geografiis saxelmZRvanelo meSvideklaselTaTvis

7geografia 7 geografiamaia bliaZe, gia Wanturia, daviT kereseliZe

geografiis sagani, amocanebi da ganviTarebis istoria

Sinaarsi

1. 8 2. 11 3. 18

ITavi

ra aris geografiarogor grovdeboda geografiuli codnaTanamedrove geografia

geologiuri dro da dedamiwis moZraoba

orientireba da ruka

liTosfero

4. 24 5. 27 6. 31 7. 33 8. 35 38

9. 42 10. 45 11. 4812. 5213. 5514. 58 15. 6216. 6517. 6818. 72 74

19. 7820. 8121. 8422. 8623. 8924. 9225. 9726. 101 104

I ITavi

IIITavi

IVTavi

geologiuri dro dedamiwis `biografia~ dedamiwis forma da sididededamiwis wliuri moZraobadedamiwis dReRamuri brunva da sasaaTo sartylebiSemajamebeli samuSao I

orientireba da Aazimutirogor iqmneboda rukaglobusi, ruka da atlasimasStabi da manZilis gazomva rukasa da globuszerukebis mravalsaxeobarogor wavikiTxoT rukarukebis mniSvneloba da gamoyenebageografiuli informaciagradusTa bade da geografiuli koordinatebiadgilis gegmaSemajamebeli samuSao II

dedamiwis centriskendedamiwis qerqis amgebi qanebiliTosferos filebis moZraobareliefi da reliefwarmomqneli faqtorebigaregani reliefwarmomqmneli ZalebimiwisZvra da vulkanimTebi da vakeebiliTosferos stiqiuri movlenebiSemajamebeli samuSao III

VTavi

atmosfero

27. 10828. 11029. 113 30. 116

atmosferos cneba da agebulebahaeris temperaturaatmosferuli wnevaqari

VITavi

VIITavi

VIII

IX

Tavi

Tavi

hidrosfero

bunebrivi zonebi

bunebrivi garemo da adamiani

msoflios mosaxleoba

31. 120 32. 123 33. 126 34. 129 35. 133 36. 136 138

37. 14238. 14439. 14940. 15341. 15542. 15843. 16244. 16545. 167 46. 172 47. 175 178

48. 18449. 187

50. 19451. 198 52. 201 53. 20454. 206 55. 209 214

56. 21857. 221 58. 225 59. 22860. 230 233 235

wylis orTqli atmosferoSiatmosferuli naleqebihaeris masebi. ciklonebi da anticiklonebiamindi da havadedamiwis klimaturi sartylebiatmosferos dacvaSemajamebeli samuSao IV

hidrosferomsoflio okeanemsoflio okeanis nawilebiokeanis fskeris reliefimsoflio okeanis wylis Tvisebebiwylis moZraoba okeaneSimyinvarebimiwisqveSa wylebimdinaretbebi, wyalsacavebi, Waobebiwyali da adamianiSemajamebeli samuSao V

biosfero da bunebrivi zonadedamiwis bunebrivi zonebi

geografiuli garsi da geografiuli garemobunebrivi pirobebi da resursebibunebrivi resursebis klasifikaciabuneba safrTxeSiabunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba da garemos dacvadaculi teritoriebiSemajamebeli samuSao VI

msoflio mosaxleobis ricxovnobamosaxleobis ricxovnobis cvlilebamosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqturamosaxleobis teritoriuli ganawilebadasaxlebis formebiSemajamebeli samuSao VIIdanarTebi

I Tavi

geografiis sagani, amocanebi da ganviTarebis istoria

Seityob:

u ra aris geografiis Seswavlis obieqti da

amocanebi;

u ras warmoadgens geografiul mecniereba-

Ta sistema;

u geografiuli kvlevis romeli meTodebi

arsebobs;

u rogor grovdeboda geografiuli codna.

SeZleb:

u daajgufo geografiuli disciplinebi da

maTi Seswavlis obieqtebi;

u moiyvano magaliTebi geografiuli kvle-

vis Sedegebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis Se-

saxeb;

u moiZio informacia sxvadasxva mogzauris

Sesaxeb;

u gaaanalizo didi geografiuli aRmoCene-

bis epoqa da imsjelo mis mniSvnelobaze.

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geografia mecnierebis erT-erTi uZvelesi dargia. igi jer kidev kacobrio-bis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze Caisaxa.

sityva `geografia~ berZnulia. `geo~ dedamiwas, `grafos~ aRweras, e.i. de-damiwis aRweras niSnavs. ase imitom uwodes, rom igi mogzaurTa CanawerebiTa da STabeWdilebebis gadmocemiT iqmneboda. termini `geografia~ berZenma mecnierma eratosTenem SemoiRo (Zv.w. III-II saukuneebis mijna) da manve dawera wigni `geografia~.

geografia mecnierebaa bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi mimdinare geografiu-li procesebis Sesaxeb. mas ainteresebs wyalica da xmeleTic, mcenareca da cxovelic, haerica da niadagic. gvaswavlis, rogor moZraobs dedamiwa, ratom dgeba dRe da Rame, ratom icvleba amindi, rogor warmoiqmneba mTebi, vakee-bi, mRvimeebi, sanapiroebi; geografia Seiswavlis Cvens planetaze mcxovreb adamianebs Soris msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas, maT sacxovrebel adgilebs, saq-mianobas, urTierTkavSirebs; ikvlevs, rogor icvleba garemomcveli buneba adamianis zemoqmedebiT, ra aris saWiro mis dasacavad. amitomac, dRes geogra-fia aRwerilobiTi mecniereba aRaraa, igi kvleviTi da gamoyenebiTi xasiTisaa,

misi kvlevis sagani da obieqti ki geografiuli garsia. Tanamedro-ve geografia swavlobs da ikvlevs geografiuli garsis agebulebas, mis calkeul elementebsa da maT Soris arsebul kavSirebs, maTSi mi-mdinare procesebs, misi ganviTare-bis zogad kanonzomierebebs.

landSafti – genetikurad erTgvarovani bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsi, romelsac axasiaTebs saerTo geologiuri fundamenti, reliefis erTi tipi, erTgvarovani hava da Sesabamisi niadagmcenareuli safari.

geografiuli garsi – (landSafturi garsi) dedamiwis garsi, romelSic erTmaneTs exeba da erTmaneTze urTierTqmedebs atmosferos (sahaero sivrce) qveda fenebi, liTosferos (dedamiwis zedapiri) zeda nawili, hidrosfero (dedamiwis wylebi) da biosfero (cocxali organizmebi).

leqsikoni

nax. 1.1 geografiuli garsi yvelaze

msxvili geografiuli sistemaa,

romlis gavrcelebis saz Rvrebi

mkafiod ar aris gamo xa tuli. Tumca,

mecnierTa varaudiT landSa fturi

garsis sisqe daaxloebiT 40-45 km-ia.

u berZnul miTologiaSi miwis mfarvel qalRmerTs gea hqvia.

u geografiuli garsis cneba 1932 wels rusma mecnierma, a. grigorievma daam kvidra.

f

es sainteresoa

atmosfero hidrosfero

liTosferobiosfero

9

geografiuli obieqtebia, rogorc bunebrivi, aseve adamianis mier Seqmnili, anu anTropogenuli, xelovnuri (mag., wyalsacavi, qalaqi, sofeli da sxv.). ne-bismieri geografiuli obieqti – cocxali Tu aracocxali, bunebrivi Tu xelo-vnuri damoukideblad ar arsebobs, isini erT mTlian geografiul kompleqssa da sistemas qmnian. swored am kompleqsebis sistemebs swavlobs Tanamedrove geografia.

nax. 1.2. Tanamedrove geografia urTierTdakavSirebul mecnierebaTa sistemaa.

1. gaecani geografiul mecnierebaTa sistemas da Seecade, axsna, ras Seiswavlis misi TiToeuli dargi.

2. ratom farTovdeba mudmivad geografiul mecnierebaTa sistema?

3. Seni azriT, romeli axali dargebi SeiZleba gaCndes momavalSi geografiul mecnierebaTa sistemaSi?

davaleba

nax. 1.3. bunebrivi landSafti da anTropogenuli landSafti

Tanamedrove geografia ori nawilisgan – fizikuri da sazogadoebrivi geo-grafiisagan Sedgeba. fizikuri geografia bunebasa da masSi mimdinare proce-sebs Seiswavlis, sazogadoebrivi geografia ki mosaxleobasa da meurneobas swavlobs.

fizikuri geografia (sabunebismetyvelo): dedamiwaTmcodneoba,

geomorfologia, klimatologia, okeanologia, xmeleTis

hidrologia, landSaftmcodneoba, biogeografia, niadagebis

geografia

sazogadoebriv -sabunebismetyvelo geografia:

qveyanaTmcodneoba, istoriuli geografia, resursebis geografia,

regionaluri geografia, rekreaciuli geografia, geografiuli ekologia

geografiuli kartografia:

rukaTmcodneoba, rukebis Sedgena, kartografiis

istoria

sazogadoebrivi geografia:

ekonomikuri geografia, socialuri geografia,

mosaxleobis geografia, politikuri geografia

geografia

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4. aRwere suraTebi (nax.1.3.) da daadgine: a) romeli movlena, procesi Tu sxeulia geografiuli obieqti? b) romelia maT Soris bunebrivi da romeli anTropogenuli obieqti da ratom?

5. rogor fiqrob, ratom ar arseboben geografiuli obieqtebi damoukideblad?

6. ra gansxvavebaa Tanamedrove da wina saukuneebis geografias Soris?

