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b i o l o g i aV I I I k l a s i
m a s w a v l e b l i s w i g n i
n. zaaliSvili n. iosebaSvili
sagamomcemlo saxli `triasi~Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7.
tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06mob.: +995 99 56 04 35
+995 79 49 77 99www.triasi.ge
Email: [email protected]
redaqtori: x. klauteqredaqtori: g. CiqviniZemxatvrebi: l. cxondia n. kemularia b. duRaSvilidizaini dakomp. uzrunvelyofa: g. tabliaSvili l. siWinava
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Cveni saxelmZRvanelos Sesaxeb ....................................................................................................4wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi mimarTulebebis mixedviT .......................................8wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da indikatorebi ............................................................9programis Sinaarsi .............................................................................................................................13masalis Sesatyvisoba erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan da misi saaTobrivi ganawilebis bade ......................................................................................................14gakveTilebis scenarebi§3. Zvlovani sistema .................................................................................................................. 25 Zvlis agebuleba adamianis ConCxi ZvalTa SeerTebis tipebi§9. gulis agebuleba da muSaoba ..................................................................................................25 sisxlis mimoqcevis didi da mcire wre sisxlZarRvebis agebuleba sisxlis wneva, pulsi§11. gazTa cvla filtvebSi .............................................................................................................29 gazTa cvla qsovilebSi filtvebis sasicocxlo tevadoba§13. mamakacis sasqeso organoebi ................................................................................................36 qalis sasqeso organoebi Canasaxis ganviTareba§13. mamakacis sasqeso organoebi ................................................................................................37 qalis sasqeso organoebi Canasaxis ganviTareba§16. endokrinuli sistemis moqmedebis principebi ...........................................................40 hormonebi _ informaciis gadamtani molekulebi §18. kuWqveSa jirkvali. insulini da glukagoni. maTi moqmedebis meqanizmi ....44 Tirkmelzeda jirkvali. adrenalini. misi moqmedebis meqanizmi §19. sasqeso hormonebi. androgenebi, estrogenebi............................................................48 maTi moqmedebis meqanizmebi. hipofizi _ zrdis hormoni, misi moqmedebis meqanizmi. Semajamebeli gakveTili (eqskretoruli da endokrinuli sistema §12, §16,§17, §18, §19.) ...............................................................................................................................................50§22. fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi ..................................................................................................54§22. fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi ..................................................................................................55pasuxebi teqstSi CarTul da saSinao davalebebis kiTxvebze .....................................................................................................................57informacia maswavleblisTvis ....................................................................................................89alkoholiRvinis kultura saqarTveloSi da alkoholizmi ...............................................................91Tambaqo.......................................................................................................................................................93
s a r C e v i
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Cveni saxelmZRvanelos Sesaxeb
saxelmZRvanelos Sedgenisas mTlianad gaviTvaliswineT erovnuli saswavlo gegmis standartebi da misaRwevi Sedegebi.VIII klasis programis SinaarsiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebi dayofilia 13 Temad (logo 1), romelic gadanawilebulia 27 paragrafSi (logo 2). TiToeuli paragrafi agebulia standartuli sqemis mixedviT. paragrafi iwyeba im gansaxilveli sakiTxebis CamoTvliT, romelzec unda moxdes moswavlis yuradRebis koncentrireba. amitom is gansxvavebuli SriftiT aris gamoyofili da aqvs Sesabamisi aRniSvna (logo 3). amas mosdevs paragrafis ZiriTadi teqsti, romelic zogjer qveparagrafebadaa dayofili da aRniSnulia viwro zoliT (logo 4).
