay Thi Ni (Cri Boneithilibi Nai) m hu thn ca n l cng Th Ni - Quy Nhn (Bnh nh) ngy nay; Lingaparvata c th nm a bn ven th x Tuy Ha (Ph Yn); Kauthara c th ven thnh ph Nha Trang; v cui cng l Panduranga - cng Phanrang ngy nay. Bn cnh , tc gi cng ghi nhn rng, nhiu a im /vng bin khc min Trung u l nhng a im thun tin cho tu thuyn neo u nh l Vng Bng (Qung Ngi), Vng R (Ph Yn)16 Tuy nhin, da trn nhng bng chng kho c v ti liu lch s cn lu gi, tc gi i n kt lun rng, ch c i Chim cng (thuc tiu12 13 14 15 16

Trn Quc Vng: Vit Nam - Ci nhn a-Vn ha, Nxb. Vn ha Dn tc, H., 1998, tr.330-331.

Trn Quc Vng: Theo dng lch s - Nhng vng t, thn v tm thc ngi Vit, Nxb. Vn ha Thng tin, H., 1996, tr.536. C.Borri: X ng Trong nm 1621, Nxb. Tp H Ch Minh, 1998, tr.91. Trn Quc Vng: V mt nn vn ho cng th min Trung, Tp ch Nghin cu Vn ho Ngh thut, s 9, 1995. L nh Phng: Thng cng Champa trong lch s, trong: Nhng pht hin mi v kho c hc nm 1996, Nxb. Khoa hc X hi,H., 1997, tr.630.

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quc Amaravati) v Th Ni cng (thuc tiu quc Vijaya) l nhng thng cng thc v c vai tr quan trng i vi lch s Champa, cn cc a im khc c chc nng chnh l bn nc - ni tu thuyn dng chn ly nc ngt17. Nh nghin cu Hong Anh Tun, qua kt qu ca cc cuc khai qut kho c hc, hon thnh mt chuyn lun khoa hc quan trng v thng cng C Lao Chm (tnh Qung Nam ngy nay), trong tc gi khng nh v tr quan trng ca C Lao Chm cng nh vng quc Champa trn tuyn ng t la quc t t ng sang Ty thi xa. Theo , nhng pht hin qu gi v kho c hc l nhng bng chng xc nhn: trong sut ngn ri nm di quyn kim sot ca Champa, C Lao Chm l thng cng s mt, l ca ng thng thng ca vng quc Champa vi bn ngoi 18. Cc tc gi Trn K Phng, V Hu Minh trn c s kho st thc a cng nhn mnh ti vai tr ca cng th ti vng Ca i - Ca i Chim lu vc sng Thu Bn (tnh Qung Nam ngy nay). Cc tc gi cho rng di thi vng quc Champa, thng thuyn ngoi quc gh n ca i Chim - Lm p ph bun bn, trao i nhng c sn hoc ly thm lng thc, thc phm, c bit nc ngt ung, trn tuyn ng t A Rp, n , ng Nam sang Trung Quc, Nht Bn v ngc li19. Bn cnh , nghin cu v lch s hi thng khu vc ng Nam , cc hc gi quc t cng quan tm ti mt cng th quan trng khc ca Champa l Panduranga (thuc tnh Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun ngy nay). Kenneth Hall cho rng Panduranga tng l ni c s hin din ca cng ng thng nhn Hi gio t u th k XI v Panduranga l mt trong nhng cng chnh trn b bin vng nam Champa t gia th k X v sau20. Nh vy, c th thy rng, trong sut chiu di lch s, da trn nhng iu kin sinh thi v a l nhn vn c th, cc tiu quc Champa dy cng kin lp nn mt h thng cc cng th ven bin, nhng tin n d nhp vo mng li hi thng ca khu vc, quc t, kin to nhng mi lin h c v mt chnh tr, kinh t, vn ha i vi cc mandala khc trong khu vc cng nh vi cc trung tm vn minh, kinh t ln ca th gii nh Trung Hoa, n v Arab.17 18

L nh Phng: Thng cng Champa trong lch s, Sd, tr.631.

Hong Anh Tun: C Lao Chm v hot ng thng mi Bin ng thi vng quc Champa; trong: Khoa Lch s - Mt chng ng nghin cu Lch s (1995-2000), Nxb. Chnh tr Quc gia, H., 2000, tr.124. Tuy nhin, trong mt chuyn lun ca mnh, chuyn gia kho c hc min Trung, Lm M Dung nu ln mt quan im khc cho rng khc vi kt lun trc y, chng ti cho rng bn thn C Lao Chm khng phi l cng, m i Chim hi khu mi l cng. C Lao Chm trc ht l bn u dng ngh ca cc thuyn v c nhiu kh nng C Lao Chm l ni trung chuyn hng ha xut v nhp. Tham kho Lm M Dung: V th ca C Lao Chm trong lch s thng mi Vit Nam; trong: Vit Nam trong h thng thng mi chu th k XVIXVII, Nxb. Th gii, H., 2007, tr.101.19

Trn K Phng - V Hu Minh: Port of Great Champa in the IVthXVth Centuries, trong: Ancient Town of Hoi An, The National Committee for The International Symposium on The Ancient Town of Hoi An held in Danang on 22nd 23rd March 1990, The Gioi Publishers, H., 1991, pp.105-110.20

Kenneth Hall: Maritime Trade and state Development in Early Southeast Asia, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1985, pp.183.

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2. Bin vi lc a - Thng cng Th Ni trong nagara Vijaya Trong quan im nghin cu truyn thng v Champa, c khi ngun t cc hc gi Php v c nhiu th h cc hc gi sau ny k tha, Champa c nhn nhn nh l mt vng quc thng nht vi lnh th truyn thng tri di t nam o Ngang cho n nam Bnh Thun, vi mt h thng hnh chnh thng nht t trung ng n a phng, ton b vng quc c t di s tr v ca mt quc vng c quyn uy ti cao21. Cch nhn nhn , do cc hc gi p dng mt m hnh ca Trung Hoa v i Vit i vi trng hp Champa, c l cha phn nh chn xc bn cht thc s ca h thng chnh tr - kinh t - vn ha v tc ngi ca vng quc c Champa. Di nh hng ca s thay i cch vit s trong khu vc t nhng nm 197022, vic nghin cu v lch s vng quc Champa cng c nhiu thay i ng k. Nhng nhn thc c ca cc hc gi tin phong c cc th h nh nghin cu k tip k tha v b xung thng qua vic cp nht cc ngun t liu mi, cng nh l vic p dng cc m hnh l thuyt mi hng ti nhng nhn thc mang tnh chn xc hn v mt th ch tng vn hnh v t ti tm mc ca mt nn vn minh min Trung Vit Nam thi c xa. Khi nim mandala Champa gi y c s dng rng ri trong gii nghin cu v cc tiu vng c ghi nhn trong lch s Champa nh Amaravati hay Vijaya c xem nh cc tiu quc, cc nagara nm trong h thng mandala Champa23. Cch nhn nhn nh th dn ti nhng cch din gii mi v lch s Champa21

Xem Georges Maspro: Le royaume de Champa, rev.ed. Paris and Brussels: Van Oest, 1928; R.C.Majumdar: Champa History and culture of an Indian colonial kingdom in the Far East, 2nd-16th century A.D, P. Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1927.22

T nhng nm 1970, mi trng hc thut quc t nghin cu v khu vc ng Nam c nhng thay i ng k, chuyn t khuynh hng ngoi sinh (externalist tendency) sang khuynh hng ni sinh (indigenous tendency) trong th h hc gi mi xt li nhng nghin cu trc ca cc hc gi tin phong thi thc dn, v c bit nhn mnh ti vic s dng cc ngun ti liu bn a thay v cc ngun t liu ghi chp phng Ty, ng thi nhn mnh ti vai tr ca cc nhn t ni sinh i vi s pht trin ca cc th ch trong khu vc thay v qu nhn mnh ti cc nhn t ngoi sinh nh trc y. Cc khi nim mi, m hnh mi vn c ngun gc v hin sinh ti chnh khu vc ng Nam thi c xa c nghin cu v c xy cho vic s dng rng ri trong nghin cu v lch s cc chnh th trong khu vc. Chnh trong bi cnh , cc khi nim mi, m hnh mi c cc hc gi hng u v ng Nam hc a ra, nh l khi nim mandala, Negara kho t cu trc v phng cch vn hnh ca cc chnh th ng Nam c xa, hay m hnh riverine exchange network nghin cu m hnh trao i kinh t c trng mang tnh ph qut i vi cc th ch cn duyn ng Nam .23

