Bluetooth RF Technology - National Chung Cheng Universityhccc.ee.ccu.edu.tw/courses/bt/vg/rf.pdf · Wireless Comm. Lab. CCU-EE Contents I. RF Specifications II. RF Transceiver Chipsets

Wireless Comm. Lab.CCU-EE

Bluetooth RF Technology

張盛富副教授

國立中正大學電機工程系

(05)2720411-33218, Fax:(05)2720862

[email protected]

September 11, 2001 at NCCU-CTR


Contents

I. RF Specifications

II. RF Transceiver Chipsets

III. RF Transceiver Circuit Design

IV. Coverage Calculation, Simulation, and Measurement

V. Conclusions


(1) Integrated Technologies on

1. Low-Cost--- Single-Chip RF and Baseband IC

LTCC for passive Components

2. Compact--- BGA package

3. Ease of use--- Protocol Stacks

I. RF Specifications


Radio Module Hardware

Radio Baseband

Link ControlRF+Mod/Demod

CPU

Link Manager

SRAM

Flash

Host interface

OS-Independent Software Stack

Ericsson ROK101007 Bluetooth Module


Ref: H. Arfwedson and R. Sneddon, “Ericsson’s Bluetooth Module,” Ericsson Review, No. 4, 1999


• Low power consumption(Estimates calculated with 600 mAh battery, power will vary with implementation)

– Standby current < 0.3 mA

• 3 months – Voice mode 10 mA

• 60 hours

– Data mode average 6 mA (20% utilization)

• 100 hours

• Low Power Architecture– Hold and Park modes 60 µA

• Devices connected but not participating

• Device can participate within 2 ms

• 1 year battery life time


(2) Frequency Band: operations in unlicensed ISM band at 2.4 GHz

Country Frequency Range RF Channels

Europe* & USA

Japan

Spain

France

2400 – 2483.5MHz

2471 – 2497 MHz

2445 – 2475 MHz

2446.5 – 2483 MHz

f = 2402 + k MHz

f = 2473 + k MHz

f = 2449 + k MHz

f = 2454 + k MHz

k = 0, … ,78

k = 0, … ,22

k = 0, … ,22

k = 0, … ,22

* Except Spain and France


2402 2480Frequency (MHz)

USA, Europe

2400 2483.5

1 2 79

2454 2483.5

France

2446.5 2476

1 2 23

Frequency (MHz)2449 2475

Spain

2445 2471

1 2 23


2402 2480Frequency (MHz)

USA, Europe

2400 2483.5

1 2 79

timeslave

master

4 76 1 5 79 10 25 40

§ Frequency Hopping• 1600 hops/s (nominal connection mode) (625 us)• 3200 hops/s (page and inquiry modes)• Same hopping sequence for all devices in a piconet.


§ TDMA / TDD

625 µs

t

t

f(2k) f(2k+1) f(2k+2)


• Fast frequency hopping for high interference protection

– Other applications use the same frequence range: microwave ovens, baby monitors, garage door openers, ...

– Pseudo random hopping sequence

– Collisions with adjacent Bluetooth links are possible


MASTER

SLAVE 1

SLAVE 2

A B B CX

Z Z

F G H

NAK ACK

Auto Retransmission


§ Modulation and Bit Rate

• GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying)

Gaussian LPF

FMModulator(e.g. VCO)

BT=0.5s(t)

Tune fc

id 1= ±data


[ ]0

BT = 0.5 (B=3dB bandwidth of Gaussian transmit filter)

Modulation Index 0.28 < h < 0.35

( ) 2 cos 2 ( )

: Transmit power

: Symbol period (1 ), =1Mpbs

: Carrier frequecy

( )

c

b

c

ii

s t P f t t

P

T us R

f

t d

π θ θ

θ

= + +

=

g

g

g

{ }

( )

1

( ) : The impulse respone of the Gaussian filter.

t

w

i

h g d

d

g t

π τ τ−

∈ ±

∑ ∫


fd = 140 kHz to 175 kHz


(3) Transmitter Characteristics

Transmitted Power

2402 2480Frequency (MHz)2400 2483.5

M

0 dBm (1 mW)Class 3


2402 2480Frequency (MHz)2400 2483.5

0 dBm (1mW) ,minimum Class 1

20 dBm (100 mW), maximum

2402 2480Frequency (MHz)2400 2483.5

0 dBm (1 mW) nomimalClass 2

-6 dBm (0.25 mW),minimum

4 dBm (2.5 mW), maximum


Spurious Emissions: USA-FCC parts 15.247, 15.249, 15.205, 15.209

Japan-RCR STD-33

Europe-ETSI 300 328

In-Band Spurious Emissions:

