C Programlama - Öğr.gör. Levent Terlemez Ders Notları

8/10/2019 C Programlama - r.gr. Levent Terlemez Ders Notlar

1/40

Amlbmsfyfr_rdbrfhlfhf

r. Br. L`v`it U@QL@H@W


2/40

_rdbrfh, a`llm amr kdhut v` sz emzmhm yfpsi uybui dlfrfk,sfe`j` a`lmrtmlì ml`hl`rmi y`rmi` b`tmrmlh`smim a`lmrt i kdhutemzmsmemr

_rdbrfhef a`lmrtmlìml`hemzmsmedruefi ml`h`kdihfz.

Amlbmsfyfr, v`rml i prdbrfh, hfkmi` emlmie` ml`h` flhfkzdruiefer.

_rdbrfhj prdbrfhlfhf emlm amlmydr, amlbmsfyfr ms` hfkmi` emlmamlmydr._rdbrfhjii,amlbmsfyfrf, i` e`h`kmstèmmimkmh t`rjh`è`j`k (amlbmsfyfr ml` prdbrfhj frfsiefkm ml tmmhm ifslsflfifjfk)4

Au t`rjh`ym, e`rl`ymjm (jdhpml`r)v`yf ydruhlfyj(mit`rpr`t`r)dlhfk z`r` mkmy` fyrlfi `vmrm prdbrfhlfr yfpfr. Au sfyè`prdbrfhlfhf emll`rm ml`yfzlh,kdhutlfr emzmsmieìdlufikfyifkprdbrfh, hfkmi` emlmi` e`rlìmr (jdhpml`) v`/v`yf ydruhlfir(mit`rpr`t).

ri`mi, hfkmi` emlmie` mkm sfyii tdplfihfs,6???66??666?6???6666?6?6?????6??6?6?66?6????6? ammhmie`mnfe` èmlmr.

1

Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfhlfhf

Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh M

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs

E`rl`ymjm (Jdhpml`r)

J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì

U h`l E`mkì Umpl`rm

E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


3/40

Ksf kìfr (f)Pzui kìfr (a)Ksf kìfr ml` uzui kìfriamlmih`smy`t`rlmemr.

Amr amlbmsfyfrprdbrfhkshefi dluur7

6.Amlbmbmrmm1.l`hl`r

:.Amlbmk

_rdbrfhi edru sdiu r`tmp r`thèmmimi t`st èmlàmlh`smmmi, prdbrfhktsiefi`ymi `le`èml`j`mimiamlmih`sm b`r`klmemr.k ml`hmie` k m`rmm(`le` èmlì v`yf èml`j`k dlfiamlbm)v`ndrhft(`le` èmlì v`yf èml`j`k amlbmimibst`rmlm `klm)i`hlmemr.

:

Bmrem(miput)

l`hl`r(prdj`ssmib)

kt(dutput)

_rdal`h7 Amr emkertbìmiflfiii c`sfplfihfs

Flfi 8 f*al`h v` c`sfplfhflfr, ksfv` uzui kìfrlfri frphemkertbìmi flfiiv`rmr.

]fz Flfi 8, Flfi@krfief bri`j`k mnfe` v`

e``rl`r ml` auilfribs`rmlmammhmplfilfir.


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh MM

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


4/40

_rdbrfh ndiksmydilfrii a`lmrlìh`sm, uybui brlìprdbrfhlfhf emlm ml`kdelfihfs, prdbrfhit`st èmlh`sm,(yfzhsflv`/v`yfhfitksfl) cftflfribme`rmlh`sm,kullfihklfvuzuiui cfzrlfihfs v` aìz`rmml`hl`r.

_rdal`hmiA`lmrlìh`sm

_rdal`hmiFiflmzm

zhFlbdrmthfs

_rdb. B`lmtmrh`Ffhflfr

Amlbmsfyfr_rdbrfh

_dzmtmn F v` A tfhsfylfrii sfylfriifrplhfs

J 8 F xA v`yf F kfefr A tdplf

6.Feh7 Aflf

1.Feh7 Fybmr.:.Feh7 Aym bmr.5.Feh7 F frp Aym Jy` ftf.0.Feh7 Jym yfz.>.Feh7 Amtmr.

Aflf

F, A

J8FxA

J

Amtmr

sjfin(%e, %e,&f,a);j 8 f * a;prmitn(j 8 %e,j);

5

6.H`tmis`l

1.Zze` Kdelfr(_sùed-Jde`s)

:.Fk `hflfr(Nldw Jcfrt)


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


5/40

0

Amr prdal`hmi zhi` yi`lmk cfzrlfifjfk dlfi prdbrfhfmlmkmi sdilu sfyef v` filflr feh yfef ml`hmi fre freiftfihlfihfs v` ayl`j` mzl i`j`k ydlui v`yf yit`hmi drtfyfkdiulhfsmmicfzrlfifiplfif flbdrmthfeìmr.