Gio s O.W. Wolters l ngi u tin gii thch mandala nh l mt thut ng dng din t mt h thng chnh tr kinh t c pht hin ti hu ht cc quc gia c ng Nam . Thut ng mandala cng c s dng miu t mt trng thi chnh tr ring bit v thng l khng n nh trong mt khu vc a l c xc nh m h v khng c nhng ng ranh gii c nh, ti nhng trung tm nh hn v l do an ninh nn c xu hng vn ra mi pha. Cc mandala s m rng hay thu hp li theo cch thc ny. Theo O.W. Wolters th mi mandala bao gm mt s chnh quyn ch hu (tributary rulers), nhng mi ch hu nh vy c th t b a v ch hu ca h khi c c hi v n lc xy dng mt mng li ch hu ca ring h, theo: O.W.Wolters: History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1982. C th tham kho thm Trng Giang: Mandala trong nhn thc v cch nhn ca cc hc gi quc t, Tp ch Nghin cu ng Nam , s 2, 2009. Bn cnh , cc nh nghin cu cng s dng nhiu thut ng

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khc so vi nhng nhn thc c nu ln bi G.Maspero v cc hc gi tin phong trc y. Cc ngun ti liu c bia k v ca Trung Hoa u ghi nhn v vic hnh thnh ca mt trung tm chnh tr-tn gio-kinh t mi trong lnh th ca mandala Champa t cui th k th X v u th k XI, cch xa trung tm c vng Amaravati v pha Nam24. Lch s Champa t sau giai on ny cng ghi nhn s tri vt v thng tr ca tiu quc Vijaya (nagara Vijaya - vng Bnh nh ngy nay). Ngi ng u ca nagara Vijaya c chnh s i Vit v Trung Hoa xem nh l Vua - ngi tr v ca ton b vng quc Champa. S hin din ca c mt h thng cc di tch thnh c, n thp tn gio, l gm v cng th ti vng Bnh nh ngy nay l minh chng r nt nht cho s phn vinh v thnh vng ca tiu quc Vijaya cho n cui th k XV. Nh trn trnh by, trong sut chiu di lch s ca mandala Champa cho n cui th k XV, nagara Amaravi (vng chu th sng Thu Bn - Qung Nam) v nagara Vijaya (vng chu th sng Cn - Bnh nh) lun th hin v th vt tri ca mnh. T cui th k X n cui th k XV, ng trc nhng thay i a-chnh tr v a-kinh t mang tnh ph qut trn ton khu vc ng Nam , c bit l p lc ca quc gia i Vit ang ln pha Bc v nhng bin chuyn ca mng li hi thng khu vc, nagara Amaravati nh mt v th ca mnh. T y, nagara Vijaya vn ln th hin v th tri vt c v mt chnh tr, tn gio, qun s v kinh t i vi cc tiu quc khc. S tri vt v mi mt ca nagara Vijaya, mt phn l do nhng c hi m mi trng khu vc v quc t mang li, nhng c bn v quan trng hn, l do ni lc v nhng nhn t ni sinh vn c ca tiu quc ny gp phn dn ti s phn vinh cho tiu quc Vijaya. Nghin cu ton din lch s c xa ca mandala Champa, c th nhn thy, cng vi nagara Amaravati pha Bc, th nagara Vijaya c xem nh mt phc th (complex) ton din nht vi y nhng tim nng ni lc v nhn t ngoi sinh cc gc bn a khc ch v s hnh thnh cc nh nc, cc trung tm v cu trc quyn lc ca th gii ng Nam v coi cc chnh th tn ti trong lch s c trung i nh l nhng chnh th thin h (galactic polity), chnh th mt tri (solar polity), hay cc negara, tham kho cc cng trnh nghin cu nh: Geertz, Clifford. Negara: The Theatre State in 19th Century Bali. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1980; v Lorraine Gesick (ed.): Centres, Symbols, and Hierarchies: Essays on the Classical States of Southeast Asia, Monograph No. 26, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.24

Chng ta bit c s dch chuyn kinh ca Champa t pha bc v vng Vijaya qua t liu Tng s. Mt phi on triu cng ca Champa nm 1007 n triu nh nh Tng tu rng nc ca thn trc Jiaozhou, sau chuyn v Foshi, 700 dm v pha nam v tr c. Vng t Vijaya c gi l Tn Chu phn bit vi Cu Chu (Simhapura - vng Qung Nam). Tuy nhin, da trn vic kho st li cc ngun ti liu bi k ca c Champa v Angkor, cng nh i chiu vi cc ti liu chnh s ca i Vit v Trung Hoa, ngh nghin cu Vickery nu ln quan im cho rng, vic lin h gia Foshi/Pht Th vi Vijaya l khng chnh xc, v theo ng th, a im Pht Th c th l khu vc ng Dng (Qung Nam) ch khng phi l Bnh nh v Vijaya ch thc s tr thnh trung tm ca mandala Champa t th k th XII vi nhng ghi chp chnh thc trong bi k c. Michael Vickery: Champa Revised, Asia Research Institute, Working Paper Series, no.37, 2005, pp.38-47.

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th dn ti s phn vinh cho tiu quc ny. Cng ging nh hu ht cc tiu quc khc thuc mandala Champa, nagara Vijaya c s hin din ca ba khng gian sinh thi chnh, l khng gian ng bng (plain space) trung tm ca nagara, khng gian thng nguyn (highland space) vng cao nguyn pha Ty, v cui cng l khng gian duyn hi (coastal /littoral space) pha ng25. Mi mt khng gian nh vy c mt c trng ring v a l mi sinh, mi trng hot ng kinh t ca cc c dn bn a v c nhng vai tr/chc nng khc nhau/v tng h nhau trong vic ng gp vo s pht trin ca ton b chnh th. Cc khng gian a l, cc cng ng c dn, cc trung tm kinh t nh vy c kt ni vi nhau v vn hnh trong mt tng th thng nht, hi ha. trung tm ca phc th y l mt khng gian ng bng rng ln, vi trng tm l kinh thnh ca hong gia - Thnh Cha26 v thnh Ch () Bn27, v mt h thng cc n thp tn gio dy c v mang nt c trng su sc ca tiu quc ny 28. Cc25

Hu ht cc s gia nghin cu v ng Nam thng c nhn thc mang tnh lng phn (dichotomy) v khu vc ny, c bit l vng lc a, bao gm highland v lowland, iu ny tng ng vi s phn chia v mt x hi trong nghnh nhn hc i vi nhng nn vn minh cn hi/ven sng (coastal/reverine civilizations) ca vng lowland v/vi ngi min ni (hill peoples) inland/upland. Tuy nhin, vng bao quanh Tonle Sap, vng cao nguyn Khorat, vng Thng Min, hay vng Java lc a, l v tr ca nhng vng trung tm (core areas) ca cc th ch trng nng/hng nng (rice-oriented) c xa. Bi th, gio s Fukui Hayao nhn xt rng: nhn t kha cnh a l hc hay nhn hc th mt s nhn thc tam phn (trichotomy) bao gm thng lu (highland), trung lu (middleland) v h lu (lowland) th c v hp l hn l nhn thc lng phn, tham kho: Fukui Hayao: An overview - The Scope of the Dry Areas Study, trong: The Dry Areas in Southeast Asia: Harsh or Benign Environment, bin tp bi Fukui Hayao, The Center for Southeast Asia Studies (CSEAS), 1999, pp.3-4.26