7. daasaxele SenTvis cnobili geografiuli movlenebi, obieqtebi. amoirCie romelime axlomdebare geografiuli obieqti da aRwere igi. 1.4 sqemis mixedviT Seecade, upasuxo SekiTxvebs: sad, ra, ratom, rogor?

davaleba

davaleba

geografiis Seswavla mniSvnelovania TiToeuli adamianisTvis. geografia dagexmarebaT, SeicnoT garemo, momWirned (yairaTianad) gamoiyenoT misi sim-didreebi, gaigoT, ra gardaqmnebi mimdinareobs garemoSi da SeZloT upasuxoT kiTxvebs: sad, ra, vin, ratom, rogor da sxv.

ratom vswavlobT geografias?

raTa SevicnoT garemo da vupasuxoT SekiTxvebs:

sad?

daadgino geografiuli

obieqtis an movlenis

adgil-mdebareoba.

ra?

daadgino geografiuli

obieqtis an movlenis raoba.

ratom?

imsjelo, ratom arsebobs

sxvadasxva geografiuli

obieqti, ratom xdeba sxvadasxva

movlena Tu procesi.

rogor?

gansazRvro, rogor

viTardeba (an rogor

ganviTardeba) esa Tu is movlena,

rogori SedegiT dasruldeba

da rogor unda moviqceT zianis Tavidan asacileblad.

nax. 1.4. geografiis Seswavlis amocanebi

11

2. rogor grovdeboda

geografiuli codna

rogori warmodgena hqondaT dedamiwis Sesaxeb Zvel xalxebs: babilonelebs, indoelebs, egviptelebs, berZnebs?

gaixsene

dedamiwisadmi interesi kacobriobas jer kidev Soreul warsulSi gauCnda. dedamiwis sferulobis Sesaxeb pirveli mosazreba antikur xanaSi Zvel berZen mecniers, aristoteles (Zv.w. 384-322 ww.) ekuTvnis, romelic am daskvnamde mTvaris dabnelebaze dakvirvebam miiyvana. Zvelma berZenma mecnierma eratos-Tenem (Zv.w. 276-194 ww.) pirvelma SedarebiT zustad gansazRvra dedamiwis zoma. E eratosTenem Seqmna ruka (nax. 10.2 gv. 45), romelic im droisaTvis momxdar geografiul aRmoCenebs efuZneboda, da misTvis cnobili oikumene gamosaxa.

Cveni planetis Sesaxeb geografiuli codna saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gro-vdeba. adamianebi uxsovari droidan mogzaurobdnen sxvadasxva teritoriaze misi Seswavlis, gacnobis, savaWro, religiuri an sxva mizniT, radgan maT yo-velTvis ainteresebdaT, rogorc TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilis, ise mezobe-li xalxebis garemo da Soreuli teritoriebi.

eqspediciebs uZveles xanaSi egviptelebi, babilonelebi, asurelebi, fi-nikielebi, berZnebi, romaelebi da sxva xalxebi awyobdnen. maTi mogzaurobis ZiriTadi mizani vaWroba da momlocveloba iyo.

pirvel mogzaurebad da aRmomCenebad xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sana-piroze mcxovrebi finikielebi miiCnevian. maT mraval geografiul obieqts daarqves saxeli, maT Soris, or kontinents – evropasa („ereb“ – Casavali, daisi) da azias (`asu“ – aRmosavali, aisi). finikielebi bunebis movlenebsac akvirdebo-dnen. magaliTad, maT perioduli qarebi – musonebi Seiswavles da maTi qrolvis gaTvaliswinebiT gegmavdnen mogzaurobas.

oikumene – berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs – vbinadrob, vcxovrob. termini ixmareba dedamiwis adamianebiT dasaxlebuli nawilis aRsaniSnavad. termini pirvelad hekateos miletelma gamoiyena evropis (Crd. nawilis garda), mcire da wina aziis, indoeTisa da CrdiloeT afrikis aRsaniSnad.

leqsikoni

nax. 2.1.

finikielTa

mogzaurobis

marSruti

savarjiSoebi

mogzaurebi da aRmoCenebi

finikielebi ganTqmulni iyvnen, rogorc saz Rvao,

ise saxmeleTo vaWrobiT. isini mezobel da Soreul

qveynebSi yiddnen Rvinos, qsovilebs, oqros nakeTo-

bebs, liTonis nivTebs, matyls, minas da sxva.

droTa ganmavlobaSi finikielebi daxelovnebu-

li meTevzeebi, gamocdili da mamaci mezRvaurebi

gax dnen.

finikielebi TiTqmis 1000 weliwads batonobdnen

xmelTaSua zRvaze da yvelaze ganTqmul mezRvaure-

bad da vaWrebad iTvlebodnen. maT mraval geografiul

obieqts daarqves saxeli. maT Soris aris Zveli qveyne-

bis ori kontinenti – evropa da azia.

xmelTaSua da Savi zRvis

raionebSi fini kielebma

mravali dasaxleba

daaarses.

1. ratom gauCndaT uZveles xalxebs mogzaurobis survili?

2. ratom iTvlebian finikielebi pirvel mogzaurebad?

3. romeli zRvis sanapiroze mdebareobda finikia?

1. N1 rukis mixedviT daadgine, ra mimarTulebiT mogzaurobdnen fini-

kielebi britaneTis kunZulebamde da afrikis sanapiros gaswvriv.

2. N2 rukis daxmarebiT daadgine, sad gadioda finikielTa savaWro

gzebi? romeli kontinentebis sanapiroze daaarses maT dasaxlebebi?

finikielebis mTavari

savaWro gzebi

finikielebis dasaxlebebi

xmel

TaSua zRva

karTageni

memfisi

eg

vipt

e

fi

ni

ki

a

babiloni

mileTi

aTeni

sicilia

ital

ia

romi

espaneTi

at

la

nt

is

o

ke

an

e

Savi zRva

sab

er

ZneT

i

afrika

e v r o p a

2

47

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herkulesis svetebi

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1. berZeni geografis, strabonis gadmocemiT, finikielebi herkulesis svetebis srutes gascdnen da atlantis okeaneSi gavidnen. moiZie informacia, romel Tanamedrove geografiul obieqts erqva herkulesis svetebi?

2. rogor fiqrob, ratom uwodes finikielebma evropas daisi da azias – aisi?

3. nax. 2.1-is mixedviT aRwere finikielTa mogzaurobis marSruti.

davaleba

ZvelberZeni mogzaurebi dedamiwis mxolod or nawils – evropasa da azias icnobdnen. romaelTa batonobis periodSi cnobili gaxda mesame nawilic – afrika. droTa ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva geografiuli aRmoCenebis Sedegad, TandaTan Seivso da srulyofili gaxda warmodgenebi dedamiwis Sesaxeb.

u Zvel berZnebs ekuTvniT terminebi: geografia, horizonti; qveynebis saxelebi da im droisaTvis cnobili, dedamiwis pirveli rukebi, aseve sxvadasxva qveynisa da teritoriis aRweriloba.

u istoriulad cnobilia, rom dedamiwaze erT-erTi pirveli mogzauri iyo vinme ganoni karTagenidan. Zv.w. V saukuneSi mas mezRvaurebiT da meomrebiT savse 30 gemiT afrikis sanapiros gaswvriv umogzauria, gauvlia herkulesis svetebi (gibraltaris srute) da atlantis okeaneSi gasula. savaraudod, mas 4500 km-ze meti gaucuravs.

f

es sainteresoa

Zvel berZen mecnier hekateos miletels (Zv.w. VI s.) ekuTvnis naSromi „dedamiwis irgvliv~, romelic ori wignisgan Sedgeboda da evropis, aziisa da libiis aRwerilobas moicavda. man pirvelma Seadgina xmeleTis dasaxlebuli nawilis kartografiuli gamosaxuleba. es ruka aRmoCenili ar aris, magram herodotesa da sxva avtorTa aRwerilobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba mis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Seqmna.

rodopis mTebi

libia

e v r o p a

a z i ao

k

ea

ne

ok e

a

ne

magaliTi 1

herodotem pirvelma gansazRvra kaspiis zRvis mdebareoba da Savi zRvis sanapiroze imogzaura. igi, aseve, pirveli Seexo azia-evropis sazRvris sakiTxs. misi azriT, aRniSnuli sazRvari samxreT kavkasiis barze gadioda da mdinareebis – rionis, yvirilasa da mtkvris xeobebs miuyveboda.

at

la

nt

is

z

Rv

a

s a m x r e T i s z R v a

w i T e l i z R v a

S a v i z R v a

azovis zRva

Sav

i z

Rva

atlasebi

karTageni

tertesi

Tebe

memfisi

siena

meroe

kirena

sarmatebi

kavkasia

esedonebi

masagetebi

indoelebi

sogdiana

balxi

balioni

nineviaeqbatana

suzaasureTi

arabeTi

makrobienbi

androfagebi

eTiopia

midia

Trakia

getebi

s k v i Te b i

keltebi

iberia

sparseTi

armiaspebi

hiperboreebi

libia

evropa

a z i a

nilosi

araqsi

alpisi

istresi

karpispi

araqsi

magaliTi 2

13

4. rogor grovdeboda geografiuli codna? gamoTqvi Seni mosazreba, ra sirTuleebi SeiZleboda SexvedrodaT mogzaurebs warsulSi, ra satran spor-to saSualebebiT gadaadgildebodnen, rogor ikvlevdnen gzas da rogor gadmoscemdnen STabeWdilebebs.

5. magaliTi 1-3-is mixedviT gaaanalize rukebi da daadgine:

a) romeli Tanamedrove teritoriebia maTze aRniSnuli? b) rogor da ratom farTovdeboda adamianis warmodgena samyarosa da

oikumenes Sesaxeb?

6. Zveli berZeni mecnieris, herodotes cnobiT, finikielebma jer kidev Zv.w. VI s-Si egviptis faraonis, neqo II-is davalebiT afrikas gars Semouares. herodote werda: „finikielebi samogzaurod wiTeli zRvidan gavidnen. SemodgomobiT isini napirze gadadiodnen da libiaSi, sadac unda gaCerebuliyvnen, nebismier adgilas miwas amuSavebdnen, elodebodnen mosavlis aRebas da Semdeg curvas agrZelebdnen. ori wlis Semdeg maT herkulesis svetebi gamoiares da egviptes miadgnen. maTi monayolis mixedviT (me ki ar mjera maTi), libiis garSemo curvisas gza yovelTvis maT marjvniv iyo“.

mecnierTa azriT, swored is faqti, rome lic herodotes ar sjera, aris umTavresi damamtkicebeli sabuTi imisa, rom finiki elebma afrikas Semouares. gamoiyene ruka da Seecade axsna, romeli faqtiT da rogor mtkicdeba afrikis garSemo finikielTa mogzauroba?

davaleba

berZen geografsa da istorikoss, strabons (Zv.w. 69 – ax.w. 20) ekuTvnis 17-wigniani naSromi „geografia“, romelSic im droisaTvis cnobili TiTqmis yvela mxare da qveyanaa aRwerili. amasTan, strabons somxeTidan sardiniamde da evqsinos pontodan (Savi zRva) eTiopiamde Tavad umogzauria.

strabons saintereso cnobebi aqvs mocemuli saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. mis naSromSi aRwe rilia mdinare mtkvari SenakadebiT, Savi zRvis sanapiro xazi, sxvadasxva qalaqi da xomaldsaSeni tyeebi. strabonis mixedviT, kolxeTi metad nayofieri mxare yofila.

magaliTi 3

a f r i k a

finikia

e v r o p a

C

s

ad

britaneTiskunZulebi

xmelTaSua zRvakarTageni

babiloni

1

vin iyvnen pirveli

mogzaurebi?uZvelesi xalxebisTvis mogzauroba metad mniS-

vnelovani iyo. isini iseT adgilebsa da terito-

riebs eZebdnen, sadac Tavs usafrTxod igrZnobdnen

da sakvebic sakmarisi eqnebodaT.

pirveli mogzaurebi, savaraudod, fexiT

gadaadgildebodnen. Sor manZilebze ki mdinarisa

da zRvebis gaswvriv navebiT micuravdnen.

pirvel mogzaurebad da aRmomCenebad fini-

kielebs miiCneven. isini Zalian didi xnis win xmelT-

aSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze cxovrobdnen.

finikielebi afrikis sanapiros gaswvriv

curavdnen. maT, xmelTaSua zRvis gavliT,

dRevandel britaneTis kunZulebsac miaRwies.

finikielebis gemebi niCbebisa da

ialqnebis saSualebiT moZraobda. isini

mtkiced iyo nagebi da didi raodenobiT

tvirTis gadatanac SeeZ lo. aseTi

xomaldebiT finikielebi Soreul

mogzaurobebs awyobdnen.