Flbdrmthf srfl dlhfler. Amr aflfib idktfsiefi aflfyfrfk,sdilu sfyef, a`lmrsmzlmk m`rh`yì fehefi sdirfsdif `ràmlh`lmemr.

Flbdrmthf prdal`hl` mlbmlm dlfrfk drtfyf kfaml`j`k c`r trleuruhu m`rh`lmemr.

Flbdrmthf fyitr prdal`hl`r mmie` b``rlmdlhfler.Flbdrmthfszj fei@au Faeullfc Hucfhhè

ai Husf @l Cfr zhm feiefkm Hslhfi Urkflmhmieì flhtr. Fe Lftmij`y` Flkcdrmzhf,Nrfiszjfyf Flbdrmtch`, ibmlmzj`y` ms` Fubrmh`klmie` b`hmtmr.

Flmhmi mshmim t`lfnnuz è`h`yìFvrupfllfrflbdrmzhszjisfylfr kullfifrfk frmth`tmk prdal`hl`r zh` kurfllfrfilfhief kullfirlfr. Au szjk efcf sdirf flbdrmthfyf eirv`yfybidlfrfkkullfilr. Lftmij` `vmrmsmimi Fvrupfef dk aykmlbm bre, Cmsfa `l-jàmr v` `l-hukfaflf kmtfa eiyfii mlkjàmrkmtfav`fyizfhfief mlk flbdrmthf kdl`ksmydiuiudluturur.Flmhmi 23? (C.6>5)sì`smie` Cfz`rheèdeuukfaul èmlmr. 30?

(C.1:>)sì`smie` msÀfefttfv`nft`thmtmr.


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


6/40

Zmhb` l`v Zmhb` l`v

Aflf/Amtmr Eib

Bì`lBmrem/kt

Hfiy`tmkEmsk

Bì`ll`h ]drefhfrhf

Eì`tmh(Kfrfr)

Fk]i

]fzj kts Aflf

Brit kts ZfynfAflfj

@l` ml` Bmrem(Klfvy`)

>

Amr prdal`hmi zhi` yi`lmkcfzrlfifjfkflbdrmthfii,brs`lsmhb` v`/v`yf s`hadll`rl` mnfe`èmlhm `klmi` fk `hfseìmr.


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs M


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


7/40

2

ri`k7 Bmrml i vmz` (drtflfhfyf `tkmsm %5?) v` nmifl idtu(drtflfhfyf `tkmsm %>?) br`, e`rs drtflfhfs c`sfplfyfiamlbmsfyfr prdbrfh mmi flbdrmthf v`fk emyfbrfh.

Flbdrmthf

6.Feh7Aflf1.Feh7 ^mz` idtuiu bmr:. Feh7 Nmifl idtuiu bmr5. Feh7 Drtflfhfy c`sfplf

(drtflfhf8vmz`*.5?+nmifl*.>?)0.Feh7Drtflfhfyyfz>.Feh7 Amtmr

Aflf

^mz`

Drtflfhf

Nmifl

Drtflfhf

Amtmr

Fk Emyfbrfh


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs MM


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mk`i


E`mk`i Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


8/40

3

ri`k7Qfstb`l` bmrmlì F v` Asfylfriefikkdlfiij` yfzfiamr prdbrfh mmi flbdrmthf v`fk emyfbrfh.

F.Feh7Fyv` Aym yfz.2.Feh7 Amtmr.

Aflf

F

b`mjm8F

A

A

Fk Emyfbrfh

F8A

A8b`mjm

F

Amtmr

@

C


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs MMM


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


9/40

=

ri`k7 6e`i 6?f kfefr dlfi tfh sfylfri tdplfhi aulfiamlbmsfyfrprdbrfhmmi flbdrmthf v`fk emyfbrfh.

x


10/40

6?

cttp7//www.alddescè.i`t/e`vjpp.cthl

Uhl`mk b`lmtmrh` drtfh (ME@7Mit`brftèE`v`ldphìt @ivmrdihìt), amlbmsfyfrprdbrfhjlfrii czl v` rfcft amr `kmle`yfzlh b lmtmràmlh`smim fhflfyfi,b`lmtmrh`sr`jmim drbfimz` èàmlì amrdkfrf ml` amrlmkt` b`lmtmrh` sr`jmimi v`rmhlmkullfilhfsif kftkef auluifi frflfritfhfhi m`rmsmie` afrierfi amr yfzlhtrer.


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


11/40

66

FU&U A`lllfadrftufrlfrief,Kì Ucdhpsdi v` Eìims H. Qmtjcm`tfrfniefi PIMS l`tmh Zmst`hmim b`lmtmràmlh`k fhfjylfA emlmieìtr`tmlhm yfpsflamr prdbrfhlfhf emlmemr.