Theo GS. Ng Vn Doanh th, qua nghin cu tng th nhng di vt v di tch ca Thnh Cha, ca cc a im lin quan xung quanh khu vc thnh Cha, chng ti cho rng, thnh Cha c th chnh l thnh Ch Bn ban u. Ch mi sau ny, do nhiu l do, cc vua cha Champa xy dng li kinh Ch Bn ca mnh, nhng mt a im khc cch ta thnh c khng xa. Cc bng chng vt cht cho thy thnh Bn c nin i mun hn nin i ca Thnh Cha chng c hn trm nm. Xem Ng Vn Doanh: Thnh Cha -Thnh Bn ban u (qua nhng pht hin mi); trong: Nhng pht hin mi v kho c hc nm 1996, Nxb. Khoa hc X hi, H., 1997, tr.821.27

i Vit s k tin bin chp v thnh Bn Thnh Bn huyn Tuy Vin, ph Hoi Nhn, tnh Qung Nam, da vo ni Long Ct lm th vng. Nay c 12 ta thp gi l thp N Nhi, i Vit s k tin bin, Nxb Khoa hc X hi, H., 1997, tr.414. Bn Thnh K cng cung cp nhng thng tin chi tit v thnh Bn: Ni v quy ch v a th, th thnh Bn, c xy dng vo trung tm ca nc, ta vo th vng ca ni Long ct, non xanh by hng trc mt nc bic un ro chung quanh, thnh xy hnh vung, tng xy bng gch, pha ngoi c lp chng gi, 4 mt c m 4 ca, chu vi rng hn 10 dm, c thp h v, khng cn ho su m vn kin c, bn trong co lu cc lan can, thp ni l tng n th nht, bn hu ly ni Phong lm ly, bn t ly b lm ho, ni C Mng nh rng gun khc pha trc, bn Thch Tn nh cp hng c mt sau, qu l ni him tr thin nhin vy, tham kho t liu Bn Thnh K, trong: Tp San S a, s 1920, Si Gn, 1970, tr.241-242.28

i Nam nht thng ch chp v cc di tch Champa ti Bnh nh: Thp c Chim Thnh: c 8 ci: 1) Thp Dng Long, thn Vn Tng huyn Tuy Vin 2) Thp ng, thn Th Lng, 3) Thp Cnh Tin thn Nam An, 4) Thp i, thn Hng thnh huyn Tuy Phc, 5) Thp Thanh trc, thn Bnh Lm, 6) Thp Long Triu thn Xun M, 7) thp Th Thin, c 4 ci trn ni t ch gip gii bn thn i Lc, Hong Kim, Vn Bo v Phong nin, 8) Thp Phc Lc, trn ni t ch gip gii hai thn Ph Thnh v Chu Thnh huyn Ph Ct, xem: Vin S Hc: i Nam nht thng ch, Tp III, Nxb. Khoa hc X hi, H., 1971, tr.36; tham kho thm cng trnh kho st ca L nh Phng: Di tch vn ho Champa Bnh nh, Nxb. Khoa hc X hi, H., 2002. Trong cng trnh nghin cu ny, tc gi kho st cc du tch vt cht ca nn vn ho Champa cn tn ti vng Vijaya xa (nay l tnh Bnh nh) v cho bit ti Bnh nh hin cn du tch ca

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trung tm chnh tr v tn gio c bao bc bi mt cng ng c dn sinh t v pht trin trn mt vng ng bng tr ph, mt b v lng thc cho c vng Vijaya29. Xt trong bi cnh chung ca khu vc ng Nam c xa, vic t cung cp la go c th c coi nh mt nhn t ni ti quan trng duy tr s pht trin v thnh vng ca mt cng ng c dn, hay rng ln hn l ca c mt mandala30. c bit i vi cc cng th, cc thng nhn quc t trong qu trnh giao thng thng li ng Nam mt thi gian di i gi ma, bi vy mt cng th c ngun cung cp hoa li nng nghip c coi l thit yu i vi thnh cng ca chng. S phn vinh trong mt thi gian di ca mandala Ph Nam ng Nam c cho l c s ng gp quan trng ca nng xut nng nghip cao v n nh chu th sng Mekong, dn ti s vt tri va Ph Nam so vi cc tiu quc khc ng thi. Mt v d khc c th k n, l s thnh vng v tri vt ca Srivijaya Palembang i vi cc i th ven bin Sumatra khc l bi ngun cung cp la go t vng ng bng tng i rng ln dc theo sng Musi31. Trong trng hp ca nagara Vijaya v thng cng Th Ni, vi b v lng thc - hay hu phng cho cng th nh cch dng ca GS. Trn Quc Vng32 c cung cp mt cch n nh t vng chu th sng Cn chc chn l mt tin quan trng v thit yu cho s pht trin ca tiu quc ny, cng nh tin cho s tri vt v chim u th ca Vijaya trc s cnh tranh ca cc tiu quc lng ging khc. Nu xt trong bi cnh Champa thng xuyn c ghi chp trong chnh s ca Trung Hoa v i Vit nh l mt vng t kh cn v khng thun li cho vic pht trin mt nn nng nghip bn vng hay mt ngun cung cp lng thc n nh33, th c th thy rng, s tr ph ca vng ng bng Bnh nh chnh l mt s khc bit ln v u th quan trng ca Vijaya i vi cc tiuby cm thp c, bao gm mi ba thp c, phn b dc theo cc nhnh ca sng Cn.29

Theo i Nam nht thng ch th ng bng lu vc sng Cn rung t mu m rng ri, xa gi l Tiu Nng tri, nhn dn ng, phm vt nhiu, thuyn xe t tp, bun bn ng vui, trong ngoi sng ni bao vy, nh hay gi hai ng u tin, tht l t xung yu T k vy, theo i Nam nht thng ch, sd, tr.11-12. Bn cnh i Nam nht thng ch cng cung cp cc thng tin khc cho thy tr mt ca c dn v mc thu i vi c dn vng Bnh nh: v h khu th nm Gia Long th 18, s inh hn 38.400 ngi, nay 57.349 ngi, v thu rung rung t 107.705 mu, ngch thu l: 79.850 hc thc, 123.698 quan tin, 11 lng ng v 2 phn vang, 4.898 lng bc, theo i Nam nht thng ch, sd, tr.16. c mt ci nhn i snh v thy c s tri vt v mi mt ca vng ng Bng Bnh nh, chng ta c th xem cc thng tin cng c cung cp trong i Nam nht thng ch, chng hn Ph Yn: H khu: Nm Gia Long th 18, s inh c 7.651 ngi, nay 10.465 ngi, Thu rung: rung t 27.963 mu linh, ngch thu l 14.620 hc thc, 13.786 quan tin theo i Nam nht thng ch, Sd, tr.64; Khnh Ha: H khu: i Gia Long, s inh h 5.000 ngi, nay 8.563 ngi, T rung: rung t 12.593 mu, ngch thu l 6.539 hc thc, 16.431 quan tin, bc 111 lng, theo i Nam nht thng ch, Sd, tr.64.30 31 32 33

Fukui Hayao: An overview - The scope of the dry Areas study, Sd, pp.9-10.

O.W.Wolters: Early Indonesian Commerce: A Study of the Origins of Srivijaya. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967. Trn Quc Vng: Vit Nam - Ci nhn a - vn ha, Nxb. Vn ha Dn tc, H., 1998, tr.348 Lnh Ngoi i p th k XII chp rng t u l ct trng, t cy c rt t. Khng c d, ln, rau c. Nhn dn i ly hng lm k sinh nhai (Q.2, Ngoi quc mn, Quyn thng Chim Thnh).