46

Tavi2§ 27

Savi zRva

kaspiis zRva

buneba 4.indb 46 03.07.2009 19:09:53

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XII-XIV saukuneebSi xSirad ewyoboda mogzauroba savaWro da diplomatiuri urTierTobis damyarebis mizniT. imdroindeli vaWrebi da elCebi gzas axal, ucxo qveynebsa da kontinentebze ikvlevdnen da mogzaurobisas miRebul STa-beWdilebebs aRwerdnen. marko polo pirveli mogzauria, romelmac mTeli azia moiara. man aRwera gzad gavlili yvela qveyana da evropelebs mTeli aRmosavleT azia gaacno.

konstanti­nopoli

trapizoni samaryandi

ormuzi

arabeTis zRva

bengalis yure

samxreT CineTis

zRva

balxi

kaSgari

yarayumi

lanJu

beijingi(pekini)

CenJu

pagani

hangCou

baRdadi

Terbili

akra 7. nax. 2.2-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 2) mixedviT, CamoTvale marko polos mier mogzaurobisas gavlili qveynebi.

davaleba

nax. 2.2. marko polos

mogzaurobis marSruti

XV-XVII saukuneebs didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqas uwodeben. am pe-riodSi aRmoCenili iqna CrdiloeTi, centraluri da samxreTi amerika, wynari okeane, sazRvao gza indoeTisaken afrikis SemovliT. aseve moewyo pirveli mogzauroba dedamiwis garSemo da daiwyo CrdiloeT aziis Seswavla.

qristefore kolumbis oTxma mogzaurobam geografiul aRmoCenaTa isto-riaSi axali furceli Cawera. man aRmoaCina axali kontinenti – amerika (Tumca masze adre amerikas normanebi ewvivnen), pirvelma gadasera atlantis okeanis tropikuli sartyeli, pirveli gaecno Crdilo-pasatursa da gvianis dinebebs, aRmoaCina sargasis zRva da mravali kunZuli, romelTac „vest indoeTi“, xolo mis mcxovreblebs indoelebi uwoda.

nax. 2.3. qristefore kolumbis mogzaurobis marASrutebi

amerikis aRmoCena

500 wlis win qristefore kolumbi, espa neTis

dedoflis brZanebiT, indoeTisken mimavali

sazRvao gzis aRmosaCenad gaemarTa. kolumbs sje-

roda, rom Tu atlantis okeanes gadacuravda,

azias, kerZod ki – indoeTis napirebs miadgeboda.

qristefore kolumbis eqspedicia espaneTis

navsadgur palosidan (xmelTaSua zRva) gavida.

ramdenime Tvis Semdeg xmeleTi gamoCnda. kolumbi

darwmunebuli iyo, rom man CineTTan mdebare kun-

Zulebs miaRwia. Tumca, sinamdvileSi dRevandeli

centraluri amerikis kunZulebs miadga.

pirveli mogzaurobis dros, kolumbis sami xomaldi –

`santa-maria~, `ninia~ da `pintu~, sul 90 mezRvauriT

amerikis napirebs miadga. `santa-maria~ vest-indoeTSi

marjnis rifze dazianda da amitom kolumbi espaneTSi

ori gemiT dabrunda.

qristefore kolumbs

sjeroda, rom dedamiwa

mrgvalia da darwmunebuli

iyo, rom Tu sul dasavleTis

mimarTulebiT ivlida,

aucileblad aRmosavleTidan

dabrundeboda. kolumbis

Secdoma is iyo, rom mas

dedamiwa ufro patara zomis

egona, vidre sinamdvileSia.

kolumbma kidev samjer imogzaura `indoeTi-

saken~, Tumca sinamdvileSi man axali kontinenti

– amerika aRmoaCina.

qristefore kolumbma amerikaSi oTxjer imogzaura.

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kunZulebi

palosi

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marSrutebi

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1492-1493 ww.

1493-1496 ww.

1498-1500 ww.

1502-1504 ww.

15

8. kolumbi Tavisi gamoTvlebis safuZvelze varaudobda, rom indoeTi atlantis okeanis gadakveTiT, sul raRac 3500 milis (zRvaze 1 mili 1852 m-is tolia) daSorebiT mdebareobda. es mosazreba simarTles hgavda, radgan im droisaTvis dedamiwis sferuloba cnobili faqti iyo. rogor fiqrob, ratom ver miaRwia kolumbma indoeTs?

9. nax. 2.3-isa da naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) mixedviT CamoTvale, romeli kunZulebi aRmoaCina kolumbma.

davaleba

ramdenime wlis Semdeg italielma mogzaurma, amerigo vespuCim darwmunebiT ganacxada, rom kolumbis mier aRmoCenili xmeleTi axali kontinenti iyo da mas „axali samyaro“, mogvianebiT ki `amerigos miwebi~ uwoda.

didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqaSi sapatio adgili ukavia fernando magelans. misi TaosnobiT Catarebuli eqspediciis monawileebma 1519-1522 wle-bSi pirvelad Semouares dedamiwas garSemo. fernando magelanis mogzaurobis Sedegad sabolood damtkicda dedamiwis sferuloba da Camoyalibda realuri warmodgenebi dedamiwis sididesa da erTiani msoflio okeanis Sesaxeb.

nax. 2.4. fernando magelanis mogzauroba

azia

evropa

afrika

antarqtida

avstralia

samxreTamerika

CrdiloeTamerika

indoeTis okeane

wynari okeane

at

la

nt

is

ok

ea

ne

CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane

wynari okeane

magelanis srute

magelanis srute

1519

w

1522 w

molukis k-ebi.

magelanis mogzaurobis marSruti

magelanis mkvlelobisadgili

geografiul aRmoCenebs geografiasTan erTad geologiis, botanikis, zoo-logiisa da mecnierebis sxva dargebis ganviTareba mohyva; Seiqmna da daixvewa geografiuli rukebi da globusebi, mogzaurTa Canawerebis mixedviT gamoica axali wignebi.

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afrika

keTili imedis koncxi

k. madagaskari

axali z

elandia

k. borneo

portugalieli mogzaurebi XVI-XVII ss.

a. tasmanis mogzaurobamde aRmoCenili kunZulebi

holandieli mogzaurebi XVI-XVII ss.

a. tasmanis I mogzauroba 1642-1643 ww.

a. tasmanis II mogzauroba1644 w

k. papuaaxali gvinea

axali holandia(avstralia)

batavia(jakarta)

k. iava

malindi

k. tasmania

nax. 2.5. holandielebma avstralia geografiulad aRmoaCines, xolo ingliselma jeims

kukma kontinentis evropul kolonizacias daudo safuZveli.

12. nax. 2.5-is mixedviT daadgine:

a) sad gadioda portugalieli da holandieli zRvaosnebis gzebi? b) ra mimarTulebiT miemarTebodnen holandiuri eqspediciebi axali miwebis

saZebnelad? g) romeli kunZulebi aRmoaCines holandielebma? d) Seadare rukaze aRniSnuli geografiuli saxelebi Tanamedroves.

13. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi avstralias axal holandias uwodebdnen. rogor fiqrob, ratom?

davaleba

geografiuli aRmoCenebis istoriaSi metad mniSvnelovania XVII-XVIII da uaxlesi – XIX-XX saukuneebi. im droisaTvis ucnobi teritoriebis, qveynebis, bunebrivi movlenebis Seswavlis saqmeSi udidesi wvlili miuZRviT abel tas-mans, jeims kuks, devid livingstons, aleqsander fon humboldts, fritiof nansens, rual amundsens, robert skotsa da sxva gamoCenil mogzaurebsa da mkvlevarebs.

10. moiZie damatebiTi informacia teqstSi naxsenebi romelime mogzauris Sesaxeb da gaacani igi Tanaklaselebs.

11. aRniSne konturul rukaze kolumbisa da magelanis mogzaurobis marSrutebi.

davaleba

17

XX saukuneSi, mas Semdeg, rac farTod iqna gamoyenebuli aerokosmosuri kvlevis meTodebi, damTavrda dedamiwis zedapiris srulyofili aRweris is-toria.

14. nax. 2.6-is mixedviT daadgine, rogor farTovdeboda oikumene droTa ganmavlobaSi.

15. gamoTqvi mosazreba didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. Seni azriT, rogori iqneboda dRevandeloba am aRmoCenebis gareSe?

