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n a second expedition, BolivarcapturedAngosturain July
(now Ciudad Bolvar),[7]:192-201
afterdefeating the counter-attack of Miguelde la Torre. However,
Venezuelaremained a captaincy of Spain afterthe victory in 1818 by
Pablo Morilloin
the second battle of LaPuerta.
[7]:212Yet, Bolivar was able to
open the Second National Congressin Angostura on 15 Feb. 1819,
inwhich Bolivar was elected president
and Francisco Antonio Zeavicepresident.
[7]:222-225Bolvar then
decided that he would first fight for theindependence of New
Granada, togain resources of the vice royalty,
intending later to consolidate theindependence of
Venezuela.[15]
The campaign for the independenceof New Granada was
consolidated
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with the victory at the Battle ofBoyacon 7 Aug. 1819.
[7]:233Bolivar
returned to Angostura, wherecongress passed a law forming
theRepublic of Greater Colombia on 17Dec., making Bolivar president
andZea vice president, with Santander
vice president on the New Granadaside, and Juan German
Rosciovicepresident on the Venezuela side.
[7]:246-
247Morillo was left in control of
Caracas and the coastal
highlands.
[7]:248
After the restoration ofthe Cadiz Constitution, Morillo
ratifiedtwo treaties with Bolivar on 25 Nov.1820, calling for a
six-month armisticeand recognizing Bolivar as presidentof the
republic.
[7]:254-255Bolivar and
Morilla met in San Fernando deApureon 27 Nov., after which
Morilla
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left Venezuela for Spain, leaving LaTorre in command.
[7]:255-257
From his newly consolidated base ofpower, Bolvar launched
outrightindependence campaigns inVenezuela and Ecuador, and
thesecampaigns were concluded with the
victory at the Battle of Carabobo, afterwhich he triumphantly
enteredCaracas on 29 June 1821.
[7]:267On 7
September 1821 the GranColombia(a state covering much of
modern Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, northern Peru,
andnorthwest of Brazil) was created, withBolvar as president and
Francisco dePaula Santanderas vice president.
Bolivar followed with the Battle ofBombona and the Battle of
Pichincha,after which Bolivar entered Quito on16 June 1822.
[7]:287
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On 26 and 27 July 1822, Bolvar heldthe Guayaquil
conferencewith
theArgentinianGeneral Jos de SanMartn, who had received the
titleof Protector of Peruvian FreedominAugust 1821 after having
partiallyliberated Peru from the
Spanish.
[7]:295
Thereafter, Bolvar tookover the task of fully liberating
Peru.The Peruvian congress named himdictator of Peru on 10 February
1824,which allowed Bolvar to reorganize
completely the political and militaryadministration. Assisted
byAntonioJos de Sucre, Bolvar decisivelydefeated the Spanish
cavalryatthe Battle of Junnon 6 August 1824.Sucre destroyed the
still numericallysuperior remnants of the Spanishforces
atAyacuchoon 9 December1824.
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On 6 August 1825, at the Congress ofUpper Peru, the "Republic of
Bolivia"
was created, and voted Bolivarpresident.
[7]:346Bolvar is thus one of
the few men to have a country namedafter him.
Bolivar returned to Caracas on 12
Jan. 1827, but returned to Bogota on10 Sept. 1827 to assume
absolutepower, setting the date of theconstituent congress, 2 Jan.
1830, asthe day he would surrender
power.[7]:369,378,408
Proclamation of presidency[edit]
Battle of Carabobo, 24 June 1821
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Battle of Junn, August 1824
Bolvar had great difficultiesmaintaining control of the vast
Gran
Colombia. In 1826, internal divisionshad sparked dissent
throughout thenation, and regional uprisings eruptedin Venezuela.
The new SouthAmerican union had revealed its
fragility and appeared to be on theverge of collapse. To
preserve theunion, an amnesty was declared andan arrangement was
reached with theVenezuelan rebels, but this increasedthe political
dissent in neighboringNew Granada. In an attempt to keepthe nation
together as a single entity,Bolvar called for a constitutional
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convention at Ocaain March1828.