Bihze` i`r e`ys` th ml`tmh smst`hl`rmimi (Hmjrdsdnt

Rmiedws, BIP/Lmiux, *AZE, Hmimx) yfphief %=0l r` vfrfidrfief kullfilh, cflì smst`h, srj yfzlh, ml`tmh smst`hmhdell`rm v` cz b`r`kì c`r y`re` kullfilfi dleukf yfybi amremlemr.

J


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


12/40

61

/* v` */ frfsief kflfi mnfeè`rl`ymjm (jdhpml`r) tfrfniefiemkkft` flihfz. Au amlemrmh,mnfeìmi fklfhf dleuu filfhifb`lh`ktèmr. Kfyifk prdbrfh mmie`c`rcfibm amridktfsiefy`r flfamlmr.

Kfyifk prdbrfhef mctmyf euyulfiaflk (c`fe`r) edsyflfrii,iml`hjmy (pr`prdj`ss`r)amlemrmhm

Kfyifk prdbrfhef mctmyf euyulfibldafl e`mkìl`rmi amlemrmhm(e`jlfrftmdi). Au amlemrmhl r fifndik. Efcml, em`r ndik. mie` e`hhkier.

_rdbrfh bve`sm, au ksh mctmyfeuyulfi y`r`l e`mkìl`rmitfihlfri v` mlì`j`k kdhutsftrlfrim`rmr. _rdbrfh bve`smimikìemsm e` amr ndiksmydieur. C`rkfyifk prdbrfh , fif (hfmi)ndiksmydiuiu m`rh`k zdruiefer.Kfyifk prdbrfhi aflftlhfs v`sdilfierlhfs au ndiksmydi

frfjlml`b`r`kl`tmrmlmr.Kdhut sftr, ; ml` sdilfierlfic r amr mnfe` amr kdhut sftridluturur.

{ v` } frfsief kflfi kdhutsftrbruau ms` kdhut aldudlfrfkmnfe` èmlmr. ri`k prdbrfhefkm kdealdu fif (hfmi) ndiksmydiuif fmt

kdealdueur.)


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps M

E`mkì


E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


13/40


14/40

E`mkì , a`lmrlìhm amr e``rm sfklfhfk mmi a`ll`kt` fyrlfiflfilfris`hadlmk dlfrfk msmhlìemrmlh`smemr.

Ayl` amr ydls`mlh`hm dlsfye,a`ll`kt`sfklfihc`r amre``rmmi, ?x????nnnn bmam, a`ll`k fer`sl`rmim amlh`k b`r`k`j`ktm.

E`mkì

Afsmt E`mkì Emzmi E`mkì

Amr kfyifk prdbrfh mmie` amreì nfzlf e`mkì kullfilfamlmr.Edlfys ml c`r amr e`mkìmi amr amrmieì fyrt èmlàmlh`l`rmb`r`kmr v` au ièìl` aìz`rsmz amr tfitjyf (meìtmnm`r) mctmyfeuyfr.

Kullfilfjfk dlfi amr e`mkì mmi b``rlm amr a lmrl ymjm, mlkkfrfkt`rm efmhf cfrn dlhfk (T dlfamlmr fijfk cfrnl` aflfhfst`rjmc èmlmr) kfye ml` cfrnl`reì, rfkfhlfrefi v`/v`yf Tdluturulfamlmr. (wcmt` spfj`), idktflfhf mfr`tl`rm v`/v`yfs`hadll`r amr a`lmrl`ymjmimipfrfsdlfhfzlfr.

65


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì M


E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


15/40

Emkkft èmlh`sm b`r`kìem`ramr kdiu ms` a`lmrl`ymjmimi, J emlmi`v`/v`yf kullfilfi e`rl`ymjmy` cfs fyrlh fifctfr k`lmh`l`r(r`s`rvè k`ywdres), stfiefrt ktpcfiè` y`r flfi v`yfprdbrfhjiikìem yfzendiksmyditfitjs (meìtmnm`r) ml` fyi

dlfhfyfjfer.

J emlmi` cfs fifctfr k`lmh`l`r` (r`s`rvè k`ywdres) afzri`kl`r7

Futd, ar`fk, jfs`, r`turi, ndr, nldft,ri`k dlfrfk v`rmlì fifctfr k`lmh`l`r k`smilmkl` e`mkìmi

a`lmrl`ymjmsm dlfrfkkullfilfhfz.