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vng khc ca mandala Champa. Trong bi cnh c trng ca mt vng kh (dry area), ngi Chm c nhng sng to ca ring mnh thch ng, duy tr v pht trin. Ging la Chim nh c ghi chp trong Tng s, c th coi l mt s thch ng ca ngi Chm trong vic pht trin nng nghip. Hn th, ngi Chm l nhng ngi rt tho trong vic lm thy li, dn nc vo cc rung cao bng h thng gung nc, hay xy p h thng p nc tr nc cho nng nghip34. Da trn nn tng ca mt cng ng c dn nng nghip n nh, cc trung tm th cng nghip ra i v pht trin trong khng gian ng bng thuc vng chu th sng Cn. Mt h thng cc l gm G Snh c pht hin minh chng cho s hot ng v phn vinh ca ngh th cng sn xut gm mang c trng ca tiu quc Vijaya35. S hin din dy c ca cc trung tm sn xut gm G Snh lu vc sng Cn c th dn chng ta ti nhn thc rng, ngh sn xut gm ca Vijaya xa mt trnh pht trin cao c v quy m v cht lng, v chc chn rng, h thng cc l gm y c vn hnh bi mt cng ng th gm chuyn nghip cho d cn c nhng tranh ci v ch nhn ca cc l gm ny l ngi Chm hay ngi Hoa. S hin din ca cc th th cng chuyn nghip nh vy chc chn gp phn quan trng i vi vic xy dng cc cng trnh n thp dy c v t n tm mc thm m cao ca vng Vijaya. Trong mt thi gian di, cc sn phm gm G Snh tr thnh mt ngun hng quan trng ca Champa cng vi cc sn phm lm sn c trng khc. Nu chng ta ng vi quan im cho rng, s bt u v pht trin ca cc l gm G Snh vng Bnh nh nm trong xu th pht trin chung ca cc l gm ng Nam trc s ng ca ca nh Minh36, th c th thy rng chnh th Vijaya nng ng nh th no trong vic nm bt th trng quc t v ch ng dn thn vo mng li giao thng quc t, c bit l mng li trao i gm s trn bin37. Chnh th trung tm, bng sc mnh vng quyn v thn quyn, cng nh sc mnh v kinh t v qun s ca mnh, nm vai tr t chc v iu phi c h thng kinh t, lin kt v bo tr cho cc cng ng c dn min thng trong hot ng trao i kinh t vi cc cng ng c dn vng ng bng v vng duyn hi.

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Lm M Dung: Cc cng trnh khai thc nc dng xp Qung Tr, Tp ch Kho c hc, s 2, 1993, tr.67-79; v k thut thy li ca cng ng ngi Chm ti tnh Ninh Thun ngy nay, c th tham kho cng trnh mi xut bn ca Trung tm Nghin cu Vn ha Chm Ninh Thun: L nghi nng nghip truyn thng tc ngi Chm-Raglai Ninh Thun, Nxb. Nng nghip, Tp. H Ch Minh, 2010.35 36 37

inh B Ha: Gm c Champa Bnh nh, Nxb. Khoa hc X hi, H., 2008.

Dng Vn Huy: Nhn li chnh sch Hi cm ca nh Minh (Trung Quc), Tp ch Nghin cu Lch s, s 10-2007, tr.71-78, v s 11-2007, tr.65-71. M.Brown Roxanna: The Ceramics of Southeast Asia: Their Dating and Identification. Oxford University Press.- Singapore, 1988, pp.36-39; Aoyagi Yoji: Production and Trade of Champa Ceramics in the XVth XVIth Century, 14-17 July, H., 1998.

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Nm v pha Ty ca kinh Vijaya, vt qua o An Kh38 l mt Khng gian cao nguyn rng ln bao gm nhng cnh rng gi bt ngn vi ngun li lm th sn di do lm b kinh t cc cng ng c dn min thng, nhng ngi sinh sng v hot ng trong mt mi trng kinh t trng lm (forest-oriented economy). S di do cc ngun lm sn ca chu Thng Nguyn ny c ghi chp trong cc hi k du hnh ca cc thng nhn Arab39 v cc b chnh s sau ny ca i Vit40. Cc cng ng c dn vng thng nguyn y ly vic khai thc cc sn phm lm th sn, cc ngun hng tr ph ca cao nguyn (nh trm hng, qu, i mi, sng t, ng voi) trao i vi bn ngoi lm hot ng kinh t chnh ca mnh41. Vic nhn li cc loi hng ha ca c dn vng ng bng, cng nh cc hng ha ca cng ng c dn ven bin c th coi nh l ng lc quan trng thc y hot ng kinh t, trao i ca cc cng ng c dn min thng. Vai tr v v th ca cc cng ng c dn sng vng thng lu l rt quan trng i vi chnh th trung tm vng ng bng. Nhng ngun hng t vng thng lu c s dng ph bin trong cng ng c dn min xui, v c bit l tr thnh mt trong nhng ngun hng chnh ca Champa trong mng li giao thng khu vc42. Andrew Hardy c l khi cho rng, trm hng38

Vi v tr l cu ni gia khng gian ng bng vi khng gian cao nguyn, An Kh c ghi nhn nh l mt v tr thng mi quan trng, c bit trong vic kt ni cc tc ngi Bahnar, Jorai, Choreo vi cc c dn vng xui, v ch c An Kh l c th snh c vi Cam L (Qung Tr). Xem Li Tana: X ng Trong Lch s Kinh t - X hi Vit Nam th k XVII v XVIII, (bn dch ca Nguyn Ngh), Nxb. Tr, Tp. H Ch Minh, 1999, tr.176.39

Mt ghi chp ca thng nhn Arab th k XII v Champa ghi nhn trn lnh th Champa sn xut ra g l hi v cc loi nc hoa khc cc b bin l lnh th ca mt ng vua c gi l Maharadja, ngi s hu nhiu hn o vi c dn ng c, ph nhiu v bao gm nhiu ng cnh ng [la] v ng c, v [trn cc o ny] sn sinh ra ng voi, long no, nhc u khu, inh hng, g l hi, bch u khu, cy tiu thuc (cubeb) v cc sn vt khc, l cc mt hng c tm thy v c ngun gc bn a . Xem Edrisi: Livre de la recreation de lhomme desireux de connaitre les pays, c vit vo nm 1154, dn theo Champa and the archaeology of My Son (Vietnam), ed. Andrew Hardy, Mauro Cucarzi and Patrizia Zolese, NUS Press, Singapore, 2009, pp.113.40

i Nam nht thng ch chp v vng thng nguyn ca tnh Bnh nh cho bit: Ngun Phng Kiu: cch huyn Tuy Vin hn 150 dm v pha ty, th s a phn thn An Kh, trc c trng giao dch, li c cc n Tr nh, Xun Vin, Tam Giang, Hng Thy, Trc Lm, V bn, i Tin, 7 s. Xt: Thn An Kh nguyn trc l tri ca Ty Sn, t ai bng phng v mu m, pha trn sng Ba my dm thuc sch Man, tham kho: Vin S Hc: i Nam nht thng ch, Tp III, Nxb. Khoa hc X hi, H., 1971, tr.38.41

Phan Huy Ch trong Lch triu hin chng loi ch, Phn chp v ph Hoi Nhn cho bit: Ca ci trong mt ph, c phn y , cng vi ph T Ngha, ph Thng Hoa, u gi l ht giu c. Sn vt c nhiu, nh: Trm hng, tc hng, sng t, vng, bc, i mi, chu bu, sp ong, ng, mt, du, sn, cau ti, h tiu, c, mui v cc th g u rt tt; thc la khng bit bao nhiu m k. Nga sinh ra trong hang ni, c tng n n trm nghn con, tham kho Phan Huy Ch: Lch triu hin chng loi ch, Tp I (bn dch ca Vin S hc), Nxb. Gio Dc, H., 2005.42

GS. Momoki Shiro da vo th tch c cung cp mt danh mc hng ho Champa xut khu sang Trung Hoa, gm c Vng, bc, thic, st, ngc baomu, ngc trai Chengshuichu, ngc trai la, h phch, pha l, c tin?, cc loi pusashi, sng t, ng voi, mai ra, trm hng, g n hng, long no, x hng, trm, hng thu, du la, bng, vi Zhaoxia, vi c v mu, vi bng trng, chiu l c, mingjjao? wujjao? sp ong vng, lu hunh, g vang, g mun, tre guanyin, go, t yn, ht tiu, cau, da, mt, cy haiwuzi, cy anit, t lu, nhc u khu, t gic, s t, voi, vn, kh trng, voi trng, chim chiji, vt, chim shanji, chim guifei, ra, dn theo: Momoki Shiro: Champa, ch l mt th ch bin?, Sd, tr.45. V cc ngun hng v thng phm