[16]
Bolvar's dream was freedom for allraces in the Americas, but
felt thefederation found in the US wasunworkable.
[7]:106,166For this reason,
and to prevent a break-up, Bolvar
sought to implement a more centralistmodel of government in
GranColombia, including some or all of theelements of the
Bolivianconstitutionhe had written, which
included a lifetime presidencywith theability to select a
successor (althoughtheoretically, this presidency was heldin check
by an intricate system ofbalances).
[7]:351This move was
considered controversial in NewGranada and was one of the
reasonsfor the deliberations, which met from 9April to 10 June
1828. The convention
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almost ended up drafting a documentwhich would have implemented
a
radically federalist form ofgovernment, which would havegreatly
reduced the powers of acentral administration. The
federalistfaction was able to command a
majority for the draft of a newconstitution which has definite
federalcharacteristics despite its ostensiblycentralist outline.
Unhappy with whatwould be the ensuing result, pro-
Bolvar delegates withdrew from theconvention, leaving it
moribund.[17]
Two months after the failure of thiscongress to write a new
constitution,Bolvar was declared president-
liberator in Colombia's "OrganicDecree".[7]:394
He considered this as atemporary measure, as a means
toreestablish his authority and save the
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republic, although it increaseddissatisfaction and anger among
his
political opponents.[7]:408
Anassassination attempt on 25September 1828 failed, thanks to
thehelp of his lover,Manuela Senz.
[7]:399-
405Bolvar afterward described
Manuela as "Liberatrix of theLiberator".[7]:403
Although Bolvaremerged safely from the attempt, thisnevertheless
greatly affected him.Dissent continued, and uprisings
occurred in New Granada, Venezuela,and Ecuador during the next
twoyears.
[17]Finally, Bolivar
recommended the republic be dividedinto three separate states:
Venezuela,Colombia, and Ecuador, and he woulddepart after the
constitutionalcongress in Jan. 1830.
[7]:427
Death[edit]
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Sketch of Bolvar at age 47 madefrom life by Jos Mara Espinosa
in
1830
Saying, "All who served theRevolution have plowed thesea",
[7]:450Bolvar finally resigned his
presidency on 27 April 1830,
intending to leave the country for exilein Europe.
[7]:435He already had sent
several crates (containing hisbelongings and writings, which he
hadselected) ahead of him to
Europe,[18]but he died before settingsail from Cartagena.
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On 17 December 1830, at the age of47, Simn Bolvar died
of tuberculosis[19]
in the Quinta de SanPedro AlejandrinoinSantaMarta,
GranColombia(now Colombia). On hisdeathbed, Bolvar asked his
aide-de-
camp, General Daniel F. O'Learytoburn the remaining, extensive
archiveof his writings, letters, and speeches.O'Leary disobeyed the
order and hiswritings survived, providing historians
with a wealth of information aboutBolvar's liberal philosophy
andthought, as well as details of hispersonal life, such as his
long loveaffair with Manuela Senz. Shortlybefore her own death in
1856, Senzaugmented this collection by givingO'Leary her own
letters fromBolvar.
[18]
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Bolvar's death by VenezuelanpainterAntonio Herrera Toro
His remains were buried in thecathedral of Santa Marta.
Twelveyears later, in 1842, at the request ofPresidentJos Antonio
Pez, theywere moved from Santa Marta toCaracas, where a monument
was set
up for his interment in the NationalPantheon of Venezuela. The
'Quinta'near Santa Marta has been preservedas a museum with
numerousreferences to his life.
[20]In 2010,
symbolic remains of Bolvar'slover, Manuela Senz, were interredby
his side during a national
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ceremony reuniting them andhonoring her role in the
liberations.