Frequency (MHz)

24002483.5

M

PTX PTX-20 dB

-20 dBm

-40 dBm

M+2

M±0.55M+3

-20 dBm

-40 dBm

M−3

M-2


Out-of-Band Spurious Emissions:

Frequency (Hz)

30M

-47 dBm

-30 dBm-30 dBm-36 dBm

1.8-1.9G

1G

5.15-5.30G

12.75G

-47 dBm

-57 dBm

operation mode

idle mode


(4) Receiver Characteristics

Sensitivity= -70 dBm for 0.001 BER

Maximal Usable power= -20 dBm for 0.001 BER


Interference Resistance(BER=0.001)

Frequency (MHz)2400

2483.5M

-60 dBm

M+1

-60 dBm

M-1


Frequency (MHz)2400

2483.5M

-30 dBm

M+1

-60 dBm

M-1 M+2

Frequency (MHz)2400

2483.5M

-37dBm

M+1

-67 dBm

M-1 M+2 M+3


Frequency (MHz)

24002483.5M

-58dBm

M+1

-67 dBm

M-1 M+2 M+3 Image frequency


Out-of-Band Blocking (BER<=0.001)

Frequency (Hz)30M

-10 dBm-10 dBm

2000-2399M, 2498-3000M

1G 12.75G

-27 dBm

-67 dBm

Out-of-band CW


Intermodulation Resistance (BER<=0.001)

Due to RF module internal nonlinearity

Frequency (MHz)2400

2483.5M

-39 dBm(CW)

M+3

-64 dBm

-39 dBm(GFSK)

M+6M+4 M+8M+5 M+10


Frequency (Hz)

30M

-47 dBm

1G 12.75G

-57 dBm

Spurious Emissions


(I) RF Transceiver Architecture

II. RF Transceiver Chipsets

Zero-IF Low-IF High-IF

Open-LoopMod/Freq DiscDemod

Ericsson PBA313 01/2,IF=3MHz

Philips UAA3558, IF=1 MHz

OKI ML7050

NS, LMX3162,IF=110MHz

Temic T2901 IF=111MHz

IQ Mod/DemodSilicon Wave SiW

1502


Ericsson:

•PBA313 01/2 Bluetooth Radio(1.0B compliant)

•PBA313 01/3 Bluetooth Radio(1.1 compliant)

form a complete RF transceiver with an antenna and a 13 MHz reference frequency

BGA package + LTCC

•PBA313 04 Bluetooth Radio(1.1 compliant)

form a complete RF transceiver with an antenna and a reference frequency of 12.0 MHz, 19.2 MHz, 19.68 MHz, or 19.8 MHz

BGA package + LTCC


Receiver: 2.4 GHz → 3 MHz → hard-limiter demodulation, analog baseband signal

Transmitter: analog baseband signal directly modulate on VCO

RF channel selection/hopping: PLL frequency synthesized at 1.3 GHz


ROK101007 Bluetooth Module

•Class 2 Radio Module

•Bluetooth 1.0B compliant

• HCI firmware included

• Multipoint operation

• include baseband controller, flash memory, and

a radio

• UART, PCM, and USB, IIC

•32.9x16.8x2.75 mm


ROK101007

PBA313 01/2


ROK101007 Inverted F antenna

Developers Kit


Reference: M. Ali and G.J. Hayes, “Analysis of Itegrated Inverted-F Antennas for Bluetooth Applications,” Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communications, 2000 IEEE APS Conference, pp. 21-24, 2000.

Inverted F Antenna


UAA3558 Bluetooth RF Transceiver

• BiCMOS, evolution from DECT technology

• one-chip low-IF architecture-1 MHz

• integrated low noise VCO

• 4 dBm programmable TX preamplifier

• a reference clock-12, 13, 16, or 26 MHz

• Synthesizer controlled 3-wire serial bus

• no SAW and crystal filters

• 3 V supply voltage

• supply current- during RX guard space 25 mA during demodulation 60 mA

during TX guard space 36 mA during transmission 30 mA

in power-down 10 µA


UAA3558


BGB100 TrueBlue Bluetooth Radio Module

•Class 2 Radio Module

•Bluetooth 1.1 compliant

•needs only an external antenna and

a reference clock(12, 13, 16, or 26 MHz)

