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1/3
B r i t i s h
J o u r n a l
o f
O p h t h a l m o l o g y , 1 9 9 1 , 7 5 , 6 9 1 - 6 9 2
C l e f t
a n t e r i o r
s e g m e n t
w i t h
m a t e r n a l
h y p e r v i t a m i n o s i s
A
K E v a n s ,
M
U
H i c k e y - D w y e r
A b s t r a c t
We
r e p o r t
a c a s e o f a n
h o u r g l a s s
c o r n e a
a n d
i r i s w i t h
r e d u p l i c a t e d l e n s i n t h e
l e f t
e y e
o f
a n
i n f a n t
g i r l . An e x c e s s o f
v i t a m i n
A
p r o d u c t s
h a d b e e n t a k e n
b y
t h e
m o t h e r
d u r i n g
p r e g
n a n c y .
M e c h a n i s m s
b y w h i c h v i t a m i n A
e x c e s s
c o u l d
h a v e
c a u s e d
t h i s a r e
d i s c u s s e d .
V i t a m i n A
a n d
i t s
a n a l o g u e s h a v e b e c o m e
r e a d i l y
a v a i l a b l e
o n t h e
m a r k e t .
H i g h d o s e s h a v e
b e e n
u s e d
t o t r e a t
d e f i c i e n c y
s t a t e s ,
a c n e , o t h e r
d e r m a t o s e s
a n d
a l s o
i n
c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h
o t h e r
v i t a m i n s i n
h e a l t h y d i e t
r e g i m e n s . I n
r e c e n t
y e a r s many
r e p o r t s
h a v e
a p p e a r e d o f
b i r t h
d e f e c t s
i n
t h e
c h i l d r e n o f u s e r s . 2
T h e
p r e s e n t
r e p o r t
i s
o f
a n u n u s u a l
c o n g e n i t a l
a b n o r m a l i t y
t h o u g h t t o
b e
d u e t o
e x c e s s
i n t a k e
b y
t h e
m o t h e r
o f v i t a m i n
A
f r o m a n u m b e r
o f
s o u r c e s .
C a s e
r e p o r t
A
C a u c a s i a n g i r l
b o r n
t o
a
h e a l t h y 2 6 - y e a r - o l d
m o t h e r
a n d a n u n r e l a t e d
3 2 - y e a r - o l d f a t h e r
c a m e
t o
t h e
O p h t h a l m o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t
w i t h a
h i s t o r y
o f
a n
e n l a r g e d
l e f t
e y e s i n c e
b i r t h .
E x a m i n a t i o n
u n d e r
g e n e r a l a n a e s t h e s i a
r e v e a l e d
a
c o r n e a a n d
i r i s
w i t h
a n
h o u r - g l a s s
s h a p e a s i f
p a r t i a l l y
c l e a v e d
i n t w o .
A t
t h e
h o u r - g l a s s
j u n c t i o n
p e r i p h e r a l
a n t e r i o r
s y n e c h i a e w e r e
f o u n d . T h e
c o r n e a
m e a s u r e d 1 4 - 5 mm
h o r i z o n t a l l y ,
a
max i mu m
o f
1 0 - 5
mm
v e r i t c a l l y ( F i g 1 . I n t r a -
o c u l a r
p r e s s u r e w a s
n o r m a l
D o u b l e o r
r e d u p l i c a t e d c l e a r
l e n s e s w e r e s e e n
b e h i n d t h e
i r i s
l y i n g
i n a
h o r i z o n t a l
p l a n e .
No
f u n d a l
a b n o r m a l i t y
w a s
f o u n d .
T h e
r i g h t
e y e a p p e a r e d
n o r m a l .
G e n e r a l
p h y s i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n
s h o w e d
n o
a b n o r m a l i t i e s o r
d y s m o r p h i c
f e a t u r e s .