[21]
On January 2008, then President ofVenezuelaHugo Chvezset up
acommission
[22]to investigate theories
that Bolvar was the victim of anassassination. On several
occasions,
Chavez has claimed that Bolvar wasin fact poisoned by "New
Granadatraitors".
[23]In April 2010, infectious
diseases specialist Paul Auwaerterstudied records of Bolvar's
symptoms
and concluded that he might havesuffered from
chronicarsenicpoisoning, but that both acutepoisoning and murder
wereunlikely.
[24][25]In July 2010, Bolvar's
body was ordered to be exhumed toadvance the
investigations.[26]
In July2011, international forensics expertsreleased their
report claiming that
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there was no proof of poisoning orother unnatural cause of
death.
[27]
Private life[edit]
Manuela Senz, lover of Bolvar whorescued him from an
assassinationattempt and whose remains have
recently been united with hisIn 1799, following the early deaths
ofhis father Juan Vicente (died 1786)and his mother Concepcin
(died1792), he traveled to Mexico, France,
and Spain, at age sixteen, tocomplete his education. Whilein
Madridduring 1802 and after a two-year courtship, he married
Mara
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Teresa Rodrguez del Toro y Alaiza,who was his only wife. She
was
related to the aristocratic families ofthe Marqus del Toro of
Caracas andthe Marqus de Inicio ofMadrid.
[9]Eight months after returning
to Venezuela with him, she died
from yellow fever. Devastated by hissudden loss and after having
swornnever to marry again Bolvar returnedto Europe in 1804 where
interest inpolitics became the best medicine
against his acute depression. Notsurprisingly many years later
Bolivarwould refer to the death of his wife asthe turning point of
his life. He livedin Napoleonic Francefor a while andundertook the
Grand Tour.
[28]During
this time in Europe, BolivarmetAlexander von Humboldtin
Rome,Humboldt later writing, "I was wrong
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back then, when I judged him apuerile man, incapable of
realizing so
grand an ambition.[7]:64
Descriptions of Bolvar[edit]
Ducoudray Holstein's descriptionof Bolvar[edit]
In his Memoirs of SimonBolivar, Henri La Fayette
VillaumeDucoudray Holstein- who himself hasbeen called a
"not-always-reliable andnever impartial witness"
[29]) -
described the young Bolivar as he
was attempting to seize power inVenezuela and Bolivia in
1814-1816 .
Ducoudray Holstein joined Bolivar andserved on his staff as
officer andBolivar's confident during this period.He describes
Bolivar as a coward whorepeatedly abandoned his militarycommission
in front of enemy, and
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also as also a great lover of women,being accompanied at all
times by 2
or more of his mistresses during themilitary operations. He
would nothesitate to stop the fleet transportingthe whole army and
boundfor Margarita Islandduring 2 days in
order to wait for his mistress to joinhis ship.
According to DucoudrayHolsteinBolivar behaved essentiallyas an
opportunist preferring intrigues
and secret manipulation to open fight.He was also incompetent in
militarymatters, systematically avoiding anyrisks and permanently
anxious for hisown safety.
In Diario de Bucaramanga, apublication by the Ministry of
PopularPower for Communication andInformation, Bolivar's opinion
of
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Ducoudray is presented whenLouisPeru de Lacroixasked who had
been
Bolivar's aides-de-camp since he hadbeen general, he mentioned
CharlesEloi Demarquetand Ducoudray;Bolivar confirmed the first but
deniedthe second, saying that he had met
him in 1815 and accepted hisservices, even admitting him to
hisGeneral Staff, but "I never trusted himenough to make him my
aide decamp; to the contrary I had a very
unfavorable idea of his person and hisservices", and that
Ducoudray onlystayed briefly with him and that hisdeparture had
been a "realpleasure".
[30]
Karl Marx's description ofBolvar[edit]Moreover a longish article
on Bolivarelicited objections
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from Danabecause, he said, it iswritten in a partisan style, and
he
asked me to cite my authorities. This Ican, of course, do,
although it is asingular demand. As regards thepartisan style, it
is true that Ideparted somewhat from the tone of a
cyclopedia. To see the dastardly,most miserable and meanestof
blackguardsdescribed as NapoleonI was altogether too much. Bolivar
is averitable Soulouque.