•LGA package + LTCC

• simple interfacing to baseband controller,

controlled 3-wire serial bus

•12.23x9.8x1.9 mm


Block Diagram

BGB100BGB100

UAA3558


PCF87750 Bluetooth Baseband Controller

•nickname ‘Blueberry’


•embedded softwares:

Link Controller, Link Manager, HCI firmware

• ARM7TDMI RISC microprocessor with 384 kbytes Flash Memory and 64 kbytes SRAM

•I/O interfaces: USB, UART, I2Cbus, SPI and general purpose I/Os

• Voice: voice CODECs, CVSD, PCM

•RF/BB interface: mixed analog and digital interfaces

• Power management unit


BByK Blueberry Developers Kit

•Bluetooth 1.1 compliant HW and SW

•embedded softwares:

Link Controller, Link Manager, HCI firmware

• ARM7TDMI RISC microprocessor with 384 kbytes Flash Memory and 64 kbytes SRAM

•I/O interfaces: USB, UART, I2Cbus, SPI and general purpose I/Os

• Voice: voice CODECs, CVSD, PCM

•RF/BB interface: mixed analog and digital interfaces

• Power management unit



LMX3162 Radio Transceiver

Receiver: 2.4 GHz → 111 MHz → hard-limiter demodulation, analog baseband signal

Transmitter: analog baseband signal directly modulate on VCO

RF channel selection/hopping: PLL frequency synthesized at 1.3 GHz


LMX5001 Link Controller


NS Bluetooth Solution


SiW 1502 Radio Modem IC



•Radio and modem with combined RF analog and digital CMOS circuits on a single integrated silicon chip

• Deirect conversion Receiver: 2.4 GHz → Baseband IQ

• Integrated GFSK modem with digital modulaton, channel filtering, AFC, symbol timing recovery, and bit slicer

• RF channel selection/hopping: PLL frequency synthesized at 2.4 GHz


SiW 1602 Link Controller IC


Taiyo Yuden Bluetooth Module

Use Silicon Wave SiW1502 and SiW1602


BT-SDK Bluetooth Development Kit


III. RF Transceiver Circuit Design

NS LM3162 Example

LMX3162

LNA

TR switch

Power Amplifier

VCO

RF-BB Interface Connector

Antenna

IF SAW

Baseband DC Compen.

Selection Filter

Image Filter


1. Transmitter

(1) Link Budget

×2

LMX3162DriverAmp

2-stagePower Amp

T/R SwitchDR Filter

2402~2479MHz

Output Power : 19 dBm 21 dBm 22 dBm 0 dBm -7.5 dBm


(2) Driver Amplifier

OutputInput

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 36

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Input return loss Output return lossAmplifier gain

-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Driver AmplifierFrequrncy 2400 ~ 2480MHzDC bias 3.6V; 9mA

gain 13.2 dBInput return loss >16.5 dB

Output return loss > 15.5 dBOP1dB 6 dBmOIP3 16 dBm

P1dB


(3) Power Amplifier

Input

Output

matchcircuit 2

BFG21W

BFG425W

matchcircuit 1

matchcircuit 3

• Match circuit 1: for input return loss

• Match circuit 2 & Match circuit 3 : for maximum output power

• two stage, Class AB


2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Output power vs freqyency at Pin = 0 dBm

Input return loss

Measurement of harmonic


Frequency 2400~2480 MHz

dBOP1 23.5dBm

3OIP 34.5dBm

Small signal gain 22dB

Input return loss >12.5dB

Output return loss >10dB

2nd harmonic -40dBc

3rd harmonic -33dBc

dBm22P@PAE out = 41%

DC bias 3.6V;98mA

CW measurement result


Input signal : GFSK, 0dBm Output signal : 22dBm


(4) Dielectric Filter

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

•Antenna filter

•Image rejection filter

Insertion loss : 2.5dB

Return loss : 15dB

•TOKO TDFM1A-2450T-10


(5) T/R Switch

51

.

.

. .

TX

Ant

RX

Vb

Vb high → transmit mode

Vb low → receive mode


2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

Receive Mode Measurement

return loss

insertion loss

isolation

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

Transmit Mode Measurement

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-20

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

return loss

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

insertion loss

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

isolation

RX portAnt port

TX to RXTX to Ant

Ant portTX port

Ant to RXTX to RX


2. Frequency Synthesizer

Loop Filter

×2 1.3GHz PLL

LMX3162

ModulationInput

3162Control

2402~2479MHz

VCO


•Requirement sensitivity : 50MHz/V

•common base Colppits type

C1

C2

MicrotripLine

Voltage Controlled Oscillator

電壓控制振盪器特性表

電源電壓 3.6V消耗電流 12mA控制電壓 0.4~2.4V頻率範圍 1080~1300MHz靈敏度 110MHz/V輸出功率 -6.67~ -2.5 dBm(1145~1240MHz)第二諧波 < -18 dBm相位雜訊 < -78 dBc/Hz@10kHz