L a b o r a t o r y
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s
i n c l u d i n g
a
f u l l
b l o o d
c o u n t ;
t e s t s
f o r
b l o o d
u r e a
a n d
e l e c t r o l y t e s
a n d
r a n d o m
g l u c o s e g a v e
n o r m a l
r e s u l t s .
T e s t s f o r
s y p h i l i s ,
T o x o c a r a a n d v i r a l
s e r o l o g y
f o r
c y t o -
m e g a l o v i r u s ,
h e r p e s ,
a n d r u b e l l a
g a v e
n e g a t i v e
f i n d i n g s .
T h e
p e r i p h e r a l
b l o o d
k a r y o t y p e
w a s
a
n o r m a l
4 6 XX.
C o m p u t e d t o m o g r a p h y
o f t h e
b r a i n
a n d
o r b i t s
s h o w e d t h e
a b n o r m a l
c o r n e a
a n d
d o u b l e
l e n s
b u t
n o
i n t r a c r a n i a l
a b n o r m a l i t y
( F i g 2 .
T h e r e w a s n o
f a m i l y
h i s t o r y
o f
e y e
d i s o r d e r s .
A
f u l l
h i s t o r y
f r o m t h e
m o t h e r
d i s c l o s e d n o
p a s t
m e d i c a l
p r o b l e m s . D u r i n g
p r e g n a n c y c e r v i c a l
c a r c i n o m a i n
s i t u w a s
d i a g n o s e d ,
w h i c h w a s n o t
t r e a t e d
u n t i l a f t e r
d e l i v e r y
o f
t h e
i n f a n t .
T h e
p r e g n a n c y
w a s
o t h e r w i s e
u n e v e n t f u l .
T h e r e
w e r e
n o
s y m p t o m s
d u r i n g p r e g n a n c y
s u g g e s t i v e
o f
h y p e r v i t a m i n o s i s
A . S h e
h a d t a k e n o n
a v e r a g e
1 0
c a p s u l e s
o f
r o y a l j e l l y
a n d s i x
m u l t i v i t a m i n
t a b l e t s
p e r
w e e k
t h r o u g h o u t
t h e
p r e g n a n c y .
I n
a d d i t i o n
s h e h a d
c o n s u m e d o n
a v e r a g e
t h r e e
m e a l s
c o n t a i n i n g
l i v e r
p e r
w e e k
d u r i n g
t h e f i r s t
t r i m e s t e r
o n l y ,
w h i c h
s h e h a d
b e e n
i n f o r m e d
w o u l d b e
b e n e f i c i a l .
D i s c u s s i o n
R e d u p l i c a t i o n
o f t h e
l e n s i s
v e r y r a r e .
3
H o u r g l a s s
c o r n e a
a n d i r i s
w i t h
r e d u p l i c a t e d
l e n s
g i v i n g t h e
a p p e a r a n c e o f a c l e f t
s p l i t t i n g t h e
a n t e r i o r
s e g -
m e n t
i n t o t w o
h a l v e s h a s
n o t
p r e v i o u s l y
b e e n
r e p o r t e d .
A p a r t
f r o m
u n u s u a l
f e a t u r e s o f
t h e
d i e t ,
e x t e n s i v e
i n v e s t i g a t i o n
f a i l e d
t o f i n d
a
p o s s i b l e
c a u s e .
R o y a l
j e l l y
c o n t a i n s
p r o t e i n s ,
w a t e r ,
c a r b o h y d r a t e s ,
t r a c e
e l e m e n t s ,
a n d
v i t a m i n s
B ,
C , a n d E . S o
f a r t h e r e
h a v e
b e e n n o
r e p o r t s o f c o n g e n i t a l
e y e
a n o m a l i e s
a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h
m a t e r n a l
i n g e s t i o n
o f
r o y a l j e l l y , o r
w i t h
9
AO
U n i v e r s i t y
o f
L i v e r p o o l
C h i l d r e n s
U n i t ,
A l d e r
H e y
H o s p i t a l ,
O p h t h a l m o l o g y
D e p a r t m e n t ,
E a t o n
R o a d ,
W e s t
D e r b y
L 1 2
2AP
K
E v a n s
M
U
H i c k e y - D w y e r
C o r r e s p o n d e n c e
t o :
Mr K
E v a n s
F R C S .
