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CopyrightHenryA.Kissinger,2011,2012

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NhxutbnCngannhndngibnquynTingVittrntonthgii

BinmctrnxutbnphmcaThvinQucgiaVitNam

Kissinger,Henry

BnvTrungQuc=OnChina :Sch thamkho /HenryKissinger;NguynQuangHuydch;oTunh...-Inln2.-H.:Cngannhndn,2016.-568tr.;24cm

ISBN9786047216505

1. Quanhngoigiao2.TrungQuc3.Schthamkho327.51dc23.

CAM0016P-CIP

LIGIITHIUEbookminphti:www.Sachvui.Com

Sauhn30nmtinhnhcicchvmca,TrungQuctcnhiuthnhtutolntrnnhiulnhvc.nnay,tngsnphmqucdncaTrungQucngthhaitrnthgii,dtrngoitnghnguthgii,TrungQuccmtvthmitrntrngquct.ChnhschvchinlcngoigiaocaTrungQuccnhngnhhngnhtnhivi khu vc v th gii. V vy cc nc trong khu vc v trn th giikhng ch quan tm, theo di n nhng thnh tu pht trin ca TrungQuc,m cn quan tm nghin cu, tham kho chin lc v chnh schngoigiaocaTrungQuc.

Tuynhin,quanhquctchu-ThiBnhDnghintiangrtnngviqutrnhdchchuynquynlcgiamtbnlTrungQuc-cngqucangtridy,cnbnkialM-cngquctruynthng.VVitNam-vitcchmtqucgiacvtrchinlcvvaitrquctangni ln rtnhanh - cnphix l thc skhnkho trongmtmitrngchnhtrkhuvcybinngnhth.Do,vicnghincuvtnhhnhTrungQuc,trongcchnhschngoigiaocaTrungQucvccnckhcrtcn thitivichng ta.Trn tinh thnvnghaNhxutbnCngannhndnxutbncunschthamkhoBnvTrungQuc (OnChina)caTin sHenryA.Kissinger,nguyncvnAnninhqucgiakimNgoitrngHoaKdithicctngthngRichardNixonvGeraldFord (1968-1975); th hin chnh sch ngoi giao vi nc lncaMvTrungQuc.bncd tip cn cc lung thng tin khcnhau,chng ti tmnguynmtsnhnnh,nhgicangHenryKissingercthtrichiuvinhiuhcgikhcvchngta.Hyvngcunschltiliuthamkhochocnb,chinsCnganvcgihiucnhng quan im tri chiu v cn bng quyn lc ton cu trong th kXXI,vmtTrungQucttruynthngnhini...tgpphnnngcaonhnthc,gpphnutranhchngnhngquanimttngsaitriviquanim,nglicangvNhncnhmlmthtbimmuvthonhotng"dinbinhabnh"gybolonltcaccthlcthch.

NHXUTBNCNGANNHNDN

http://sachvui.com/

NhngLiKhenNgiCangiBn vTrungQuc caHenryA.Kissinger "Hpdn, khn

ngoan, thngminh...ChndungncTrungQuc trong[cunsch]cthhinbngkinthctrctipvsusccangiKissingervmtsthhccnhlnhoTrungQuc.Cunschkhololntheoduvtnhngnhp iu, khunmu trong lch s Trung Quc... ngay c khi gii thchnhngskhcbitvtritlsoviM".

-MichikoKakutani,TheNewYorkTimes

"Hp dn... Trong Bn v Trung Quc, nh chnh khch HenryKissingerginhnnhngghichp lchsvbnminmtng tctrctipvibnthhnhlnhoTrungQuc,nhmphntchmilinktgiaqukhxaxacaTrungQucvnglihinnaycah.Khilmth,nggipnhhnhnhngquanhng-Tyhinibngmtli gii thch ng lo ngi, v i khi trn y hy vng, lun lun thuytphcvnhnggchngtaphingu".

-ChicagoSun-Times

"Hpdn...KhngmtngiMhin ti nongmtvai trquantrngnhthngoiHenryKissinger,nguyncvnanninhqucgiakimngoitrng,khimanglithnhcngvicniliquanhhunghgiaMvTrungQuc... [Kissinger]vinhngcinhn thu sutvo cucchmtrnaukhcaTrungQucvinhngcngqucphngTymnhhnnhiu".

-SanFranciscoChronile

"Bn vTrungQuc, cun sch thmi ba caKissinger, pha trngiaphntchchinlcscsovnhngbcivbinphpiphcaTrungQuc,MvLinbangXVittrckia,vinhngonvngyntngmnhvcccucgpgcangviccnh lnhongCngsnLinX...Rtthv".

-LosAngelesTimes

"HenryKissingerkhngchlphivinchnhthcngiMutinnTrungQucCngsn,ngcnkintrvaitrtrunggiancamnhsuthnnmmichuynisutbnthpnin,bcnhpcutrongsnghipcabynhlnhocachaibnvmtngoigiaomni,ngshumt quyn kinh doanh, v viBn vTrungQuc, khi tui 88, ng

phnnhlihnhtrnhngkcamnh.nmtmcmTrungQucvM gi hiu v nhau, lmt bin php tt vKissinger lmngibindchchuyncnchochaibn".

-MaxFrankel,TheNewYorkTimesBookRevieiv

"Khngcnaicthtramtihictmnhhngnthvvic nh hnh chnh sch ngoi giao hn nmmi nm qua nhHenryKissinger".

-FinancialTimes

"ivimtchnhkhchcaotuixutchngnhth,mtlinhgiscsovthutngoigiaoTrungQuctthixachon"nimtinchinlc"yhinnayviM,nguynNgoitrngKissingerakinthchcgiphongph,chuynmnthunthccamnhvotrongghichpvs tin ha phc tp v tng lai mong manh ca thut ngoi giao giaTrungQuc vi phngTy...Nhng li nimang tnh uyn bc, nhngvincnhthenchtcavonhmtnhnvtchnhthamgiavoccskinlchs".

-KirkusRevieivPENGINBOOKS

PENGUINBOOS

BNVTRUNGQUC

HenryKissinger l c vnAn ninhQuc gia sau lNgoi trngHoaKdithiccTngthngRichardNixonvGeraldFord,tngtvnchonhiutngthngMkhcvchnhschngoigiao.ngctraogiiNobelHabnhnm1973,HuychngTngthngvTdovnhiugiithngkhc.ngltcgicanhiucunsch,bivitvngoigiaovchnhschngoigiao,hinnganglChtchHiphiKissingerInc.,mtcngtytvnquct.

LINIUCHNH XC L BNMI NM TRC, Tng thng Richard

NixonchotivinhdkhictinBcKinhthitlpliquanhvimtqucgiangvaitrtrungtmtronglchsChu,mtqucgiamMkhngcntipxccpcaosuthnhaiminm.ngccaMchoscimnychnhlngidnMthymtvincnhhabnh,nhmchemiauthngcacucChintranhVitNam,vnhngbi

cnh ng lo ngi caChin tranhLnh.TrungQuc cho d vmt ngngha lmtngminhcaLinbangXVit,vnangmun tmkimmtldokholongulislnttMoscow.

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CunschnylnlcmtphndatrnnhngcucithoiviccnhlnhoTrungQuc,nhmgii thchcchtduydatrnkhinimcangiTrungQucvnhngvncahabnh,chintranhvtrttquc t,miquanhvicch tipcncangiM l theo tng trnghpvthcdnghn.Nhngnnvnhavlchskhcbittoranhngktlunikhibtng.Khngphilcnoticngngviquanimca ngi TrungQuc, khng phi c gi no cng ng .Nhng cnthitphihiuiuny,vTrungQucsngmtvaitrtolntrongthgiiangtridythkXXI.

Ktchuynthmutin,TrungQuctrthnhmtsiucngqucvkinht, lmtnhntchnhtrongvicnhhnhtrt tchnhtrton cu. Nc M thng th trong Chin tranh Lnh. Quan h giaTrungQucvMtrthnhmtyuttrungtmtrongcuckimtmhabnhthgiivsthnhvngtoncu.

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lmtchuyniphctp,vchaincuchornghidinchonhnggitrco.ChnghakhcbitcangiMltruyngio.NchorngncMctrchnhimphiphkhpnhnggitrcamnhnminitrnthgiiny.ChnghakhcbitcaTrungQuclvnha.TrungQuckhngkhuynkhchngitatbtnngnghaytngiocamnh,khngchorngnhngthchngicantrirngra

ngoiTrungQuc.Nhng l sk tha truyn thng caVng triuTrungHoa,chnhthcxploittcccncthnhccnctriucngnhiumckhcnhau,datrnsgntngngcahivicchnhthcvnhavchnh trcaTrungQuc,nicchkhc lmtdngvnhaphqut.

TrngtmbanucacunschlstngtcgiaccnhlnhoMvTrungQucktkhincCnghanhndnTrungHoacthnhlpnm1949.Ctrongvngoichnhph,tigilinhngghichpttccccucithoivibnthhnhlnhoTrungQuc,vxemhnhnguntliuutinvitcunschny.

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SchuylerSchoutenlngikhngththayth.Tmnmtrc,anhtakhintichkhiGiosJohnGaddiscaihcYalegiithiuanhlmttrongsnhngsinhvinutnhtcang.Khibtudnnytinghanhtanghphphaithngcngtylutcamnh.Anhtalmnhvyvtrongqutrnhanhtathamgiasunmcthhinn lc n tn cngmt nm sau .Schuyler tin hnhphn ln ccnghincucbn.Anhgipbindchccvnbn tingTrungQuc,thmchcnnghincusuhniviccgicanhngvnbntinhthn.Anhlmvickhngbitmimttronggiaionbintpvcbng.Tichabaogicmtcngsnghincutthnvxutschimhointh.

Tht lmtmaymn tuytvicho tikhiccStephanieJunger-Moatlmviccngtitrongminmhotng.Cynglngimtrongbngchyngi tagi lmtcu thhu ch thencht.Cy lmnghincuvmtscngtcbintpvlumilinlcchnhvinhxutbn.Cykimtrattcnhngmughichtrongcunsch.Cygipiuphivicnhmyvkhngbaogingnngilmvichngsaykhinhnghnchtgnk.Snggpthityucacyccngcviknngthuhtvngoigiaocamnh.

HarryEvansbintpcunWhiteHouseYearsbaminmtrc.ngchophptitndngtnhbncachngtibintphttonbbn tho.Nhng kin v bin tp v kt cu ca ng rt phong ph vthngminh.

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StapletonRoy,nguynisMtiTrungQucvlmthcgikitxutvTrungQuc;WintonLord,ngnghipcatitrongthigianmcaviTrungQucvsaunylisMtiTrungQuc,vDickViets,ngiphtrchtcphmchaincati,crtnhiuchngvaranhngnhnxtquantrng.JonVandenHeuvelnghincuhuchtrnmtschng.

XutbnviNhxutbnThePenguinPresslmttringhimhnhphc.AnnGodofflunluncmt,lunlunsusc,khngbaogikhcnghitvlunvuivkhibn.BruceGodoff,NoirinLucasvToryKlosexemxt cun sch rt chuynnghip trong sut qu trnhbin tp snxut. Fred Chase bin tp bn tho mt cch thn trng v hiu qu.LauraStickneylnhbintpchnhcacunsch.Dcytrtuibngchugiti,nhngtcgikhngtinobtbccy.Cykhnghedtrcnhngquanimchnhtrcatimtcchthchng,timctilunmongchnhngnhnxtlunscsovikhigaygtcacybnlbntho.Cylmvickhngbitmimt,mncnvcckhuch.

Ginttcmingilngbitntolncati.

Nhngtiliucachnhphmtitrchdnrauctitlmtthigian.TimungilicmncbitnDnLchsChintranhLnh tiTrung tmHcgiQuc tWoodrowWilsonchophp tisdngnhngontrchdnmrngcacchsvTrungQucvLinXcngbthslucah.ThvinCartercnggipchunbsnsngnhiubnthocccucgpgviccnhlnhoTrungQuctrongthigianCarterlmtngthng,vThvinReagancngcungcprtnhiunhngtiliuhuchtcchscamnh.

Khicnphini,nhngtntitrongcunschnyudolicati.

Sut hnna thk,Nancy, v ti h trmt cch thng thi vphmhnhngtincychotigiamtcgicc(hoctnhtltcgi ny) lun qun quanh chnh h khi sng tc. B c hu ht ccchngvaranhngnhnxtcckquantrng.

TidnhtngcunBnvTrungQucchoAnnettevOscardelaRente.TibtuvitschtinhhPuntaCanavhonthnhti.Smnkhchcahchlkhacnhcamttnhbnthmnimvuivssuscvocucsngcati.

HenryA.KissingerNewYork,thng01/2011

GHICHVCCHVITCANGITRUNGQUC

ThutngTrungQuc.NhngcchvitkhcnitingtntiivinhiuttingTrung,datrnhaiphngphpcphbincbitkhichuyntccchtingTrungrabngchciLaM:PhngphpWade-Giles,tntinhiunctrnthgiichonnhngnm1980vphngphpphinm,chnhthccpdngtincCnghanhndnTrungHoanm1979vngy cngphbin trong cc nbnphngTyvChukhcsau.

Phnlncunschpdngcchvitphinm.Chnghn,cchvitphinm"DengXiaoping" (ngTiuBnh)c sdngphbinhncchvit theoWade -Giles "TengH'siao-ping".Trong trnghpnhngcchvitkhc,khngdngphinmvntrnnquenthucngkhn,chngcthhintosthuntinchongic.Chnghn,vtncanhlthuytqunsci"SunTzu"(TnV),cchvittruynthngvncsdng,ngoicchvitphinmmimhnnh"Sunzi".

Thi thong,vimcchnhmtc s thngnht trong tonbvnbncunsch,nhngthamkhoctrchdnnnhngcitnclit k gc dng YVade - Giles phi i sang cch vit phin m.Nhng thayinycch thchkhn trongccphnghich.Trongmitrnghp,tngTrungQuccbnvntngt;khcbitnmbinphpchuynttrongbngchciLaM.

PHNMUTrongthng10/1962,nhlnhocchmngTrungQuc,MaoTrch

ngtriutpcctlnhchnhtrvqunshngucamnhngpngtiBcKinh.Cch2.000dmvphaTy,trongvngahnhdnctha tht v him tr ca dyHimalaya, qun iTrungQucvnmckttrongthtrncnbngtrnbingiitranhchpcahaibn.Tranhchppht sinhda trn cc ti liu lch skhcnhau:nkhngnh

phnbingiibphnchiakhibAnhchimng.CnTrungQuccholdonhnghnchcaHongTrungHoa.ntrinkhaicctinncamnhnstngbingii theoquannimcaTrungQuc;TrungQucbaovyccvtrcan.Ccnlcmphngiiquytlnhthukhnginu.

Maoquytnhphv thb tc.ngangdanhiuvo truynthngTrungQuccinmngcngangmunphb.Maonivicct lnh ca ng,TrungQuc vn trc kia tng tin hnh "mtna"cucchin.Cucchinutinxyrahn1.300nmtrctrongthinh ng (618 - 907). Thi Trung Quc trin khai qun n h trvngqucnchnglimtkni lonhunghngvbthpphp.SaukhiTrungQuccanthip,hainccngchunghngnhiuthkgiaolukinhtvtngiophttrinmnhm.Bihcrtratmtchindchcxa,nhMaomt,lTrungQucvnkhngblnnphitrthnhkthvnhvincanhau.Hainccthcnghngmtthikhabnhludi.Nhnglmciu,TrungQucmunsdng v lc "p"n quay tr li bn mphn. "Cuc chinmtna",theotduycaMaodinrabytrmnmvsaukhinhlnhoqucMngc,Timurlane (ThipMcNhi)nhbiNewDehli. (Mao llunrngvMngcvTrungQuclclmtphncacngmtthcthchnhtr,nnylcucchinTrung-n"mtna").Timurlaneginhcmtchinthngquantrng,nhngcmtlnnqunicaTimurlanegithn100.000tnhn.LnnyMaoralnhqunicangphi"kimchvcklut".

Khngmtai trongskhngicaMao-BanLnhongCngsn camt "TrungQucmi" cchmng tuynb nh lp li trt tquct,vhybqukhphongkincachnhTrungQuc-cvnghingstngngcanhngtinlcxanyvinhngmnhlnhchinlccaTrungQuchinti.ViclnkhochtncngctiptctrncsccnguyntcMaovchra.Nhiutunsaucuctncngt c bc tin ln nh ngm t:TrungQuc thc hinmt c tncngbtng,hyditnhmvoccvtrcan.Saurtvphngtuynkimsot trc, thmchcn tr lichonccvkhhngnngchinliphm.

Chngctncnohiutisaomtnhlnhohinilibtumtcamktqucgiaquantrng,bngcchgilinhngnguyntcchinlctmtskincchynmtthinnink-cngnhngkhng

th t tinmong cc ng nghip camnh hiu c tmquan trng canhnglimchmnhara.NhngTrungQuclmtqucgiannht.Khngcqucgianocthkhngnhmtnnvnminhlintclunth,hocmtlinktthnthitnthviqukhxaxacamnhvccnguyntccinvchinlcvnghthutqunlnhnc.