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(eaglewood) tng ng vai tr trung tm trong h thng kinh t ca Champa43. Ch nhn v l ngi vn hnh mng li trao i ca min thng nguyn l cc tc ngi bn a, nhng c dn c truyn thng khai thc lm th sn. Bi k c Champa cng cp ti cc cng ng ny di tn gi Rade, Mada, hay Mleccha44. Cc ti liu ca cc Tha sai ngi Php vo cui th k XIX cho ta bit rng, ngi Sedang l nhng ngi cung cp tt c cc dng c bng st v kh gii cho c khu vc ny, h l nhng ngi c kinh nghim v vic khai thc cc trm tch st. Trong khi th ngi Renjao v ngi Bahnar l nhng ngi cung cp vi vc. Cc hot ng trao i gia ngi Bahnar Alakong vi ngi Vit min xui cng c ghi nhn45. Henri Maitre da trn nhng kho st thc a ti Ty Nguyn cng nhn nh rng, cc b lc vng cao nguyn gp phn quan trng vo nn kinh t ca Champa, h d nhp tch cc vo vic sn bt voi v t gic, trong vic tm kim cc ngun lm th sn, c bit l trm hng46. Theo c GS. o Duy Anh, th khu vc ny l a bn sinh t ca cc b lc phn ln l thuc chng tc Anhndi, Trong s cc b lc ln y c ba khi ln l khi Bana, khi Ra v khi S Ma Cc b lc Ba Na cng cc b lc X ng, Vch min Ty Bnh nh v Qung Ngi da vo ni rng him tr ca h m sng t do t lu47. Vi t cch l mt b phn [nm vng bin /ra] ca khi Zomia ng Nam rng ln, vng thng nguyn ca Champa chia s y cc c trng c bn ca mt Zomia, v mi lin h gia cc cng ng c dn min thng y vi cc chnh th trung tm vng ng bng cng tng t nh nhng g din ra cc a im khc ca khi Zomia48. Nhn thc r tm quan trng ca cc cng ng c dn vng thngchnh c s dng trong thi i ng Trong, c th tham kho cng trnh nghin cu: Nguyn Vn Kim: Cc ngun hng v thng phm ca ng Trong. Tp ch Nghin cu Lch s, s 4 (420), 2011, tr.3-17.43

Andrew Hardy: Champa and archaeology of Myson, Sd, p.118. Borri trong mt ghi chp vo th k XVII ghi nhn v vic cc ngun trm hng c gi tr cao c mang n t cc vng ni ca Kemois (k mi/ngi vng cao), bn cnh Aymonier miu t cch thc m ngi Roglai trao i bun bn trm hng vi ngi Chm vo th k XIX. Xem Gerald Hickey: Sons of the Mountains Ethnohistory of the Vietnamese Central Highlands to 1954, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1982, pp.117. Tham kho thm: Ng Vn Doanh: Cy trm hng trong i sng thng mi v vn ha ca ngi dn Champa xa v ngi Vit tnh Khnh Ha ngy nay; trong: Vit Nam trong h thng thng mi chu th k XVI-XVII, Nxb. Th Gii, 2007, H., tr.78-88.44 45 46 47 48

R.C.Majumdar: Champa History and culture of an Indian colonial kingdom in the Far East, IInd-XVIth century A.D. Book III. The Inscriptions of Champa.P. Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1927, pp.194. Li Tana: X ng Trong Lch s Kinh t - X hi Vit Nam th k XVII v XVIII, Sd, tr.177. Henry Maitre: Rng ngi Thng, L nh Tun dch, Nxb Tri Thc - Vin Vin ng Bc C, H., 2008.

o Duy Anh: t nc Vit Nam qua cc i Nghin cu a l hc lch s Vit Nam, Nxb. Thun Ha, Hu, 2006, tr.375. Zomia, mt thut ng ch cc c dn vng cao ph bin trong cc ngn ng Tng Min c s dng vng bin gii gia n - Bangladesh-Min in. Trong , Zo vi ngha l xa xi (remote), hm l sng cc vng i ni; Mi ngha l ngi (people). ng Nam , Mi-zo hay Zo-mi hm ch c dn vng i ni xa xi ho lnh. Zomia c hiu nh l khng gian khng-nh nc rng ln nht hin tn (nonstate space). Khu vc ni rng rng ln ny nm trn cc ng bin ca ng Nam lc a, Trung Quc, n v Bangladesh

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nguyn, cng nh s ng gp v cng ln ca cc ngun hng c ngun gc t cao nguyn, nhng ngi ng u ca chnh th Vijaya dy cng kin lp v duy cc mi lin h vi cc cng ng c dn . Nhng du tch vt cht hin cn ti ngy nay vng cao nguyn, c bit l s hin din ca kh nhiu cc n thp c Champa c th xem nh l mt minh chng v mi lin h bn cht ny49. Thng li ca cuc chin chng li qun Mng Nguyn vo th k th XIII ca Champa cng ch ra c tm quan trng v v tr ca vng cao nguyn trong nhng thi khc chin tranh c lit. Mi lin h gia ngi Chm v c dn ng bng cng cn c lu gi kh m nt trong tm thc dn gian ca cc tc ngi Cao Nguyn50. Cui cng, nm ra pha ng ca nagara Vijaya l mt khng gian duyn hi vi ng b bin tri di, cc dy ni tm trung chy st mt bin, cc bn o v h o ven b. Khng gian duyn hi chnh l a bn sinh sng ca cng ng cc c dn ven bin ly hot ng khai thc v trao i kinh t bin lm ng lc pht trin chnh. Nhng sn phm c c t bin khng ch cung cp cho c dn vng duyn hi, m cn l ngun lng thc quan trng cung cp cho c dn ng bng. Nhng sn phm c trng ca h sinh thi ven bin nh mui, hi sn ng thi cng l sn phm quan trng trong vic trao i bun bn vi cc cng ng c dn min Thng. Ni bt ln trong vng duyn hi y l hot ng v vai tr ca thng cng Th Ni v mt h tiu cng ven b. Chnh bi vai tr v v tr ca mnh m thng cng Thi Ni sm c ghi chp kh nhiu trong cc th tch c ca c i Vit v Trung Hoa. Kinh th i in t lc chp v cng Th Ni: Ca cng pha Bc lin vi bin, bn cnh c 5 cng nh thng vi i Chu ca nc y, pha ng Nam c ni ngn, pha Ty c thnh g51. i Vit s k Ton th cng c chp v thng cng ny: T Ni bn cng ca Chimtri rng trn din tch khong 2.5 triu km2 mt khu vc rng ln tng ng din tch ca Chu u. Cc cng ng c dn ca Zomia c nhng mi lin h c bit v cng ng gp quan trng vo s pht trin ca cc chnh th ng bng, v trong sut chiu di lch s cc nh nc vng ng bng (c mandala [c xa] v hin i) lun lun tn ti cng sinh vi cng ng c dn min ngc, tham kho cng trnh nghin cu ca James Scott: The art of not being governed: an anarchist history of upland Southeast Asia (Yale Agrarian Studies Series), Yale University Press, 2009.49

Cc di tch n thp Champa trn cao nguyn c th k n di tch Kon Klor, Thp Yang Mum, thp Yang Prong v mt s cc di tch khc nm ri rc c Lc, Gia Lai, Kon Tum. Chi tit v cc di tch ny c th tham kho cng trnh nghin cu: Gerald Hickey: Sons of the Mountains, Sd, pp.91-107.50

Chng hn nh huyn thoi ca ngi M cn ghi nhn rng h tng phi cng np cho Champa cc sn phm nh l mai ra, ng voi, vi vc; chnh h cng l nhng c dn nm trong tay vic bun bn trao i mui vi ngi ng bng, mt mn hng v cng qu gi i vi cc c dn min Thng. chiu ngc li, ngi Chm tr thnh nhng ngi bo tr cho h; tham kho: Gerald Hickey: Sons of the Mountains, sd, pp.110. Nhng ngi Chru hay Bahna cng c xem nh l nhng ch hu phi triu cng hng nm n triu nh Champa cc sn phm nh l th, d, nga Nhng c dn ny cng phi hnh hng n cc n thp Chm nh Po Nagar hng nm th hin lng tn knh i vi triu nh Champa, xem: Gerald Hickey: Sons of the Mountains, Sd, pp.112-113.51

Kinh th i in t lc. Dn theo H Vn Tn - Phm Th Tm: Cuc khng chin chng xm lc Nguyn Mng th k XIII, Nxb. Qun i Nhn dn, H., 2003, tr.145.