< -108 dBc/Hz@100kHz


Measurement of phase noise Measurement of 2nd harmonic

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.41.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

Vb (V)

freq

uenc

y (G

Hz)

1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

frequency (GHz)

Pow

er (d

Bm

)


R counter

VCO

A counter

B counter

Prescaler

PFDOutput

Reference

LPF

LMX3162

R2C1

C2

Charge pumpoutput

VCOR3

C3

Loop filter circuit

Phase-Locked Loop


Lock Time Measurement:

2291MHz jump to 2480MHz (worst case)

Lock Time: 150 μsec


τ

+

-

Loop Filter

×2 1.3GHz PLL 3162Control

SAW RC

ActiveLPF

AnalongOutput

T/R SwitchDR Filter

2402~2479MHz

LNA

LC Tank

LMX3162

DR Filter

•Superheterodyne

•High IF at 111MHz

3. Receiver


Link Budget Calculation

stage#DR FilterSwitchLNADR FilterMixerSAW IF AmpRC Filter

Gain(dB)-2.5-0.612.5-2.5 15 -10 10 -3

NF (dB)1.5 1.5 2 1.5 13 3 10 3

iP1dB(dBm)40 20 -11 40 -7.5-10 0 40

iIP3(dBm)60 40 0 60 2.5 10 11 60

cascaded gain(dB)-2.5-3.19.4 6.9 21.911.921.918.9

cascaded NF(dB)1.5 3.325.245.3 8.618.618.958.95

siganl output(dBm)-75.5-76.1-63.6-66.1-51.1-61.1-51.1-54.1

input signal(dBm)-73 dBm

system gain18.9 dB

system noise figure8.95 dB

system IP1dB-25.4dBm

System IIP3-13 dBm


(1) Low Noise Amplifier

.

.

.

OutputInput

10pF 0.1uF3.6V

.

.

.

.

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 310

12

14

16

18

20

Amplifier gainInput return loss Output return loss


Measurement of P1dB

-17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

DC bias 3.6 V; 9mA

frequency 2400~2500MHzgain 12.7 ± 0.2 dB

input return loss > -16 dBoutput return loss > -18 dBNF (simulation) < 2.1 dB

OP1dB 1 dBmOIP3 10.75 dBm


(2) IF SAW Filter

330nH

39pF

330nH

39pF1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,11,12

TFS 111A10 4Input

Output

101 103 105 107 109 111 113 115 117 119-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

•Insertion loss : 8dB

•3dB bandwidth : 1MHz•12dB bandwidth : 2MHz


(3) Frequency Discriminator

LT=68nH 3.9K

CT=6.5~30pF

0.1uF100pF

Vcc

from LimitOutput

LMX3162

FrequncyDiscriminator

111MHz±175KHz2.1 V±0.05V

f1 f2

freq

Analog output

GFSK input

Higher resonator Q

→ narrower bandwidth

→ better SNR


(4) Active Lowpass Filter

3.3k2SC4095

3.3k

47pF

1k

22pF

100 3.6V

Input

Output

3dB cutoff frequency at 1.2 MHz


(5) Digital Output Circuit

+

-

1k

1k

5.1k

+

-

3k

LMX3162

2700pF

+

-1k

Input

DigitalOutput

Vcc

1.2V

OP1

OP2

Comparator


Integration Measurement Facility At CCU

Vector signal generator

vector signal analyzer

NF Meter

Modulation Domain Analyzer

Vector Network Analyzer

Spcetrum Analyzer Probe

station


Measurement : α=0.31 ~ 0.34

Bluetooth Spec. : α=0.28 ~ 0.35


Frequency Drift

Type of Packet Bluetooth Spec. MeasurementOne-slot packet ±25kHz ±2.7kHzFive-slot packet ±40kHz ±5.3kHz


TX Measurement Result

Measurement Items Bluetooth Spec Measurement Note

Output Power(class 1) 20dBm-0dBm 18.2±1.2dBm No Power Controll

Modulation Index 0.28-0.35 0.31-0.34 pass

±550kHz -20dBc -21.3dBc pass

±2MHz -20dBm -35dBm passIn-of-band

Spurious>±3MHz -40dBm -35dBm

Out-of-band Spurious -57dBm -60dBm pass

One-slot ±25kHz 2.7kHz passFrequency

Drift Five-Slot ±40kHz 5.3kHz pass


Receiver TestReceiver Test

Sensitivity

3784A

Bluetooth A (RX)