A c c e p t e d
f o r
p u b l i c a t i o n
2 5
A p r i l
1 9 9 1
F i g u r e
I
C l o s e - u p o f l e f t
e y e ,
i l l u s t r a t i n g
b i f i d
c o r n e a a n d
F i g u r e
2
CT s c a n
i l l u s t r a t i n g
a b n o r m a l
c o r n e a a n d
i r i s .
r e d u p l i c a t e d
l e n s e s .
6 9 1
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8/17/2019 Br J Ophthalmol-1991-Evans-691-2.pdf
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E v a n s , H i c k e y - D w y e r
c e r v i c a l c a r c i n o m a
i n
s i t u . V i t a m i n
A ,
h o w e v e r ,
h a s
b e e n
l i n k e d t o
many d i f f e r e n t t e r a t o g e n i c
e f f e c t s
a b r o a d ,
b u t n o t
i n
G r e a t B r i t a i n . 5
R e c e n t
DHSS
a d v i c e
s u g g e s t s
t h a t
t h e
d i e t a r y
i n t a k e
o f v i t a m i n A i n
pregnancy
s h o u l d
no t
e x c e e d
0 0 0 I U d a i l y ; t e r a t o g e n i c e f f e c t s
h a v e
b e e n
r e p o r t e d
a t
d o s e s
a s l o w a s 2 0 0 0 0 I U pe r
d a y .
P r o p r i e t a r y m u l t i v i t a m i n
t a b l e t s
may con
t a i n 7 5 0 0
I U
e a c h . A s i g n i f i c a n t source o f
v i t a m i n
A
i n f o o d i s
l i v e r .
A n o r m a l
1 0 0 g
p o r t i o n
may c o n t a i n 1 2 - 2 0 t i m e s t h e
r e c o m m e n d e d d a i l y
d o s e .
A
n o r m a l d i e t
w i t h o u t
l i v e r or s u p p l e -
m e n t s )
w i l l
c o n t a i n a b o u t 2 5 0 0
I U . 6
We
e s t i m a t e d
t h a t
t h i s m o t h e r
t o o k on average a d a i l y d o s e o f
2 5
0 0 0
I U
i n
t h e
f i r s t
t r i m e s t e r .
C o n s e n t f o r b l o o d v i t a m i n
A
l e v e l s
was n o t
g i v e n , b u t t h e m o t h e r gave a
c l e a r h i s t o r y .
M o r e -
over
t h e
h i s t o r y
o f
v i t a m i n a n d
l i v e r s u p p l e m e n t s
w
not a s k e d a b o u t d i r e c t l y b u t v o l u n t e e r e d
w h e n s h e
wa s a s k e d i f s h e
h a d
a n u n u s u a l d i e t
d u r i n g pregnancy. T h e r e f o r e
t h e r e
i s
g o o d
c i r c u m s t a n t i a l
e v i d e n c e
t h a t t h e
f e t u s wa s
e x p o s e d t o
h i g h
l e v e l s o f
v i t a m i n
A
d u r i n g
t h e
f i r s t t r i m e s t e r
a n d
t h a t
t h i s
w
t h e cause o f t h e
r e s u l t a n t a n o m a l i e s .
A f f e c t e d i n f a n t s
h a v e
one or
more
f e a t u r e s o f a
s o c a l l e d
r e t i n o i d
s y n d r o m e : ea r d e f e c t s , c l e f t
l i p a n d
p a l a t e ,
c r a n i o f a c i a l
d y s m o r p h i s m ,
c a r d i o - a o r t i c d e f e c t s ,
t h y m i c
h y p o p l a s i a , h y d r o -
c e p h a l y ,
a n d s p i n a b i f i d a . O c u l a r
f e a t u r e s i n c l u d e
m i c r o p h t h a l m i a , a n o p h t h a l m i a ,
G o l d e n h a r s
s y n d r o m e , 5
a n d r e t i n a l
a n d o p t i c
n e r v e
a n o m a l i e s .