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Thnh, ni t tp cc thuyn bun ch ny ngi bun bn t hp phc tp, li l ch bn tu xung yu52. n thi nh Minh, Sch Doanh Nhai Thng lm c chp rng: Chim Thnh c ca bin gi l cng Tn Chu, b cng c thp lm mc, thuyn n y th buc vo, c tri gi l Thit T Ni53. Trong cc b s ca nh Nguyn, Th Ni v cc vng duyn hi ca Bnh nh c ghi chp kh y . Theo i Nam nht thng ch th tn Th Ni (hay vnh Th Ni) pha ng huyn Tuy Phc, rng 197 trng, thy triu ln su 4 trng 7 thc, thy triu xung su 4 trng 4 thc, th s a phn thn Bnh Chnh, c bo t, chu vi 48 trng 4 thc, cao 6 thc, m mt ca. V pha ng ca bin, c pho i H Ky, chu vi 27 trng, m mt ca, c mt k i v 12 l sung 54. Cc s kin quan trng c t thi Champa n thi nh Nguyn lin quan ti vnh Th Ni cng c i Nam nht thng ch ghi chp y nm Thi Ha th 4 [1446]: i L Nhn Tng, nh Chim Thnh, bnh chng L Th v thiu ph L Khc Phc ko qun n cc x Ly Giang v C Ly nh tan c qun gic, tha thng h lun thnh Th Ni, ri tin vy thnh Ch Bn, bt c cha Chim Thnh l B Cai. i L Thnh Tng, nm 1471 nh Chim Thnh, tin qun nh Th Ni, vy thnh Ch Bn, bt c cha Chim Thnh l Tr Ton. Tip , nm Nhm T [1792] u i Trung Hng, i binh nh Quy Nhn, nh vua thn em chu s ng ca bin Th Ni, th c gic l Thnh b chy, nh vua ng qun ch Th Ni, ph d nhn dn ri rt qun v; nm qu su [1793] i binh li tin nh Quy Nhn, thuyn vua ng ca bin Th Ni, sai V tnh nh ph c bo gic ch Th Ni; nm K Mi [1799], thuyn vua ng ca bin Th Ni, tin qun h c thnh Quy Nhn, sai V Tnh lm lu th 55. ca bin Th Ni cng cn lu li nhng trm tch v du vt vn ha v nhng mi lin h gia i Vit v Champa thi c xa, c bit l s hin din c chp trong s sch ca n Uy Minh Vng. n Uy Minh Vng c tn na l n thn ni Tam Ta, ca bin Th Ni. Thn h L, hy l Nht Quang, l con th tm ca L Thi Tng, c phong Uy Minh Vng, coi ph Ngh An, c chnh tch tt, nhn dn mn phc. By gi c b lc Chim Thnh lm phn, vua Chim Thnh cu vin, qun ca vng ng di ni Tam Ta, vua Chim Thnh n rc. B lc Chim Thnh c tin, u n ca qun sp ly v cam oan xin theo lnh vua Chim, khng dm hai lng. Vng em52 53

Ng S Lin v cc s thn nh L: i Vit s k ton th, Tp II, Nxb. Khoa hc X hi, H., 1993, tr.87.

Dn theo H Vn Tn, Phm Th Tm: Cuc khng chin chng xm lc Nguyn Mng th k XIII, sd, tr.169. Theo cc tc gi ca sch ny th Thit T Ni tc Thi L B Ni trong Vit s lc v l Th Ni, tc ca Quy Nhn. Bn dch ting Anh ca sch Doanh Nhai Thng Lm c th xem: Hsing-cha Sheng-lan The overall Survey of the Star Raft by Fei Hsin, chuyn ng sang ting Anh bi J.V.G.Mills, Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden, 1996. Phn vit v Chim Thnh t trang 33 n trang 39.54 55

Quc s qun triu Nguyn: i Nam nht thng ch, Sd, tr.39-40. i Nam nht thng ch, Sd, tr.40.

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qun v, ngi Chim Thnh nh cng c, bn lp n th di ni Tam Ta. Lc vua L Thnh Tng i nh Chim Thnh, ng qun ca bin Th Ni, cu o thng c ng nghim; h c thnh Ch Bn, phong cho vng lm thn ni Tam ta56. Trong khng gian duyn hi vi im nhn l Cng Th Ni v m Th Ni nh th, cn c c mt h thng cc thy l, ca bin v cc h o ven b. l Hn Thanh Chu thn Chnh Thnh, pha nam huyn, tc gi ni C Lao, l trn sn ca ca bin Th Ni57, l Ghnh H pha ngoi ca bin Th Ni, pha ng huyn Tuy Phc58. Cc dng sng t thng ngun v ca bin Thi Ni c sng Tam Huyn a phn ba huyn Tuy Vin, Tuy Phc v Ph Ct nn gi tn th; c ba ngun: mt ngun t ni Phong Sn chy v ng Nam 66 dm dn thn Trinh Tng; mt ngun t ni Kin Kin ngun Lc ng, chy v ng Bc 16 dm n thn Trinh Tng th hp nhau, li chy v pha ng 35 dm n thn Ha Phong th chia lm hai nhnh, pha Nam chy v pha ng Nam 2 dm nhnh pha Bc th chy v pha ng Bc 5 dm n thn Tn Kiu Bn dng ni trn u vo m Bin Cn v chy xung ca bin Th Ni59. Bn cnh c m Bin Cn pha ng huyn Tuy Phc, chu vi hn 9.500 trng, nc m vo ca bin Th Ni, trong m c ni nh, tc gi thp Thy Bi, pha t l ghnh H, pha hu l Bi Nhn; li pha t c Vng Tu, Ghnh Triu, l Bi S, l mi C Ra, pha Bc c thn Hong Gin. Li c m Cu , pha ng ni Kh Sn thuc thn Xun Quang, nc vo sng Hng Thnh, chy n m Bin Cn60. Mt h ging nc ngt - vn l c sn ca b bin Champa v cng l mt ngun hng ng k ca Champa cng c ghi nhn ti y, chng hn nh a danh Ging Vung ta lc thn Lc c pha Ty ng trm, v pha Ty huyn, vung mt trng, bn b xy , quanh nm khng cn, gp nm hn hn, nc ging c th ti hn chc mu rung, dn a phng c nh 61. Ti cc vng bin ca vng Vijaya cng c ghi nhn nh nhng a im c cc sn vt bin qu gi, c bit l yn so. Cng vi cng Th Ni th thnh Th Ni cng c xy dng va bo v cho hot ng trao i bun bn din ra ti vng bin ca Vijaya, nhng ng thi cng l tin n bo v cho kinh thnh Ch Bn pha Ty trc cc cuc tn cng ca cc nagara khc trong mandala, cng nh ca cc nc lng ging ca Champa. Da trn56 57 58 59 60 61

i Nam Nht thng ch, Sd, tr.46. i Nam Nht thng ch, Sd, tr.30. i Nam Nht thng ch, Sd, tr.30. i Nam Nht thng ch, Sd, tr.32-33. i Nam Nht thng ch, Sd, tr.35. i Nam Nht thng ch, Sd, tr.35.

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cc kho st in d, th hin du vt ca ta thnh ny vn cn c lu gi ti h lu sng Cn, gn vi a im ta lc ca Thp c Bnh Lm62. S hin din ca thnh Th Ni cng vi thp c Bnh Lm ti vng h lu sng Cn, tip gip vi pha bc ca vnh Th Ni ngy nay cng gi cho chng ta nhng nhn thc c bn v v tr c xa ca thng cng Th Ni. Xt theo a hnh duyn hi Bnh nh ngy nay th vnh Th Ni ch c 1 ca thot ra bin ca Quy Nhn. Tt c thuyn b mun lu thng ra vo vnh Th Ni u phi i qua ca b ny. Tuy nhin, qua nhng kho st thc a th c th thy rng di ct pha Bc ca m Th Ni, ni di bn o /dy ni Phng Mai pha ng vi t lin, bao ph xung quanh vnh Th Ni c l c nin i gn y [thi nh Nguyn?] ( v tr tip gip gia huyn Ph Ct vi hai x Nhn Hi v Nhn L ca bn o Phng Mai ngy nay). Trong sut thi k lch s ca Champa, bn o/dy ni Phng Mai di gn 20km chy song song vi b bin ca Vijaya v khng ni lin vi t lin bt c im no. S hin din ca dy ni Phng Mai chy di nh vy tr thnh mt tm bnh phong chn gi cho tu thuyn lu thng trong vng bin Th Ni, c bit tu thuyn c th ra vo t c ca bin pha Bc cng nh ca bin pha Nam (ca Quy Nhn ngy nay). Nhn nh ny cng tr nn chc chn bi cho n cui th k XVII, Gip Ng Nin Bnh Nam khi v v Nc Mn Hi Mn ca ph Quy Ninh vn cho thy r s chia tch gia bn o Phng Mai vi t lin63. Vic xc nh mt v tr chnh xc tuyt i ca thng cng Th Ni thi Vijaya l tng i kh khn. Trong khi ch i nhng kt qu khai qut kho c hc ti vng vnh Th Ni - Quy Nhn s gp phn lm sng t hn cc tng lp vn ha vt cht cn62