ESG-4000

Trasmit Data

DemodulateData

BluetoothSignal

-76 -74 -72 -70 -68 -66 -6410

-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

Bluetooth Spec : -70 dBm

Measurement : -72 dBm


Adjacent Interference Measurement

3784A

Bluetooth B (TX)

Bluetooth A (RX)

ESG-4000

Trasmit Data

Attenuator

InterferingSignal

DemodulateData

BluetoothSignal

Signal

Interference

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

Adjacent 1 MHz


Intermodulation Measurement

3784A

Bluetooth A (RX)

ESG-4000

Trasmit Data

CW Signal@f1

DemodulateData

BluetoothSignal @f0

8648C

Bluetooth B (TX)

Attenuator

BluetoothSignal @f2

Signal:f0

Receive Signal CW Signal GFSK Signal BER

-64dBm 2400MHz -39dBm 2403MHz -39dBm 2406MHz 31.810 −g

-64dBm 2400MHz -39dBm 2404MHz -39dBm 2408MHz 41.610 −g

-64dBm 2400MHz -39dBm 2405MHz -39dBm 2410MHz 58.210−g

Signal:f0

CW:f1

GFSK:f2


RSSI Range

Out

put a

t RSS

I pi

n(V

)

Receiver Signal (-dBm)

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -200.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2


Measurement Item Bluetooth Spec

Sensitivity -70dBm

C/Ico-channel 11dB

C/I1MHz 0dB

C/I2MHz -30dB

C/I3MHz -40dB

C/Iimage -9dB

Interference

C/Iimage±1MHz -20dB

Power : -10dBm30-2000MHz

3-12.75GHzOut-of-Band Blocking

Power : -27dBm2000-2399MHz

2498-3000MHz

Intermodulation ( 0 1 2 2 1f =2f - f a n d f -f =n 1MHz× ) n=3,4,5

Maximum input -20dBm

30MHz-1GHz -57dBmSpurious

1GHz-12.75GHz -47dBm

RSSI -40dBm~-60dBm

RX Measurement Result


−91 dBm system and thermal noise

−70 dBm signal sensitivity

d −2

d −n

do = 1 m d = 10 m

0 dBm

−114 dBm thermal noise

C/I=21 dB

NF=23 dB

IV. Coverage Calculation and Simulation, and Measurement


Indoor Wave Propagation

• Direct propagation(line of sight)

• Reflection,

• Diffraction,

• Scattering Laptop computer

Laptop computer


Direct propagation

Lfs (dB) = 147.6 + GT (dB) + GR(dB) − 20log f − 20log d

2( , ) ( , )( )4

Rfs T R

T

PL G G

P dλ

θ φ θ φπ

≡ =

TXTX

PT

GT

RXRX

GR

d


Reflection

Perpendicular(horizontal) polarization Parallel(vertical) polarization

Ei

Hi

Er

Hr

Ht

Et

Incident plane

EiHi

Er

Hr

HtEt

Incident plane


Reflection coefficient depends on polarization, incident angel, frequency


Diffraction

P

zo


Scattering


Induce signal fading


Induce signal arrival time-delay spread

time

time

transmitted

received at 10 m away


Ericsson Model


3D Electromagnetic Simulation


At Lab


On the 5th floor


Measurement setup


V. Conclusion

• Universal radio interface for wireless connectivity• short-range (10m) ad hoc networks using the license-free 2.45 GHz

(ISM) band

• Low-cost RF modules for mass mark

• Low power consumption

• Voice and data transmission

• Applications mainly for all portable device

• BiCMOS Multiple Chip towards Single Chip Solution


• Advantage Technology for Compact Size• Low-Temperature Cofired Ceramic Multilayer (LTCC)• Ball-Grid-Array Package

• Frequency hopping to combat the hostile enviroment

• Zero-IF, Low-IF and High-IF chipsets available, varying from cost and circuit complexity

• Hybrid MIC or RFIC Circuit Design

• Circuit and Module measurement

• Coverage Calculation, EM simulation, and field Measurement

Documents

Bluetooth RF Technology - National Chung Cheng Universityhccc.ee.ccu.edu.tw/courses/bt/vg/rf.pdf · Wireless Comm. Lab. CCU-EE Contents I. RF Specifications II. RF Transceiver Chipsets