Amre`mkìa`lmrl`rkì, emkkft èmlh`sm b`r`kem`ramr kdiuef, Jemlmimi ayk cfrn, kk cfrn` euyfrl dlhfser.ri`mi, tdplfh,UdplfhvÙD_LFHa`lmrl`ymjml`rmnfrkl e`mkìmt`hsml è`r v`nfrkl v`rm tmpl`rmie` dlfamlmrl`r, fyi v`rm tmpmie` nfrkl e``rl`r

tfyfamlmrl`r.tdplfh86;Udplfh86.00;UD_LFH8Ufh Zfy;

60


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì MM


E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


16/40


17/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


62

E`mkì Amlemrmhm M

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

E`mkì


Kfyifk prdbrfhef kullfilfjfk dlfi e`mkìl`reì e`rl`ymjmimicfa`refr dlhfs b`r`kmr. Kullfilhfefi ij`, kullfilfjfk dlfie`mkìl`rmiz`llmkl`rmcfkkiefe`rl`ymjmy` amlbm v`rmlh`smml`hmiàmlemrmh (e`jlfrftmdi)eìmr.

Bì`l Amlemrmh Ammhm7

^`rmTUmpm E`mkìTFeT6,E`mkìTFeT1,;

^`rm tmpm a`lmrl`ymjmsm (sp`jmnm`r)

Kullfilfi e`mkìl`rm amr amrmie` fyrt

èmlh`smimsflfyfi tfitj(meìtmnm`r)

mit x, S; /*Ufhsfytmpmie` amlemrmhmyfplhx, Se`mkìl`rm*/nldftt, xT6;/*Kfyfridktfl sfytmpmie` amlemrmhmyfplht, xT6e`mkìl`rm*/

Kdhutsftr sdilfierjsDp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


18/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


63

E`mkì


E`mkì Amlemrmhm MM

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Kfyifk prdbrfhef kullfilfjfk dlfi e`mkìl`rmi amlemrmhm(e`jlfrftmdi) yfple. _`km au e`mkìl`rmi kfpsfhf flfi (sjdp`)i`r`smemr4 Cfibm e`mkì i`rè` kullfilfamlmr v`yf i`rè``tkmiemr4

Amlemrmhm (e`jlfrftmdi) yfplfi amr e`mkì, amlemrmhmi yfple

y`re`b``rlmemr4

Afsmt E`mkì

]`r`l (Ldjfl)

Kr`s`l (Bldafl)

Emzmi E`mkì

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


19/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


6=

E`mkì Amlemrmhm MMM

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

4 Ièì nfrkl e``rl`r v`rmydr

4 Ièì nfrkl e``r

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr


20/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


1?

E`mkì


E`mkì Amlemrmhm M^

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Kfyifk prdbrfhef kullfilfjfk dlfi e`mkìl`r amr yffhsr`smi` e` sfcmptmrl r. Amlemrmh (e`jlfrftmdi) `sifsiefa`lmrtmlhèmmsr`j`, e`mkìmikfpsfhfflfiii mjrfs amttmmie`dtdhftmk dlfrfk yffhsr`sm sdif `r`r.

Au amlemrmh futd a`lmrl`ymjmsm (sp`jmnm r) ml mnfe` èmlmr. ]`r`l

e`mkìl`r dtdhftmk dlfrfk futdeur. ]`r`l e`mkìmi kfpsfhfflfiii mjrfs sdif `remmie`, y`r`l e`mkìmi yffh sr`sm e`sdif `r`r. Au euruh, mctmyf euyulhfs cflmie`, stftmj a`lmrl`ymjmsmml` cè`nprdbrfhi flhfsr`smij`sfklfir.

Afsmt E`mkì

Ztftmk (Ztftmj)

Emifhmk (Eyifhmj)

Emzmi E`mkì

stftmjmit x, S; /*Ztftmk, tfhsfytmpmie` amlemrmhmyfplhx, Se`mkìl`rm*/

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr

l l


21/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


16

E`mkì


E`mkì Amlemrmhm ^

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Amr e`mkì mmi b``rlm amr amlemrmh yfpleief, ``r e`mkìy`r l ms` rfstb`l` amr e``r ftfir. Au euruh, kr`s`l v` emzmie`mkìl`rmmi b``rlme`mlemr.E`mkìamlemrmhm`sifsief, ``rb`r`kmydrsf, mlke``r ftfhfs(mimtmflmzftmdi) yfplfrfkauiui ii`b`mlàmlmr.

mitx86, S; /*Ufhsfy tmpmie` amlemrmhmyfplhv` mlke``rm6 dlfrfkftihx v` Se`mkìl`rm*/

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr

Aml m _ l


22/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


11

E`mkì Amlemrmhm ^M

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

5. kdhutsftriefamlemrmlì kr`s`l tfhsfy e`mkìl`rmi`krfi

kts mlk e``r ftfhfs yfplhfhfsif rfhì ? snr dlfrfka`lmrlìhmtmr. 2. kdhut sftrief amlemrmlì ksf tfh sfy y`r`le`mkìl`reì x mlk e``rm 6 amr dlfrfk a`lmrlìhmkì, Se`mkìmi e``rmrfstb`l` amre``rdlfrfkftfihtr.