NhngnckhcbaogmcM,khngnhkhnngptccgi trv thchcamnh ln toncu.Duvy,khngncnoc thsnhviTrungQucskintr-vthuytphcccnclnggingcamnhng-vikhinimcaocvvaitrthgiicamnhtrongthigiandi,btchpnhiuthngtrmlchsnvy.Tkhitridynhmtncduynhttrongthkth3trcCngnguynchonkhinhThanhspnm1912,TrungQucng trung tmmth thngquc tngtrongkhongthigianlungk.HongTrungHoatheoquannimrngangngnhcaonhttrnthbctntichnhtrtoncu,cnttcccnhcmquyncaccnckhcvlthuytulmncchhu.Ngnng,nnvnhavnhngthchchnhtrcaTrungQuculccduncannvnminh,nmcnhngknilontrongkhuvcvcchongncngoiupdngchngnhiucp,nhmtduhiuvtnhhpphpcaringmnh(thngthnglbciutinnhpvoTrungQuc).

Thuyt v tr hc truyn thng tn ti bt chp nhng tn ph vnhiugiaionsuythoichnhtrkodihngthk.NgayckhiTrungQucsuyyuhocbchiact,vtrtrungtmcahvnltiuchuntnhhpphp trongkhuvc,mnhngkc thamvngcTrungQucvncngoiulmlemunthngnhthocginhgitn,saungichhuytthTrungQucmkhngthchthctincbnhltrungtmvtr.Trongkhiccnckhccttntheoccscdnhocdumcal,TrungQuctgichnhmnhlzhongguo-"VngtriuTrungHoa"hoc"QucgiaTrungtm".BtknlcnohiuthutngoigiaocaTrungQuc trong th kXX, hoc vai tr th gii ca t nc nytrong thkXXIphi bt ubngmt nhgi cbnbi cnh truynthng ca h - thmch c khi phi loi bmt s s ngin ha timtng.

Chng1:TnhnNhtCaTrungQuc

CcnhncvccQucgiacxuhngnghbnthnmnhlbtdit.

Hcngpmtthintruynvngungccamnh.MtctrngcbitcannvnminhTrungQucldngnhkhngcskhiu.Tronglchs,TrungQucxuthinnhmthintngtnhinludihnlmtnhnc-dntctheoquyc.TrongtruynvHong,vvuacnhiungiTrungQuctnknhgilngitrvlpnchuynthoi,TrungQucdngnhctnti.KhiHongxuthintronghuynthoi,nnvnminhTrungQucrivohnlon.Cchongtcnhtranhnhauvixtntvidnchng,thnhngnhcmquynsuyyukhngthlplitrtt.Bngcchtuynmqunlnh,ngianhhngmilplihabnhchovngqucvcxngtnglHong.

Hongtronglchsccatngnhmtngianhhnglpquc;thnhngtronghuynthoilpquc,ngtilpchkhngphititomt ch.Trckhi cng cTrungQuc, qucgiany si nhngbcdivostnhthccalchsnhmttnccthnhlpchbng ti to, khng phi sng to. S ngc i ny trong lch s TrungQucmtlnnatihinvinhhintritciKhngT:Mtlnnangcxeml"ngisnglp"mtnnvnhachodngnhnmnhrngmnhchngtoracig,rngngchinthuncgngmtlnnatip thm sinh lc cho cc nguyn tc hi ha tng tn ti trong knguynvng,nhngmtmttrongknguynhnlonvchnhtrcachnhKhngT.

Phnnhvnghch l trongngungcxutxcaTrungQuc,nhtruyngiovduhnhthkXIX,AbbRgis-EvaristeHuc,nhnxt:

NnvnminhTrungQucbtngun t thixaxaxinmcchngtakhnghyvngtmraskhiucan.Khngcnduvtnocamtnhnctthuphithaigianhngconnginy.ylmtthctrtkhcthnglinquannTrungQuc.Chngtaququenvilchsccqucgiakhitmkimmtimkhiucxcnhrrng,vcctiliulchs,nhngtruynthng,cccngtrnh k nim cn li ni chung cho php chng ta ln theo gn nhtngbcmtstinbcannvnminh,cmtlcnnvnminhrai,theodisphttrincan,bctincanvphatrc,vtrongnhiutrnghplsthintvspcansau.NhngiunykhngpdngiviTrungQuc.Dngnhhlunlunsngcnggiaiontinbnhtrongthiimhinti;vdliuvthixaxacngnhkhngnhkin.

KhiccchvittingTrunglnutincphttrintrongthinhng thinnink thhai trcCngnguyn,AiCp ci angnhcaovinhquang.Nhngnhnc-thnhphvicaHyLpcivncnchathcdy,vRomevncncchxahngthinnink.ThnhngthhconchutrctipcahthngchvitthinhThngvncnctrnmttngisdngttntnngynay.NgiTrungQucngynaycthhiucnhngcuchcvit thiKhngT,cccun schvi thoing thic lmphongph thmbngnhngcucchngncchyhngthk,trchdncctrnnhvmmuchncungnh.

Cnglc,lchsTrungQuccctrngvirtnhiuthiknichin,chuyntipvhnlon.Saumissp,nhncTrungQuclit ti tonh th theomt quy lut t nhinbt binno.mi giaion,vcbnlsautinlvHong,mtnhnvtonktmilinilnchinhphcnhngknilonvtithngnhtTrungQuc(vikhim rng thmbingii camnh).Phnmuni ting ca cunTamQucDinNgha,mttiuthuytsthivitthkXIVcnhiungiTrungQucnngniu(trongcMao,ngitanihicntrngsimtcphmnynmcgnnhbmnh),vinntruynthuytlintcny:"Mtchbchiarlusphithngnht;thngnhtlusbchiar.Nhntngtriqua".Migiaionbphnchiacxemnhmtstnhtonsailm.Mitriuimiuquayvvinhngnguyntccai trca triu trcnhm 'ti tos lin tc.Nhngquy tccnbntrongvnhaTrungQucuphichung,b th thch trongscngthngcataingmangtnhnhk.

TrckhixyraskinthngnhtTrungQuccnhhngsuxavonm221trcCngnguyn,cmtthinninkcaitrcacctriuidndnbtanrkhiccnhnhnhcachphongkintinhathnhttrrinclp.nhimlhaithkrihnloncghichptrong lchsnh thiiChinQuc(475-221 trcCngnguyn).StngngChuuslthigianchuyntipgiaHipnhWestphalianm1638vkt thcThchin II,khi sadngccqucgiaChuuangvt lnginhv trdnutrongkhungcncnquynlc.Saunm221 trcCngnguyn,TrungQucduy trs l tngcachvthngnht,tiptheotriquastanv,ritithngnhttrongccchukikhikodinvitrmnm.

Khiqucgiatanv,nhngcucchintranhgiartnhiuthnhphn

cuthnhdinrarttnkhc.MaotngchorngdnsTrungQucbgimsttnmmitriunmitriungitronggiaioncgilTamQuc(220-280sauCngnguyn),vxungtgiaccnhmcnhtranhnhaugiahaicucchintranhthgiitrongthkXXcngcckmmu.

mccaonhtcan,tmnhhngvvnhacaTrungQuctriditrnmtlcalnhnnhiusovibtkqucgiaChuuno,thcraxpxibngdintchcaclcagi.NgnngvvnhaTrungQuc,vnkinchnhtrcaHongcmrngntnglnhthcbitn:TnhngvngthonguynnnhngcnhrngthngphngBctabngmtxungSiberia,nnhngkhurngnhitivcccnhng la bc thang phngNam, t b bin phang vi nhng conknho,bncng,cclngchinnhngsamckhcnghitvngTrungvnhngnhniphbngcabingiiHimalaya.MctridivsphongphcalnhthnykhngnhcmnhnrngTrungQucbnthnnlmtthgii.NhtrmtkhinimcaHongnhmtnhnvtsinhratvtr,trvctianxia,hoc"ThinH".

KnguynvttricaTrungQuc

QuanhiuthinninkcannvnminhTrungHoa,TrungQucchabaogibbucphiiphviccqucgiavnnvnminhkhcngangcvimnhvquymvstinht.NhMaosaunylu,ngiTrungQucbitnnnhngphnnhiuldolchsqucgiabphnchia thnhnhiuvngquc ring r.Hai nnvnminh tng traoihnghavtmnhhngcaoPhtdcConngTLa.NhngnikhcstipxcthngthnglibngncchbngdyniHimalayavCaonguynTyTngkhngthxmnhp.NhngsamcnguyhimvrnglncavngTrungngncchTrungQucviccnnvnhoCnngcaBaTvBabylon,vichLaMcnxaxihnna.Nhngon l hnh thngmi tin hnh nhng chuyn i lin tc bt tn,nhngTrungQuc lmtnhnckhnggnbvi ccnhnckhckhngcngngcpvquymvthnhtu.DTrungQucvNhtcngchiasmtsnhngthchvnhavchnhtr,nhngkhngncnochunb thanhn suvit canckia;giiphpcah lgimbtquanhtipxcmilnhngmythk.ChuuthmchcnxaxihnnanimngiTrungQucxemliTyDng,vcbnlkhngthtipcnvivnhacangiTrungQucvsbt lcngthng

khng thncniy-nhHongniviphionAnhvonm1793.

NhngcucxmchimlnhthcachTrungHoatmdngmbin.NgayvouthinhTng(960-1279),TrungQucdnuthgiivcngnghhnghi;nhnghmiTrungQuccthacchvomtknguynchinhphcvkhmph.NhngTrungQuckhngchimcthucanoncngoi,nnchothysquantmtngitnccqucgianmngoibbincamnh.Hkhngpht trinchyuhngtinrancngoiciochonhngqunphintheoccnguyntccaKhngT,hoccctnhtycaoPht.KhiqunMngCxmlc chim ot hm i nh Tng v nhng thuyn trng giu kinhnghim, chng trang b cho hai cuc xm lc khng thnh cng voNhtBn.Chaiubylidothititkhcnghit-lclngkamikaze(haycngi l"ThnPhong")cagii tri thcNhtBn.DvykhinhMngc sp,nhngcuckhmphchodkh thivmtngngha,nhngkhngbaogithnhcngna.KhngmtnhlnhoTrungQucnotngtuynbmunkimsotqunoNhtBn.

NhngvonhngnmunhMinh, vokhonggianm1405v1433,TrungQuctrinkhaimttrongnhngsnghiphiqunbhimvquantrngnhtlchs:cTrnhHarakhivicchmi"bothuyn"vsongvmtkthutscticcimnhJava,n,ngBcChuPhivEobinHormuz.Vo thiimnhngchuynhi trnhcaTrnhHa, k nguynkhmph caChuuvn cn cha bt u.HmiTrungQucshumtthmsaunyslmtlithvcngnghkhngthbccu:vkchc,stinhtvslngtucahmi,binchinhmArmadacaTyBanNhathnhnhngchlnnhb(vnisaunhng150nm).

Ccsgiavntranhlunvmcchthtscanhngnhimvny.TrnhHa lmtnhnvtnnht trongknguynkhmph:Mt thigimngiTrungHoatheooHibcngbcnhpcunghuhhongtkhicnb,rrngngtakhngthchhpvitinllchs.Timiimdngtrncchnhtrnh,ngtachnhthccatngsvi,uynghicaHongmicaTrungQuc,tngnhngmnquhuhchonhngngingutncmnggpg,vmihchthnnhoccidinnTrungQuc.nhsnhnthccchcamnhtrongtrt t thgiiHoavi trung,bngcch thchinnghi thc"khuu"thanhnsuvitcaHong.Thnhngngoivictuynbsvi

caTrungQucvaranhnglimivinhngnghithcphtrng,TrnhHakhngbiulbtkthamvnglnhthno.ngchmangvnhngmnqutnghoc"stnvinh",khngxmchimbtkthucahay ti nguyn no cho Trung Quc ngoi phn thng sung:M rngnhng gii hn ca ThinH. Cng lm ch c th ni l ng to ranhngiukinthunlichothngnhnTrungQucbngcchthchnhsmphnno"quynlcmm"caTrungQuc.

Nhng chuyn khm ph ca TrnhHa t ngt ngng li vo nm1433,trngthiimvistixuthinnhngmiedadcbingiitlinphabcTrungQuc.VHongningiralnhgiitnhmi.NhngghichpvcccuchitrnhcaTrnhHacngbphhy.Ccchuynkhmphkhngbaogic lp li.Dcc thngnhnTrungQuc vn tip tc chy trn cc tuyn ng m Trnh Ha tng i,nhngnnglchiquncaTrungQucphainha,nyunmcccvuacmquynthiMinhtrcmiedacpbinngoibbinngNamTrungQuc,chphnngbngnlcstnbtbucdncvenbinvotlinmidm.LchshiquncaTrungQucsautanhmtcibn lkhng thungana:vmtngnghahvnckhnngthngtr.NhnghtnguynrtkhilnhvckhmphhiqunngvolcmiquantmcaphngTyangbtuhnhthnh.

SclptuyticaTrungQucnuidngstnhnthccbitcah.NhngthnhphnutcaTrungQucquenvikhinimchorngTrungQuclnnht-khngchlmt"nnvnminhvi"trongsnhngnnvnminhkhc,mbnthnnlmtnnvnminh.MtnhbindchngiAnhvitvonm1850:

MtngiChuuthngminhquenphnnhvtnhhnhmtsqucgiachngrtnhiulithkhcnhau,vmiqucgiaphichunhngbtlicth,bngmtcuhirttrctipvtmtdliurtti, c thhnh thnhmtkhinimkhchnhxcv tnhhnhcangidnnnayvncnxalvianhta.NhngslmtsailmlnkhichorngtrnghpnyngvingiTrungQuc.Bngcchtcittcchitinhnhsosnh,sbingoivchgiihnmnhtrongchnhtncmnhcahhn chnhng tngcah;dohhon tonkhngckhnng tgiiphngmnhkhi lnha linkt,hphnxtmiththeonhngquynhthuntytheothnglcaTrungQuc.

DnhinTrungQucbitccnhnckhcxungquanhphmvica

mnh nh Triu Tin; Vit Nam; Thi Lan v Burma (nay l Myanmar)nhngtheoquannimcah,TrungQuccxemltrungtmthgii,"VngtriuTrungHoa",vccnhnckhccnhgicnthphnnmybc.NhngiTrungQucthyccncnhhnhpthnnvnhaTrungQuc,khmphcsvicaTrungQuctothnhtrtttnhincavtr.NhngranhgiigiaTrungQucviccdntcxungquanhkhngnmnhiunhngsphnchiaranhgiichnhtrvlnhth,mnmnhngkhcbitvvnha.nhsngchilicannvnhaTrungQuchng ra tonbvngngkhinnhkhoahcchnh trngiMLucianPyeccunhnxtnitingrng,thihini,TrungQucvnlmt"nnvnminhgivlmtnhnc-dntc".

Nhngkvngndi trt t thgiicangiTrungQuc truynthng tn ti vng vng trong k nguyn hin i. Nh cui nm 1863,HongTrungQuc(bnthnngtnglthnhvincanhMnChu"ngoi lai" chinh phcTrungQuc hai th k trc), gimt bc ththngbochoAbrahamLincolnvcamktcaTrungQucgiccquanhttviHoaK.S truyntcaHongcda trnbomkhoatrngrng:"Vittcstnknh,tacmnhTriythccaitrvtrny,chaichngtauxemchtrungtm[TrungQuc]vccqucgiabnngoi lmtgianh,khngcbtkskhcbitno".Khi thc gi i, Trung Quc thua trong hai cuc chin vi cc th lcphngTy vn ang dmng cc phmvi li ch trong lnh thTrungQuc. Hong dng nh xem nhng tai ng ny chng khc gnhngcucxmlckhccabnphin,ncuicngubkhutphctrcnnvnhauvitvbnbcaTrungQuc.

Thcra, trongtonb lchschngciugcbithohuynvnhngihicaTrungQuc.Vimithh,ngiTrungQucgcHnmrngtnictrbanucahtrongthunglngsngHongH,dndnlikoccnhnclnggingvonhiugiaiongngingvinhngmhnhcaTrungQuc.CcthnhtukhoahckthutcaTrungQuctngng,vsauvtnhngthnhtucaTyu,nvccitcRp.

QuymcaTrungQuctheotruynthngkhngchvtquaquymccncChuuvdn sv lnh th, choncucCchmngCngnghip,TrungQuccngiuchnnhiu.ckthpvimththngkhng lccknhoni linviccconsngv trung tmdns ln,TrungQucnhiuthklkhuthngmingdnnht,nnkinhtc

nngsutnht thgii.Nhngvphn ln l tcung tcp,nncckhuvc khc ch nhn thc c l m v s khng l v thnh vng caTrungQuc.Thc ra,TrungQucchimmtphn lnhn trong tngGDPthgii,hnbtknhncphngTynovothkXVIIIcuithkXIX.Vocuinm1820,TrungQucchim30%GDPthgii-mtconsvtquGDPcaTyu,nguvbaogmcM.

Cc nh quan st phtrong Ty ln u chm ng Trung Quc uchongvngtrcscsngvsgiucvnguynliucaTrungQuc.Vitvonm1736,GiosDngTnngiPhp,Jean-BaptisteDuHalde,tmttnhngphnngkinhngccaccvkhchphngTyiviTrungQuc:

Mi tnhugiu c, vphng tin chuynchhnghahngnhngconsngngivknho,khinthngmitrongnccachny lunpht trin rc r... Thngmi trnt lin caTrungQuclnnmcthngmicatonChuucngkhngthsnhbng,cctinhgingnhrtnhiuvngquc,hmangtngnhauccsnphmtngngcamnh.

Baminmsau,nhkinhtchnhtrngiPhp,FrancoisQuesnaythmchcnixahnna:

Khngaicthphnhnrngyltncxinhpnhtthgii,tncngdnnhtvlvngqucmumnhtcbitn.MtchnhTrungQuctngngvinhnggcChuustcnuChuucngonktdimttriui.