16. dayavi geografiuli aRmoCenebis istoria etapebad da ganalage isini drois xazze.

davaleba

nax. 2.6. oikumenes gafarToeba

samyaro, romelsac icnobdnen xalxebi Zv.w. IV saukunemde

oikumenes sazRvrebis gafarToeba Zv.w. II saukunemde

evropelTa geografiuli horizontis sazRvrebi XIV saukunemde

saxmeleTo da sazRvao sivrceebi, aRmoCenili XV-XVI saukuneebSi

teritoriebi, romlebic rukaze aRiniSna XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi

ucnobi teritoriebi XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis

150°0'0"E

150°0'0"E

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30°0'0"E

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90°0'0"

samyaro romelsac icnobdnen xalxebi Zv. w. IV saukunemde

oikumenes sazRvrebis gafarToveba Zv. w. II saukunemde

evropelTa geografiuli horizontis sazRvrebi XIV saukunemde.

saxmeleTo da sazRvao sivrceebi, aRmoCenili XV-XVI saukuneebSi.

teritoriebi, romlebic rukaze iqna aRniSNuli XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi.

ucnobi teritoriebi XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis

evropa

afrika

a z i aCrdiloeTi

amerika

w y n a r io k e a n e

i n d o e T i s o k e a n e

a t l a n t i so k e a n e

C r d. y i n u l o v a n i o k e a n e

samxreTiamerika

avstralia

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Tavi 3. Tanamedrove geografia

amJamad ukve Seswavlili da gamokvleulia mTeli dedamiwa, msoflio okea-ne da xmeleTis zedapiri, magram geografias mniSvneloba ar daukargavs. wina periodSi dagrovilma didma samecniero masalam gagrZeleba XXI saukuneSic pova. gaCnda axali geografiuli Sexedulebebi, azrebi da Teoriebi, xdeba maTi damuSaveba. es saukune geografiuli azrebisa da ideebis gagrZelebis xanaa. iqmneba araerTi geografiuli samecniero naSromi, arsebobs mravali geogra-fiuli dawesebuleba, maT Soris institutebi, sazogadoebebi, kavSirebi da sxv.

msoflios mraval qveyanaSi geografia saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis mecniere-baa: bevri proeqti, aseve qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dagegmva swored geografebis rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT xorcieldeba.

jer kidev XIX saukuneSi daiwyes geografebma obieqtebsa da movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis axsna. wyalsacavebis, gzebisa Tu dasaxlebuli punqtebis dagegmvisa da mSeneblobis dros metad mniSvnelovania mosalodneli Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba da prognozireba. magaliTad, wyalsacavis mSeneb-lobisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom im teritoriaze icvleba mikroklimati, ramac SeiZleba zogi mcenarisa Tu cxovelis gadaSeneba gamoiwvios; Warbma teniano-bam istoriuli Zeglebi daazianos, xolo axlomaxlo mcxovrebi mosaxleoba daaavados.

nax. 3.1. yavis plantacia marmarilos karieri

1. aRwere nax. 3.1 da imsjele: a) ra gavlenas axdens adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba bunebrivi garemos gardaqmnis procesze? b) rogor fiqrob, ra geografiuli kvlevebi unda Catardes ama Tu im teritoriaze mis aTvisebamde?

davaleba

bolo dros mTel msoflioSi, maT Soris – saqarTveloSic gaaqtiurda sti-qiuri movlenebi, gaxSirda wyaldidobebi da wyalmovardnebi, mewyerebi da zvavebi. stiqiuri movlenebis gaaqtiurebis erT-erTi xelSemwyobi, sxva fa-qtorebTan erTad, adamianis sameurneo saqmianobacaa; kerZod – usistemod gaCexili tyeebis farTobebis zrda. tyis mraval funqciaTa Soris erT-erTi swored garemos mdgradobis SenarCunebaa. mTis ferdobebze arsebuli tyeebi

19

Cveni planetis mosaxleoba yovelwliurad matulobs, ramac bevri problema warmoqmna, maT Soris: sasursaTo, bunebrivi resursebis, mcenareTa, wylisa da a.S. swored geografebma unda ganWvriton da sworad dagegmon kacobriobisa da dedamiwis momavali.

mosuli atmosferuli naleqebis garkveul nawils akavebda, fesvebi ki niadags gadarecxvisagan icavda. amJamad moSiSvlebuli mTis ferdobebi wyals veRar akavebs da amitomac gaxSirda wyalmovardnebis, mewyerebis, xramebis warmoqmna.

dedamiwis rig regionebSi Camoyalibda msxvili samrewvelo centrebi, gai-zarda avtomobilebis ricxvi, ramac atmosferoSi didi raodenobiT gamo-nabolqvis gabneva gamoiwvia. aman dedamiwaze haeris saSualo temperaturis momateba ganapiroba. am process mecnierebma `globaluri daTboba~uwodes da Tu igi momavalSic gagrZeldeba, myinvarebis dnoba daCqardeba; Sesabamisad msoflio okeanis done aiwevs, rac, Tavis mxriv, mimdebare teritoriis dat-borvas gamoiwvevs.

dedamiwis atmosferos zeda fenebSi, stratosferoSi ozonis fenis sisqe bolo aTwleulebSi anTropogenuri (adamianis) zemoqmedebis Sedegad sagrZnoblad Semcirda. ozonis xvrelis gaCenam kacobriobis didi interesi imis gamo gamoiwvia, rom swored ozonis fena icavs dedamiwis zedapirs mzis ultraiisferi gamosxivebisgan. ozonis xvreli 1000 km diametriT pirvelad 1986 wels aRmoaCines antarqtidis Tavze. igi yovel agvistoSi Cndeboda, xolo dekemberSi an ianvarSi qreboda. CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi, arqtikis Tavze gacilebiT mcire zomis meore xvreli Cndeboda.

globaluri daTboba dedamiwis atmosferos miwispira fenisa da msoflio okeanis wliuri temperaturis swrafi zrdis procesia. atmosferos saSualo temperatura dedamiwis zedapirze bolo saukunis ganmavlobaSi 0.74- 0.18 gradusiT gaizarda. atmosferos saSualo temperaturis Semdgomi zrda gamoiwvevs zRvis donis awevas, gaizrdeba katastrofuli klimaturi movlenebis sixSire da siZliere, Seicvleba naleqebis raodenoba da ganawileba, Semcirdeba myinvarebis farTobebi, gadaSendeba cocxali organizmebis zogierTi saxeoba, gaizrdeba daavadebaTa ricxvi da sxv.

magaliTi 1

magaliTi 2

ozonis xvrelis gamosa-

xuleba antarqtidis

Tavze (2000 w.)

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geografiuli kvlevebi dResac grZeldeba. bunebaSi mimdinare procesebze dakvirveba, maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis dadgena da saTanado daskvnebis gakeTeba geografebis gareSe warmoudgenelia.

Tanamedrove geografia geografiuli kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodsa (maga-liTad, dakvirvebis, Sedarebis, kartografiuli, geografiuli analizis, modelirebisa da prognozirebis da sxva meTodebs) da informaciis miRebis saSulebebs iyenebs.

Tanamedrove geografia warmoudgenelia geoinformatikis gareSe, romelic geografiul informaciul sistemebs (gis) adgens. igi moicavs kompiuterul ru kebs, monacemTa bazas – geografiul informaciebs da maTi kompiuteruli marTvis sistemebs. gis-is saSualebiT specialistebs SeuZliaT amoxsnan mTeli rigi geografiuli amocanebi, Seqmnan `moazrovne rukebi~. magaliTad, amindis prognozis, mTis ferdobze tyis gaCexvis Sedegad reliefis SesaZlo cvlile-bebis, mdinareTa wliuri Camonadenisa da sxva saxis rukebi.

dakvirveba geografiuli kvlevis erT-erTi umTavresi meTodia. dakvirveba arsebobs samarSruto da farTobuli (moednuri), perioduli da uwyveti, sta-cionaruli (adgilobrivi) da distanciuri. dakvirvebis Sedegad mniSvnelovan fizikur monacemebs miiRebT geografiuli obieqtebis, maTi ganviTarebisa da cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. geografiuli obieqtebis aRwera, nimuSebis Segroveba, movlenebsa da procesebze dakvirveba savele dakvirvebebis saSualebiT xdeba. es yvelaferi is faqtobrivi masalaa, romelsac geografia Seiswavlis. distan-ciuri dakvirvebis meTodi – Tanamedrove aero- da kosmosuri gadaRebebi did daxmarebas gviwevs geografiis Seswavlis, rukebis Seqmnis procesSi, meurneobis ganviTarebisa da bunebis dacvis sferoSi kacobriobis mravali prob lemis ga-daWrisas.

kartografiuli meTodi saSualebas gvaZlevs, SeviswavloT obieqtebisa da mov-lenebis sivrcobrivi ganlagebis kanonzomierebani da teritoriuli kompleq-sebis ganviTareba geografiuli rukebis Sedgenisa da gamoyenebis gziT. ruke-bis, sqemebis, diagramebis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia ukeT aRviqvaT da davimaxs-ovroT sxvadasxva obieqtis ara marto teritoriuli ganlageba, aramed maTi cifrobrivi (raodenobrivi) maCveneblebic.

statistikuri meTodi saSualebas gvaZlevs, monacemTa damuSavebis gziT gan-vsazRvroT urTierTdamokidebuleba bunebriv komponentebs, mosaxleobasa da meurneobas Soris da SevadaroT isini erTmaneTs, maTematikuri meTodi ki sxva-dasxva gamoTvlis saSualebiT geografiuli obieqtebisa da movlenebis raode-nobriv mniSvnelobebs adgens.

geografiuli analizi geografiuli kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi meTodia, rome-lic ramdenime etapisgan Sedgeba: wardgena, dayofa, aRwera, analizi da daskvnebi.

Tanamedrove geografia ara mxolod aRwers Sesaswavl obieqts an movlenas, ara-med winaswarmetyvelebs im Sedegebs, romlebic SeiZleba momavalSi kacobriobis winaSe warmoiqmnas. geografiuli prognozi gvexmareba, Tavidan aviciloT be-vri arasasurveli movlena, SevamciroT bunebaze adamianis saqmianobis negatiu-ri zemoqmedeba, racionalurad gamoviyenoT resursebi, gadavWraT globaluri problemebi.

magaliTi 3

21

2. gaixsene, ra kiTxvebs pasuxobs Tanamedrove geografia?

3. imsjele, ra rols asrulebs Tanamedrove geografia Cveni planetis bunebisa da mosaxleobis gadarCenisa da ganviTrebis saqmeSi?

4. gaixsene, ra dargebisgan Sedgeba Tanamedrove geografiul mecnierebaTa sistema; Seni azriT, romeli geografiuli disciplinebi Seiswavlis teqstSi moyvanil magaliTebs?

5. Seni sityvebiT axseni: a) ris saSualebas iZleva geoinformaciuli sistema? b) ra mniSvneloba aqvs geografiuli kvlevis Sedegebs praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis?