Kr`s`l (bldafl) tfhsfy e`mkìl`r

Fif (hfmi) ndiksmydiu y`r l (ldjfl) ksf tfh sfye`mkìl`rm,x` 6 mlke``rm ftfih

Fif(hfmi)ndiksmydiu y`r`l (ldjfl) ksft`keuyfrlkl

sfy e`mkìm,mlke``rm?.6 dlfrfkftfih.Fif(hfmi)ndiksmydiu y`r`l (ldjfl)mnteuyfrlkl sfye`mkìm

4

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr

Aml m _ l


23/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


1:

E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r M

Aflk Edsyflfr

Zfamt Fklfhf

622>

Ufh Zfy2?2-12:

?S61 v`yf ?x61 6> Ufafi (? v` x v`yf Stìsdirf)

?66: 3 Ufafi (?efi sdirf)

2?2 Ufh v`yfksf tfh sfy (^frsfylfi (e`nfult) tmp mit)

2?2u (v`yfP) fr tsmz tfh v`yf ksf tfh sfy (uismbiè mit dr scdrt mit)

2?2l (v`yf L) Pzui tfhsfy (ldib mit)

2?2ul (v`yf PL) fr`tsmz uzui tfh sfy (uismbiè ldib mit)

Zfamtl`r a`lmrlm amre``rm,kfyifk prdbrfh mmie` mnfe` `th`k mmikullfilr.ri`mi,f80;kdesftriefkm0e`mh`zamr sfamttmr.

Zfamtl`r; tfh sfylfrefi (mit`b`r iuh`rfls), kfyfi idktflsfylfrefi (nldftmib-pdmit iuh`rfls), mnt euyfrlkl sfylfrefi

(edual` pr`jmsmdi nldftmib-pdmit iuh`rfls),kfrfkt`rl`r (jcfrfjt`r),kfrfkt r emzml`rmieì (strmibs) dluur.

Ufh sfy sfamtl`rmi vfrsfylfi tmpm mittmr. Zfamtl`rmi sdiuif`klìì u v`yf P, l v`yf L v` ul v`yf PL sdi `kl`rm tfh sfysfamtl`rmiifsl`l`flifjfia`lmrtmr.

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr

Aml m _ l


24/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


15

E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r MM

Aflk Edsyflfr

Zfamt Fklfhf

:.6560= :.6560=

>.?1@1: >.?16?1:

6.>@-6= 6.>6?-6=

:.6560=l (v`yf L) Pzuimnt euyfrlkl sfy (ldib edual`)

>.?1@1:N (v`yf n) Kfyfr idktfl sfy (nldft)

Kfyfridktflsfamtl`rdieflklv`yf tfh amrsfyml` ` kfrfkt`rmv` kuvv`te``rmieìh`yefif b`lmr.

ày tì ft tc` Stc c`mbct

Idktf m`rì v` n v` N sdi`km flh sfamtl`r, nldft dlfrfk `l`flirlfr.

Zdiuif n v`yf N sdi`kmflhfhv` nldft lmhmtl`rmimfhsfamtl`redual` dlfrfk `l`flirlfr.

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr



25/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


10

E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r MMM

Aflk Edsyflfr

Zfamt Fklfhf

fKfrfkt`r (jcfr)

x

H`rcfaf Eiyf Kfrfkt remzmsm (v`yf kftfr ) (strmib)

x 4

Kfrfkt`r (jcfr) tmpm sfamtl`r ms` amrfz nfrkl kullfilr. Au tmpt`kmsfamtl`r ml` bst`rmlmrl`r.ri`mi,jcfr x8f;`klmie`mnfe` èmlmrl`r.

Kfrfkt r emzmsm (strmib)tmpm ms` ml` `l`flirlfr.

Idktf m`rì v` n v` N sdi`km flh sfamtl`r, nldft dlfrfk `l`flirlfr.

Zdiuif n v`yf N sdi`kmflhfhv` nldft lmhmtl`rmimfhsfamtl`r

edual` dlfrfk `l`flirlfr.

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr



26/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


1>

E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r M^

Aflk Edsyflfr

Kde l`v\f Fl rt(Z`slm uyfr)

\a Afjkspfj` (mhl`jmamr sdlf kfyer)

\n Ndrh N`è(amr sdirfkm sfynfii afif b`)

\i I`w Lmi` (amr sdirfkm sftrfb`)

\r Jfrrmfb` Q`turi(sftr afif b`)

\ti Cdrmzditfl Ufa (yftfy s`kh`, ie`mtmrmlàmlmr)

\v ^`rtmjfl Ufa (emk y tfa, stui e`mtmrhèì flt sftrf b`)

\\ Afjk Zlfsc (\)

\4 Vu`stmdi Hfrk(4)

\ Zmibl` Vudt ()

\ Edual` Vudt` ()

Kditrdl kfrfkt`rl rm (@sjfp` Z`quìj` dr @sjfp` Jde`s) y`rflhfktfer. Au kfrfkt`rl`r ijèì a`lmrlìhmtmrv` afz ml`hl`rmy`rmi` b`tmrmr.

prmitn(H`rcfaf Euiyf\imnfe`sm mkm sftmref yfzemrmlhfktfemr v` ampl`y`j`ktmr.\f);

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr



27/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


12

E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r ^

Aflk Edsyflfr

Kditrdl kfrfkt`rl rm (@sjfp` Z`quìj` dr @sjfp` Jde`s) y`rflhfktfer. Au kfrfkt`rl`r ijèì a`lmrlìhmtmrv` afz ml`hl`rmy`rmi` b`tmrmr.