TrungQucgiaothngvingincngoivthnhthongpdngnhngtng,phtminhcancngoi.Nhngthngxuynhn,ngiTrungQuctinrngnhngcacicgitrvnhngthnhtutr tusctmthytiTrungQuc.BunbnviTrungQuccnhgicaonmccphncngiu,khithnhphnutcaTrungQucmtkhngchlsgiaolukinhtnthun,mls"tnvinh"uthvttricaTrungQuc.

KhnggioGnnhttcccchctorabngscmnh,nhngkhngmt

chnocthcduytrbngscmnh.Thngtrcthgiincuicng cng cn phi bin sc mnh thnh trch nhim. Nu khng nnglng ca cc nh cmquyn s b dng ht vo duy tr s thng tr ca

mnhkhinhmtikhnngnhhnhtnglai,lmtnhimvcbncanghthutqunlnhnc.Ccchscvngbnnuchnsngthunthaychonp.

ViTrungQuc l th.Ccphngphp theotncnycthngnht,blttheochukrilithngnht,ikhiltnkhc.LchsTrungQuc chngkin s gp phn ca nhng cuc ni lon mmuvnhngtnbochacamttriui.NhngstntithinninkcaTrungQuckhngphinhcchnhphtdoHongbanpht,mlnhcngngccgi trcnuidng trongdnchngcamnh,vmtchnhphviccquanlilhcgi.

MtkhacnhtngoilnhtcannvnhaTrungHoalnhnggitrnycbnchtvcbnltrngk.VothiimoPhtxuthintrongnnvnhannhnmnhnsthinnhvthanhthntrongnitm,thuytmtthncngiDoThitntng-vsaunyloThinChavoHi-ccnhtintrivilikugissngsaucicht. Trung Quc chng to ra ch tn ngng no theo ngha caphngTy.NgiTrungQuckhngbaogitoramthuynthoikhaisinhvtr.VtrcahdochnhngiTrungQuctora,vinhnggitrngayckhituynblckhnngcpdngtrntonvtr,vncxemlbtnguntTrungQuc.

Ccgi tr chimu th trongxhiTrungQucpht sinh tnhngquynhcamttritgiacxacthhsaubittivicitnKhngPhuT (hoc"KhngT" theophinmLaTinh).KhngT (551 -479trcCngnguyn)sngncuigiaioncgivicitnXunThu(770-476trcCngnguyn),mtthiimbinngtngt,dnnnhngcucchintranhtnkhccagiaionChinQuc(475-221trcCngnguyn).NhChusuyyukhngkhnngthcthithmquyncamnhiviccvnghunilonchmgitnhauginhquynbnh.Lngthamvbolcnmckhngkimsotc.ThinHmtlnnaroivohnlon.

GingnhMachiavelli,KhngTlngirongruiikhptnc,hyvngsc lu li lmqunschomt trongccvnghuhiang u tranh sinh tn.Nhng khng ging nhMachiavelli,KhngTquantmnhiuhnnvicnuidngshihaxhihnlnhngcmyquynlc.Nhngquanimcanglccnguyntccaitrbngtnhthng,khcsuvotimlnghiuthovicham.Clvarachocc

ngchgiuccamnhmtconngqudinvisthnhvngvquynlc,nnKhngTchtimkhngtcmcch.ngkhngbaogitmcmtvnghuchuthchinnhngchmngncamnh,vTrungQuctiptctrtdinsspvchnhtrvchintranh.

TuynhinnhnglidybocaKhngTcccmnsinhcangghichplithvncnmi.KhismuktthcvTrungQucmtlnna c thng nht, nh Hn (206 trc Cng nguyn - 220 sau Cngnguyn)pdngttngcaKhngTlmtritltrncchnhthcca t nc. c bin son thnh mt b su tp nhng cu ni caKhngT(SchVnTuyn)vsaulnhngcunschminhgiichnl,nhng lidycaKhngTspht trin thnhmt th tng tnhKinhThnh caTrungQucvHinphp cng li. S tinh thngnhngvnbnnytrthnhthcotrnhtrngtmctuynvophcvtrongbmyquanlitriunhTrungQuc-giitnglgmccquanlilhcgivnhcctuynchnquacccucthituyntrntonquc,cnhimvduytrshihatrongrtnhiulnhvccaHong.

CutrlicaKhngTtrcnhngshnlontrongknguyncangl"o"camtxhicngbngvhiha,theolinggingntng c thc hin trc y - trong k nguyn vng ca ngi TrungQucxaxa.Nhimvtinhthntrngtmcanhnloiltitotrttthch hp ny ang trn b vc lc li. S sungmn v tinh thn lmtnhimvkhnggingnhkhihuynhoctdo,mlsphchikinnhnccnguyntctkimchblngqun.Nhmmcchsamnhhnltinb!!!HchilchakhacasthngtintrongxhicaKhngT.ThnnKhngTdyrng:

Chungiunhnmkhnghamhcthmichelplngumui.Chung nt tr m khng ham hc th mi che lp l phng ng.Chung ch tn m khng ham hc th mi che lp l t gy hi.Chungsngaythngmkhnghamhcthmichelplnngny.Chungsdngcmmkhnghamhc thmiche lp lgy lon.Chung s cngmnhm khng hamhc thmi che lp l cungbo.

KhngT ging v tn iu x hi phn cp.Bn phn c bn l"Bitmnhu".iviccmnsinhcamnh,trttNhoGiogicmhngphnutheouishihalnlaohn.Khnggingnhccnh tin tri trongcc tngiomt thn,KhngTkhnggingv thuyt

mcchcalchshngnhnloinscuricnhn.Trit lcangtmkimscuritncthngquahnhvicnhnngn.cnhhngtheothgii,tduycangkhngnhmtbquytcngxxhi,khngphilmttmbnncucsngsaukhicht.

Ng trn ngi cao nht ca tng lp ngiTrungQuc chnh lmtHong,nhnvtcnhtvnhtheotringhimcaphngTy.ngtalskthpcanhngihivmttinhthnvphmtccatrttxhi.HongTrungHoavalnhcaitrvchnhtrvalmtkhinimsiu hnh. Trong vai tr chnh tr camnh,Hong c quan nim lngicmquynticaocanhnloi-HongcaNhnloi,ngtrnnh cao h thng cp bc ca chnh tr th gii phn nh kt cu x hiKhngTctnti,trndicaTrungQuc.NgiTrungQucmtmckhngnhquynuycachatthngquanghithckhuu-hnhngquyphctuyti,trnptbalnmilnqu.

Vai tr thhaivsiuhnhcaHonglavcangtanhmt"ThinT",nhnvttrunggianmangtnhbiutnggiaTri,tvnhnloi.VaitrnycngngtrchnhimvociviHong.Thngquahnhvingxnhno,thchinccnghilchnhxcvikhilnhnghnhphtnghimkhc,Hongcnhnnhnnhmtcitrcmbos"ing"trongmiviclnnh.NuHongclbtrtkhinglingn,tonthThinhsrivohnlon.Ngaycnhngthmhathinnhincngcthmangnghaskhnghahpbaovytonvtr.

Nhngkhinimvquanhquct:Thinvhaycngbng?

nglckhngcmtnhthlnnotiTrungQuc,nncngchngcCunginBlendheimno.Ccnhnvtquantrngvchnhtrcdngdi qu tc nh Cng tc x Marlborough xy dng Blendheim lkhngtnti.Chuubcvothikhiniphatrnhnlonphongphvchnh tr -nhnghongthnc lp,cngtcvb tc,nhngthnhph tqun,GiohiThin chagioLaMi thmquynnmngoiphmvinhhngcanhnc.CcnhmtheooTinLnhthmmuncxydngccxhidnstquncaringh.Ngcli,khibcvothikhini,TrungQuctriquartttmtnghnnmbmyquanlitriunhybanbctuynchnquakthituyn,lantavquynhhuhtcckhacnhxhivkinht.

CchtipcncaTrungQucvitrttthgiidokhcrtnhiusovihthngcduytrphngTy.KhinimphngTyhinivccquanhquctnilntrongccthkXVIvXIX,khiccuthiTrungcChuub tanr thnhmtnhmccnhnccscmnhgntngng,GiohiThinChagiobchiarthnhnhiugiophikhc nhau. Thut ngoi giao theo cn cn quyn lc tr thnh mt iukhngthtrnhkhihnlmtlachn.Khngcncnomnhptchcamnh,khngmt tngionocnyquynhnhduytrtnhtonthcan.Khinimvstonvnvcngbngvphplcaccnctrnnmtcscholutphpvngoigiaoquct.

Ngcli,TrungQuckhngbaogithamgiatipxcludivimtncnokhctrncstngng,vildonginlkhngbaogichmtrnccnhnccnnvnhahoctmrnglnckhnngsosnh.Rng ch TrungHoa phi ng cao hn qu cu a l r rngcxemnhmtquyluttnhin,mtbiuhincaThinT.iviccHongTrungHoa,mnhtrikhngnhtthitngmtmiquanhthchvi ccdn tc lngging, tt nht lkhngc.GingnhM,Trung Quc t ngh mnh ang ng mt vai tr c bit. Nhng TrungQuckhngtnthnhquanimcaMvthuytphbintrirngnhnggi tr camnh ra ton thgii.TrungQuc tkhpmnhkimsotccphinngayngoica.HcgngsaochoccncchhunhTriuTinphithanhntnhhnhcbitcaTrungQuc,ili,hcungcpccmilichnhquynhnbunbn.ivinhngphinxanhChuumhchibitmt t,ngiTrungQucduy trmt thixacch thnthin,kc l trch thng.Hchngbunquan tmnvichngccphintuntheophongcchcaTrungQuc.HongsnglpnhMinhbytquanimnynm1372:"Ccqucgiatrnidngphatycgichnhxc lnhngkhuvcxaxi.Hn[vichng ti]phibngquabin.Rtkhkhnchohkhitnhtonthigiannmthng[nni].Khngquan tmn s lng, chng ta i x vi h [trnnguyntc] "nhng ai n vi s khim tn khi v s c tng qu cp hophng".

CcHongTrungHoacmthyphithctkhisuyngmvnhngqucgiacnhhngvnkhnggpmaykhinmcchTrungQucquxa nh th. Trong phin bn ch ngha khc bit ca mnh, Trung Quckhngarakinmccnckhcnhih.NgiTrungQuctnrng,nhngdntclnggingchnglitquanhviTrungQuc

vnnvnminh,min lhnhn thccquynbchcachnhphTrungHoa.Hkhngphilphin.SqulytrcHongvtunthnhngnghithccatriunhlctlicannvnha!Khitriunhcnmnhm,phmvivnhanycmrng.Thinhlmtthcthaquc gia bao gm a s l ngi TrungQuc gcHn v cc nhm dnTrungQuckhngphigcHnngo.

TrongccghichpchnhthccaTrungQuc,ccidinncngoikhngntriunhnhmthamgiacccucmphnhocthamgiavonhngvncatnc,h"nbbini"theosnhhngvnminhcaHong.Hongkhng t chc "cc cuchpcp cao"vinhngngingutnckhc,mthayvo,nhngcuctipkinvingtachothy"tnhyuthngtinhtcanhngngiphngxa",nhngngibytlngtnknhthanhncngvchatcangta.KhitriunhTrungHoahccccphionrancngoi,hkhngphilnhngnhngoigiaoml"PhioncaTri"c"TriunhcaTri"gin.

S tchccachnhquynTrungQucphnnhcch tipcnphncpivitrt tthgii.TrungQucgiiquytccmiquanhvinhngncbytlngtnknhnhTriuTin;ThiLan...thngquaBL,viquannimrngngoigiaoviccdn tcnychngkhcgmtkhacnhtrongnhimvtrutnglnlaohnlqunling.ViccblcsngtrnningycngtbHnhavphaBcvphaTy,TrungQucngiaiondavomt"TriunhccQucgialthuc",tngtnhmtbthucacnhimvbanchohongtccncchhunhngtchiuvduytrhabnhtrnbingii.

ChdiscpnhngstncngcaphngTytrongthkXIX,TrungQucmi thnh lpmt b tng tBNgoi giaonhmqun lngoigiaonhmtchcnngclpcatriunh,vonm1861saukhithtbitronghaicucchintranhviccthlcphngTy.ychicxemnhmtscnthittmthi,sbhybmtkhikhnghongtrcmtlngdu.Bmithnhlpcthntrngbtrtrongmttanhck,xongxnhmtrcyBThitTinngsdng,nhmtruynti"nghangiumkhnghcgitrtngngvinghacaccbtruynthngtrongtriunh,quabotonskhcbitgiaTrungQucvi ncngoi", theo li ca ngi ng u nh Thanh,Hong oQuang.

Nhng tng theo phong cchChuu ca hot ng chnh tr vngoigiaolinnhncvncnxa l trongtringhimcangiTrungHoa, ng hn l h tn ti theo kiu phn truyn thng ang din rangaytronglngTrungQucvothiimbchiar.Thnhngnhmtlutbtthnhvn,schiarnyliktthcvistithngnhtThinh,vtikhngnhtnhtrungtmcaTrungHoabngmttriuimi.

Trongvaitrchcamnh,TrungQucmanglichonhngdntcncngoixungquanhsthinv,khngphiscngbng,hsixviccdntcnycngbnghaythnghitytheomctipthunnvnhaTrungHoa, vvic tun th ccnghi thcbaohm squyphcTrungQuc.

iungknhtivicchtipcncaTrungHoaiviccvnquc t lsnhybnv ludic tnhchin lcngiu,hn lnhngkvngchnhthctoln.TrongsutlchsTrungHoa,baonhiudntc"kmci"hndctheoccngbingiidi,khngngngbinicaTrungQuc,thngxuynctrangbvkhtthnvcnghnquniTrungHoa.vphaBcvphaTyTrungQuclccdntcbndu c - ngiMnChu,Mngc,DuyNgNh,TyTngv cuicnglqucNgatheochnghabnhtrng-viikbinhsngtrnni c thm cc cuc tn cng bng qua cc bin giim rng ca hxungvngtrungtmnngnghipcaTrungQuc,mkhngchuthithiqu ln.Nhng cuc vin chinh bo th phi imt vi a hnh khngbngphngvccngcungcpcmrng,vphangNamTrungQuclccdntcchodtrndanhnghaphthucvothuytvtrhccaTrungHoa,nhnglishucctruynthngqunsvnhngbnscdntcngk.Dntcngoancngnhttrongsny,ngiVitNamquyt lit chng li nhng khng nh caTrungQuc v s u vit camnh,vcthchornghnhbiTrungQuctrongchintranh.

TrungQucangkhngtrongvthchinhphccttcccnclngging.Dnsncnychyubaogmnngdngntrnimnhviccmnhtngchali.Thnhphntinhtquanlicahginhcccvtrkhngphinhnhnghnhngdngcmtrongqunsmbng s thng tho cc tc phmkinhin caKhngT, ccmnnghthuttinhtnhthphpvthphvphngdincnhn,ccdntclnggingc thgyraccmiedaghgm,btkmc thngnhtno,hcngcthlnt.SgiaOwenLattimorevit:"Dosxmlccadn tcphin l lng trnuTrungQucnhmtmie

da lu di...Bt k dn tc phin no c th bo vmt sau caTrungQuc,tncngvosnccdntcphinkhc,cngcthttinxmlcTrungQuc". Tnh trung tmv s phong ph v vt cht c tndngcaTrungQuccthtnphnch,binthnhmtlimixmlctmipha.

VnLTrngThnhrtnibttrongsmtbnghnhtngcaphngTyvTrungQuc,lsphnnhtnhdtnthngcbncaTrungQuc, chod lmt gii php thnh cnghimhoi i vi h.Thayvo,nhngnginguTrungHoa lidavomt sb trphongphcccngckinht,ngoigiaolikoccncngoibangthch timnngvoccmiquanhmTrungQucc thqun lc.Khtvnglnnhtlngncnsxmlcvngnngashnhthnhcclinminhphin,hnlchinhphc(chodTrungQucthithongchunbnhngchimdchqunsquantrng).

Cho d c cc ng c thngmi v s dng thnh thc sn khuchnhtr,TrungQucvndngtccdntclnggingtunthccquyphmvtnhtrungtmcaTrungHoa,trongkhivnaramthnhnhhuyhongtrnglnhmngnchnnhngkxmlctimnngmunththchscmnhcaTrungQuc.McchcaTrungQuckhngphi lchinhphcvkhutphcccphin,ml"caitr[h]vidycngbunglng".ivinhngnckhngtunth,TrungQucskhaithcnhngsbtnggiah,nitingvitr"dngphinkimchphin",vkhicnthit,"dngphintncngphin".NhmtvinquannhMinhtngvitvccbtccnhiukhnngedalnbingiingNamTrungQuc.

Nu trongnibccb tcbchiar,h[svn]yutv[stht]ddngkimchhtrongskhutphc.Nuccbtcbchiar,hsxalnhnhauvsnsngchutunphc.Chngtathinvbtcnyhnb tckia[nhngngi th lnhcah]vchophphchin u vi nhau.y lmt nguyn tc ca hnh ng chnh trckhngnh."NhngcucchingiaccdntcphinchothyduhiuthnglitrongtnglaiiviTrungQuc".