6. rogor fiqrob, romeli sakiTxebis SeswavlaSi aqvs didi mniSvneloba geografias?

davaleba

fes sainteresoa

u saerTaSoriso geografiuli kavSi ri (sgk) msoflios geografTa saerTaSoriso samecniero gaer-Tianebaa. pirveli saerTaSoriso geografiuli kongresi 1872 wels q. antverpenSi gaimarTa. Tanamedrove saxiT kavSiri 1922 wels daarsda briuselSi. kavSiris xelmZRvaneli organoa aRmas-rulebeli komiteti. yovel 4 weliwadSi erTxel sgk-s kongresi imarTeba.

sgk-s miznebia: geografiuli problemebis Seswavlis xelSewyoba; geografiu-li kvlevebis dagegmva da koordinacia, saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba kvleve-bis procesSi, maTi farTo samecniero ganxilva da Sedegebis publikacia; geo-grafebis monawileobis xelSewyoba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis muSaobaSi; geografiuli monacemebis, informaciisa da dokumentaciis Sekreba-gavrce-leba kavSiris wevr qveynebs Soris; saerTaSoriso geografiuli kongresebis, regionaluri konferenciebisa da Tematuri simpoziumebis mowyoba; monawi-leoba saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis sxva sferoebSi, raTa xeli Seewyos geografiul kvlevebs da maTi Sedegebis praqtikaSi gamoyenebas; xeli Seuwyos geografiaSi gamoyenebuli meTodebis, nomenklaturis da simbolikis saer-TaSoriso damkvidreba da gamoyeneba. 2008 wlidan sgk-s prezidentia ronald ableri (aSS). saqarTvelo sgk-s wevria 2005 wlidan.

u ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univresitetSi (Tsu) geografiul mecnierebas safuZveli misi daarsebis pirvelive wlebidan Caeya-ra aleqsandre javaxiSvilis TaosnobiT. dRemde fakultetze geografTa mra-vali Taoba aRizarda. amJamad fizikuri geografiis mimarTuleba zust da sa-bunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis SemadgenlobaSia, xolo sazoga-deobrivi – socialur da sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa fakultets ekuTvnis.

saqarTvelos geografiuli sazogadoeba 1924 wlidan moqmedebs. igi Tsu-s geografiis kabinetisa da 1850 wels TbilisSi daarsebuli ruseTis saimpera-toro geografiuli sazogadoebis kavkasiis ganyofilebis bazaze Seiqmna.

profesor aleqsandre javaxiSvilis iniciativiT Tsu-s geografia-geologiis fakultetis kaTedrebis bazaze 1933 wels daarsda vaxuSti bagrationis saxe-lobis geografiis instituti. amJamad instituti Tsu-s SemadgenlobaSia.

http://igu-online.org

II Tavi

geologiuri dro da dedamiwis moZraoba

Seityob:

u ra aris geologiuri dro da geologiuri

welTaRricxva;

u rogoria dedamiwis biografia;

u rogor gaCnda dedamiwaze sicocxle;

u rogor moZraobs dedamiwa;

u sad ra droa da ratom arsebobs sasaaTo

sartylebi.

SeZleb:

u geologiuri drois RerZis agebas da

geoqronologiuri cxrilis wakiTxvas;

u ivaraudo, ra cvlilebebi xdeboda deda-

miwaze uZvelesi droidan dRemde;

u daajgufo geologiuri erebi da maTTvis

damaxasiaTebeli organuli samyaro;

u gansazRvro, ra droa dedamiwis sxvadasxva

adgilas.

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aob

aIITavi

dedamiwis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas Tavisi istoria aqvs. misi zedapiris Taname drove saxiT Camoyalibeba rom avxsnaT, aucileblad unda vicodeT Cveni planetis geologiuri istoria. Ddedamiwis warmoSobidan dRemde ganvlil pe-ri ods geologiur dros uwodeben. geologiuri dro is ganmavlobaSi mraval-jer Seicvala dedamiwis zedapiri, klimati, uwyvetad viTardeboda organuli sam yaro.

4. geologiuri dro

geologia – mecniereba, romelic dedamiwis qerqis agebulebas, Sedgenilobasa da ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs Seiswavlis.

namarxi – qanebSi SemorCenili cocxali organizmebis naSTebi an anabeWdebi

nax. 4.1. geologiuri drois spirali

1. nax. 4.1-is mixedviT axseni, ra mniSvnelovani movlenebi xdeboda TiToeul erasa da periodSi? Seecade, aago geologiuri drois RerZi. SearCie masStabi da erebi gamoyavi ferebiT.

davaleba

dedamiwis zedapiri vulkanebiTaa dafaruli.

pirveli cocxali ujredebi

pirveli rbiltaniani arsebebi kambriuliswina

periodi

550 mln. wlis win

kambriuli

periodi

ordovikuli

periodi510 ml

n. wlis win

siluruli

periodi

44

0 m

ln

. wl

is

wi

n

40

8 m

ln

. wl

is

wi

n

36

2 m

ln

. wl

is

wi

n

29

0 m

ln

. wl

is

wi

n

245

ml

n. w

li

s w

in

200 ml

n. wl

is win

144 mln. wlis win

66

ml

n. w

li

s w

in

Ta

na

me

dr

ov

e e

po

qa

devonuri

periodi

karbonuli

periodi

permuli

periodi

triasuli

periodi

iuruli

periodi

carculi

periodi

mesameuli

periodi

meoTxeuli

periodi

pirveli cxovelebi xmeleTze

pirveli qvewarmavlebi

pirveli mfrinavi mwerebi

pirveli ZuZumwovrebi da frinvelebi

dinozavrebi

pirveli yvavilovani mcenareebi

pirveli adamianebi

pirveli amfibiebi

pirveli Tevzebi

4550 mln. wlis win

dedamiwis warmoSoba

pirveli mcenareebi xmeleTze

leqsikoni

25

dedamiwis amgebi qanebis asakis, maTi warmoqmnis xangrZlivobisa da ganlage-bis Sesaxeb warmodgenas gvaZlevs geologiuri welTaRricxva anu geoqrono-logia. geologiuri dro safuZvlad udevs geoqronologiur cxrils.

nax. 4.2. geoqronologiuri cxrili

erebi

(xangrZlivoba mln w)

periodi

(xangrZlivoba mln w)ZiriTadi movlenebi

kainozouri

65 mln w.

meoTxeuli (anTropogenu-

ri) (2 mln. weli dRemde)

neogenuri (25-2 mln.w.)

mesameuli (65-25 mln.w.)

mravaljeradi gamyinvareba;

Tanamedrove reliefi;

mcenareTa da cxovelTa samya-

ros Camoyalibeba;

adamianis gaCena; frinvelebisa

da ZuZumwovrebis ganviTareba

mezozouri

170 mln w.

carculi (144-65 mln.w.)

iuruli (205-144 mln.w.)

triasuli (245-205 mln.w.)

frinvelebis gaCena

paleozouri

340 mln w.

permuli (286-245 mln.w.)

qvanaxSiris (karbonuli)

(360-286 mln.w.)

devonuri (408-360 mln.w.)

siluruli (438-408 mln.w.)

ordoviciuli

(505-438 mln.w.)

kambriuli (590-505 mln.w.)

wyalxmeleTa cxovelebis

ganviTareba; qvewarmavlebis

gaCena; zRvebis farTobebis

Semcireba;

Tevzebis GgaCena;

vrceli teritoriebis zRviT

dafarva

proterozouli

2000 mln w.

baqteriebisa da wyalmcenaree-

bis arseboba

arqauli 1000 mln w. erTujredianebi da zogierTi

baqteria

2. nax. 4.2-is mixedviT daadgine: a) romelia yvelaze Zveli era da ramden xans grZeldeboda? b) romeli eraa yvelaze xangrZlivi geologiur droSi? g) romeli era iyofa yvelaze met periodad? d) romel eraSi gaCnda Tevzebi? Qqvewarmavlebi? frinvelebi?

davaleba

geologiuri dro erebad da periodebad iyofa. geologiuri drois did monakveTs era ewodeba. TiToeuli era asobiT milion weliwads grZeldebo-da. erebi SedarebiT mcire (aTeuli mln.w.) periodebad iyofa. ukanaskneli periodi, romelSic adamiani gaCnda, daaxloebiT 2 milion wels iTvlis. erebi da periodebi erTmaneTisagan dedamiwis reliefis ganviTarebiT, klimaturi pirobebiT, mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaros TaviseburebebiT gansxvavdeba.

geologiuri dro 5 erad da 12 periodad iyofa. erebia: arqauli (uZvelesi), proterozouli (uZvelesi sicocxlis), paleozouri (Zveli sicocxlis), mezo-zouri (saSualo sicocxlis) da kainozouri (axali sicocxlis).

26

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dedamiwis istoriaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania kainozouri era, gansaku T-rebiT misi bolo periodi – meoTxeuli anu anTropogenuri. am dros Camoya-libda Tanamedrove reliefi, mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaro da moxda yvelaze mTavari movlena – GgaCnda da ganviTarda adamiani.

dedamiwis warsulis Seswavla saSualebas gvaZ levs, gavecnoT sicoc-xlis Casaxvasa da ganviTarebas, Soreul warsulSi Cvens planetaze momxdar katastrofebsa da bunebriv movlenebs. aseve, misi saSualebiT SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyve loT, ra SeiZleba moxdes momavalSi.

ugeologiuri drois erTeuli – periodi – pirvelad XIX s-Si gamoyves. periodebs Soris sazRvrebs mecnierebi erTi saxeobis cxovelTa masobrivi amowyvetiTa da axali saxeobebis gaCeniT adgendnen. geologiuri drois skalis Semdgenlebs didi daxmareba gauwia dedamiwis amgebi qanebis Seswavlamac.

f

es sainteresoa

nax. 4.3. geologebma dedamiwis Seswavla

daaxloebiT 200 wlis win daiwyes. qanebisa

da namarxebis SeswavliT isini adgenen,

Tu ra xdeboda dedamiwaze am qanebis

Camoyalibebis dros. am fotoebze danaleqi

qanebi da zRvis cxovelis, trilobitis

namarxia gamosaxuli, romelic daaxloebiT

500 mln wlis win binadrobda.

3. daixmare leqsikoni da gamoarkvie, ris aRmniSvnelia sityvebi: `paleo,~ `mezos~, `neo~, `anTropos~. TiToeuls miuwere mniSvneloba.

4. romelia yvelaze mniSvnelovani era da periodi da ratom?

5. rogor fiqrob, ra gansxvavebaa geologiur drosa da istoriul dros Soris, kacob riobis istoriasa da dedamiwis istorias Soris?