Zrfsylf, tfh sfy, kfyfr idktfl v` mnt euyfrlklkfyfr idktfl dlfrfk amlemrmlhm x, y, z v` We`mkìl`rm

Ufhsfytmpmie`km xe`mkìmi6 sfamtmftfihv``krfifktdlfrfkbie`rmlhm.

Kfyfridktfl sfytmpmie`km ye`mkìmi`6.? sfamtmftfihv` `krfifktdlfrfkbie`rmlhm.

mnt euyfrlkl kfyfr idktfl sfy tmpmie`km ze`mkìmi` 6.6 kfyfr idktfl sfamtm ftfih v``krfifktdlfrfkbie`rmlhm.

mnt euyfrlkl kfyfr idktfl sfy tmpmie`km We`mkìmi` -:.50@+?: uzui mnt euyfrlkl sfamtmftfihv` `krfifktdlfrfkbie`rmlhm.Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr



28/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


13

E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Aflk (c`fe`r) edsyfs, J emlm amlemrmhl`rm v`/v`yf sfamt, hfkrdtfihlfrim`rì amredsyfer. # dp`rftr v` mijlue` kdhutu ml` Jiml`hjmsm (pr`prdj`ssdr) tfrfniefi i ml`h` tfam tutulfrfkkfyifk prdbrfhf `klìh`smsflfir.

Aflk (c`fe`r) edsyfs, J emlm amlemrmhl`rm v`/v`yfsfamt, hfkrd tfihlfri m`r i amr edsyfer. #dp rftr v` mijlue` kdhutu ml` J iml`hjmsm(pr`prdj`ssdr) tfrfniefi i ml`h` tfam tutulfrfkkfyifk prdbrfhf `klìh`smsflfir.Au edsyflfref, ijèì tfihlfih cfzrndiksmydilfri amlemrmhl`rm, hfkrd ndiksmydi v`/v`yfsfamt amlemrmhl r v` e rl ymjmym yil iemr iiml`hjm tfihlfhflfr vfrer.Kfyifk prdbrfhef, ri`mi x e`mkìm e``rmimi`krfif kt dlfrfk v`rmlh`smim sflfyfi prmin()ndiksmydiu stemd.caflk edsyfsief amlemrmlhmtmr.

ri`mi, kfr`kk flfi sqrt() ndiksmydiu hftc.caflk edsyfsief amlemrmlhmtmr.

4

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr



29/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mk`i


1=

E`mk`i Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r M

J emlmie` hft`hftmks`lml`hl`rmmikullfilfifrmth`tmk dp`rftrl`rmu `kmle` srflfifamlmr7

Dp`rftr l`v

Frmth`tmk

Dp`

rftrl`r

+ Udplfhf ml`hm

- kfrhf ml`hm v` i`bftmn mfr`tm

* frphf ml`hm

/ Alh` ml`hm

% Kflfi (hde) ml`hm++ Frttrhf ml`hm (++x v`yf x++)

-- Fzflthf ml`hm (--x v`yf x--)

Aml`mkFtfhf

Dp`rftrl`rm +8 Aml`mk ftfhf ml`hm y+8x (y8y+x)

-8 Aml`mk ftfhf ml`hm y-8x (y8y-x)

*8 Aml`mk ftfhf ml`hm y*8x (y8y*x)/8 Aml`mk ftfhf ml`hm y/8x (y8y/x)

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr



30/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mk`i


:?

E`mk`i Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r MM

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Dp`rftr l`v

lmk

ms`lv`@mtlmk

Dp`rftrl`rm

88 @mt (`qufl td)

!8 @mt e`ml(idt `qufl td)

9 Ayk (br`ft`r tcfi)

< Kk (l`ss tcfi)

98 Ayk`mt (br`ft`r tcfi dr `qufl td)


31/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


:6

E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Kfyifk prdbrfhlfr c`r zfhfi edrusfl amr kdhut sftr emzmsm`klmie`dlhfyfamlmr.zlèmmsr` m`rmsmieàfkfkdhutsftrlfrifftlfhfs, amr kde alduiu t`krfr `th`sm v`yf kfrfr v`rh`smb`r`kàmlmr. J emlm, kfyifk prdbrfhi i`ym, i` zfhfi v` i` frtlfr

fltief yfphfs b`r`ktmmima`lmrl`h`y` yfrfyfi kditrdll`r` sfcmptmr.Auyfplfr u `kmle` srflfifamlmr7