Mcchcah thngny lphng thhiuqunhmngnchnshnhthnhnhnglinminhtrnccbingiiTrungQuc.Ccnguyntcqun lphinngycngkhcsu trongsuynghcaquan liTrungHoa,khicc"dntcphin"ChuunbbinTrungQucviscmnh

vothkXIX.CcquanliTrungHoamtthchthccahcngvinhng cm tm t tinh cc triuhcdng, h s "dngphinchngphin"chonkhicthxoadu.VhpdngmtchinlctruynthngplicuctncngutincaAnh.HmiccqucgiaChuukhcn,banunhmmcchtitovsauiukhinlclngkbinhcaringmnh.

Trongvic theouiccmcchny, triunhTrungHoa thcdngngkiviccphngtinhsdng.NgiTrungHoahilccphin,hocsdngtnhvttrivdnscamnhnhmpoh,khi b nh bi, phin s quy phc h nh s bt u ca cc triu iNguynvThanh, smuHnhah.TriunhTrungQucun thchinmtchnh schm trongccbi cnhkhc scxem lchnhschxoadu.McdthngquamtsgnlcnghithcphctpchophpccthnhphnutTrungHoatuynblskhngnhtnhuvitv lngnhnt.DomtvinquanThngThutinmt"nmmi nh" s c xut nhm qun l cc b tcHungN xmchimbingiingNamcaTrungQuc.

Banchoh...qunoscsvxengalmmthm,banchohnngonlmminghcm,banchohmnhcvphnplmtaihic,cungcpchohnhngtanhuynghi,cckhothcv n l lm d dy h no n... V i vi nhng ai n xin hng,Hong[nn]bannchohvmihdtictipicatriunh,tiHongphich thnmih rungon,nhpdnlmtmtrhlln.

ylnhnggcthcgil"nmminh".

Trong nhng giai onmnhm, ngoi giao ca Vng triu TrungHoalmtshplhaltngiviquynlctriunh.Trongnhnggiaionsuytn,ncsdngchegiusyuuigipTrungQucvndngccclclngchinucamnh.

Sosnhviccithgnyhnvquynlc,TrungQuclmtchnghilngvithamvnglnhthcgiihn.MthcgitrongthinhHn(25-220sauCngnguyn)nu:"Hongkhngqunlccphin.Nhngainvingiskhngbtchi,vnhngaibiskhngbuitheo".Mcchmtngoilgychiar,tranhcihnlmtmctiutrctipnmdiquynkimsotcaTrungQuc.

Biuhinngknhtca tnh thcdngcbncaTrungQuc lphnng ca h i vi nhngk chinh phc.Khi cc vng triu ncngoichimuthtrongchinu,giiuttrongbmyquanliTrungHoasnghcphcv,khnkhonxinnhngkchinhphcvitinrng,mnhtrnglnvcohvalt,chcthccaitrttkhisdngccphngphp,ngnngvbmyquanliTrungQuchinc.Vimithh,nhngkchinhphcsthychnhmnhngycngbnghavotrtthcgngthngtr.Cuicnglnhthqunhcachnhh-ccimxutphtchosxmlccah-snmccxemlmtphncachnhTrungQuc.Hs thychnhmnhangtheouinhnglichqucgiacaTrungQuc,vikhochchinhphcbthayihontonmtcchhiuqu.

ChnhschthcdngcangiTrungQucvBinhphpTnTNgiTrungQuclnhngngiangthchnhmtcchscso

Chnh sch thc dngv ccmn sinh ca hc thuyt chin lc r rngkhcvichinlc,chnhschngoigiaocachungphngTy.Mt lch shn londychoccnh lnhoTrungHoa rngkhngphimivnucgiiphp,rngnhnmnhqunhiunsthunthchontonivinhngskincthcthltshihacavtr.Cngcqunhiuk th timnngivimtch tngsngtrongantontuyti.NusphncaTrungQucltngianton,ncngcnghalsmtantontngi-scnthitphihchiquytccahnmtchcnclngging,vinhnglchsvkhtvngkhcbitngk.Himhoi,ccnhcmquynTrungHoamimohimthchinmtcucxungttrnmttrnngcncngvkhng,trinkhaikholo,tmnhngcuciungtrongnhiunmtheonhphongcchcah.Trongkhi truynthngphngTynhgicaosngquytnhcacclclngnhmnhnmnhnhngchinthngcachnghaanhhng,thltngcangiTrungHoalinhnmnhnskthptinht,gintipvkinnhncalithtngi.

Stngphnnycphnnhngcctrchitrtutngngctngnnvnminhathch.TrchitntilunhttheothigiancaTrungQuclweiqi(phtmnginl"waychee",vthngcbit

nphngTynhmtbinthcacitntingNhttngng,go).Weiqidchral"cvy";thhinmtkhinimbaovychinlc.Bnclmttmlickchc19X19,banuth trngrng.Mingichic180qun,hocccvintysdng,miqunucgitrtngngnhau.Nhngngichilnlttqunlnbtkimnotrnbnc,xydngccvtrscmnhtrongkhicgngbaovyvbtsngquniphng.Rtnhiucucchindinrangthiticckhuvckhcnhaucabnc.Cncncc lc lng thayichngmtsaumi bc i, khi nhng ngi chi tin hnh cc k hoch chin lc vphnngviccsngkincanhau.Khichmdttrchitrtuny,bncchaycckhuvc scmnhb chimmtphn.imbin li ththngrtmngmanh,vviconmtnghipd,bnscngichinthngkhngphilcnocngthyrngay.

Mtkhc,c tng lchin thng tuyti.Mcchca trchi lchiu tng, dn vua ca i th vomt v tr khng th di chuyn nukhngbphhy.Rtnhiuvnktthckhitcmtchinthngtuytibngchinthutyknng,kchtnhvhimhoihn.Ktqukhdduynhtkhclha,nghalchaibncngtbhyvngtcchinthng.

Nuctnglmttrnchinquytnh,thcvylchinlcmrng.Ngichictngchnhmmcchchinthngtuyti.Ngichicvylitmkimlithtngi.Trongctng,ngichilunnhnthykhnngcaiphngtrcmtmnh,ttcccqunclunctrinkhaiy.Ngichicvyluncnphinhgikhngchccquntrnbnc,mcnhngscngcmiphngsptrinkhai.C tngdycckhinimcaClauseWitzv"trung tm trng lc" v"imchinlc"-trchithngbtunhmtcucchinginhgittrungtmbnc.Cvydynghthutbaovychinlc.Nungichictngcknngnhmmcchloibccqunccaithtrongmt lot nhng cuc ng mt imt, thmt ngi chi c vy tinngdichuynvocckhnggian"trng" trnbnc,dndngimnhtimnngchinlccaccqunccaith.Ctnggipphttrinstptrung,cvygipphttrinslinhhotchinlc.

MtstngphntngttntitrongtrnghplthuytqunscbitcaTrungQuc.Nhngcscahcttrongmtgiaionhnlonkhinhngcucchinlintcgiaccvngqucknhchgithi v sngi dnTrungQuc.Phnngvi cuc thm st ny (v c

gngginhlychinthngt),ccnhtduyTrungHoaphttrintduychinlclychinthnglmtrngthngquali thvtinhthnvthuytging,nhmtrnhxungttrctip.

Nhn vt c nh hng mnh trong truyn thng ny c bit ntrong lch sTrungQuc lTnT (hoc "SphTn"), tcgi chuynlundanhting,BinhPhp.Thtngcnhin,chngaihontonchcchnnglai.Ktnhngthiimxaxa,cchcgitranhlunvdanhtnhcatcgiBinhPhpvngyncvitra.CunschtchothylmttuyntpnhngcunicamtngilTnV,mtvtngvlnhcvnqunsnayymai t thiXunThu trong lchsTrungQuc(770-476trcCngnguyn),nhcccmnsinhcangghichpli.MtshcgiTrungQucvphngTythcmcliuTnTctntihaykhng,nuc,liungcthtschutrchnhimvccnidungcaBinhPhphaykhng.

hnhainghnnmsaukhisngtc,cunschlnhngquanstddmvchinlc,ngoigiaovchintranh-cvitbngtingTrungc,nalthnalvnxui-vnngvaitrlmtvnbntrungtmvtduyquns.NhngcucchngntrongcthhinmnhmtrongcucnichincaTrungQuctrongthkXXtrongtayhctrcaTnT lMaoTrchng.Trongcccucchin tranhVitNamkhiHChMinh v VNguynGip p dng cc nguyn tc tn cng gin tip vchin tranh tm l ca Tn T chng li Php vM. (Tn T cng tcmtsnghipthhaitmtmtiphngTy,vinhngnbncbit ca Binh Php mt ln na vinh danh ng l qun s qun tr kinhdoanhhini).NgaycnbygivnbncaTnTcnghincumt cch trc tipv su sc, t ngnm trong tng lp ccnh tduychinlcdanhtingnhtthgii.NgitacthtranhcirngsthiuquantmnnhngcuchmngncangchnhlnguynnhnkhinMtcgintrccccucchincaChu.

iuphnbitTnTviccnhvnphngTykhcvitvchinlclsnhnmnhccyutchnhtrvtinhthnsoviqunsnthun.Ccnh l thuytqun sChuuviCarlVonClausewitzvAntoineHenriJominixemchinlcnhmthotngvillcaringmnh,tchbitkhihotngchnhtr.NgaycchmngnnitingcaClausewitzchorngchintranhlStiptccahotngchnhtr,theoccnghakhcthhinrngvichintranhnhngnhcmquynsbcvomtgiaionmimvkhcbit.

TnTpha trnchai lnhvcny.Nuccnhchin lcphngTyphnnhvccphngtintphpquynlcvttrivothiimquytnh,TnTvndngccphngtinxydngmtvthchnhtrvtinhthnchimuth,nhvyktqucamtcucxungttrthnhmtktlunttyu.CcnhchinlcphngTythnghimnhngcuchmngncamnhbngccchinthngtrongnhngtrnchin,TnTkimnghimccchinthngkhinhngtrnchintrnnkhngcnthit.

BivitcaTnTvchintranhkhngctnhchtccaonhcamtstcphmvnhcChuuvnidung,cngnhkhngphiltngivichnghaanhhngcnhn.TuynhintnhchtumcancphnnhtrongonmuklcaBinhPhp.

Chintranhl

vnhtrngcamttnc;

lnichnsinht

Mtconng

nssinhtnvhydit,

Mtvnphicnnhcthntrng

Vdonhnghuqucachintranhudntinmm,sthntrnglmtgitrcqutrngnht:

Mtnhvuakhngbaogi

vgindmdybinh;

Mtvtngkhngbaogi

vonhnmgychin...

gincthmngtrli;

hncthvuitrli;

Nhngncmtrithkhlyli;

Ngichtrithkhngthsngli.

Chonnvuasngphicnthn

vvicy;

Tngtiphicnhgic

vvicy;

lphpyunc,

Gibinhcvnton.

Mtnhvuann thn trngviug?iviTnT, chin thngkhngchnginlvinhquangcacclclngvtrang.Thcralthnh tu ca cc mc tiu chnh tr ti cao m ng qun s ch lphngphpmbo.Thchthcqunthtrnchintrngkhnghaybnglmnhtnhukhqunthvkholoiukhinchngrivobycamnh,khngcnngthot.Vchintranhlmtcngvicliulnhvphc tp, tbitmnh liu tiquan trng.Chin lc tn sbinthnhmtcucththchvtinhthn.

Thnnbchchinbchthng

cngchaphicchsngsut

trongssngsut

Khngcnnhm

lmkchkhutphc

migilsngsutnht

trongssngsut

Chonnthngsch

trongvicdngbinh

Llymulcthngch;

K

lthngchbngngoigiao.

Kna

ldngbinhthngch.

Hsch

ltncng

thnhtr...

Chonnngigiidngbinh

Thngchm

khngphigiaochin;

otthnh

mkhngcntncng;

Phquc

mkhngcnnhlu;

Ltngnht lngi lmtngotcuthmtrnhcccucchin.Hocgicthhuyngqunnhmttrnquytnhsaukhichunbvmtphn tch tondin,hucn,ngoigiaov tm l.ThnnTnTkhuynrng:

Vvyiqunchinthng

Baogicngtoiukinthng

Saumigiaotranh;

iqunchinbi

Thnggiaotranhtrc

Saumitmchinthngbngscumay

Vthngchbngmulcvngoigiaoihitnnhiutmlvsamhiusngsut,nnTnTnhnmnhcbitvvicvndnggiantrvnhlchng."Khicth",ngkhuyn.

Thngthngnucthtncng

Thginhkhngthtncng;

Munhnhnggnnhng

Ginhmunhnhngxa;

Munhnhngxanhng

Ginhmunhnhnggn

TheoquannimcaTnT,ivingilmtngginhchinthngbngditrhocliko,vnngthnhnvnhn(vchcchnlkinhthn) vic ginh chin thng bng scmnh vt tri. Binh Php khuynngilmtngphidchtheomnh,hocpchlmvothbucphihng,hocbomkhnggytnhichotnc.

ClssngsutquantrngnhtcaTnTltronggiaotranhvqunshocchinlc,mithulinquanvktnivinhau;thitit,ahnh,ngoigiao,ccbococaginipvginiphaimang,ccnguncungcpvhucn,cncn lc lng,amhiuv lchs,nhngiumhgyngcnhinvnhukhch.Tngyu tunhhngnnhau,lmphtsinhnhngbinchuyntinhttrongnglcvlithtngi.Khngcskinnolnc.

Donhimvcamtnhchinlclquytnhmiquanhcatnhhungvibicnhphtsinhtnhhung,hnlphntchmttnhhungcth.Khngcchmsaocbitnoltnh,btkkhunmunocngchltmthi,iuctlillunlunthayi.Nhchinlcphinmbtchngphttrinvginntncng.TnTdngch "shi" cho phm cht ny,mt khi nim khng c t tng ng phngTy.Trongbicnhquns,chshinybaohmxuhngchinlcv"nng lng timnng" camt tnhhungangpht trin, "scmnhvnctrongsbtrcbitccyutv...xuhngphttrincatnhhung".TrongBinhPhp,tnybaohmccukhngngngthayicaqunicngnhxuhngdngqunchung.

i viTnT, nh chin lc vn dng thnh cng ch shi ny stng tnhnc chyxung chnni, t ng tmcmt quy trnhnhanhnhtvnginnht.Mtv tng thnhcng lunchi trckhilaomnhvotrnchin.Anhtabittrnhscmnhcach,bitdnhthigiantunthvtoranhngthayitrongbicnhchinlc.Anhtanghin cunhng s chunb cach, nhukh v ti nguyn caqunmnhrixcnhmtcchthntrng,lidngnhngchyutrongtmlcach-chonkhicuicngnhnthcckhonhkhcthchhptncngchvochyunht.Sauanhtatrinkhaicclclngcamnhnhanhchngvbtng, trnxung theoconnggp tkhngcnht,vi skhngnhu thchunbv tnh ton thigian thn trng.Binh

Phpnurmthcthuytvginhuthvttrivtmlhnlxmchimlnhth,lcchVitNamnhbiqucM.

Nichung,ccnhcmquynTrungHoachothymtxuhngxemtonbbicnhchinlcnhlmttngthnl:Ttvxu,gnvxa, mnh v yu, qu kh v tng lai quan h cht ch vi nhau. TringcvicchtipcncaphngTyvilchs,lxemlchsnhmtqutrnhctnhhininhmtcmtlotccchinthngtuytitrccixuvcilchu.QuanimTrungHoatruynthngvlchsnhnmnhmtquytrnhsuytnvphchitheochuk,trongthinnhinv thgiic thhiucnhngkhng thkhngchhon ton.iuttnhtcthlmlngycnghihavichng.Chinlcvnghthutlnhotnctrthnhccphngtin"cngtnticngchinu"vicckth.Mcchldkthinchsuyyutrongkhixydngshi,hocvthchinlccaringmnh.

Tuynhin,cchtipcntheokiu"dch"nylltngvkhngphi lc no cng thc t. Trong sut chiu di lch s ca mnh, ngiTrungHoa hi qua cc cuc xung t "vng v" v khc lit c trongncvikhincngoi.Mtkhixyraccxungtnhtrongthigian thngnhtTrungQuciThanh,nhng trnng trong thikTamQuc,cucnpThiBnhThinQucvcucnichintrongthkXX,TrungQucphihngchutnthttolnvsinhmngcthsnhngangvinhngcucchintranhthgiicaChuu.CcxungtmmudinranhlmthqucassptronghthngchnhtrTrungQuc tbn trong - ni cchkhc, lmt kha cnh trongnhng siuchnh ni b mt t nc, theo s n nh trong nc v bo vphng, chng sxm lng ca th lcbnngoiang lndncquantmngangnhau.

ivinhngnhhin trit ciTrungHoa,khngbaogic thchinhphccthgii,nhngnhcmquynthngminhchcthtmcchhahpvinhngxuhngcathgii.ChngtmuramtTnThGiimsng,chngcscurinoangchnnhnloitrnnhngbbinxaxi.VngthachnhlTrungQuc,vngiTrungHoaangri.NhnvohnhnhvttricaTrungQuc,nhngsmaymncannvnhaVngqucTrungtm,vmtlthuytcthcmrngnccncnmtrongphmvicach.Nhngschngc vinh quang no khimo him vt bin n sa i nhng k "ngoio"i theong licangiTrungHoa.Ccphong tc tpqunca

ThinTriunginlnmngoikhnngthuhiucatcphinxaxi.

ycthlligiithchsuschncholdoTrungQuclngquntruyn thnghiqun.Khigingdy trit l lchscamnhnhngnm1820,nhtrithcngicHegelmtxuhngngiTrungQucxemThiBnhDngtolnvphangcahnhmtngrccnci.nglurngnichungTrungQuckhngdmliulnhvnrabinc,thayvobphthucvodintchtairnglnvicah.taiptmt"slngnhngsphthucnvtn",nhngngcli,bincyconngi"raxakhinhngvngtrngiihncatduyvhnhng":

"Svndirabinnynmngoinhnggiihncatlin,phitrthnhnhngskhaitmchnhtrtuytvicaccQucgiaChu,chodchnhbnthnhtgiihnmnhtrnbin-chnghnnhTrungQuc.ivihbinchlsgiihn,schmdtcatlin,hchngcmilinhtchccnovin".PhngTygiongthuynrakhimrngthngmivccgitrcahratonthgii,vvnny,Hegeltranhlunrng,mtTrungQucbbucmnhvitlin-trongthcttnglmtthlchiqunhngmnhnhtthgii-b"chiactkhisphttrinlchsnichung".