6. warmoidgine, rom warsulSi SegiZlia mogzauroba. Seecade aRwero, rogor deda miwas naxavdi 4 mlrd. wlis win.

7. rogor fiqrob, ratom gaCnda pirveli cxovelebi wyalSi da ara xmeleTze? ra ufro adre gaCnda xmeleTze – mcenareebi Tu cxovelebi? Seni azriT, SeiZleboda piriqiT momxdariyo?

davaleba

27

5. dedamiwis `biografia~

mecnierTa varaudiT, dedamiwa 4,5-5,0 miliardi wlis win, mzesa da mzis sis-temasTan erTad, kosmosuri airisa da mtvrisgan war moiqmna.

Tavdapirvelad dedamiwa gavarvarebuli, Txevadi, erTgvarovani sxeuli iyo da orTqlisa da airis sqeli Rrublebi faravda. Semdeg misi zedapiri TandaTan gacivda, gamkvrivda da sxvadasxva saxis airi Semoikra. Aase warmoiqmna atmos-fero anu haeris garsi.

temperaturis klebis Sedegad orTqli wylad iqca. Ddaiwyo kokispiruli wvimebi, romlebic ramdenime aseul wels gagrZelda. daaxloebiT 3800 milioni wlis win dedamiwaze arsebuli CaRrmavebuli adgilebi wvimis wyliT aivso. ase gaCnda dedamiwaze wylis garsi – hidrosfero.

hipoTeza – raime movlenis asaxsnelad wamoyenebuli mecnieruli varaudi, romlis WeSmariteba ar aris cdiT damtkicebuli.

dedamiwis zedapiri mudmivad icvleboda: warmoiqmneboda da qreboda mTebi, xmeleTi wyliT ifareboda da kvlav Cndeboda.

nax. 5.1. dedamiwis warmoqmna

nax. 5.2. dedamiwis

zedapiris cvlileba

225 mln. wlis win 200 mln. wlis win

25 mln. wlis win dRes

135 mln. wlis win

pa

ng

ea

l a v r a z i a

g o n dv a n a

CrdiloeTi

amerika

samxreTi

amerika

evrazia

afrika

antarqtida

avstralia

leqsikoni

28

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mecnierTa varaudiT, daaxloebiT 200 milioni wlis win erTi mTliani konti-nenti – `pangea~ ar sebobda. mas garSemo uzarmaza ri okeane `panTalasa~ ekra. mo gvi anebiT pangea or nawilad gaiyo. misi daSla SemdgomSic gagrZelda, ris Sedegadac Tanamedrove kontinentebi warmoiqmna.

u1915 wels germanelma geofizikosma, alfred vegenerma Tanamedrove okeaneebisa da xmeleTis urTierTganlagebis safuZvelze pirvelma gamoTqva mosazreba Soreul warsulSi savaraudo erTiani xmeleTis arsebobis Sesaxeb. a. vegeneris hipoTeza aRwerilia mis wignSi `kontinentebisa da okeaneebis warmoSoba~.

f

es sainteresoa

dRes

warsulSi

(100 mln. wlis win)

momavalSi

(50 mln. wlis Semdeg)

nax. 5.3. dRevandeli dedamiwa Zlier

gansxvavdeba Tavdapirvelisagan.

am saxiT Camoyalibebamde man

ganviTarebis rTuli gza ganvlo.

Cveni planetis zedapiri uwyvetad

icvleboda: iqmneboda kontinentebi,

romlebic xan erTdeboda, xanac

erTmaneTs scildeboda, icvleboda

wylisa da xmeleTis farTobi,

moxazuloba, forma; qreboda Zveli da

Cndeboda axali okeaneebi; icvleboda

klimati, bunebrivi pirobebi da,

Sesabamisad, mcenareTa da cxovelTa

samyaro.

1. daasaxele Tanamedrove kontinentebi.

2. daaxloebiT ramden xans grZeldeboda kontinentebis Camoyalibebis proce si?

3. gansazRvre, romel kontinentebs aerTianebda lavrazia da romels – gondva na?

4. nax 4.2-isa da 5.2-is mixedviT daadgine: a) romel erasa da periodebSi arsebobda pangea? b) rodis gaiyo is or nawilad? g) rodis warmoiqmna Tanamedrove konti nentebi?

5. nax. 5.3-is mixedviT ivaraude, ra cvlilebebi moxdeba momavalSi dedamiwis

zedapirze?

6. gaixsene, ra icodi dedamiwis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, ra gaige axali? gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili:

ra vicodi ra gavige ra minda, vicode

davaleba

davaleba

29

dedamiwaze sicocxlis pirveli niSnebi daaxloebiT 3-4 mlrd wlis winaT gaCnda. pirveli cocxali organizmebi, wyalmcenareebi, Tbili da teniani havis pirobebSi wyalmarCx wyalsatevebSi gaCndnen. TvaliT uxilavi, erTujrediani wyalmcenareebi mogvianebiT jer okeaneSi, Semdeg ki xmeleTzec gavrceldnen.

rac ufro Tavisufldeboda xmeleTi wylisgan, cocxali organizmebis ric-xvic izrdeboda. sicocxle ganuwyvetliv viTardeboda, rTuldeboda da mra-valferovani xdeboda. Ees procesi aTasobiT milion weliwads grZeldeboda. zogi saxeoba arqauli droidan dRemde SemorCa (erTujredianebi da baqte-riebi), zogi mTlianad ganadgurda, zogi ki TandaTanobiT srulyofili gaxda.

uZveles da gadaSenebul organizmebs mecniereba – paleontologia Seiswavlis. swored paleontologebis Tavdauzogavi Sromis Sedegad gaigo msofliom dinozavrebisa da sxva mravali gadaSenebuli organizmis Sesaxeb.

nax. 5.4. bavariaSi, frenkiSe albis kldeSi

aRmoCenilia gaqvavebuli arsebis –

arqeopteriqsis namarxi, romelsac bumbuli

hqonda, magram qvewarmavaliviT qercliTac

iyo dafaruli.

dedamiwis warmoSobidan Tanamedroveobamde TiTqmis 5 miliardi weli ga-vida. es drois iseTi warmoudgenlad didi monakveTia. Ggeologiur drosTan SedarebiT, adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba wamsac ar udris.

fes sainteresoa

u 1820 wels ingliselma mecnierebma gideon da merien mentlebma pirvelad aRmoaCines gadaSenebuli cxovelebis naSTebi da maTi Seswavla daiwyes. maT namarxebis Sesaxeb pirveli wigni daweres, romelic Tavad merienis naxatebiT iyo dasuraTebuli.

30

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f

1 2 3

0 m 25 m 100m91m 95m

dedamiwis istoria 24 saaTSi

u Tu geologiur dros erT dRe-Ramed warmo vidgenT, mis zedapirze momxdari movlenebi droSi ase ganawildeba:

00:00 sT. – dedamiwis zedapiri myardeba. vulkanebidan cecxli da ferfli ifrqveva. cocxali arsebebi jer ar arseboben.

05:20 sT. – okeaneebis sanapiroebze Cndeba pir veli cocxali organizmebi. momdevno 14 sa aTis ganmavlobaSi iqmneba atmosfero.

21:00 sT. – zRvebi meduzebiTa da moluskebiT ivseba. xmeleTi jer kidev xrioki da udaburia.

21:35 sT. – zRvaSi gaCndnen Tevzebi, xmeleTze ki pirveli mcenareebi da cocxali arsebebi: morielebi, obobebi da sxv.

21:57 sT. – xmeleTis vrceli teritoria balaxiTa da xe-mcenareebiT ifareba. iseTi cxovelebis xana iwyeba, wyalSic da xmeleTzec rom SeuZliaT cxovreba.

22:48 sT. – dedamiwis iersaxe mkveTrad icvleba. bunebam `gamoigona~kvercxi. iwyeba dinozavrebis xana. momdevno 50 wuTis ganmavlobaSi isini TiTqmis yvelgan saxldebian da haersac ki ipyroben.

23:59 sT. – mxolod dRis miwuruls gamoCnda adamiani. iwyeba qvis xana.

24:00 sT. – dedamiwaze 7 miliardze meti adamiani cxovrobs. erT-erTi Sen xar.

dedamiwis istoria asmetrian sarben bilikze

u dedamiwis geologiuri istoria SeiZleba asmetriani sarbeni bilikis saxiTac warmovidginoT. pirvel 25 metrze, sadac pirveli alami dgas, Cveni planeta sruliad ukacrieli da udaburia. mis Semdeg zRvebSi pirveli umartivesi cocxali arsebebi Cndebian. meore niSnulamde, anu 91 metramde, xmeleTi kvlav dausaxlebelia. pirveli ZuZumwovrebi mxolod mesame alamTan, anu 95 metris Semdeg gaCndnen. meoTxe alami ki SegveZlo finiSis xazTa nac dagvesva, radgan uZvelesi adamiani masze mxolod 5 santimetriT win gamoCnda.

7. romel geologiur droSi gaCnda pirveli umartivesi cocxali arseba?

8. ra dro gavida dedamiwis warmoSobidan sococxlis gaCenamde?

9. romel eraSi cxovrobdnen giganturi cxovelebi da ratom gadaSendnen isini?

10. sad aris saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili dinozavris nakvalevi?

11. ra aris dedamiwis istoriaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena?

davaleba

es sainteresoa

31

6. dedamiwis forma da sidide

1. rogori forma aqvs dedamiwas? moiyvane Seni pasuxis damamtkicebeli erTi argumenti.

2. CamoTvale, romeli okeaneebi da kontinentebia dedamiwaze.

3. ra aris polusebi da ekvatori?

gaixsene

dedamiwis sferulobis Sesaxeb pirveli mosazreba Zvel berZen mecniers, aristoteles (Zv.w. 384-322 ww.) ekuTvnis. dedamiwis sferulobas mTeli rigi faqtebi adasturebs: zRvis napiridan jer gemis anZa moCans, Semdeg ki gemis kor-pusi. simaRleze asvlisas horizontis xazi farTovdeba da xedvis are izrdeba. mTvaris dabnelebisas masze dedamiwis Crdils wriuli forma aqvs. adamiani kosmosidan dedamiwas xedavs, rogorc sferul sxeuls.