MNv` MN@LZ@

RCML@v` EDRCML@

NDQ

ZRMUJC

Ndiksmydilfr



32/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


:1

E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl (Kdul) ]fplfr

J emlm, kfyifk prdbrfhi i`ym, i` zfhfi v` i` frtlfr fltiefyfphfs b`r`ktmmima`lmrl`h`y` yfrfyfi kditrdll`r` sfcmptmr. Kdulyfps,amr kdhutsftriiv`yf kdhutalduiuia`llm amrkdulf afldlfrfkml`tmlh`smim sflfyfi yfper.

MNv` @LZ@

MN yfps, amr kdulf afl dlfrfk kdhutsftr v`yf kdhut aldu ml`tmlh`kmstìemmie` kullfilr.

mn(kdul) kdhutTsftr;

mn(kdul){kdhutTsftrT6;kdhutTsftrT1;}

mn(kdul){kdhutTsftrT6;

kdhutTsftrT1;}`ls`

{kdhutTsftrT6;kdhutTsftrT1;}

mn(kdulT6){kdhutTsftrT6;

kdhutTsftrT1;}`ls` mn (kdulT1)


`ls`


Ndiksmydilfr



33/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


::

E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl (Eib) ]fplfr M

J emlm, kfyifk prdbrfhi i`ym, i` zfhfi v` i` frtlfr fltiefyfphfs b`r`ktmmima`lmrl`h`y` yfrfyfi kditrdll`r` sfcmptmr. Eibyfplfr, amr kdhut sftrii v`yf kdhut alduiui a`llm amr kdulfaflv`yf a`llm amrsfyeft`krfrlfml`tmlh`smim sflfyfi yfplfrer.

RCML@

Kdul sflfihfsiefisdirf kdhut alduml`tml`j`ktmr.

wcml`(kdul){kdhutTsftrT6;kdhutTsftrT1; }

ed

{kdhutTsftrT6;kdhutTsftrT1; }

wcml`(kdul)

RCML@, amr kdhut sftrii v`yf kdhutalduiui,amrkdulf afldlfrfk t`krfrl

ml`tmlh`smim sflfyfikditrdlyfpser.

Kdhut aldu ml`tmlemktìsdirf kdul sflfhfsyfplfjfktr.

Ndiksmydilfr



34/40


Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mk`i


:5

E`mk`i Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl (Eib) ]fplfr MM

J emlm, kfyifk prdbrfhi i`ym, i` zfhfi v` i` frtlfr fltiefyfphfs b`r`ktmmima`lmrl`h`y` yfrfyfi kditrdll`r` sfcmptmr. Eibyfplfr, amr kdhut sftrii v`yf kdhut alduiui a`llm amr kdulfaflv`yf a`llm amrsfyeft`krfrlfml`tmlh`smim sflfyfi yfplfrer.

NDQ

ndr(aflfibTe``rm; kdul; frtTe``rm) kdhutTsftr;

ndr(aflfibTe``rm; kdul; frtTe``rm)

{ kdhutTsftrT6;kdhutTsftrT1; }

NDQ, amr kdhut sftrii v`yf kdhutalduiui, a`llm sfyef t`krfrlf

ml`tmlh`smim sflfyfikditrdlyfpser.

Ndiksmydilfr



35/40

b y b

Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


:0

E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl (Z`mh) ]fplfr MMM

J emlm, kfyifk prdbrfhi i`ym, i` zfhfi v` i` frtlfr fltiefyfphfs b`r`ktmmima`lmrl`h`y` yfrfyfi kditrdll`r sfcmptmr. Z`mhyfps, kdul yfpsifaìz`r`kmle`,a`llm amr kdhutsftriiv`yfkdhut alduiui a`llm amr kdulf afl ml tmlh`smim sflfyfi amr

yfper.Kdul yfpsiefi nfrkldlfrfk, mkmeì nfzlfs`ì``sfcmptmr.Kdul yfpsii edru v` yfil dlhfk z`r` mkm s`ì`` sfcmpdleuuiu cftrlfyiz.

ZRMUJC

swmtjc(e`mkì){ jfs`sfamtTe``rT67

kdhutTaldu;ar`fk;jfs`sfamtTe``rT17kdhutTaldu;ar`fk;

e`nfult7kdhutTaldu; }

ZRMUJC, mkmeì nfzlf s`ì`klm, amrkdulfafl dlfrfk kdhut sftr v`yf kdhutaldu ml`tmlh`k mstìemmie` kullfilr.