Karl Marx[31]
In an unsympathetic biographytitledBolivar y Ponte,
Simonpublishedin theNew American Cyclopedia, KarlMarxcriticized
much of Bolvar's life.
Marx begins saying that Bolvar wasborn to a family of "creole
nobility inVenezuela" and that similar to the"custom of wealthy
Americans of
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those times, at the early age of 14 hewas sent to Europe".
Throughout
Marx's piece, he explains how Bolvarabandoned his troops
multiple timesas well. Marx also explains howBolvar had to be
persuaded by hiscousin Ribas to return to fight against
the Spanish after staying atCarthagena. Marx then explains
thatafter arriving in Caracas in 1813,Bolvar's "dictatorship soon
proved amilitary anarchy, leaving the most
important affairs in the hands offavorites, who squandered
thefinances of the country, and thenresorted to odious means in
order torestore them". At the conclusion of thebiography, Marx uses
DucoudrayHolstein's description of Bolvar.[31]
According to Beddow andThibodeaux, Marx called Bolvar a
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"[f]alsifier, deserter, conspirator, liar,coward, and looter"
stating that Marx
dismissed Bolvar as a "false liberatorwho merely sought to
preserve thepower of the old Creole nobility whichhe belonged".
[32]
Relatives[edit]
Bolvar had no children, havingcontracted measlesand mumpsas
achild. His closest living relativesdescend from his sisters and
brother.One of his sisters died in infancy. His
sister Juana Bolvar y Palaciosmarried their maternal uncle,
DionisioPalacios y Blanco, and had twochildren, Guillermo and
Benigna.Guillermo Palacios died fighting
alongside his uncle Simn in thebattle of La Hogaza on 2
December1817. Benigna had two marriages, thefirst to Pedro Briceo
Mndez and the
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second to Pedro Amestoy.[33]
Theirgreat-grandchildren, Bolvar's closest
living relatives, Pedro, and EduardoMendoza Goiticoalived in
Caracas,as of 2009. The family still lives inCaracas today.
His eldest sister, Mara Antonia,
married Pablo Clemente Francia andhad four children: Josefa,
Anacleto,Valentina, and Pablo. Mara Antoniabecame Bolvar's agentto
deal withhis properties while he served as
president of Gran Colombia and shewas an executrix of his will.
Sheretired to Bolvar's estate in Macarao,which she inherited from
him.
[34]
His older brother, Juan Vicente, who
died in 1811 on a diplomatic missionto the United States, had
threechildren born out of wedlock whom herecognized: Juan, Fernando
Simn,
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and Felicia Bolvar Tinoco. Bolvarprovided for the children and
their
mother after his brother's death.Bolvar was especially close
toFernando and in 1822 sent him tostudy in the United States, where
heattended the University of Virginia. In
his long life, Fernando had minorparticipation in some of the
majorpolitical events of Venezuelan historyand also traveled and
livedextensively throughout Europe. He
had three children, Benjamn BolvarGauthier, Santiago
HernndezBolvar, and Claudio Bolvar Taraja.Fernando died in 1898 at
the age of88.
[35]
Political beliefs[edit]Simn Bolvar was an admirer of
boththeAmericanand the FrenchRevolutions.
[7]:35,52-53Bolivar even
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enrolled his nephew, FernandoBolivar, in a private school in
Philadelphia, and paid for hiseducation, including attendance
atThomas Jefferson' University ofVirginia.
[7]:71-72, 369Bolvar differed,
however, in political philosophy from
the leaders of the revolution in theUnited States on two
importantmatters. First of all, he was staunchlyanti-slavery,
despite coming from anarea of Spanish America, that relied
heavily on slave labor. Second, whilehe was an admirer of the
Americanindependence, he did not belie
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