1. daakvirdi nax. 6.2-s da imsjele: a) ra gansxvavebaa elifsoidsa da geoids Soris; b) Seni azriT, dedamiwaze manZilebis gazomvisas romel formas aniWeben upiratesobas mecnierebi da ratom?

davaleba

nax. 6.1. dedamiwa kosmosSi erT pata ra

wertils, CvenTvis ki uzarmazar sfe-

ros warmoadgens. pirveli astronav-

tebi Cvens planetas ulamazes `lurj

marga lits~ adare b dnen.

nax. 6.2. geoidi dedamiwis saerTo saxis

gamomxatveli warmodgeniTi figuraa.

dedamiwas idealuri sferos forma ara aqvs – polusebTan Sebrtyelebulia, xolo ekvator-Tan – gamozneqili. dedamiwa elifsoids ufro waagavs, vidre sferos.

mogvianebiT dadginda, rom dedamiwa arc m Tlad idealuri elifsoidia. mecnierTa azriT, dedamiwa formiT mxolod Tavis Tavs hgavs, rad-gan uswormasworo zedapiri aqvs. masze aris mTe-bi, vakeebi, Rrmulebi da a.S. amitom mas geoidi uwodes (sxeuli, romelsac dedamiwis forma aqvs, anu dedamiwiseburi).

miwa

wyali

geoidi

elifsoidi

32

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2. gamoTvale, ras udris dedamiwis polaruli radiusi.

3. ratom uwodes dedamiwas geoidi?

4. raSi gamoixateba dedamiwis sididis geografiuli mniSvneloba?

5. axseni, rogor gesmis gamoTqma: `dedamiwis sferuloba masze bunebis mraval-fe rovnebas ganapirobebs~. moiyvane amis damamtkicebeli faqtebi.

6. aage wriuli diagrama: `xmeleTisa da wylis ganawileba dedamiwaze~.

davaleba

u termini `geoidi~ pirvelad germanelma mecnierma, iohan listingma gamoiyena 1873 wels.

u zogierTi mecnieris azriT, dedamiwas erTgvarad gulis forma aqvs, ris gamoc mas kardiodul elifsoids, anu kardioids uwodeben.

f

es sainteresoa

dedamiwis farTobi 510 mln. kv.km-ia. aqedan, wyals 361 mln. kv.km (70,8%), xmeleTs ki 149 mln. kv.km. (29,2%) uWiravs. ekvatoris sigrZe 40076 km-s udris, diametri ki 12750 km-ia. ekvatoruli radiusis sigrZe 6378 km-s Seadgens da polarul radiusze 21 km-iT metia.

dedamiwis formasa da sidides udidesi geografiuli mniSvneloba aqvs. swored misi sferulobis gamoa, rom mzis sxivebi dedamiwas Tanabrad ver ana-Tebs da aTbobs: yvelaze kargad ekvatoris midamoebi naTdeba, xolo poluse-bisaken mzis sxivebis dacemis kuTxe TandaTan mcirdeba. dedamiwis sidide mis mizidulobis Zalas gansazRvravs, romliTac igi atmosferos da Tavis mudmiv Tanamgzavrs, mTvares akavebs.

nax. 6.3. dedamiwa da misi bunebrivi

Tanamgzavri mTvare

dedamiwaze aris okeaneebi da kon-tinentebi. okeaneebia: wynari, atlan-tis, indoeTis, CrdiloeT yinulova-ni da samxreTis, xolo kontinente-bia: afrika, avstralia, CrdiloeT amerika, samxreT amerika, antarqti-da, evropa da azia.

33

1. nax. 7.1-ze daakvirdi deda miwis mdebareo bas 22 ivniss, 23 seqte m bers, 22 dekembe rsa da 21 marts. ro gor fiq rob, ra tom aris es oT xi dRe gamoyofili?

2. nax. 7.1-is mixe d viT daa dgine, sad aris mze zenitSi 22 dekem bers da weliwadis romeli droa samxreT na xe va rsfe roSi?

davaleba

dedamiwa erTdroulad ramdenime saxis moZraobas asrulebs. igi brunavs Tavisi warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo, mzis irgvliv da amave dros – mzesTan erTad galaqtikaSi.

dedamiwa mzis garSemo orbitaze erTi wris Semovlas 365 dRe-Ramesa da 6 saaTs andomebs. dros, romlis ganmavlobaSic dedamiwa mzis garSemo erT srul Semobrunebas andomebs, weliwadi ewodeba. yovel oTx weliwadSi 6 saaTi 24 saaTs, anu erT dRe-Rames gvaZlevs, amitom yovel meoTxe wels weliwadSi 365 dRe-Ramis nacvlad 366 dRe-Rame gvaqvs. aseT weliwads nakians uwodeben. nakian wels TebervalSi Cveulebriv 28 dRe-Ramis nacvlad 29 dRe-Ramea.

orbita – ciuri sxeulis samoZrao gza

zamTari

22 dekem­

beri

24

18

12

6

0

Semodgoma

23 seqtem­

beri

24

18

12

6

0

zafxuli

22 ivnisi

24

18

12

6

0

gazafxuli

21 marti

24

18

12

6

0

ekvatori tropiki zomuri ganedi

samxreTi polusi

nax. 7.1. dedamiwis moZraoba mzis garSemo

dRisa da Ramis xangrZlivoba

sxvadasxva ganedze

gazafxulis bunioba

zamTris nabunioba

Semodgomis bunioba

zafxulis nabunioba

gazafxuli 21 marti

zamTari 22 dekemberi

Semodgoma 23 seqtemberi

zafxuli 22 ivnisi

CrdiloeTis polaruli wre

CrdiloeTi tropiki

ekvatori

samxreTi tropiki

7. dedamiwis wliuri moZraoba

1. rogor Tbeba da naTdeba dedamiwa?

2. ramdeni siTburi (ganaTebis) sartyelia Ddedamiwaze?

3. ra aris tropikebi da polaruli wreebi?

gaixsene

leqsikoni

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dedamiwis moZraoba mzis garSemo da misi warmosaxviTi RerZis orbitis sibr-tyisadmi daxriloba (RerZi 66,50-iT aris daxrili) Cvens planetaze weliwadis droebis cvlas ganapirobebs. mze sxvadasxva dros metad anaTebs xan CrdiloeT, xanac samxreT naxevarsferos. mzesTan ufro axlos myofi naxevarsfero Seda-rebiT met siTbosa da sinaTlis energias iRebs, vidre meore. amitom, roca erT naxevarsferoSi zafxulia, meoreSi – zamTaria.

22 ivnisi zafxulis nabuniobis dRea – yvelaze grZeli dRe CrdiloeT naxe-varsferoSi. am dRes mze zenitSia CrdiloeT tropikis (Crd. naxevarsferos 23,50-iani paralelis) mimarT, amitom CrdiloeTi naxevarsfero gacilebiT met siTbosa da sinaTles iRebs, vidre samxreTi. Sesabamisad, CrdiloeT naxevars-feroSi zafxulia, samxreT naxevarsferoSi – zamTari.

21 martsa da 23 seqtembers mze ekvatoris mimarT zenitSia, ris gamoc Crdi-loeTi da samxreTi naxevarsferoebi sinaTlisa da siTbos Tanabar raodenobas iReben. 21 marti da 23 seqtemberi gazafxulisa da Semodgomis buniobis, anu dReRamuri tolobis dReebia.

dedamiwis RerZis orbitisadmi daxrilobis gamo Cveni planeta araTanabrad Tbeba da naTdeba. dedamiwaze yvelaze metad iq cxela, sadac mzis sxivebi mis zedapirs Sveulad ecema. imis gamo, rom dedamiwa sferosebri sxeulia, mis ume-tes nawils sxivebi daxrilad xvdeba. Sedegad sxivebi ganibneva da maTi inten-sivobac mcirdeba.

udedamiwa mzis garSemo orbitaze wamSi daaxloebiT 30 km-mde siCqariT moZraobs.

unakiania is wlebi, romlis rigiTi nomeri unaSTod iyofa 4-ze.

f

es sainteresoa

nax. 7.2. dedamiwaze xuTi siTburi sartyeli gamoiyofa: erTi

cxeli (tropikuli), ori zomieri da oric – civi (polaruli).

polarulipolaruli

polaruli polaruli

zomierizomieri

tropikulitropikuli

zomierizomieri

3. nax. 7.2.-is mixedviT gansazRvre, sad ufro met siTbur energias iRebs dedamiwa? ratom cxela ekvatorTan da ratom civa polarul raionebSi?

4. rogor fiqrob, ra moxdeboda, dedamiwis warmosaxviTi RerZi orbitis sibrtyis mimarT daxrili rom ar iyos?

5.arsebobs Tu ara dedamiwaze adgilebi, sadac sezonebi ar icvleba? riTaa es gamowveuli?

davaleba

davaleba

35

1. ra mniSvneloba aqvs dedamiwis brunvas?

2. Cven xSirad vambobT: mze amovida, mze Cavida. sinamdvileSi asea?

davaleba

dedamiwa warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mi-marTulebiT brunavs da erT srul Semobrunebas 24 saaTs andomebs. drois am monakveTs dRe-Rame ewodeba. dedamiwis sferulobis gamo mze erTdroulad mxolod erT naxevarsferos anaTebs. dedamiwis im nawilSi, romelic mzis mxare-saa miqceuli da ganaTebulia – dRea, meore naxevari ki am dros gaunaTebelia. Sesabamisad, iq Ramea.

radgan dedamiwa RerZis garSemo Semobrunebas 24 saaTs andomebs, e. i. misi zedapiris yoveli wertili, garda geografiuli polusebisa, erTi saaTis gan-mavlobaSi dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken 150-iT gadaadgil deba (3600:24=150).

dedamiwaze misi dReRamuri brunvis gamo dro yvelgan erTnairi ar aris. drois aTvlis gaadvilebis mizniT, dedamiwis zedapiri 24 sasaaTo sartylad aris dayofili. TiToeuli sartylis sigane grZedis 150-s Seadgens.

sawyis sasaaTo sartylad nulovani, igive 24-e sartyelia miRebuli. aTvla dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken xdeba. saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT, grinviCis meridiani nulovani sasaaTo sartylis Sua meridiania da, Sesabamisad, nulo-vani sasaaTo sartyeli misgan dasavleTiT da aRmosavleTiT 7,50-ze vrceldeba.

nax. 8.1. dedamiwis dReRamuri brunva

CrdiloeTis polaruli wre

CrdiloeTi tropiki

ekvatori

samxreTi tropiki

samxreTis polaruli wre

mz

is

sx

ive

bi

8. dedamiwis dReRamuri brunva da

sasaaTo sartylebi

36

Tavi

geo

lo

giu

ri

dr

o d

a d

edam

iwis

mo

Zr

aob

aIITavi

TiToeuli sartylis yvela punqti am sartylis Sua meridianis droiT sar-geblobs. sasaaTo sartylebis mixedviT aTvlil dros sasartyelo (zoluri) dro ewodeba. mezobel sartylebs Soris drois gansxva veba erTi saaTia.

erT meridianze polusidan polusamde erTi da igive droa, rasac adgilob-rivi dro hqvia. sasartyelo drois sistema or punqts Soris droTa sxvaobis gansazRvras aadvilebs. Tu gvecodineba, romel sasaaTo sartyelSi mdebareobs esa Tu is punqti, advilad gamovTvliT, ra droa iq.

nax. 8.2. sasaaTo sartylis sazRvrebi meridians zustad ar miuyveba da qveynis saxelmwifo

da administraciul sazRvrebs esadageba.