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vecadeT, rom teqstis ena yofiliyo martivi, moswavlisTvis advilad gasagebi, xolo masala iseTi formiT miwodebuli, rom moswavles ar gasZneleboda teqstis ZiriTadi azris sakuTari sityvebiT aRwera da axsna. teqstSi moyvanilia magaliTebi cnebebis, movlenebisa da procesebis asaxsnelad.teqstSi CarTulia ilustraciebi _ fotoebi, sqemebi, cxrilebi, naxatebi, romlebsac didi funqciuri datvirTva aqvT _ zogjer isini teqstis nawils warmoadgenen. TvalsaCinoeba da teqsti erT mxedvelobiT areSia moqceuli. vecadeT, rom TvalsaCinoeba advilad aRqmadi yofiliyo.teqstSi CarTulia kiTxvebi, romelic wiTeli wertiliTaa moniSnuli (logo 5). am mimarTulebiTi kiTxvebiT vcdilobT moswavleebi etapobrivad miviyvanoT cnebebis gagebamde. vfiqrobT, es kiTxvebi maT saSualebas miscems, gaiazron teqstSi mocemuli informacia, damoukideblad dasvan problema da Seecadon mis gadaWras. teqstSi CarTuli cdebi mwvane wertiliTaa moniSnuli (logo 6). paragrafis ZiriTad teqsts mohyveba gansxvavebuli SriftiT gamoyofili daskvniTi nawili, romelic mokled asaxavs paragrafis ZiriTadSinaarss (logo 7).paragrafis bolo nawili eTmoba Temis aTvisebis, codnis ganmtkicebisa da praqtikuli unarCvevebis gamomuSavebisTvis aucilebel samuSaoebs. saxelmZRvanelos am nawilSi mocemulia savarjiSoTa erToblioba, romelic moicavs dabali, saSualo da maRali sirTulis savarjiSoebs. maT mizans warmoadgens rogorc saazrovno operaciebis daufleba, ise kvlevis unarCvevebisa da SemoqmedebiTobis ganviTareba.
savarjiSoebis TiToeuli tipi Sesabamisi logoTia moniSnuli.
eqsperimenti, praqtikuli samuSao, tabulebis, cxrilebis, diagramebisa da eqsperimentebis Sedegebis analizi.
sxvadasxva tipis kiTxvebi da testebi, romlebic moswavleebs uviTarebs movlenebis mizezebis axsnis, mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenis unars.
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rTuli kiTxvebi, romlebic moswavleebSi aviTarebs hipoTezis gamoTqmis, sakuTari poziciis dasasabuTeblad argumenebis moyvanisa da Sesabamisi daskvnebis gakeTebis unarCvevebs.
informaciis moZieba, referatis momzadeba da prezentacia.
modelis Seqmna.
damatebiTi informacia da zogierTi rCeva paragrafSi ganxilul TemasTan dakavSirebiT.
sakvanZo sityvebi internetSi informaciis mosaZieblad; internetmisamarTebi.
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mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba
kvl.VIII.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.
kvl .VIII.2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/ monacemebis aRricxva.
kvl.VIII.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.
kvl.VIII.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
cocxali samyaro
biol.VIII.5. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos adamianis organizmis anatomiuri da fiziologiuri Taviseburebebi.
biol.VIII.6. moswavles SeuZlia daasabuTos adamianis organizmis maregulirebeli sistemebis mniSvneloba.
biol.VIII.7. moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos organizmis Sinagani garemos mudmivobis SenarCunebis (homeostazis) mniSvnelobaze.
biol.VIII.8. moswavles SeuZlia aRweros adamianis gamravlebis sistemis Taviseburebebi da Canasaxis ganviTarebis stadiebi.
biol.VIII.9. moswavles SeuZlia gaaanalizos jansaRi cxovrebis wesis mniSvneloba adamianisaTvis.
wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi mimarTulebebis mixedviT:
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wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da indikatorebi:
mimarTuleba: samecniero kvleva Zieba
kvl.VIII.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• ayalibebskvlevismizans;• gamoTqvamsmosazrebas/varauds;• arCevsmonacemebismopovebisgzebs(mag.,cdiT,savelesamuSaosCatare
biT, gamokiTxviT, sakiTxis irgvliv literaturis moZiebiT);• ganarCevsmudmivdacvlad(damoukidebel,damokidebul)parametrebs;• gansazRvravskvleviTiaqtivobebisTanmimdevrobas;• arCevssaTanadoxelsawyoebs/aRWurvilobas/instrumentebs;• arCevs monacemebis aRricxvisformebs (cxrilebi, grafikebi, siebi,fo
to ebi, Canawerebi).
kvl.VIII.2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• iyenebsSesabamismasalasan/daaRWurvilobasdaatarebsdagegmilcdasusafrTxoebis wesebis dacviT;
• awarmoebsdakvirvebasan/dagazomvebs,aRricxavsmonacemebs;• akvirdeba,zomavs,iyenebsinformaciulsakomunikaciosaSualebebsmo
nacemebis saTanado sizustiT registrirebisTvis (mag., cvladebis mniSvnelobebis aRricxva qronologiurad);
• iyenebssaTanadowesebssakuTaridasxvaTausafrTxoebisuzrunvelsayofad.
kvl.VIII.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• iyenebssxvadasxvaxerxs(diagramebs,cxrilebs,grafikebs,siebs)monacemTa warmosadgenad;
• iyenebs sainformaciosakomunikacioteqnologiebsTvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis warmosadgenad.
kvl.VIII.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba. Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: • iyenebsdiagramebs,cxrilebsdagrafikebsmonacemebsan cvladebsSo
ris damokidebulebis aRsawerad;• aanalizebsmonacemebsdagamoitansdaskvnebs;
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• adarebsdaskvnebsgamoTqmulvarauds;• ganixilavsdakvirvebisadagazomvebisdrosgamovlenilmoulodnelo
bebs, cdilobs maT axsnas.
mimarTuleba: cocxali samyaro
biol.VIII.5. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos adamianis organizmis anatomiuri da fiziologiuri Taviseburebebi.