Vinhngtruynthngcbitvnhngthiquenthngtrhngthinninkny,TrungQucbcvoknguynhininhmtkiuchringl:Mttnctchorngnnvnhavnhngthchcamnhsnhngangthgii,nhnglicvinlckhinngitarixan,mtqucgiagiucnhtthgiinhnglithvingoithngvscchtncngngh,mtnnvnha theochngha thgii theoquanstcamtthnhphnutvchnhtrrrnglangbtuknguynkhmphphngTyvlmtthcthchnhtrviquymalkhnggsnhbng.Nhng li khng nhn thc c nhng dng chy lch s v cngnghssmedastnvongcan.

Chng2:VNNGHITHCKHUUVCHINTRANHNHAPHINVothiimgnthkXX,svicachTrungQucng

trnnhcao.NhThanhdobtcMnChuthnhlpnm1644tinvoTrungQuctphangBc,binTrungQucthnhmtthlcquns

chcht.CcthlcqunsMngcvMnChuhptcvisthngtho v chnh quyn, vn ha ca ngiHoa gcHn, trin khaimtchngtrnhmrnglnhthvphaBcvphaTy,thnhlpmtphmvi nh hng ca Trung Quc tin su vo Mng c, Ty Tng v TnCngngynay.TrungQucduytrsvttri,nibttiChu,tnhthxngnglithcabtkchnokhctrnhitny.

ThnhngsnibtcanhThanhlibinthnhnhmnhcah.S giu c vm rng caTrungQuc thu ht s ch ca cc chphngTy,cccngtythngmianghotngngoixabingii,ccukhinimvtrttthgiicaTrungQuctruynthng.Lnutintronglchscamnh,TrungQucimtvi"nhngqunphin"khngcncgngthaythtriuiTrungHoa,khnglntingiThinMnhvtaymnhna.Mthayvo,hxutthaythhthngHoavitrungbngmthnhnhtrttthgiihontonmi-vithngmitdohnlccsthntriucng,ctrtithTrungHoa,vmththngtraoingoigiaokhnglinquannnhngngingunhnckhngphingiTrungQuc,"lphindanhd",angththtlngtrungthnhcamnhviHongcachngtiBcKinh.

KhngcthnhphnutTrungHoabit ti,ccnhncngoilainyphttrinccphngphpkhoahc,cngnghipcamnh.Vlnutinsutmythk-hoccltng-vtquathnhtucachnhTrungQuc.Nnglnghinc,ccngst,ccphngphpsnxutmivhnhthnhvnchophptoranhngbctinkhnglvnngsutphngTy.Thmmtrongsthithcchinhphcthcyh tin hnh phmvi thng tr truyn thng caTrungQuc, cc th lcphngTychorngnhngtuynbcaTrungQucvcngvchattonvtrcahlbunci.HquytnhptcctiuchunngxquctcaringhlnTrungQuc,bngvlcnucnthit.SiuphtsinhtthchthcthuytvtrhccbncaTrungQuc,linhngvtthngvncnmngmhnmtthksautrongknguynxutchngcphchicaTrungQuc.

uthkXVII,ccgiiquanliTrungQucthyrngslngcc nh bun Chu u ang tng trn b bin ng Nam Trung Quc.NhngngiChuunytrngkhngkhcmysovinhngngincngoikhcanghotngngayngoiccch,clngoi trsthiuhtrnhrnhcbitcckinthcvvnhaTrngHoa.Theoquanimchnhthcdoccgiichcara,"ccphinvngBinTyPhng"ny

c xp vo loi "cc phi on n triu cng" hoc cc "thng nhnphin".Vonhngdphimhoi,mtsngicphpdulchnBcKinh-ynucphpvoinytkinHong-hsphi thchinnghithckhuu,hnhngquyphctrnchmtbaln.

iviccidinncngoi,ccimnhpcnhvoTrungQucvcctuynngvokinhubhnch.ngvochcangiTrungHoabgiihnivithngmitheomavcquynhchtchtiQungChu(hiycgilCanton).Tngnhbunncngoibnhngmangubpphivnc.HkhngcphpisunavoTrungQuc.Ccquynhccmchnhngayngoivnh.DytingTrungchonhngqunphinny,hocbnchohschvlchshocvnhaTrungQucltrilut.Nhngmtgiaotipcahcthchinvistrgipcaccthngnhnaphngccpphpcbit.

Khinimvtdothngmi,sthnthngtrvcngbngticao-vothiimny,ccquynhntithiuccpchonhngngiChuugnnhmingcngch trn thgii -ukhngcpng tiTrungQuc.Mt ngoi l ngmc a ra tiNga. Sm rng nhanhchngvphangcaNga(cclnhthcaNgahonggipranhcclnhthcanhThanhtiTnCng,MngCvMuChu)tvngnyvov tr ng ch e da Trung Quc. Nm 1715, nh Thanh cho phpMoscowthit lpmtGiohiChnh thngNga tiBcKinh.CuicngHinymnhnvai trcamt s thn trn thc t, lhi truyngioncngoiduynhttiTrungQuctronghnmtthk.

Nhngmi linhmrngnccnhbunTyu,vnbhnch,cnhThanhnhnnhnlammnkl.TheoquanimcangiTrungHoa,ThinTthhinshohipcamnhkhichophphthamgiabunbnvingiTrungHoa-cbit lccmthngtr,la,snmivcyihong,mthngcaccphinTyHiphttrin thnhmtkhuvngon lnh.ChuunmcchVngqucTrungtmquxac thbHnhacngccdngdiTriuTinhocVitNam.

Banu,nhngngiChuuchpnhnvai tr lnhngkivanxintheoyucucngnpcangiTrungHoa,bdnnhnl"phinbanghaychhu"vvicbunbncahbgil"cngnp".TuynhinkhiccthlcphngTyngycngtrnngiucvnhnthc, tnhcnhnykhngthkodimi.

PhionMacartneyNhngginhvtrttthgiicangiTrungHoalphngthc

bit i vi ngi Anh ("nhng phin tc " theo mt s ghi chp cangiTrungHoa).LmtthlchiqunvthngmihnguphngTy,ncAnhkimchvaitrbchnhtrongthuytvtrhccaVngtriuTrungHoa,vncqunimtheongiAnhghichp, thquniTrungHoavnchisdngcungtnvhiqunthcskhngtnti.CcnhbunngiAnhphnntrcslnghnhvi"btcht"ngycngtngcaccthngnhnTrungQuccchinhgyratiQungChu.TheottchotngbunbnvingiphngTyphicthchincnctheoccquynhcangiTrungHoa.Hcgngtinvo su hn phn cn li ca th trng Trung Quc nm ngoi b binngNam.

NlcngkutincangiAnhnhmcithintnhhnhchnhlphioncaNgiGeorgeMacartneynTrungQucnm1793-1794.lnlcngqunht,cnhnthcrnhtvt"qunphit"nhtcaChuunhmthayitnhtrngthngtrcaccquanhTrung-Ty,vtctuynb tdo thngmivngoigiaoda trnnhngiukhoncngbng.Nhngnthtbihonton.

PhionMacartneychngdnxemxtmtschitit.NhtkcaphionminhhaquannimcangiTrungHoavvaitrcamnhcthchinrasao-vhsungncchtntigiaccquannimvngoi giao ca phngTy v TrungQuc.Macartney lmt cng chcctntrngcnhiunmkinhnghimquct,cthckinnhntheokiungoigiao"Phngng".nglngicnhngthnhtuvnhaxut sc, phc v ba nm lmc phi vin c s cho triu nhNhongCatherineViSt.Petersburg(Nga).Tiyngkmthipnhhunghvthngmi.Khiquayv,ngxutbnmtcunschcnnhnttvnhngquanstvlchsvvnhaNga.ngctrangbrtttnhbtkngnghipnokhibtumthotngngoigiaomibnkiannvnminh.

NhngmcchcaphionMacartneynTrungQuccvkhimtnsovimtngiAnhcgiodcklngvothi-cbitkhisosnhvisthngtrmicthitlpcaAnhlnngikhngllngging l n . B trng Ni v Henry Dundas iu chnh nhnghngdnchoMacartneynhmnlctc"sgiaotiptdovimtdntc,cl ldntckqucnht trnacu".Ccmctiuchnhl

thit lpcc s thn tngh lnnhau tiBcKinhvLunn,quyntipcnthngminccbncngkhcdcbbinTrungHoa.vvnny,DundaspMacartneyphinhthngccquynh"khngkhuynkhch"v"con"tiQungChungncnccthngnhnAnhthamgia"cnhtranhThtrngcngbng"(mtkhinimkhngcnghatngng trc tipTrungQuc thiKhngT).Dundasnhnmnh,Macartneysphi tchi thamvnglnhthTrungQuc-mtsbomchcchnphaTrungQucsxemlssnhc,vn thhinrngAnhxemxtnhngthamvng".

Chnh phAnh i x vi triu nh TrungHoa trn nhng iukhoncngbng,giicmquyncaAnhhnsntngkhimtqucgiakhngphiphngTyangcdnhchomc tn trnghim thy,trongkhiTrungQuchangbixvithikhinhmitvkhngchuphctng.DundashngdnMacartneytndng"chismnht"gyntngvitriunhTrungHoarngVuaGeorgeIIIcoiphioncaMacartneylmt"sthncamtDntcvnminhnht,cxanhtvngdnnhttrnThgiinhmtuntheonhngthchlngdanhcatnc,giaotipvtipnhnnhnglichphiphtsinhtsgiaodchcim,thnthingiaQucgianyvqucgiacasthn".DundashngdnMacartneyphitunth"ttcccnghithccaTriunh,khnggy tnhindanhdHongcangi,hockhng lmhphmgicangigynguyhimcho thnhcngcamphn".Dundasnhnmnhngkhngcphpbtkscun tiu titnocn trconngnvinhnglichquantrngcthchng"tsthnhcngtrongsmnhcamnh.

Nhmhtrhnnaccmctiucamnh,MacartneymangtheongrtnhiusnphmvknngcngnghipvkhoahccaAnh.ontytngcaMacartneybaogmmtbcsphuthut,mtbcsiutr,mtthmy,mtnhgikim,mtthsangh,mtngisnxutcngctonhcv"NmNhcsngic",chuynbiudinmi ti. (Nhngcuctrnhdinnylmttrongcckhacnhthnhcngnhtcasthn).CcmnqucangdnglnHongbaogmccsnphmcthitk,chothynhngli chlnlaoTrungQuccthckhibunbnviAnhnh:Ccbphnphobinh,mtxenga,ccngheo taynhkimcng,sAnh(ccquanlinhThanhngtnhchorngylsaochpmunghthutgmsTrungHoa),vccbcchndungNhvuavNhongdoJoshuaReynoldsv.Macartneythmchcnemtheocmt

khinhkhcuchybngkhnngxhi.ng lnkhochchoccthnhvintrongoncamnhdngkhinhkhcubaytrnvngtriBcKinh,nhngthtbi.

PhionMacartneykhnghonthnhcbtkmctiunocth,hsuvnhnthcnginlquln.Macartneycnhminhhanhnglichcacngnghipha,tuynhinHonglihiunhngmnqucanglvttriucng.PhionAnhkvngchnhTrungQuc thanhn rnghb tt huquxanvvngv tinbvnminhcngngh,vcgngtcmiquanhcbitviAnhnhmkhcphcstthucamnh.Thcra,ngiTrungHoaxemAnhnhmtbtcphinkiucng,ngomnvdtntangmunxinxnhucbitcaThinT.TrungQucvntrungthnhvinhngconngphttrinnngnghipcamnh,vidnstnglnnhanhchngangtoraccsnphm thcphmcp thit hn lcnoht.Bmyquan li theooKhngcatncnyvnlmngtrcnhngyutthenchtcacngnghipha:nnglnghinc, tndngvvn, tisntnhnvgiodccng.

CunikhchuutinnkhiMacartneyvontytngcangtinnNhitH,kinhmahvphangBcBcKinh,i lnbbinbngccduthuynTrungHoachtynhngmnquhophng,ccmncaolngmvnhnglimangtheoccbiungTrungQucnur:"i s Anhmang n tin cngHong TrungHoa".Macartney kinquyttunthnhnghngdncaDundasl"khngthanphin,khicchithchhps".Tuynhin,khingnBcKinh,ccquanutnhphtrchqunlphionmmtcucmphnphibyrnthsu ngn cch v nhn thc, vn l liuMacartney c khu u trcHonghaykhng,hocnhngququyt,liungcthtunthtpquncangiAnhchqumtgikhng.

PhaTrungQucmccphin tho lun loanhquanhnhMacartneysaunynh li trongnhtkcamnh,hnhnxtv"nhngmuhngphckhcnhauchimuthgiaccdntckhcnhau".ncuicng,ccvinquanktlunrngtrangphccangiTrungHoaluvitvnchophpngimccngthoimihnnhiu,"hnirng,cccchqugivphphclphongtcthngthngcttcmingithchinmikhiHongxuthinchcngcng".ChnglphionAnhlikhngthynginhnkhitgiiphngmnhkhiingvntbttt khi din kin Hong uy nghi?Macartney phn bc li khi ngh

HongcthsnhgicaokhingdnhchoHong"stntrngtngtnhnggtilmviVuacati".

Nhngcucnichuynv"vnkhuu"tiptcmtcchrircvitunsau.CcvinquanchorngnhnglachncaMacartneylkhuu hoc v nc vi hai bn tay trng;Macartney vn khng chu.Cui cng, hai bn t c tha thun Macartney c th tun th theophongtcChuuqubngmtugi.yccoilchinthngduynhtcaMacartney(tnhtlinquanncchcxthct,nhngbocochnh thccangiTrungHoalichorngvsngst trcsuynghituytvicaHong,nnMacartneycuicngthcskhuu).

TtcnhngchuynnydinratrongkhungnghithcgiaotipphctpcangiTrungHoa,khinchoMacartneythyylsixthntrng nht khi ngn chn v t chi nhng xut ca ng.B tri buctrongnghithclkhiucamith,mmikhacnhucmcchkhngththayivtheoquynhcavtr,Macartneythymnhkhcthbtucccucmphncang.TrongkhinglushiuqucabmyquanlikhnglcaTrungQucvistntrngphalnkhchu,ngnhgi"mihoncnhlinquannchngti,milinithtratmichngtiucbocovghinhlitngpht".

TrcskinhngccaMacartney,nhngiukdiuvcngnghcaChuuchnglintnggrrngivinhngngisdngchng.Khioncangminhhanhngkhuibcthncngcamnh,"ngi ch huy ca chng ti gi v nhgi chng tht thp, v ni vichngtinhthmycithnychngxalgviTrungQuc".Nhngthuknh,xengavkhinhkhcuchybngkhnngcangubgtsangbnbngmtthihmhnh.

Na thngsau,ngiisvnchcdinkinHong, thigianchibtiuphvonhngbatic,trgiitrvnhngphintholunvnghi thcthchhpivingimundinkinHong.Cuicng,ngctriutplcbngisngnmt"cnluto,khp"igpHong,ngichngmychcxuthintinhhung,cngitrnkiucngikhnh.Macartneybnkhontrcvtrngltrongnghi thc ca ngiTrungHoa, theo "mi khu ca bui l u cthc hin vi s im lng v trang nghim, nhmt phng php no tng t nh nghi l tn gio b n". Sau khi trao tng ccmn qu choMacartneyvontytngcang,HongtngbcphioncaAnh

bng cch "[tng thm] cho chng ti vi a n na t trn bn camnh".Sau"chthntngchomingichngtimtchnrum,ngaylptcchngtiungcntrcmtngi".(LurngvicHongch thnmiruccphionncngoiccpc th trongnmmingmicanhHnqunlphin).

Ngyhmsau,MacartneyvoncangdmtbuiknimngysinhnhtcaHong.Cuicng,HongchogiMacartneyvogiancamnh ti mt bui biu din ngh thut.Macartney cho rng lc nyngi c th giao dch lm n vi s thn camnh.Nhng thay vo ,Hongdtkhottchingbngmtmnqukhc,mtcihpngyqu.VnhMacameyghi li: "Ngi traocho timtcunsch,cchnhtayngivitvv,ngimuntihaonchocvua,chnhncati,nhmtbiuhincatnhhungh,nirngchichpnycgianhngictgitrongtmtrmnmri".

Lcnynhngmnquhohipcatriunhctrao,ccquanliTrungHoachorngvmanglnhloangngn,gikhihnhv nc caMacartney n.Macartney phn i rng c hai bn vncha"bcvomphn"vccvn trongnhngchdnchnh thccamnh,ngni"mnhvnchaarathahip".MacartneynhnmnhrngmongmuncaVuaGeorgelngcphpthamdti triunhTrungHoanhmtsthnAnhludi.