3. ratom SemoiRes sasartyelo dro, Tu meridianis yvela wertilze erTi da igive droa?

4. ra saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba aqvs sasartyelo drois SemoRebas?

5. Tu dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken vmoZraobT, saaTis isars win vwevT, Tu ukan? ratom?

6. romel sasaaTo sartyelSi mdebareobs saqarTvelo? Tbilisi?

7. Tu tokio me-9 sasaaTo sartyelSi mdebareobs, xolo Tbilisi me-3 Si, ras udris maT Soris droSi gansxvaveba? sad ufro adre Tendeba?

8. nax. 8.2-sa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 2) mixedviT daadgine, ra droa beijingSi (pekinSi), tokioSi, vaSingtonSi, londonSi, praRaSi, Tu TbilisSi 13 saaTia.

9. sasaaTo sartylis sazRvrebi rukaze zustad ar emTxveva meridians – zogjer gverds uqcevs did qalaqebs da saxelmwifo sazRvrebs miuyveba. rogor fiqrobT, ratom gakeTda ase?

davaleba

37

dRe-Ramis aTvlaSi gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad Ta-riRTa cvlis xazi SemoiRes. igi sawyisi meridianis mopirda-pire mxaresaa da, ZiriTadad, wynar okeanes kveTs, xmeleTze ar gadis. misgan dasavleTiT dro 24 saaTiT uswrebs misgan aRmosavleTiT arsebul dros. amitom Tu am xazs dasavleTi-dan aRmosavleTisken gadavkveTT, erT dRes vkargavT, xolo Tu aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT – erTsa da imave dRes orjer miviTvliT da erT dRes movigebT.

fes sainteresoa

u nebismieri qveynis mTavrobas SeuZlia sakuTari qveynis sasaaTo sartylis Secvla.

u drois aTvlis gaadvilebisa da moxerxebulobisTvis yoveli qveyana, rogorc wesi, erT dros iyenebs da sasaaTo sartylebs sruli sizustiT ar icavs. mag.: CineTi ramdenime sasaaTo sartyelSi mdebareobs, magram mTeli qveyana erT dros iyenebs.

u 1878 wels kanadelma inJinerma s. flemingma sasartyelo (zoluri) drois proeqti warmoadgina. es proeqti pirvelad aSS-Si 1883 wels SemoiRes.

u 1930 wlis 16 ivniss yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mTel teritoriaze specialuri dekretiT saaTis isrebi erTi saaTiT win gadaswies, raTa zafxulis TveebSi mosaxleobas mzis sinaTle maqsimalurad gamoeyenebina da eleqtroenergia daezoga. SemdgomSi es dro mTel weliwadze gaavrce les. aseT, xelovnurad win waweul dros dekretul dros uwodeben.

u bevr qveyanaSi gazafxulis dasawyisSi saaTis isars 1 saaTiT win sweven da e. w. zafxulis dro SemoaqvT, Semodgomis miwuruls ki isars kvlav ukan abruneben da zamTris dros aRadgenen.

nax. 8.3. TariRTa cvlis

xazi

10. gansazRvre, romel sasaaTo sartyelSi da romel meri di-anze gadis TariRTa cvlis xazi.

11. ratom SemoiRes TariRTa cvlis xazi?

12. ratom gadis igi dausaxlebel adgilebSi?

13. rodis da ratom vwevT saaTis isars win aRmosavleTis mi mar TulebiT moZraobisas da ukan – dasavleTis mi mar T-u lebiT moZraobisas? Tu Sen samogzaurod 10 oq tom bers gaemgzavre, romeli dRe iqneba aRmosavleTiT mog zau ro-bisas? dasavleTiT mogzaurobisas?

14. fernando magelanis eqspedicia dedamiwis garSemo samogzaurod 1519 wels gaemgzavra da espaneTSi 1522 wels dabrunda. samSobloSi dabrunebuli mezRvaurebi gaocebulebi iyvnen imiT, rom mogzaurobis dros maT erTi dRe `dakarges~. rogor fiqrob, ratom moxda ase?

davaleba

38

Semajamebeli samuSao I

I daadgine,mocemulirukebidanromeliekuTvnisZvelber-Zenmecniershekateosmiletels.

rodopis mTebi

libia

e v r o p a

a z i a

ok

ea

ne

ok e

a

ne

at

la

nt

is

z

Rv

a

s a m x r e T i s z R v a

w i T e l i z R v a

S a v i z R v a

azovis zRva

Sav

i z

Rva

atlasebi

karTageni

tertesi

Tebe

memfisi

siena

meroe

kirena

sarmatebi

kavkasia

esedonebi

masagetebi

indoelebi

sogdiana

balxi

balioni

nineviaeqbatana

suzaasureTi

arabeTi

makrobienbi

androfagebi

eTiopia

midia

Trakia

getebi

s k v i Te b i

keltebi

iberia

sparseTi

armiaspebi

hiperboreebi

libia

evropa

a z i a

nilosi

araqsi

alpisi

istresi

karpispi

araqsi

II daadgine,mocemulirukebidanromeliasaxavsqristefo-rekolumbismogzaurobismarSruts.

amerikis aRmoCena

500 wlis win qristefore kolumbi, espa neTis

dedoflis brZanebiT, indoeTisken mimavali

sazRvao gzis aRmosaCenad gaemarTa. kolumbs sje-

roda, rom Tu atlantis okeanes gadacuravda,

azias, kerZod ki – indoeTis napirebs miadgeboda.

qristefore kolumbis eqspedicia espaneTis

navsadgur palosidan (xmelTaSua zRva) gavida.

ramdenime Tvis Semdeg xmeleTi gamoCnda. kolumbi

darwmunebuli iyo, rom man CineTTan mdebare kun-

Zulebs miaRwia. Tumca, sinamdvileSi dRevandeli

centraluri amerikis kunZulebs miadga.

pirveli mogzaurobis dros, kolumbis sami xomaldi –

`santa-maria~, `ninia~ da `pintu~, sul 90 mezRvauriT

amerikis napirebs miadga. `santa-maria~ vest-indoeTSi

marjnis rifze dazianda da amitom kolumbi espaneTSi

ori gemiT dabrunda.

qristefore kolumbs

sjeroda, rom dedamiwa

mrgvalia da darwmunebuli

iyo, rom Tu sul dasavleTis

mimarTulebiT ivlida,

aucileblad aRmosavleTidan

dabrundeboda. kolumbis

Secdoma is iyo, rom mas

dedamiwa ufro patara zomis

egona, vidre sinamdvileSia.

kolumbma kidev samjer imogzaura `indoeTi-

saken~, Tumca sinamdvileSi man axali kontinenti

– amerika aRmoaCina.

qristefore kolumbma amerikaSi oTxjer imogzaura.

54

Tavi2

1

2

3

4wynari

okeane

CrdiloeTi

amerika

samxreTi

amerika

at

la

nt

is

o

ke

an

e

a f r i k a

vest-indoeTis

kunZulebi

palosi

mogzaurobis

marSrutebi

§ 31

buneba 4.indb 54 03.07.2009 19:10:08

a

a

g

g

b

b

afrika

keTili imedis koncxi

k. madagaskari

axali z

elandia

k. borneo

portugalieli mogzaurebi XVI-XVII ss.

a. tasmanis mogzaurobamde aRmoCenili kunZulebi

holandieli mogzaurebi XVI-XVII ss.

a. tasmanis I mogzauroba 1642-1643 ww.

a. tasmanis II mogzauroba1644 w

k. papuaaxali gvinea

axali holandia(avstralia)

batavia(jakarta)

k. iava

malindi

k. tasmania

azia

evropa

afrika

antarqtida

avstralia

samxreTamerika

CrdiloeTamerika

indoeTis okeane

wynari okeane

at

la

nt

is

ok

ea

ne

CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane

wynari okeane

magelanis srute

magelanis srute

1519

w

1522 w

molukis k-ebi.

magelanis mogzaurobis marSruti

magelanis mkvlelobisadgili

39

III naxevarsferoebisadamsofliospolitikurirukebisga-moyenebiTupasuxekiTxvebs:

1. roca CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi zafxulia, romeli sezonia samxreT naxe-varsferoSi?

2. ra mizezebi ganapirobebs dedamiwis siTburi sartyelebis warmoqmnas?3. SeiZleba Tu ara mze iyos zenitSi italiaSi, egvipteSi, braziliaSi, iapo-

niaSi, saqarTveloSi?4. ra moxdeboda TariRTa cvlis xazi dasaxlebul adgilebze rom gadiodes?

IV rukisgareSegamoarkvie,raSeiZlebaiTqvasqveynismde-bareobisSesaxeb,TumisteritoriaskveTs:

a) ekvatori; b) samxreT tropiki; g) CrdiloeT polaruli wre.

V sasaaTosartylebisrukisgamoyenebiTdaadgine:

1. ra droa TbilisSi, Tu parizSi dilis 6 saaTia?2. ra droa beijingSi (pekinSi), Tu TbilisSi 15 saaTia?3. ra droa madridSi, Tu londonSi 17 saaTia?4. ra droa niu-iorkSi, Tu tokioSi 19 saaTia?5. ra droa TariRTa cvlis xazze, Tu sawyis meridianze dilis 8 saaTia?6. romel sasaaTo sartyelSi iqneba X qalaqi, Tu is Tbilisidan aRmosavle-

TiT mdebareobs da misgan 300-iT aris daSorebuli?7. rogori iqneba maT Soris drois sxvaoba, Tu X qalaqi Tbilisidan dasavle-

TiT 300-iTaa daSorebuli?

SeniSvna: qalaqebis mosaZebnad daixmare kedlis ruk, atlasi an danarTi 2.