Blazars & GRBsBlazars & GRBs

Gabriele GhiselliniINAF-Osservatorio di INAF-Osservatorio di

BreraBrera

The fastest macroscopic The fastest macroscopic objects of the Universeobjects of the Universe

Lis

ter+

Lis

ter+

2013

2013

<app>~10 <> > 10

Fermi Fermi FSRQsFSRQs

Earlier on: Earlier on: isotropic isotropic explosionexplosion

Later: energy Later: energy crisis + collapsar crisis + collapsar scenarioscenario

jet

Blazars: collimation Blazars: collimation 1/1/

GRBs: collimation GRBs: collimation

jet

jet

Blazars: collimation Blazars: collimation 1/1/

GRBs: collimation GRBs: collimation

jet

jet

L ~ L’ L ~ L’ 44

L ~ L’ (L ~ L’ (jetjet))2 2

BlazarsBlazars

GRBsGRBs

0Molinari+ 2007

0Molinari+ 2007

0Molinari+ 2007

Ek,iso

n tpeak

3

1/8ttpeakpeak

Ghirlanda+ Ghirlanda+ 20122012Liang+ 2012Liang+ 2012

Blazars: the Blazars: the general general picturepicture

Torus ~1-10 Torus ~1-10 pcpc

Broad Line Broad Line Region ~0.2 pcRegion ~0.2 pc

Within RWithin RBLRBLR

UUBLRBLR= const= const

Within RWithin RTorusTorus

UUIRIR= const= const

RBLR

RTorus

dis

diskk

Big blazarsBig blazarsL>0.01LL>0.01LEdEd

dd

BLR <<0.2 BLR <<0.2 pcpc

weak weak coolingcooling

SSC onlySSC only

““ADAF d

isk”

ADAF d

isk”

L<0.01LL<0.01LEdEd

dd

BL LacsBL Lacs

Rdiss

FSRQs: emission FSRQs: emission lineslines many seed many seed photonsphotons

BL Lacs: no or BL Lacs: no or weak linesweak lines

FSRQsFSRQs

BL Lacs

FSRQsFSRQs

BL Lacs

Rdiss

FSRQsFSRQs BL BL LacsLacs

BL BL LacsLacs

FSRQsFSRQs

BL Lacs

BL Lacs

FSRQsFSRQs FSRQsFSRQs

Blazars and Blazars and GRBs: same GRBs: same efficiencyefficiency

Collimation Collimation correctedcorrected

Colli

mati

on

Colli

mati

on

corr

ect

ed

corr

ect

ed

Nem

men

+ S

cie

nce

Nem

men

+ S

cie

nce

2012

2012

blazarsblazars

GRBsGRBs

Fermi Fermi blazars, one blazars, one p per e-p per e-

GRBsGRBs

Jet launchingJet launching

Internal pressureInternal pressure or magnetic field?or magnetic field?

nnoo

RR

Jet opacity: blazarsJet opacity: blazars

nno o from Mfrom Mout out

~ 0.5~ 0.5 1 P1 Pjetjet

11 L LEddEdd

Jet opacity: GRBsJet opacity: GRBs

aTaT0044

kTkT00

~ n~ n+ +

~~

PPjet,51jet,51

MM11

10101515

1/21/2

3/43/4

Jet launchingJet launching

In GRBs we have 2 possibilities:In GRBs we have 2 possibilities:- internal pressure: - internal pressure: the huge optical depth traps the huge optical depth traps photons inside photons inside - magnetic field- magnetic field

In blazars:In blazars:- internal pressure: - internal pressure: the optical depth is smallthe optical depth is small- magnetic field- magnetic field

Jet launchingJet launching

In GRBs we have 2 possibilities:In GRBs we have 2 possibilities:- internal pressure: - internal pressure: the huge optical depth traps the huge optical depth traps photons inside photons inside - magnetic field- magnetic field

In blazars:In blazars:- internal pressure: - internal pressure: the optical depth is smallthe optical depth is small- magnetic field- magnetic field

Magnetic field:Magnetic field:- Produced and amplified by the disk- Produced and amplified by the disk- Link with accretion - Link with accretion

Blandford & ZnajekBlandford & Znajek U UBB ~ ~ cc2 2 @ @ RRs s

This explains why PThis explains why Pjj ~ L ~ Ldd

B ~ 10B ~ 101515-10-101616 G in GRBs G in GRBsB ~ 10B ~ 1044 G in blazars G in blazarsB ~ 10B ~ 1099 G in galactic superluminals G in galactic superluminals

synchrsynchroo

EECCSmall Small

BB

torus

disk

X-ray corona

Fermi Fermi FSRQsFSRQs

Power in cold protons Power in cold protons (1 per emitting e-)(1 per emitting e-)

Power in rel. Power in rel. electronselectrons

Power in Poynting Power in Poynting fluxflux

Power in radiation Power in radiation ((model indipendentmodel indipendent))

Disk luminosityDisk luminosity

MMoutout /M/Min in for blazars and for for blazars and for

GRBsGRBsPPjetjet = = MMoutoutcc

22

LLdd = = MMinincc22for for blazars:blazars:

MMoutout /M/Min in for blazars and for for blazars and for

GRBsGRBsPPjetjet = = MMoutoutcc

22

LLdd = = MMinincc22for for blazars:blazars:

PPjetjet

LLd d

MMouou

t t MMin in

== ~ 10~ 10--

22

blazarsblazars

MMoutout /M/Min in for blazars and for for blazars and for

GRBsGRBsPPjetjet = = MMoutoutcc

22

LLdd = = MMinincc22for for blazars:blazars:

for for GRBs:GRBs:

MMin in

~~

0.1 M0.1 MOO

ttburstburst

PPjetjet

LLd d

MMouou

t t MMin in

==

MMouou

t t MMin in

==cc22 0.1 0.1 MMOO

EEkk~ 5.5x10~ 5.5x10-4-4

22

EEk5k5

22

~ 10~ 10--

22

blazarsblazars

Blazars and Blazars and GRBs: a GRBs: a

differencedifference

Blazars: the Blazars: the redder redder the more powerful the more powerful coolingcooling

GRBs: the GRBs: the bluer bluer the more the more powerfulpowerful heating?? heating?? ??