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
1• asaxelebsadamianisorganizmisqsovilTaZiriTadjgufebs.aRwersmaTiagebulebis Taviseburebebs da akavSirebs Sesasrulebel funqciebTan;
2• ilustraciaze an maketze amoicnobs adamianis organoTa sistemebs damsjelobs maT funqciebze (mag., adamianis ConCxis ZiriTadi nawilebi, zogierTi Zvali da kunTi);
3• akavSirebs calkeul organos Sesabamis organoTa sistemasTan da asaxelebs mis ZiriTad funqciebs;
4• iyenebs an qmnis organoTa sistemebis models/sqemas maTi moqmedebis(mag., guli _ tumbo, Tirkmeli _ filtri, muxlis refleqsi) principis sademonstraciod da akavSirebs fizikur movlenebTan;
5• sqematuradgamoxatavsgaremosadaorganoTasistemebsSorisnivTierebaTa (mag., airebi, wyali, sakvebi, cxovelqmedebis produqtebi) mimocvlas da msjelobs mis mniSvnelobaze;
6• msjelobs saWmlis momnelebeli, sunTqvisda sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemebis funqciebis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb, adgens sqemebs;
7• organizmisfizikurimdgomareobisSesafasebladiyenebsgazomvas,mosmenas, vizualur dakvirvebas. Sedegebs warmoadgens cxrilebisa da diagramebis/cdis oqmis saxiT.
biol.VIII.6. moswavles SeuZlia daasabuTos adamianis organizmis maregulirebeli sistemebis mniSvneloba.
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
1• moipovebs informaciasorganizmisdacviTi SesaZleblobebis (mag., kani,lorwovani garsebi, RviZli, temperaturis mateba, fagocitebi, imuniteti) Sesaxeb da gamoTqvams varauds maTi darRvevis Sedegebis Sesaxeb;
2• sakuTarTavzeakvirdebaorganizmSiganviTarebulprocesebs(mag.,pulsis aCqarebaSeneleba, sunTqvis sixSiris Secvla, oflianoba, wnevis momateba) garemos cvlad pirobebSi da msjelobs nervuli da endokrinuli sistemis SeguebiTi moqmedebis Sesaxeb;
3• msjelobs organizmisaTvis nervuli da humoruli sistemebis makoordinirebel mniSvnelobaze;
4• adgensmartivirefleqsurirkalis(mag.,muxlisrefleqsi)sqemas;5• adarebspirobiTdaupiroborefleqsebsdaadgensSesabamiscxrils;6• gegmavs da ikvlevs pirobiTirefleqsebis warmoqmnis process (mag., za
zunas, ZaRlis gawvrTna).
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biol.VIII.7. moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos organizmis Sinagani garemos mudmivobis SenarCunebis (homeostazis) mniSvnelobaze.
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
1• ikvlevsujredebis(mag.,eriTrocitebis)mdgomareobassxvadasxvagaremoSi (hiper da hipotonur xsnarSi) moxvedrisas;
2• aRwersorganizmis cxovelqmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnili narCeni produqtebis gamoyofis gzebs da asabuTebs Tirkmelebis mniSvnelobas wylis balansis SenarCunebaSi;
3• saubrobsorganizmismudmivitemperaturismniSvnelobazedamisiSenarCunebis gzebze;
4• xsnismaRalmTianraionebSiadamianissisxlisgansxvavebuliSedgenilobis (eriTrocitebis maRali koncentracia) mizezs.
biol.VIII.8. moswavles SeuZlia aRweros adamianis gamravlebis sistemis Taviseburebebi da Canasaxis ganviTarebis stadiebi.