Sng sm ngy 03 thng 10 nm 1793, mt vin quan nh thcMacarneyvtriungmcqunotrangtrngnTcmThnh,ningnhnccutrlichokinnghcamnh.Sauvitingnghchi,ngcdnnmtcuthangdnnbnmtchicghbcla,trnghkhng c Hong ngi, m mt l th ca Hong gi cho VuaGeorge.CcquanliTrungHoakhuutrclthny,bliMacartneyqugitrclthbngmtgi.Cuicng,phngthclinlccatriunhcchuyn trvgianphngcaMacartneyviynghi thc,cchng t lmt trongnhngphng thc lin lcngsnhcnhttrongklcngoigiaocaAnh.

Chdbtubngcunhnxtv"snhnnhngcungknh"caVuaGeorgekhigimtphiontriucngnTrungQuc.

Hicvua,snglumuntuithhnnghnvngbin,ythnhng b thc y trc ham mun nhn nhng mun cng chunghngnhnglichtnnvnminhcachngti,ngicny

mtphionyslphp,knhcngichngtinhnngi.

SauHongbibhttngnghthcsmMacartneyara,baogmxutmMacartneycphpctrtiBcKinhnhmtsthn.

Vsvanxincangimungimt trongs thndncangincchnhvoThinTriucachngti,kimsotvicbunbngiatnccangiviTrungQuc,nghnyingclivittctcl,quytccatriuichngti,vdokhngthcpng...[ngtakhngth]cphptdohotng,khngthccpcntngngqucgiacangi.Nnngischngnhncgnulungtaligiachngti.

ChdvittiprngxutTrungQuccsthncamnhnLunnthmchcnngngnhn.

GisrngticgimtSthnnctrtnccangi,lmsaongicthchunbchongtanhngthuxpcnthit?Chuubaogmnhiuscdnkhcnangoiscdncangi,numiscdnvtonbccscdnuichindinTriunhcachngti,lmsaochngticthchophpc?vnnycckthiuthct.

HongkhngnhrngclVuaGeorgecMacartneynhchinhngiumaymntnnvnminhcaTrungQuc.Nhngciunynacngkhngthchpnhnc.

NungiququytrngstnknhcangiiviThinTriucachngtikhinngimongmuntipthunnvnminhcachngti,nhngnghilvccblutcachngtiskhcbithontonvinhngnghilvblutcangi,ngaycnuPhioncangic kh nng tip thu c nguyn l c bn ca nn vn minh cachngti,ngicngkhngthghpccphongtctpquncachngtivovngtmicangi.

V xut caMacartney lin quan n cc li ch thngmi giaAnhvTrungQuc,ThinTriucho thynhu lncangiTrungQuckhicpchohquyn"hontontdobunbntiQungngtrongnhiunm",btkiughonthna"ukhngthchpnhnc",vnhng g c xem l li ch bun bn gia Anh vi Trung Quc,Macartneynhmlnngbun:

Nhngmnhngllngvtnkmkhngkhintibntm.Nutic ra lnhchongiphi tincng, thHicvua,ngi sphichpnhn,ynthunchlschiucchotinhthncangichi xan th...Nhngii s cangi cngc th t thy,chngtichngthiuthg.

Xttheotnhcnhny,thngmivtqunhnggnangdinraliukhngth.NcAnhchngcngmTrungQucmunctng,vTrungQuc choAnh tt c nhngg c cho php trong cc quynhthingling.

Vxemrachnglmcgna,MacartneyquytnhquayvAnhquaQungChu.Khichunbrav,ngquanstthysaustchihontoncaHongivinhngnghcaAnh,ccquanlicvchuohnkhinMacartneychorngcltriunhnghli.ngdhichuynnhngchlvicngiTrungHoahonttnghithcngoigiaonhnhn.Vngiphinivanxinnykhnghiustnh,ngtacixbngmtchdcatriunhgingnhseda.HongbomviVuaGeorgerngngtanhnthcc"sxaxinccahnocamnh,ctlakhithgiikhigiartnhiusamcbin".NhngkinhTrungHoal"citrcvtrungtmxoaytrnquanhttcccngcngchcaacu...NhngitnglthuccachngtikhngbaogicphpmccimkinhdoanhtiPeking[BcKinh]".ngktthcbngmtlikhintrch.

Dotinuchititccthctchongi,ngictrchnhimrngbucphicungknhnhgicaonhngcmxccati,tunththeonhnghngdnca timi lc tnayvsau,nh thngichngthcnhngmaymncamtnnhabnhvnhcu.

HongrrngxalvinnglccaccnhlnhophngTyvkhnngsdngv lc to ln,nnangavi ladng takhngbit.LinhgiMacartneylisaukhiriTrungQucboimg.

MtcptukhutrcnhcaAnhsscnguvitonblclnghiquncachny...trongchaymtmahhcthhontonphhylngtubqualitrnccbbin,gimbts dn c sng trong cc lng bin, nhng ngi ch yu kim sngbngnghcvyhnnnituyti.

BygihnhvicangiTrungHoalcon,nhnghynhrng

nhiuqusutmythkmbotchc,duytrmttrttquctch cht. Trong k nguyn caMacartney, nhngmaymn trong thngmiviphngTyquhinnhin:VsnlngGDPcaTrungQucvngpgnbylnsnlngGDPcaAnh,HongclcthcthathkhinghrngLunncnBcKinhtrgip,chkhngchunghkhc.

Khngnghinggna,triunhtthymngkhigiiquytxongnnnviphionphinny,khngbaogicnlplisuthnhaiminm.Nhng l do cho s tr hon khngphi do k nngngoi giao caTrungHoamldonhngcucChintranhcaNapoleon.Chngtiutngn ht cc ti nguyn ca cc quc gia Chuu.Ngay sau khi dp tanNapoleonthmtphionkhccaAnhxuthintrnccbbinTrungQucvonm1816,dongiAmherstdnu.LnnystchithchinnghithcbinthnhcuccilnmgiaphionAnhviccquanli triunh tphpbnngoi cungin.KhiAmherst khng chukhuu trc Hong , ngi m dn Trung Hoa khng khng cho rng l"ngicaitrvtr",phioncangbxuauiquytlit.HongtncAnh,Regent,clnhnlchtsc"tunth"nhm"tomtbctinhngnschuynivvnminh",tronglc,khngcnmtsthnnonacnphi"chngminhrngngithcslthucvochngta".

Nm1834,BtrngNgoigiaoAnh,ngiPalmeston,ctipmtphion na n vi n lc t c mt gii php quan trng. Palmestonkhngh ckinhnghimivi ccquynh canhThanh,phi squan hi qun Scotland, Napier, vi nhng hng dn tri ngc vi s"tunththeolutphpvtpquncaTrungQuc",cnglcnghccquanhngoigiaoludivxydngmtisqunAnhthngtrtiBcKinh,tipcnthmccbncngnadctheobbinTrungQucvkhngchdngli,tinhnhthngmitdoviNhtBn.

KhiNapier nQungChu, ng cngvin quan a phng lmvongct:Mibnukhngnhnthcabnkia,tchorngmnhmtphmgikhiphin tipmtngicav thpnh th.Hin ticcgiichcaphngtbitdanhchoNapiervimtcitnTrungHoanghal"CncNguxun",chnglnnhngtmbiungcnidunghnthquanhQungChunhmtngiphindchaphng,sphncuicngcnggiiquytvn "phin"bcmnhnychongiTrungHoa,khicNapiervngiphindchchongmcbnhstrtvquai.Tuy

nhintrckhimt,NapiernstnticaHngKng,mtkhuvcniton,dncthathtmtheongnhgislmtbncngtnhintuytho.

NgiTrungHoac th ly lmhi lngkhipmtnhmphinnilonnaphitunth.NhngllncuicngncAnhchpnhnstchi.Minmquai,sphnicaAnhngycngmangtnhedahn.SgiangiPhp,AlainPeyritte tngktphnngcaAnhsaucnchn ng ca phi onMacartney. "NuTrungQuc vn tip tc ngca,vythcccnhcasbnhsp".TtcnhngvnngngoigiaocaTrungQuc,nhngstchitngtchlmchmlinhngtnhtonttyuvhthngqucthini,cthitkdctheoccbbinMvChuu.Stnhtonnysptmttrongsnhngscpvxhi,tr tuvocaunlnnhncTrungHoatronglchsdidngdccamnh.

nggiahaibttthgii:ChintranhNhaphinCcthlccngnghipphngTyanglnr

rngkhngcntiptcludimtcchngoigiaocoihl"phin"dng"vttriucng"hocmthotngthngmitheotnhmavquynhqu ngt ngho ti mt thnh ph cng Trung Hoa.v phn mnh, ngiTrungHoa sn sng hn ch nhng b cc hammun ca thng nhnphngTytmkim"linhun"(mtkhinimtriocmhtheotduycaKhngT).NhnghcngkhiphitrcnhngnghcaccphionphngTyrng,TrungQuccthnginlmtncgianhiunc.Hochnnsngvctipxchngngyludiviccphion"phin"tikinhTrungHoa.

Vi conmt hin i, khngmt xut ban u no ca phi onphngTythcsmangtnhsnhctheocctiuchunphngTy:Ccmctiuthngmicah,cctipxcngoigiaounvccisqunthngtrkhinnhngtnhhnhnhycmngthithmkhkhn,cxemlmtcchtinhnhhotngngoigiaotiuchun.NhngsiucbnlixyramttrongsnhngvnngxuhtrongsthmnhpcaphngTy:VicctnhnhpkhuthucphinkhnghnchvoTrungQuc.

Gia th k XIX, thuc phin c dng ti Anh nhng b cm tiTrungQuc,chodconsngidnTrungHoatiuthnngycngtng.nthucAnhltrungtmphttrinrtnhiucythucphincathgii,ccthngnhnAnhvMangcngtcvidnbunluTrungHoatrongngnhkinhdoanhmohim.Thcrathucphinlmttrongsvisnphmcancngoi tmng tinvoc th trngTrungHoa.NhiumthngdanhtingcaAnhbhybvnhngchtliumivthpkmhnccsnphmcaTrungQuc.kinlchscaphngTynhnxtbunbnthucphinthtngxuh.Tuynhinccthngnhnphimincnghybngnhkinhdoanhsinhliny.

TriuThanhcthtranhcivichpphphathucphinvqunlvickinhdoanhthucphin,vcbnhraquytnhnpthngtay v xa s hon ton ngnh thngmi ny.Nm 1839, BcKinh cLmTcT,mtvinquanctinngtuytvicminhchngnhm

chm dt ngnh kinh doanh ny ti Qung Chu, p cc thng nhnphngTyphitunthlnhcmchnhthc.LmtvinquanchunhhngtruynthngoKhng,Lmxlvngingnhngslmivi bt k vn "phin" kh chi no: Thng qua s pha trn ca scmnhv thuytphcbngoc.KhinQungChu,ngra lnhccphionthngmiphngTyphihybhtccthngthucphintiuhy.Khihkhngnghetheo,ngphongtattcnhngngincngoi-baogmcnhngaichnglinquangnkinhdoanhthucphin-trongccnhmycah,tuynbrnghschicthchngnochugiaohnglura.

TiptheoLmgi thnNhongVictoria,ca tngv tnknhbtrongkhunkhnghithctruynthng,v"slchthipvphctng"canhngngii trc trongvic"triucng"TrungQuc.imthenchttronglthlyucuNhongVictoriachoxashngvsnxutthucphintrnccbingiinthucncAnh.

TimtsninnmdiquynkimsotcanginhBengal,Madras,Bombay,Patna,BenaresvMahoa....thucphin[]c trng t i ny sang i kia, cc ao h cng cm snxut... Ci mi gh tm ny bc ln khin tri phi phn n, khinnhnglinhhnphikhipm.HiNhong,ch thc lngicthxasvic trngthucphintinhngniny,cucxi tonbnhngcnhng;v thayvo l trngngcc.Btkknomt ln na to gan dm trng v sn xut thuc phin phi b trngphtthtnng.

ngh ny l hp l ngay c khi c din t theo gi nh truynthngcacngvchatTrungHoa.

Gi smt ngi ca nc khc nAnh bun bn, anh ta vnphitunthlutphpncAnh,cnnignlutphpcaThintriu Trung Quc th anh ta phi tun th bao nhiu na?... Ccthngnhn"phin"ttrongnccangi,nuhmongmunlmnbunbntrongthigiandi,hbucphitunthccquychmtcchtntrng,vcttludingunthucphin...

HiNhong,xnhykim travgn lcngidnxuxa,cctrongtnccangitrckhihnTrungQuc,nhmbomsanbnhchodn tccangi, cho thy thmna lngchnthnhtrongsLchthipvcungknhcangi,vhainccng

nhauvuihngnhngphclnhcahabnh.Thtmaymn,thtsmaymnlmsao!Saukhinhnclthny,xinngivuilngtrli chng ti ngay lp tc lin quan n cc chi tit, hon cnh vicngicttbunluthucphin.Hychcchnngiskhngtrhonvicny.

nhgiqucaonhhngcaTrungHoa,tihuthcaLmeactbvicxutkhuccsnphmTrungQucmngchornglccsnphmthityusngcniviqun"phin"phtrongTy."NuTrungQucctbnhngmnlinymkhngthngcmivinhngngichukh,vythqun"phin"cncthtrngivociggimnhsngst?"TrungQucchngcgphiesbtra:"NhngmnhngntngoiTrungQucchcthcxemnhchi.Cthcngttmkhngccngchngsao".

LthcaLmdngnhkhngbaogititayVictoria.Volc,kincaAnhxemsbaovycaLmivicngngAnhtiQungChunhmt s lngm.Nhngngivnnghnh langcho"thngmiTrungQuc"kinnghlnNghvinituynchin.PalmerstongimtlthnBcKinhyucu"pngvnbnhngthithidoccgiichcTrungHoagyraiVIcccngdnAnhqucctrtiTrungQuc,nhngssnhccngdoccgiichcnitrngyrachoVuancAnh", cngnhhnhvi nhng li lu di "mt hoc nhiu o cdintchlnva,nmv tr thchhphnbbinTrungQuc"nhmttrmtrungchuynchothngmiAnhquc.

Tronglthcamnh,Palmerstonthanhnrngthucphinbcoil"hnglu"theolutphpTrungHoa,nhngligimnhngrngbucphplivivic lmnny,v tranh lunrng theoccnguyn tcphp lcaphngTy,lnhcmcaTrungHoamthiulcdocsnglacaccquanlithamnhng.LlngybinnykhngckhnngthuytphccbtkainnPalmerstonkhngchophpcschmtrhquyttmavnracngl:Linquann"tmquantrngcpthit"cavnvkhongcchqu lnngncchncAnhviTrungQuc,chnhquynAnhangyucumthmingaylptc"tinhnhphongtaccbncngchnhcaTrngQuc,baovy"ttccctuTrungQucmhmicthgp"vbaovy"mtsimclitrnlnhthTrungHoa"chonkhiLunntmcch".Chin tranhNhaPhinbtu.

NhngphnngbanucaTrungHoanhgivincnhtncngcaAnhlmiedalnnht.MtvinquantranhlunviHongrngkhongcchgiaTrngQucvAnhskhinngiAnhlmvothbtli."Qun"phin"Anhlmtchngtckhngngkvngghtm,cyhontonvotukhevsngln.Nhngkhongcchqulnchngphitriquaskhinchngkhngthvnchuyntiptvqunlnh.Chsaumtthtbi,bcphtnhuyuphm,chngsxungtinhthnvbi trn".NgaycsaukhiAnhphongtasngChuGiangvbaovymt vi hn o nm i din thnh ph cngNinhBa nhmt s biudng lc lng, Lm vn gi l th cm phn ln N hong Victoria."m"phin"ccngitrnnhngvngbinxaxihnmsaodmcnr,cvdmthchthc,snhcchhngmnhcabnta.Cmtsthtlnlcccnginntsvvomtmnh,tyrachoschtritimmnhi",vtuchnhlinhngconngicaccngi.NuccnginhnnhngtnpmnhnviThintriuvdnglnlngtrungthnhcaccngi, tacthchachoccngimtchitthanhtymnhvnhngsailmtrongqukh".

HngthkchimuthlmcmnhnthctcaThintriubsailch.Thitphvsuvitchinhnmnhsnhcnhkhngtrnhkhi. Cc chin thuyn ca Anh nhanh chng i ng vng qua cc hthngphngthvenbbinTrngHoa,phongtaccbncngchnhcaTrngQuc.Nhngkhuibc tngbccvinquanphobinhcaMacartneyvtbxuttrnvitcngthmkhc.

Mt vin quanTrungHoa tn lKSn,Tng trnTrcL (n vhnhchnhsaunybaoquanhBcKinhvcc tnhxungquanh),hiukhnngdtnthngcaTrungQuckhingccntipxctmthivimthmiAnhrakhivphaBcnThinTn.ngnhnrarngngiTrungHoakhngthnguvihalcngbincaAnh."Khngcngi,cngchngcn thy triuh tr,chng[nhng tuhinc] ltingcdngchyvckhnngtvn tc tuytvi...Nhngkhuiphocahgntrncckhpxoaychophpcckhusngc thxoayvnhmvobtkhngno".Ngc li,KSnnhginhngkhusngcaTrungQuctntitthiMinh,v"nhngngiphtrchvnqunsulccquanvn...hchngbitquigvvtranght".