P a s t c a s e s
o f
l e n s
r e d u p l i c a t i o n
h a v e b e e n
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f a c i a l
a n o m a l i e s a n d
s y p h i l i s . 3
I t
w a s
a s s u m e d
i n a t l e a s t o n e c a s e
t h a t a b n o r m a l
c o r n e a l
t i s s u e h a d
i n t e r f e r e d w i t h l e n s
v e s i c l e
m i g r a t i o n f r o m t h e s u r f a c e
e c t o d e r m ,
s p l i t t i n g
i t
i n t w o . 4
I t i s
k n o w n
t h a t
e x c e s s v i t a m i n A
i n t e r f e r e s
w i t h n e u r a l c r e s t
d e v e l o p m e n t .
P o s s i b l y
i n
t h i s
c a s e a b n o r m a l c o r n e a l
d e v e l o p -
m e n t k n o w n
t o
i n v o l v e
n e u r a l c r e s t
c e l l s 7
i n t e r f e r e d i n
a
s i m i l a r
w a y
w i t h l e n s v e s i c l e
m i g r a t i o n
a n d
d e v e l o p m e n t .
We a r e
g r a t e f u l
t o
Mr D B
C l e m e n t s
a n d Mr
D
L e i g h t o n
f o r
p e r m i s s i o n
t o r e p o r t o n t h e i r p a t i e n t .
Lammer E J ,
C h e n
DT
H o a r RM
A g n i s h
ND
B e n k e
P J ,
B r a u n
J T ,
e t
a l . R e t i n o i c A c i d
e m b r y o p a t h y .
N
E n g l
J
Med
1 9 8 5 ;
3 1 3 :
8 3 7 - 4 1 .
2
T e r a t o l o g y S o c i e t y
P o s i t i o n
P a p e r .
V i t a m i n
A
d u r i n g
p r e g n a n c y .
R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r v i t a m i n A u s e
d u r i n g
p r e g n a n c y . T e r a t o l o g y
1 9 8 7 ;
3 5 : 2 6 9 - 7 5 .
3 L y f o r d
J H ,
R o y
F H .
A r h i n e n c e p h a l y
u n i l a t e r a l i s ,
u v e a l
c o l o b o m a
a n d l e n s
r e d u p l i c a t i o n .
A m J 7
O p h t h a l m o l
1 9 7 4 ;
7 7 :
3 1 5 - 8 .
4
R i c h a r d s o n
A .
A
c a s e o f
r e d u p l i c a t e d i n t r a o c u l a r
l e n s . T r a n s
C a n
O p h t h a l m o l
S o c
1 9 5 1 ;
1 4 : 1 0 2 - 4 .
5
B i e l s a l s k i HK .
C o m p a r a t i v e
a s s e s s m e n t o f
t h e t o x i c o l o g y
o f
v i t a m i n A
a n d
r e t i n o i d s i n m a n .
T o x i c o l o g y 1 9 8 9 ; 5 7 :
1 1 7 - 6 1 .
6
D e p a r t m e n t
o f H e a l t h a n d S o c i a l
S e c u r i t y . C i r c u l a r
P L /
C M O 9 0 ) 1 1 I / P L / C N O ( 9 0 )
1 0
L o n d o n
1 9 9 0 .
7
J o h n s t o n
MC N o d e n
DM H a z e l t o n
RD .
O r i g i n s
o f
a v i a n
o c u l a r a n d
p e r i o c u l a r
t i s s u e .
E x p E y e
R e s
1 9 7 9 ;
2 9 :
2 7 - 4 3 .
6 9 2
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hypervitaminosis A.Cleft anterior segment with maternal
K. Evans and M. U. Hickey-Dwyer
doi: 10.1136/bjo.75.11.6911991 75: 691-692Br J Ophthalmol
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