““Amati

Amati

””““G

hir

land

Ghir

land

a”a”

EEp

eak

p

eak

[keV

][k

eV

]

EE [erg][erg]

ConclusionsConclusions

Jets are the most efficient Jets are the most efficient engine of Natureengine of Nature

Compare jet power and LCompare jet power and Ldiskdisk

as a function of the accretion as a function of the accretion rate. Normalize to Eddington.rate. Normalize to Eddington.

16

44

+5

71

64

4+

57

?? Late pro

mpt in

Late pro

mpt in

GRBs?

GRBs?

bla

zars

bla

zars

GBRsGBRs

Fossati

et

al.

1998;

Don

ato

et

al.

Fossati

et

al.

1998;

Don

ato

et

al.

2001

2001

TheThe “blazar“blazar sequence”sequence”FSRQs

BL LacsBL Lacs

BATBAT

IntegraIntegrall

FSRQsFSRQs

BL LacsBL Lacs

Lin

e

Lin

e

stre

ng

thst

ren

gth

Fossati

et

al.

1998;

Don

ato

et

al.

Fossati

et

al.

1998;

Don

ato

et

al.

2001

2001

FSRQsFSRQs

BL LacsBL Lacs

M/M

M/M

Edd

Edd

Fossati

et

al.

1998;

Don

ato

et

al.

Fossati

et

al.

1998;

Don

ato

et

al.

2001

2001

Next talk by M

eyer

Next talk by M

eyer

Sb

arr

ato

+ 2

01

1S

barr

ato

+ 2

01

1

SDSS+1LACSDSS+1LAC

Do we really need to divide blazars?Do we really need to divide blazars?

5x105x10--

44

EW<5A

EW>5A

Narayan & Yi 1995: LBLR/LEdd ~

10-3

Sharma+ 2007: LBLR/LEdd ~ 10-

5

M-M- Plotkin+ Plotkin+ 20112011

Black hole Black hole masses (for masses (for FSRQs)FSRQs)

UVOTUVOT

XRTXRT

FermiFermi

GG

, Tavecch

io &

Gh

irla

nd

a 2

009

GG

, Tavecch

io &

Gh

irla

nd

a 2

009

Low energy synchro Low energy synchro peak: leave the disk peak: leave the disk naked!naked!

torus disk X-ray

corona

synchrsynchroo

SSC

SSC

EECC

MM BHBH=2x1

0

=2x10

99

BATBAT

MM BHBH=10=10

11

00

The jet cannot have less power than what The jet cannot have less power than what required to produce the observed required to produce the observed luminosity:luminosity:

PPjetjetLLobsobs

22>>

If PIf Pjetjet is twice as much, is twice as much, halves. halves.

We can take that as the minimum PWe can take that as the minimum Pjet.jet.

This limit is model-independent.This limit is model-independent.

1 proton per electron 1 proton per electron no no pairspairs

Having pairs would reduce PHaving pairs would reduce Pjetjet. .

But where are they created?But where are they created?

PausePause

• PPjetjet ~ Mc ~ Mc22,, even larger than Leven larger than Ldd

• For For all all M/MM/MEddEdd

• BL LacsBL Lacs ADAF ADAF FSRQs FSRQs SS SS

• LLBLRBLR/L/LEddEdd divides divides BL Lacs BL Lacs from FSRQsfrom FSRQs

• Matter, not magnetic, dominated Matter, not magnetic, dominated

PPr r = radiation ~ = radiation ~

LLobsobs//22PPe e = relat. = relat.

electronselectronsPPp p = protons= protons

PPB B = B-field= B-field RR

jet power and accretion jet power and accretion luminosityluminosity

~1017 cm

Shakura-Sunjaev disk: Ld

Pjet = Pe+Pp+PB

What is a blazar?What is a blazar?

A jetted AGN, whose jet is relativistic A jetted AGN, whose jet is relativistic ((~10) and is “pointing at us”.~10) and is “pointing at us”.

To be more quantitative:To be more quantitative:

viewview

For each blazar, For each blazar, 2222 radio-loud AGN radio-loud AGN pointing elsewhere: FR I and FRII radio-pointing elsewhere: FR I and FRII radio-galaxiesgalaxies

3 months, 10 3 months, 10

BL LacsBL LacsFlatFlat

SteepSteep FSRQsFSRQs

LL

Fossati

et

al.

1998;

Don

ato

et

al.

Fossati

et

al.

1998;

Don

ato

et

al.

2001

2001

M/M/MM EddEdd

GG

, M

ara

sch

i, T

avecc

hio

200

9G

G,

Mara

sch

i, T

avecc

hio

200

9

2 years– 4Ackermann+ 2011

Molinari+ 2007Molinari+ 2007

IsotropicIsotropic

Colli

mati

on

Colli

mati

on

corr

ect

ed

corr

ect

ed