Theo kho st ca chuyn gia nghin cu ph cng ng Trong l Bang th Thi Ni c xem nh l th c i duy nht v ln nht ca Champa tn ti trong sut nm th k (t th k X n th k XV), Bang: Du tch ca Thnh Thi Ni ca Champa (Ngha Bnh), trong: Nhng pht hin mi v Kho c hc, 1986, tr.383. Nh kho c hc inh B Ha th nhn nh rng tn gi Th Ni hnh thnh t th k X n th k XV, hin nay c 31 tn gi khc nhau nin i ca thnh Thi Ni (hay cng Thi Ni) c xy ct sm nht l vo nm 803, nin i mun nht l nm 1000, khi ngi Chm di vo ng Bn th c thnh ny ri. Thnh Thi Ni va l cng bun bn, khi kinh di vo th thnh ny l thnh bo v tin tiu cho kinh Hin ti c tnh chu vi ca vng thnh khong 1km2 bi nhn dn trong hai x Phc Quang v Phc Ha trong khi sn xut o ch no cng c rt nhiu gch. C l thnh ny b ph vo nm 1471, khi L Thnh Tng vo Champa. Xem inh B Ha: V v tr ca thnh Th Ni, trong: Nhng pht hin mi v Kho c hc, 1986, tr.386. Nh kho c hc L nh Phng cng nhn mnh ti vai tr kp v kinh t v qun s ca thnh Thi Ni. Xem L nh Phng: Vi kin v thnh c Chmpa Bnh nh, trong: Vn ho Bnh nh, chuyn san Vn ho Chm trn t Bnh nh, 1993, tr.9. Mt s nghin cu khc v Thnh/cng Thi Ni c th tham kho cc cng trnh nghin cu: inh Vn Hnh: V cc cng khu bn m Thi Ni, Lun vn c nhn, Khoa Lch s, i hc Tng hp Hu, 1986; v Bang: Ph cng vng Thun Qung, Nxb. Thun Ha, Hi Khoa hc Lch s Vit Nam, H Ni, 1996. c bit cng trnh ca nh nghin cu Nguyn Xun Nhn thng qua cc kho st thc a vng G Bi, Nc Mn, ca Cch Th cng gp phn lm sng t nhiu kha cnh v thng cng Thi Ni Nc Mn thu phn vinh. Xem Nguyn Xun Nhn: Tm hiu thng cng Nc Mn thu phn vinh, Bnh nh, 2002. Nhn y, xin chn thnh cm n tc gi cung cp cho c nhn ti ti liu nghin cu, kho st quan trng ny.63

Tham kho ti liu David Bulbeck v Li Tana (dch): Maps of Southern Vietnam, c.1690 Gip Ng Nin Bnh Nam [Maps of the Pacified South in the Year of Gip Ng]; trong: Li Tana v Anthony Reid: Southern Vietnam under the Nguyen Documents on the Economic History of Cochinchina (ng Trong), 1602-1777, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), Singapore, 1993, pp.38-54.

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tn lu di lng t v lng m Th Ni64, th chng ta ch c th a ra nhng gi nh da trn nhng bng chng lch s cng vi kho st iu kin a cht - sinh thi ca khu vc ven bin Quy Nhn. Tuy th, mt ci nhn n tuyn cho rng thng cng Thi Ni trong lch s ca nagara Vijaya lun lun tn ti mt v tr c nh v khng thay i th cn phi c nhn nhn li. Chc chn rng, cng vi s i dng ca cc nhnh sng Cn, cng nh l cc bin i v a hnh (c bit l s bi lp ca ca bin pha Bc, dn dn ni lin t lin vi dy ni/o Phng Mai pha ng), th v tr ca thng cng Th Ni cng c nhng s thay i cho ph hp. Bn cnh , xt trong mt ci nhn i snh ng i vi s vn hnh ca cc thng cng khc trong khu vc ng Nam nh Vn n pha Bc ca i Vit65 hay Palembang Srivijaya Sumatra, cng nh thng qua vic kho st a hnh a mo ca vng vnh Th Ni, c th bc u nhn xt rng: Thng cng Th Ni nm trung tm ca mt h tiu cng ven b. Theo cch din gii , mt thng cng Th Ni nm v tr trung tm l khu vc hot ng nhn nhp ca cc on thuyn bun v ni din ra cc hot ng bun bn chnh, cng nh l ni t tr s kim sot ca chnh th Vijaya. Mi vng ca sng ca cc nhnh sng Cn cng nh l cc vng bin nm pha Ty ca dy ni/o Phng Mai u c th tr thnh ni bn u trnh gi ca cc tu thuyn, cng nh l ni din ra cc trao i bun bn nh. Chng ti hi vng rng, nhng kho st thc a v cc cuc khai qut kho c hc trong tng lai s cung cp cho chng ta nhng nhn thc chn xc v c th hn na. 3. Thng cng Th Ni trong mng li trao i ven sng ca nagara Vijaya Vi c trng v a sinh thi (khng gian duyn hi ko di dc theo lnh th) v a - nhn vn (s t c v cng c ca cc tc ngi c ngun gc M Lai a o), nn cc nh s hc ng Nam gn y c xu hng t mandala Champa trong khng gian lch s ca vng qun o ng Nam , hay ni cch khc xem Champa nh mt b phn ca th gii Malayu66. Trong ngha y, lch s c xa ca vng quc Champa chia s nhiu gi tr chung v gn gi vi th gii hi o ng Nam ,64

Trn thc t, c mt s cuc thm st kho c hc quy m nh, cng nh cc cuc iu tra kho st thc a c tin hnh ti khu vc vnh Thi Ni, tham kho ti liu: inh B Ha: o thm st thng cng Nc Mn, t liu lu tr ti Bo tng Tng hp Bnh nh.65 66

Nguyn Vn Kim: H thng thng cng Vn n qua t liu lch s, in d v kho c hc, Tp ch Kho c hc, s 4, 2006, tr.46-65. Keith W.Taylor gi rng, khi nim (concept) Champa nn c nh ngha li (redefined), rng Vng quc Champa nn c hiu nh mt khng gian vn ha chnh tr vng qun o (archipelagically-defined cultural-political space) v 5 khu vc dc theo b bin Champa c th c xem nh l cc vng o (Islandclusters), xem: Keith Taylor: The early kingdoms, trong The Cambridge history, Nicholas Tarling et al, pp.153154. Kenneth Hall th cho rng, s thay i cc trung tm hong gia Cham (capital) tng ng vi vic chuyn giao (transfer) quyn lc t mt elite ca mt h thng chu th sng ny sang mt mng li khc, khi mt elite ca mt mng li sng c th thng tr cc trung tm th ven ca sng khc trn b bin Champa, tham kho: Kenneth Hall: Maritime Trade and state Development in Early Southeast Asia, Sd, pp.183.