KtlunrngthnhphkhngthphngthtrcscmnhhiqunAnh,KSnpdngchinthutxoaduvnhlchngh,bngcch

bomvihrngtnhtrnghnlontiQungChuchlhiunhm,khngphnnh"nhngdnhckimchvcngbngcaHong".CcquanliTrngHoas"iutoavxlvnmtcchcngbng",nhng trc ht "iu cp bch l [hm i Anh] khi hnh v phngNam"vichccvinquanloviciutoasn.Hingcnhinkhisvnngnylihiuqu.ThyqunAnhquayuvccbncngphngNam, licc thnhphphaBckhnggchechncaTrungQucvncnnguynvn.

Cncvothnhcngny,KSnhinccnQungChuthayth Lm Tc Tmt ln na qun l m "phin". Do khng nm vngcmc m rng ca li th v cng ngh caAnh, nnHong hngdnKSnkoccidincaAnhvonhngcuctholunkodi luhndtnhtrongkhiTrngQuclo tphplclng."Saucucmphnludi,qun"phin"ssuyyuvkitsc".LmTcTbcchchctrongnhcnhvtikchng"phin"tncng.nglnngchucnhiy trongnc tnminvin tyTrngQuc,phnnhvsuvitcavkhphngTy,son thonhnghicbmtkhuynTrungQucnnphttrinvkhcaringmnh.

Tuynhin,mtlntivtrntrcamnhminNamTrungQuc,KSnphichmtrnmttnhhungthchthchnna.

NgiAnhinhngbvlnhthvbithng.HnphngNamcnhnphn,v skhngcnchpnhnb trhonbngccchinthutkodithigian.SaukhicclclngquniAnhnsngvomtviimtrnbbin,KSnvitcngiAnhcangta,itHiqunCharlesElliot,mphnmtthathundtho,HipcXuyn T cp choAnh cc quyn c bit ti HngKng, ha hnmtkhonnb 6 triu lngbc v chophp cc cuc lm n sau ny giaquanliTrungHoavAnhcthchintrniukhoncngbng(nghal,ngiAnhscminccnghi thcchnh thcm tc"phin"phituntheo).

Thathunnybcchnhphhaibncngtchi,mibnuthytrongcciukhonycbaohmssnhc.Vtikhngtunthnhngch th camnh v nhng b qu nhiu trc qun "phin",K Sn bHongbttritriuvsaubhnhhnhncht(vsauchpnhnbluy).NgimphnbnphaqunAnh,CharlesElliot,phichusphn nh nhng hn cht, cho d Palmerston qu trch ng ta bng

nhnglilcaynghitnhtvchiginhcnhnglichquti:"Trongsut thi gian m phn ca ngi", Palmerston phn nn: "Dng nhngi cho rng cc ch th ca ta lgiy ln".HngKngch l "mtqunotrtrihunhkhngcnhcaxytrn";"Elliothagiiqukmkhikhngthginhthmlnhthgitrhn,hockhngthptnhngiukhonkhcnghithn".

Palmerston ch nh mt i din ngoi giao mi, Ngi HenrryPottinger,ngicnghngdntinhnhnglicngrnhn,v"ChnhquyncaNhongkhng thchophp thng lv lcangiTrungHoalicththaythchothnglhplcatonbnhnloicnli,tronggiaodchgiaAnhvTrungQuc".nTrungQuc,PottingernhnmnhvuthqunscaAnh,phongtathmnhiubncngnavcttnggiao thngdcKnhLnv sngDngTphadi.Vi nguy c qunAnh sn sng tn cng kinh xaNamKinh, TrungQuctheouigiiphphabnh.

ThutngoigiaocanhThanh:Xoadu"phin"PotttrgergiyimtvimtnhmphnTrungHoakhc,ngi

thbacmttriunhvnutitchominhltrungtmvtr,cithchinnhimvchnghahnght,HongtnhThanhKAnh.BinphpcaKAnhtrongxlngiAnhlmtchinlctruynthngcaTrungHoa khi ng u vi tht bi. Bng cch c gng thch thc vngoigiao,TrungQuctmcchlmsuyyuqun"phin"bngstunthbngoi.mphndicibngcahmiAnh,KAnhnhgirngchuynxy ravi ccquan li triunh l s lp linhngg cc thnhphnutcaVngtriuTrungHoatnglmthngxuyntrckia,thngquaskthpcatrhon,quanhcovnhngnhucphnchiacnthn,hsxoaduvthunphccqun"phin"trongkhititkimcthigianTrungQucckhnngtntiquacuctncng.

KAnhquytnhtptrungthitlpmtquanhcnhnvi"nginguqunphin"Pottinger.ngchoPottingerxemccmnquvbtuxemngtanhmtngibnngquv"thnmt"(mttccbitchuynngsangtingTrungvimcchdintny).Nhlmtbiuhincatnhbnsumgiah,KAnhixanmcxuttraoiccbcchndungnhngngivcah, thmchcnby tmongmuncnhnnuicon traicaPottnger (hinvnangAnh,nhngsaunynitingvicitn'TrederickKAnhPottinger").

Trongmtbnthngipcbit,KAnhgiithchkhochtipcn

vi Thin triu l do thy qu trnh cm d rt kh thc thi. ngm tnhngphngphpngpdngnhngbqun"phin"Anh."Viloi ngi n y t nhng ni nm ngoi gii hn ca nn vn minh,nhngkmqung,chnghiugvcchnichuynvcchnhthcnghil... thdchngtacninrtcbnghng(thcgicchngtunththeocchcata),cngkhngthtrnhvicchnggicmgiic".

Do,nhngbaticcaKAnhvsmpqungcangiviPottingervgianhng taphcvmtkhochchin lccbn,theolihnhxcaTrungQucctnhtonmtcchcth,nhngphmchtnhlngtin,schnthnhlnhngvkh;chodchngcchothysthuytphchaykhngcnglthyu.ngnitip:

Chc chn chng ta phi kim ch chng bng s chn thnh,nhng iu cn thit l phi kim sot chng bng cc phng phpkho lo.C nhng khi c th li chng theo hng ta nhng khngc chng hiu ra l do. i khi chng ta phi by ra mi thnhngchngskhngnghing.

V ri chng ta c th lm tiu tan i nhng lo u ni lon cachng.ikhichng tabanchochngnhngsn tipvgii tr,sauchngsccmgicmnhcnhgicao.

Vonhnglckhcchngtachothynimtinvochngmtcchrng ri, khng cn thit phi tham gia qu su vo nhngmn ithoivnvtvichng,sauchngtacthcchnggipvickinhdoanhspti.

Nhng kt qu tc ng ln nhau gia lc lng chim u th caphngTyvhnh thcqun l tm lcaTrungQuc lhaihipnhcmphngiaKAnhvPottinger,HipcNamKinhvHipcBoguebsung.ShagiicnnhngbnhiuhncHipcXuynT,vbnchtlmtsnhcnh,chodnhngiukhonbtnghitnghntnhhnhqunsmAnhhnscphppt.TheoAnhccpkhonnb6triulngcaTrungQuc,cnhngHngKngvmrngnm"hicngbunbnvincngoi"phngTycphpbunbnvctrtrn.iunyloibhiuqu"HthngQungChu (Canton)",mtphng tin triunhTrungQucquynhvicthngmi vi phng Ty v gii hn i vi cc nh bun c cpphp.NinhBa,ThngHi,HMnvPhcChucbsungvodanhschcchicngbunbnvincngoi.NgiAnhbomquync

duytrccphionluditiccthnhphcng,mphntrctipviccquanliaphng,bquatriunhtiBcKinh.

NgiAnhcngginhcquynthchinthmquyncamnhivinhbunccnckhcangc tr trongcchi cngbunbnvincngoitiTrungQuc,vmthiulc,iunynghalccnhbunthucphinschcntuntheolutphpvquynhcatncmnh,chkhngphilutvquynhcaTrungQuc.Nguyntcv"cquynngoigiao"nytrongsnhngiukhongytranhcithncahipcvothiim,cuicngscxemlsviphmchnhchquyncaTrungQuc.Tuynhin,vkhinimcaChuuvchquyncnchar,nncquynngoigiaocaTrungQucvothiimcxemlbiutng,khngviphmqunhiumtquyphmphpllinquannvicxcnhquynlctriunh.SgimbtThinmnhphtsinhtdnnsbngnmtcucbongkhinghatrongnc.

NgibindchtingAnhthkXIX,ThomasMeadowsnhnxtrnghuhtngiTrungHoabanukhngnhginhnghuqukodicaChintranhNhaPhin.Hxemnhngsnhngbnhmtkiupdngphng php truyn thng thu phc qun "phin" v lm chng suy yu."Phnlntnc",ngphngon,"chc thnhnvotrnchinmiynhmtsxmnhpniloncamtbtc"phin",nhngkvishtrcatulntncngvchimmtsnidcbbin,thmchcncgngchimquynshumtaimquantrngcaKnhLn,quapHongtinhnhnhngnhngbnhtnh".

Tuynhincc th lcphngTykhngddngbxoadunh th.Mimt snhngbcaTrungQuc liny sinh thmccyucubsungcaphngTy.Banucchipccxemnhmtsnhngbtmthi,thayvolskhiumtqutrnhtriunhnhThanhmt quyn kim sot phn ln chnh sch thng mi v ngoi giao camnh.TheosauhipcviAnh,TngthngMJohnTylernhanhchngcmtphionnTrungQucinhngnhngbtngtchongiM,duhiubotrcchochnhsch"Mca"sauny.NcPhpcngm phn hip c ca ringmnh vi nhng iu khon tng t.Minctrongsnynlnltbaogmmtiukhon"Qucgiacuinht"quynhrngbtksnhngbnodoTrungQucaraviccnckhc,cngscdnhchoh.(SaunyngoigiaoTrungQucdngiukhonnynhmhnchnhngihi,bngcchkchngscnhtranhgiartnhiubnihiuicbit).

Nhnghipcnyng lnhnghipnhkht ting trong lchsTrungHoanhskhiuchomtchui"hipcbtbnhng"cthchindicibngcalc lngqunsncngoi.Vothiim,nhngiukhongyhanhcicayngnhtlnhngiukhonquynhscngbngvvth.TrungQucnlcnyvnkhngkhngvvthuvitnsuvobnscdntc,vcphnnhhthngtriucng.Giynphiimtvimtthlcngoibangquyttmxabtncankhidanhsch"ccncphitriucng"choTrungQuc,disedavchngminhnhcmquyncamnhcngbngvaiphilavinhcmquyncaThintriu.

Ccnhlnhochaiphauhiurngylmttranhchplnhnnhiuchuynnghithc,hocthucphin.TriunhnhThanhangsnsngnhngbnhngngincngoithamlambngtinvthngmi;nhngnunguyntcbnhngvchnhtrca"phin"iviThinTc thit lp, tonb trt t thgiiTrungHoa sbeda,vngtriusgpphirironhmtThinMnh.Palmerston,trongnhngbcthchuacayngthngxuyngichonhngngimphncang,xemstinnbphnnochimangtnhbiutng.Nhngngdnhschcbitnvicnhicmchngvinhnghnh thcgiaotipcaTrungQuc,vicctngchothy"nhngginhvsuvitcaTrungQuc" hoc ng rng ncAnh, bn chin thng trong cucchin,vn lncphivanXINnhu ticaocaHong.Cuicng,quanimcaPalmerstonthngth,HipcNamKinhcbsungmtiukhonbomrrngrngccquan liTrungQucvAnh tnayvsaus"giaothip...trncscngbnghonho",cntiptcixanmclitkccchvitTrungHoac th trongvnbnvinhngngha bao hm trung tnh chp nhn c. Cc ghi chp ca Trung Hoa(hoctnhtlnhnggmngincngoitipcnc)khngcnmtAnhlncang"vanxin"ccgiichcTrungHoahoc"angrunrytunth"cc"mnhlnh"cahna.

ThintriuhiucsthpkmvqunscaTrungQucnhngvnchacphngphpthchhpnogiiquyt.Banu,hpdngccphngphptruynthngqunl"phin".ThtbikhngphilchatngxyntronglchsdicaTrungQuc.NhngnhcaitrTrungHoa gii quyt n bng cch p dng nm ming mi c m t trongchng trc.H thy c trng chung ca nhng k xm lc lkhaokhtmundnhmunphnnnvnhaTrungQuc,chngmun

nhctrntTrungHoavchimlynnvnminhcah.NnchngcthdndnbthunphcbngmtsliuphptmltheominhhocaHongtKAnh,vkhinlcstrthnhmtphntrongcucsngcaTrungQuc.

Tuynhin,nhngkxmlcChuukhngckhtvngcngnhmcchnolgiihn.Tchomnhlnhngnctintinhn,mctiucah lkhai thcTrungQucv li chkinh t, chkhngphi lhanhpphongcchsng.Nhngyucucahdochibgiihncnctheotinguynvlngtham.Ccmiquanhcnhnkhngthmangtnhquytnhvnhngngilnhoqunxmlckhngphilhngxm,h sng cch hng nghn dm, ni y h c qun l theo nhngngctringcviskhnngoan,quanhcovgianlntronghnhthcchinlccanhThanh.

Trongvngmtthpnin,VngtriuTrungHoatnhcaotrthnhmtitngcacclclngthucaangcnhtranh.tthsnsnggiahaiknguynvhaikhinimkhcnhauvccquanhquct,TrungQucnlckhngnhmtbnscmi,vtrnhtlhahpccgitrnhdusvicamnh,vicngnghvthngmimstrthnhcsmboanninhchotnc.

Chng3:TNHCAOXUNGVCSU

KHITHKMICHNN,TrungQuctriqualchscachnhmnh.TrcChintranhNhaPhin,hquannimthutngoigiaovthng mi quc t nh cc hnh thc tha nhn s xut sc ca TrungQuc.Bygi ngay c khi bcvomt thi k ri lon trongnc, hphiimtvibathchthctncngoi.Btkmiedanotrongsnycngcthltmttriui.Nhngmiedanyntmihng,xanayvnlnhnghinthnkhngthnhnthcc.

TbnkiaccidngphngTy,ccncChuun.Hkhng lmdy lnnhiu thch thcvphngv lnh thnhivicckhinimkhngthhagiivtrttthgii.PhnlnccthlcphngTytgiihnmnhmckhai thc thmnhiunhngb trnbbinTrungHoa,vihiccquynhntdothngmivhotngtruyngio.NghchlchylmiedatrongkhingiChuulikhnghxemnnhmtcucchinhphc.Hkhngcgng thay th triui

hinc-mchnginlptmttrttthgiihontonmi,vcbnlkhngtngthchvitrttthgiicaTrungQuc.

TphaBcvphaTy,mtncNga thng trvqunsv theochngha bnh trng c gngxoimi vngni a khng l caTrungQuc.ShptccaNgatmthicthmuac,nhnghnhnrachngcrocnnogiaccvngtcaringhviccthucabnngoicaTrungQuc.Khnggingccncichinhphctrc,NgakhngmuntrthnhmtphntrongnnvnhaTrungHoa,cclnhthmNgaxmnhpnginlsmtludivtaychny.

Du vy, cc th lc phng Ty cng nhNga u khng c thamvngthaythnhThanhviotcThinMnh;vcbnhinktlunrngmnhcnhiuthmttrcsspcanhThanh.Ngcli,NhtBnkhngcnhiulichtrongstnticaccthchxacaTrungQuchay trt t thgiiHoavi trung.TphangNhtBnbtulnngkhngchimunxmchimnhngmingbnhngonlnhtronglnhthTrungQuc,mcnmunhtcngBcKinhlmtrungtmcamttrttquctngmi.

NhngtaingktipcnhnnhnvisxungtinhthnngktiTrungQucngthi,khimtphn"thknhcnh"kht tingchcktthcnhstithngnhttncbngmthnhthcChnghadn tc quyt on. Cng thi im , k nguyn kh khn ca TrungQucng trc rtnhiuconng,nhmt schng thcnhngkhnngngkcanvtquanhngtrngivcthbgyccnhnckhc.

TrongkhiqunincngoiangdiuquaTrungQucvtngtinbngnhngiukhonnhcnh,ThintriukhngbaogithikhngnhihicamnhlntriunhvcgngthchinntrnhukhplnhthTrungQuc.Ccncxmlccxemnhnhngkxmlckhcntmythktrc,nhmtsginonkhchu,nhmtsquyrikhchuivinhpiuluditrongcucsngcangiTrungHoa.TriunhtiBcKinhcthhnhngtheocchvnhngsquyphcangincngoiunmtrongchuvicaTrungQuc,vvnhngkxmlcnchivmcchthngmi,chnhxcthtrongsquantmcanhngkxmlc,cckhuvcrnglnybaogmhuhtdns,vnlnhngvngttnhlng,hoangvng.ChnhquyntiBcKinhdotcmtlichiungquni.Ttcnhngihiu

phicmphnvitriunh,dohangvthcthkchngnhngkxmlcnhlnnhau.

CcchnhtrgiaTrungHoadngbntaymyuviknngngkra taychn trcnhngg c th lmt thmha to lnhn.Theoquanimvcncnquynlc,ccumctiucclclnghnschothyTrungQuckhngckhnngsngstnhmtnhncnnht,cquymcamt lca.Nhngvihnhnhvt tri truyn thngcangiTrungQuc thngxuynphi triqua thch thcvv lc,vqucgiaphihngchu s cpbc, phphchca thuca lnnidy trongnc,TrungQuccuicnghonthnhhtttcnhngcngvicnngnhcbngchnhscmnh.Triquamtqutrnhaunvmtuytn,ccchnhtrgiaTrungHoacuicngbotoncnhngtuynbvocvlnhthtrongtrttthgiiangtanrcah.