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
1• ilustraciaze amoicnobs adamianis sasqeso ujredebs da asaxelebs maTfunqciebs;
2• ganasxvavebsovodaspermatogenezsdaaRwerssasqesojirkvlebissxvadasxva zonaSi mimdinare procesebis (mag., gamravlebis zona mitozi, momwifebis zona — meiozi) Sesaxeb;
3• adarebsmeiozisadaganayofierebissaboloo (genetikurimasalisganaxevreba/gamTlianeba) Sedegs da msjelobs maT biologiur rolze;
4• sqematur gamosaxulebaze ganasxvavebs embrionuli ganviTarebis etapebs (mag. zigota, blastomerebi, blastula da sxva);
5• moipovebs informaciasreproduqciulijanmrTelobis Sesaxeb. akeTebsprezentacias.
biol.VIII.9. moswavles SeuZlia gaaanalizos adamianisaTvis jansaRi cxovrebis wesis mniSvneloba.
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
1• moipovebsinformaciasxerxemlisganviTarebispaTologiebis(mag.,sqoliozi, kifozi, lordozi, diskozi) da maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb. SeimuSavebs rekomendaciebs sayrdenmamoZravebeli sistemis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis da waradgens klasis winaSe;
2• aRwersfizikuri aqtivobis mniSvnelobas adamianisjanmrTelobisaTvisda gansazRvravs mis rols sxvadasxva daavadebis riskis SemcirebaSi;
3• simulaciurTamaSSiganaxorcielebspirveladidaxmarebisRonisZiebebssxvadasxva situaciisaTvis (mag., ConCxis travma, sisxldena, damwvroba, mo yinva, siTburi da mzis dakvra, maRali temperatura, gonebis dakargva, epilefsiuri Seteva, kvebiTi da toqsikuri nivTierebebiT mowamvla, radiaciuli dasxiveba);
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4• moipovebsinformaciasarasworikvebis(mag.,”swrafikvebis”produqtebisgamoyeneba) Sedegad mosalodneli darRvevebis Sesaxeb (mag., avitaminozebi, Warbi wona);
5• moipovebs informacias da aanalizebs Tambaqos wevis da narkotikulinivTierebebis moxmarebis mavne gavlenas organizmis sxvadasxva sistemis funqcionirebaze;
6• gegmavs da monawileobs saskolo proeqtebSi (mag., `Tambaqos moxmarebaTanatolebSi, riskebi da misi acilebis gzebi~) jansaRi cxovrebis wesis dasamkvidreblad;
7• aRwerspiradihigienisadasanitarulipirobebismniSvnelobasinfeqciuri daavadebebis (mag., Sidsi, tuberkulozi) da maTi gavrcelebis prevenciis sakiTxebSi.
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programis Sinaarsi:
qsovilebi _ epiTeluri, kunTovani, SemaerTebeli, nervuli, agebuleba, funqciebi.
kani _ agebuleba, funqciebi (damcvelobiTi, Tboregulacia, Sexeba), higiena; pirveladi daxmareba damwvrobis, moyinvis, siTburi da mzis dakvris dros.
sayrdenmamoZravebeli sistema _ adamianis ConCxis ZiriTadi nawilebi, Zvlis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, ZvalTa SeerTebis saxeebi. ConCxis (momxreligamSleli; uneblienebiTi) da mimikuri kunTebi. sayrdenmamoZravebeli sistemis higiena da pirveladi daxmareba ConCxis sxvadasxva saxis dazianebis dros.
SegrZnebis organoebi _ smenis, mxedvelobis; higiena.
endokrinuli sistema _ Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebi (hipofizi, farisebri, kuWqveSa, Tirkmelzeda, sasqeso). maTi roli adamianis organizmSi mimdinare procesebis regulirebaSi. jirkvlebis hiper da hipofunqciiT gamowveuli daavadebebi. endemuri Ciyvis kerebi saqarTveloSi, profilaqtika. diabeti.
nervuli sistema _ Tavisa da zurgis tvini, agebuleba, funqciebi; periferiuli nervuli sistema. refleqsi, refleqsuri rkali. pirobiTi da upirobo refleqsebi. nervuli sistemis roli organizmSi mimdinare sasicocxlo procesebis regulirebaSi.
sisxli da sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis organoebi, maTi ZiriTadi funqciebi, higiena da pirveladi daxmareba sxvadasxva saxis sisxldenis SemTxvevaSi.
sunTqvis sistemis organoebi, maTi ZiriTadi funqciebi, higiena, xelovnuri sunTqva, daavadebebi (mag., tuberkulozi).
kveba da saWmlis monelebis sistemis organoebi, maTi ZiriTadi funqciebi, higiena.
gamomyofi sistemis organoebi, maTi ZiriTadi funqciebi (gamoyofa, homeostazi).
gamravlebis organoebi, Canasaxis ganviTarebis stadiebi, sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi daavadebebi (mag., Sidsi).