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th gii bin, v th gii ca cc c dn gc M lai a o. Trong th gii hi o y, cc nh nghin cu nhn mnh ti s nng ng ca cc Th ch bin, ti s tch cc ca cc mandala ny vo s d nhp ca mng li hi thng ca khu vc, c bit l vai tr ch ng ca cc thng cng cn duyn nm gi v th nh nhng tin n cho s hi nhp ca cc th ch khu vc vo mng li giao thng quc t. Cc thng cng , di s bo tr ca cc chnh th trung tm, tr thnh im kt ni gia th gii lc a, mng li trao i ca th trng ni a vi th gii bin, vi mng li vn hnh ca th trng quc t. Mng li giao thng ni a, c nh danh nh l Mng li trao i ven sng (Riverine exchange network) c xem nh l mt c trng mang tnh ph qut ca th gii hi o ng Nam 67. Theo l thuyt ca B.Bronson, h thng trao i ven sng in hnh c mt trung tm thng mi ven b bin, thng nm vng ca sng, nh l mt entrept. S c nhng trung tm trao i su trong lc a v vng cao nguyn xa xi, ng vai tr nh nhng im thu gom hng ha (feeder station), hay nhng a im thu gom hng ha u tin t nhng vng u ngun xa xi ca dng sng. Nhng c dn sng nhng bn lng cao nguyn hay u ngun con sng sn xut v vn chuyn nhng hng ha lm sn ti trung tm trao i vng ca sng, ni c ng c dn sinh sng hn, qua h c th d nhp vo mt nn kinh t hiu qu hn v c k thut cao hn. M hnh Mng li trao i ven sng ph bin trong th gii hi o y c mt s cc nh nghin cu p dng v mang li nhng kin gii th v v s vn hnh ca mng li giao thng ni a trong lnh th ca cc tiu quc Champa. Sng Thu Bn vng Amaravati c ghi nhn nh mt si dy kt ni quan trng ca mt mng li trao i ven sng kt ni vng rng ni v cc tc ngi thng min Ty Amaravati (Qung Nam ngy nay) vi vng ca sng Thu Bn, ni c cng i Chim, hay xa hn na l thng cng C Lao Chm, ri t y cc ngun hng ni a bt u d nhp vo th trng khu vc v quc t68. Vic p dng m hnh y vo vic nghin cu cc mng li trao i ni a ca vng Vijaya dc theo cc nhnh ca dng sng Cn, cng nh cc con ng mn ven sng chc chn cng s gi m nhiu kin gii chn xc v th v. Dng sng Cn v cc nhnh ca n bt ngun t vng ni cao nguyn pha Ty Bc, chy qua cc lng mc vng i trung du v ng bng tr ph, cui cng ra bin vnh Thi Ni. Cng ging nh sng Thu Bn pha bc, dng67

Brenneth Bronson: Exchange at the Upstream and Downstream Ends: Notes toward a Functional Model of the Coastal State in Southeast Asia; trong: Economic Exchange and Social Interaction in Southeast Asia: Perspectives from Prehistory, History and Ethnography, edited by Karl L. Hutterer, University of Michigan, 1977.68

Trn K Phng: Riverine exchange network: An exploration of the historical cultural landscape of central Vietnam, trong biblioasia, Vol 4, Issue 3, Singapore, 2008; tham kho thm cng trnh nghin cu ca William Southworth: River settlement and coastal trade: Towards a specific model of Early State development in Champa, trong: The Cham of Vietnam, Sd, pp.102-119.

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sng Cn c coi nh mt si dy lin kt, mt con ng chuyn vn vn ho cng nh cc mi giao thng v kinh t gia min ngc vi min xui ca vng Vijaya. Cc ngun hng c thu thp ti cc bn lng trn cao nguyn, sau theo tuyn ng thu dc sng Cn c tp trung v thng cng Th Ni. T , cc hng ho ny li c lun chuyn i cc vng khc trong vng quc, v tr thnh hng ho xut khu ca Champa. chiu ngc li, nhng hng ho ca min xui, vng ven bin v c nhng hng ho c nhp t thuyn bun ngoi quc li c chuyn vn ti cc cng ng c dn min ngc. Trong ngha , thng cng Th Ni tr thnh mt Trung tm vng (regional-center), mt trung tm giao thng, ni kt cc cng ng c dn, cc khng gian sinh thi v kinh t. Cc nhnh sng Cn cng cc ng mn dc theo cc dng sng tr thnh si dy lin kt gia cc khng gian sinh thi v tc ngi y. Dn gian vng Bnh nh cho ti ngy nay cn lu truyn cu ca: Ai v nhn vi nu ngun Mng le ch xung, mm chun gi ln. Ni di ca mng li trao i ni a, l cc tuyn giao thng xuyn bin gii, v Th Ni tr thnh im cui ca tuyn ng bng qua o An Kh, Play Ku, v n sng Mekong Stung Treng ni m hin nay l pha Bc Campuchia, ni ni kt vi mng li giao thng ta ra t Ayutthaya - Bangkok. Thng mi di chuyn dc tuyn ng ny, ni Th Ni v Vijaya vi nhng mi quan tm bun bn ca ngi Khmer v ngi Xim. Tuyn ng ny cho n thi cc cha Nguyn vn cn c vn hnh v c vai tr quan trng69. mt chiu hng khc, Th Ni cng tr thnh mt im n quan trng ca cc tuyn hi thng khu vc v Quc t. Mt mi lin h bn cht ca chnh th Vijaya vi cc tiu quc thuc vng qun o Philipinnes sm c thit lp thng qua vic trao i cc hng ha thng phm c gi tr cao70. Mi lin h y gia Vijaya vi cc chnh th vng qun o cng tr nn mt thit hn t khi gm G Snh tr thnh mt ngun hng chnh v quan trng ca Champa. Nhng hin vt kho c pht hin trong cc a im khai qut ca Philippines vi s hin din ca v vn cc hin vt gm G Snh minh chng cho mi giao thng mt thit y 71. L Tc trong An Nam Ch Lc th k XIII cho chng ta bit v v tr quan trng ca mandala Champa - hay chnh l vai tr ca thng cng Th Ni trong mng li giao thng bin ca ngi Trung Hoa: [Chim Thnh] lp quc ti m bin, thng thuyn Trung Quc vt b i qua cc nc phin phc, thng tp trung ti y cha ci v69 70 71

Keith W.Taylor: Thun Qung v Bnh nh trong cuc xung t vng min Vit Nam, Tp ch Xa v Nay, s 270, 10-2006, tr.8. Peter Burns, Roxanna M.Brown: Quan h ngoi giao Chm-Philippinese th k XI, trong: th c Hi An, Nxb. Khoa hc X hi, H., 1991, tr.101-106. Brown Roxana: The ceramics of Southeast Asia their dating and Identification, Oxford University Press, Singapore, 1988, tr.36-39. Tham kho thm Allison I. Diem: Bng chng v quan h bun bn gm gia Champa v Philippinese; trong: Mt th k Kho c hc Vit Nam, Tp II, Nxb. Khoa hc X hi, H., 2005.

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nc, l bn tu ln nht ti pha Nam. Nhn nh y ca L Tc c khng nh r hn bi lot cc s kin trong th k XV. Di thi nh Minh, trong vng 28 nm (t 1405 n 1433), nh Minh phi c Trnh Ha thc hin cc chuyn thm him ca mnh xung cc nc ng Nam v Nam bng ng bin72. Trong c by ln vin dng , on thng thuyn ca Trnh Ha u ti Champa73. T nhng ghi chp ca L Tc, i chiu vi cc chuyn hi trnh ca Trnh Ha, c th thy rng, thng cng Th Ni ca vng quc Champa tr thnh mt im n quen thuc ca cc thng thuyn trn tuyn hi thng khu vc. Trong ngha , Thi Ni tr thnh Trung tm lin khu vc (Inter-regional center), kt ni cc trung tm thng mi ln ca khu vc v quc t.

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Trnh Ho thc hin 7 cuc vin dng vo cc nm 1405, 1407, 1409, 1413, 1417, 1421 v 1431. Trong , cuc vin dng ln nht gm c trn 300 tu vi nhiu kch c khc nhau v trn 27.000 ngi; thm ch chuyn vin dng c xem l c quy m nh nht cng c khong 40-50 tu. Ba cuc vin dng u tin i xa ti b bin pha Ty n ; ln th 4 xa hn, ti vnh Ba T, ln th 5 v ln th 7 ti b bin pha ng chu Phi; tham kho cng trnh nghin cu ca Dng Vn Huy: V nhng t thm him ca Trnh Ho ng Nam , Tp ch Nghin cu ng Nam , s 2 (77), 2006, tr.69-74.73

Doanh nhai thng lm, hay: Hsing-cha Sheng-lan The overall Survey of the Star Raft by Fei Hsin, chuyn ng sang ting Anh bi J.V.G.Mills, Harrassowitz Verlag - Wiesbaden, 1996. Xem phn vit v Chim Thnh tr.33-39.

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