Cliungknhtlhlmiuhontonbngccphngphptruynthng.MtnhnhtrongtnglpthngtrcanhThanhvitranhnghicckhnnghngbin,theophongcchcin,vnhngthchthcdophngTy,ncNgavmtncNhtanglntra,vnhucuphtsinhiviTrungQuclphithchnh"tcng"vcithinccnnglccngnghcachnhmnh.NhngthnhphnuttheoKhnggiocaTrungQucvqunchngbothnichungvntthincisuscivilikhuynny.Nhiungiquannimvicnhpccvnbntingncngoi,cngnghphngTyanggynguyhimcho trt t x hi v tinh hoa vn ha ca TrungQuc. Sau khi tri quanhngtrnchinclctnkhc,bcnhchimuthquytnhhinihatheoconngcaphngTyngnghavichmdtclmngiTrungQuc,v rngchnggc thbinminhcvicb ridisncony.V thTrungQucphiimtvimtknguynmrngtriunhkhngcnhngli chcamymcqunshininotrnquymqucgia,mchlnhngspdngdndnnhngcchtnvchnhtrvtichnh.

vt qua bo t, Trung Quc khng da vo cng ngh hay scmnhqunsmlhaingunlctruynthngsusc:Khnngphntchcaccnhngoigiao,sphongphvlngtinvvnhacangidn.TrungQucphttrinccchinlckholochnhthnhkchthchcc"phin"chnglinhau.Ccquanchcphtrchqunlccquanh ngoi giao ca Trung Quc a ra nhng nhng b ti rt nhiuthnhph-nhngh thntrngmiccnhmngincngoicng

chiasquynli,nnhcth"dngphinnychngphinkia"vtrnhbkhngchbibtkthlcno.Cuicnghkinquyttntrngtrit "nhnghipcbt bnhng"viphngTyv ccnguyn tcvlut quc t ca nc ngoi, khng phi v cc quan li Trung Quc tintngrngchngcgitr,mlvvicnymanglinhngphngtingiphnchnhngthamvngcancngoi.imtvihaiithhngmnh tim nng i thng tr min ng Bc Trung Quc, v hu nhkhngshuscmnhyluiqunth,ccnhngoigiaoTrungQuckhinNgavNhtquaysangchnglinhau.Nhthsgimnhphnnophmvivnhngsxmlnludicatngnc.

DinhsngcastngphngiaqunsTrungQucgnnhbtlcvhnhnhtphongvvaitrthgiicamnh,phngthbngoqunhutpnhmduytrmtchnhphTrungHoaclplmt thnhtungk.Chngclnmngchinthngnochothnhtchny,lmt n lc khng hon chnh, ko di nmy thp nin c nh dubngrtnhiunhngsolnvphnitrongnc,kodivikhihyhoinhngngixutrachng.CucchinunykhinngidnTrungHoaphitrgit-vncththchvlngkinnhnvtinhthnchung,khngphilnutincngkhngphilncuicng,nhmthngphngthcbn.NhngnbotnltngcaTrungQucnhmt lc a thc t c th kim sot c chnh vnmnh camnh.Viklutvsttncao,TrungQuclunmrngcachoknguyntridycachnhnsauny.

KhochchtitcaVUyn:"Dng 'phin'chng 'phin'",hchik thutcahTrnconng

hngchunhngcuctncngxotrcaChuuphngTyvicngnghvttrivnhngthamvngmicaNgavNhtBn,TrungQucc bo ton nh s lin mch v vn ha v k nng phi thng canhngnhngoigiao-ttcungkhnbicnhtriunhnichungangrtchmhiu.VogiathkXIX,chcmtstthnhvintronggii tinh tcaTrungHoabtuhiurngTrungQuckhngcnsngtrongmththngcnhdubngsuvitcamnh,vrngTrungQucphihcngphpcamththngcnhtranhvikhithlc.

Mt vin quan nh th lVUyn (1794 - 1856), l ngi theo oKhng chc v cao tng lm ph choLmTcT, vin tng cQungChutrngtrthngtayngnhkinhdoanhthucphin,chmngichoscanthipcaAnhvcuicngbpphiluy.Trongkhitrungthnhvi

triuThanh,VUynquantmsuscntnhtmncan.ngvitramtnghincutinphongvalncngoi,sdngcctiliucsutmvchuyndchtccnhbunvhitruyngioncngoi.McchlnhmcvTrungQucnnctmnhnxahnccncchhutrnccbingiitrunggian.

Cun"NhngKhochPhngthHnghi"nm1842caVUynvtnhchtlmtnghincuvnhngthtbicaTrungQuctrongchintranhNhaPhin,nhmpdngnhngbihcvthutngoigiaotheocncn quyn lc ca Chuu i vi nhng rc ri ng thi ca TrungQuc.Nhn ra syukmnghim trngcaTrungQuccquanhnnhngthlcngoibang-mtgithuytmnhngngingthivingnichungkhngchpnhn-VUynxutccphngphptheoTrungQuccthtcmtlithhuyngquni.VUynxutmtchinlctheonhiuhng:

Chaibinphptncngqunphin",lkchthchccnckhngctnhhunghviqunphin"tinhnhtncngchng,hail hc hi cc k nng siu vit ca qun "phin" nhm kim sotchng.Chaiphngphphabnhviqun"phin",lchophpnhiuqucgiathngmictinhnhbunbnnhmduytrhabnhviqun"phin",hailnghhipcutincachintranhNhaPhinnhmduytrthngmiquct.

l sminhhachoknngphn tchca thutngoigiaoTrungQucmkhiimtvik thsiuvitvnhngihingycng leothang,nnhiurngnangtinrtnhanhnmthipccnnhcnhhnnhiu,tgiihnchonhngstngtintiptheo.

Trongkhi,VUynxemxtccqucgiacthtincrnghstscplnAnh,cnctheoccnguyntcvtrngthicnbngcaChuu.TrchdnnhngtinlxaxatrongnhHn,ngvgiaionucanhThanhkimchthamvngcaccbtctnbo.VUynxemquacu,xemxt"ccnckthmqunphinNgartshi".cvitnhmtcuchmngn"qunphinchngqunphin"lmthnhthctx.VUynchtayvoccnc"Nga,PhpvM"pha Ty, v "Cc chin binhGurkha [caNepal], Burma vXim [ThiLan]vAnNam[VitNam]"phaNamlnhngngcvincthnhnthcc.VUyntngtngmtcuctncngcaNgavchinbinhGurkhavonhnglichxaxinht,vcphngthkmnhtcaAnh,

lchn.SkchthchnhngsthchludicaPhpvMiviAnh,khinchngtncngAnhbngngbinlmtvkhkhctrongphntchcaVUyn.

lmt gii phpht sc c o nhngb ngn tr trc thc trng,chnhphTrungQucchngbittgvvictrinkhainrasao.Hchiccchtkinthcgiihnvccnclinminhtimnngangcn nhc nhng li chng chu a ra t tin no.VUyn hiu cnhnghnchcaTrungQuc.ngkhngnhtrongmtknguyncchotngchnhtrtoncu,vnkhngphil"qunphinngoibangkhngdngc";ml"chngtacnnhnsckhnngaranhngdnxpvih"vcnngibit"vtrcah[v]nhngquanhtnghcahlbnhayth".

VUyntiptc,vkhngthngnchnbctincaqunAnh,BcKinhgicnphilmsuyyuvthtngicaLunntrnthgiivtiTrungQuc.ngaramtkinnguynbnkhc:Miccqun"phin"khcvoTrungQucthitlpmtcuccnhtranhgialngthamcahvlngthamcaqunAnh.NhthTrungQuccthnilnnhmtconlcctcngnsphnchiatisncachnhmnh.VUynvit:

Ngynayqun"phin"AnhkhngchchimHngKng,tchlymtlnglncacicngnhthotrcccqunphinkhc,mhcnmraccbncngvctgimnhiuchiphnhmtothunlichocccnhqunny.Nuqun"phin"Anhixttvihmrngthmvycnh,thchngphistthnsaokhichnhchngtann lngi lmvickimsothnhnhngngn tay trnbntay?

Nicchkhc,TrungQucphiaranhngsnhngbchottcccncthamlam,hnlAnhihiccncvtkimlitbngcchchiaschinliphmVIccnckhc.Cchtcmctiunychnh lnguyn tcingTiHuQuc -ngha lbtkcquynnoccpchomtthlcnyphictngmrngchoccthlckhc.

Thigianthkhngtrunglp.LichtcccucvnngtinhtcaVUynsphicnhgibngkhnngTrungQucttrangbchomnh s dng "nhng k thut siu vit ca qun phin". V UynkhuynTrungQucphi"anhngngi th thcngphngTyn

Qungng"tPhphocM"phtrchngtuchinvsnxutvkh".VUyn tngktchin lcvi likhngnh rng"trckhigiiquyt bng ha bnh, nhim v ca chng ta l phi dng qun "phin"chng qun "phin". Sau khi n nh ri, mi l thi im thch hp chngtahchinhngkthutsiuvitcahnhmkimsoth".

Cho d ban u ku gi hin i ha cng ngh ty tin,Thin triucng pdng chin lc trung thnhvi ni dung cchipcChintranhNhaPhin,nhmthit lpmtmctrnchoccihicaphngTy.Nhmt vin quan hng u sau ny vit, TrungQuc s "hnhngcnc theocchipc,khngchophpngoibang tin thmmtbcnonangoinhnggghitronghipc",quaccquanliTrungHoaphi"chn thnhv thnmt,nhng lng lkhinchngkhngvtqugiihn".

Uyquynximn:Nhngcucnilonvthchthccangoibang

Dnhin,ccthlctronghipcphngTykhngcnhtunthgiihn-vsaucnchnngtcccucmphngiaKAnh-Pottinger,mtkhongcchmitrongcckvngbtuxuthin.ivitriunhTrungHoa,cchipclmtsnhngbtmthiivithlc"phin",sctunthmccnthitnhngskhngbaogictnguynmrng.iviphngTy,cchipc lskhiucamtqutrnhludi,theoTrungQucsdndnblikochcchnvoccquyphmgiaoluchnhtrvkinhtcaphngTy.NhngiuphngTynhnthcclqutrnhkhaisngcmtsngiTrungQucxemlstncngvtml.

ylldotisaongiTrungHoakhngchupngccyucucangoibangmrngcchipcbaogmthngmitdotikinhTrungHoa.Bt chpkin thc rthnchvphngTy -BcKinhhiu rng skthp th lcvt tri cangoibang, sgii phnghotngcangoibangtronglngTrungQucvrtnhiuhitruyngiocaphngTy lmstgimnghim trngnhngginhv trt t thgiica ngi TrungHoamt khi TrungQuc tr thnhmt t nc "bnhthng",nsnhmtiuyquynvoccocalchs,nsngin tr thnhmt qucgia suyyukhcb nhngkxm lcbaovy. Trong bi cnh ny, c v nhng tranh chp nh nhoi v c quynngoigiaovkinhtbinthnhngln.

Ttcchuynnydinravicsni lontolnTrungQuc,cccquanliphtrchqunltipxcvingoibangchegiurtkbngsttinkhngnaonng-mtnttiubiuvnchathayithikhini.Macartneynhnxtvonm1793vsthahipkhchugiatnglpthngtrMnChucanhThanh,thnhphnquanliutcanhHnvhuhtdnHnnichung."Gnmtnmhiquari",nglu,"mcctnhchngccuckhinghanoht".

ThinMnhcatriuThanhbtduhi,cckthtrongncleothangphmvikhngccah.Nhngthchthccahcvtngiolndntc,tocschoccxungtchangstnkhc.NhngtmviraphngTyxaxicachchngkincccucni loncaoHivtuynbcanhngvngqucKhanngnngitheochnhschly khai, chi c chn ng vi tn tht rt ln v tin v sinhmng.TrungQuc,mtcucnidycbitnnh lonNimqun likocsnghngkcacctnglplaongTrungQucdntcHn.Vbtuvonm1851, tinhnhcucnidykodignhai thpnin.

ThchthcnghimtrngnhtntlonThiBnhThinQuc(1850-1864),cshtrcanhmThinChagioTrungHoaphaNam.Cchitruyngiotntisutnhiuthk,chodbgiihngaygt.HbtuthmnhpvotrongncvislnglnsauchintranhNhaphin.DomtnhnvthuynbcaTrungHoacscmhocdnchngtxngmnhlemtraiChaJesusvmtngiphkhngnhnhngscmnhngoicm,cucnidycaThiBnhThinQucnhmmcchltnhThanhvthaybng"VngqucThibnhcaTri",ccaitrbng s th hin k l cc vn bn truyngio du nhp ca nhngngingu.CclclngcaThiBnhthnhcngkhiginhcquynkimsotNamKinh,nhiuniphaNamvminTrungTrungQucttaynhThanh,caitrdihnhthcmttriuimihnhthnh.Chodtcbit ti trongchnhsphngTy,xungtgiaThiBnhvccquanlinhThanhlmttrongnhngcucxungtcthithilnnhttronglchs,viconsthngvongctnhhngchctriu.Trongkhikhngcconschnhthcnocghichp,trongsutccthikdinracclonThiBnh,HigiovNimqunctnhdnsTrungQucstgimtgn410triunginm1850xungcn350triungivonm1873.

HipcNamKinhvccitccaTrungQuclMvPhpcng

nmphnvonhngnm1850,trongkhiTrngQucbgingxquacccucxungttrongnc.Ccthlctronghipckhngkhngchorng ccnhngoi giao cahphi cphp thng tr quanhnm tikinhTrungHoa,tuynbrnghkhngphilphiontriucng,ml cc i din ca nhngnc c ch quyn tngng.NgiTrngHoatrinkhaitrndinrngccchinthuttrhon,ckhuynkhchbsung tsphnnhngngimphn trc,khngmtquan linhThanhnockhnnglimunnhnthuatrongvnidinngoigiaoludi.

Nm 1856, tu ca TrungQuc ng k ti Anh, Arrow, bt ng bngiTrngQuckimtra.VinclcAnhbxcphm,chuynnytomtldomichostixuthinnhnghnhngthchmi.Nhtrongcucxungtnm1840,binckhimochngtottg(vicngkcatu,saunymiphtgicralkhngchiulcvmtngngha);nhngchaibnuhiurngmnhangchicanhbcvinhiuriro.VinhnghthngphngthcaTrungQucvnanggiaionphttrinphithai,cclclngqunAnhbaovyQungChuvPhoiPatu phaBcTrungQuc, t y h c th d dng hnh qun nBcKinh.

Trongcccucmphnsau,khongcchvnhnthclnhnbaogiht.QunAnhnhnmnhvolikttihotngtruyngio,thhinnhngvthmphnnhmtdchvcngcuicngkhincthgiihin i bit n Trung Quc. Qua tr l m phn ca Lun n,Horatio Lay, tm tt quan im phng Ty chim u th. "i dinngoigiaosttchocchngtilnchoccngi,vccngichcchnsthy. Thuc ng c th kh chu nhng cc phn ng ph ca n s rttuyt".

CcquanchcnhThanhhunhkhngnhit tnhn th.H thanhncciukhonhipcchi saumt lotnhng tipxcnibkhchugiatriunhvinhmphn,vmiedamilqunAnhstinnBcKinh.

VntrngtmcaHipcThinTnnm1858phtsinhtlsnhngbLunncgngtctrongvvngsuthnsuminm-quyncmsqunluditiBcKinh.HipccnchophpngingoibangdulchtrnsngDngT,mthmcc"hicngtheohipc"bunbnviphngTyvbovnhngngiTrungHoa

vngiphngTyciotheooThinCha(mtkhacnhrtkhkhnivinhThanhxttheolonThiBnhThinQuc).NgiPhpvngiMkktcchipccaringmnhvinhngiukhontngttheocciukhonQuychTiHuQuc.

Ccthlctronghipcgiydnhschvovicthitlpcc s qun thng tr timt kinh r rng khng cho n h.Vothng5nm1859,idinngoigiaomicaAnh,FrederickBruce,nTrungQuc nhm trao i nhng s ph chun hip c s cp cho ngquyncthngtrtiBcKinh.Nhnthytuynngsngchonkinhbchnqunhiuqunovnhnhsng,ngyucutphpcctungmAnhlixlccchngngi.TuynhincclclngTrungHoagyscchooncaBrucebngcchkhaihatccPhoiTaku(hocDagu)gn.Trnchinktipnykhin519lnhAnhbgitv456ngibthng.

lchin thngu tincangiTrungHoa trccc lc lngphngTyhini,vlmvtanhnhnhthiuchuynnghipcaqunsTrungHoa,tnhtltmthi.ThnhngiuchcthtmthilmtrhonvicisAnhnTrungQuc.PalmerstoncngiElgindnu cuc hnh qun kt hp c Anh ln Php n Bc Kinh, mang theonhngyucuxmchimkinhv"nilviHong".tracho"Tht biDagu" vmt s biu dng scmnh phng Tymang tnhbiutng,ElginyucutchyCunginDiHaVincaHong.Trongqutrnh,phhyluncckhobunghthutvgi-mthnhnggyphnntiTrungQuchnmtthkrisau.

ChindchbynmcaTrungQucchngccquytcvnhngquanhlintiubangcaphngTygiynmckhnghongkhngth chi ci.Nhng n lc tr hon theo thut ngoi giao c thc hintrongsutqutrnhcah,scmnhgpphiscmnhvttri.Qun"phin"ihisbnhn