ZRMUJC,e`mkìmi fle e``r`kfrlk b`lì euruhui (jfs`)dlup dlhfeif afkfr. @`r vfr

ms`, d euruhui (jfs`) kdhutalduiu ml`tmr. @`r ydk ms`,vfrsfylfi (e`nfult) kde alduiuml`tmr. Aurfefkm sfamtTe``rl`r,?, 6, f bmame``rl`remr.E`mkìkullfilfhfz.

4

4

Ndiksmydilfr



36/40

b y b

Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


:>

E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr M

J emlm, ndiksmydi dlfrfk felfierlfi fltprdbrfhefi dlufi amryfpyf sfcmptmr. Au ndiksmydilfr (fltprdbrfhlfr), ijèìcfzrlfih v` ktpcfiè` auluifi cfzr ndiksmydilfr (prmitn(),b`tjc(), hfmi()) mkì, afzlfr prdbrfhj tfrfniefi cfzrlfifi

ndiksmydilfrer.

Bì`l tfihlfhf ammhmi` br`, NdiksmydiTfe msmhlmndiksmydiuhuzui amlemrmhm`sifsief,kurfllfrf uybui

`kmle` a`lmrlìhm mshm yfiief v`rmTtmpm mlèier`j`m e``rmitmpm, () ml` v`rm tmpl`rm a`lmrtml`r`kpfrfh`tr` lmst`sm e` a`lmrl ih`lmemr. Q`turi kdhutums`, ndiksmydiusdilfierrkì, ndiksmydiuiml`tmlh`smsdiujuief `le` èmlìe``rmieierh`smimsflfr.

Bì`l Ufihlfhf Ammhm7

^`rmTUmpm NdiksmydiTFe(pfrfh`tr`T6, pfrfh`tr`T1,){

KdhutTAldu;r`turie`mkìTfe;

}



37/40

b y b

Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mk`i


:2

E`mk`i Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr MM

//Ndiksmydi ri`m#mijlue`


38/40

b y b

Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


:3

E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr MMM

J emlm, ndiksmydi dlfrfk felfierlfi fltprdbrfhefi dlufi amryfpyf sfcmptmr. Ndiksmydilfr (fltprdbrfhlfr), kfyifk prdbrfhefkullfilhfefi ij` tfihlfihflfr b`r kmr. Fksm cfle` e`rl h`cftfs ml` kfrlflfjfktr. Au cftfy il h`k mmi ndiksmydiui

prdtdtmpm (prdtdtyp` nuijtmdi), sfe`j` frbhfi lmst smie` y`rflfjfkfrbhfilfriv`rm tmpl`rm amlemrml`r`k,tfihlfifamlmr.

_rdtdtmp amlemrmhm ndiksmydiui,ndiksmydiuikullfihiefi ij`,tfihlfihfs zdruiluluuiu

drtfefikflerhfktfer.Fijfk emkkft èmlh`sm b`r`kìkdiu, ndiksmydiui prdtdtmptfihlfihfsml` b`r`ktfihiiuyuhludlhfser.



39/40

Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


:=

E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr M^

J emlm, ndiksmydi dlfrfk felfierlfi fltprdbrfhefi dlufi amryfpyf sfcmptmr. Ndiksmydilfr (fltprdbrfhlfr) milmi` dlfrfk tftfihlfifamlh`ktèmrl`r. Au amlemrmh, ndiksmydiui frle kdhutsftrif frlhf kdeuiui y`rmi`, kìemsmimi kdef `kl ih`smim

sflfr.

milmi` amlemrmhm sfe`j`ndiksmydiui tfihlfihfs`sifsief amr k`z kullfilr v`

ndiksmydiui frlhfs c`rzfhfikm bmamemr.Fijfk du e`rl`ymjm, uybuidlhfs euruhuief idrhfltfihlfihamr ndiksmydiu milmi`dlfrfkdptmhmz`è`j`ktmr.

Auiui yfiief milmi` dlfrfktfihlfih amr ndiksmydiu ms`,uybui dlhfhfs cflmie` idrhflamr ndiksmydi amlemrmhmièitr`j`ktmr.



40/40

Amlbmsfyfr _rdbrfh

B`lmtmrh` Ffhflfr

Flbdrmthf

Fk `hfs


J _rdbrfhlfhf Emlm

Kfyifk _rdb. ]fps

E`mkì


E`mkì Amlemrmhm

Zfamtl`r

Aflk Edsyflfr

Dp`rftrl`r

Kditrdl ]fplfr

Ndiksmydilfr

J emlm, ndiksmydi dlfrfk felfierlfi fltprdbrfhefi dlufi amryfpyfsfcmptmr. Ndiksmydi(fltprdbrfh)efmhfe``reierr hv`/v`yf flfamlh`sm mmi amr pfrfh`tr`y` mctmyf euyfr h4 Afzeuruhlfref ndiksmydi, flhfs mmi pfrfh`tr y` v`/v`yf

eier`j`m amr e``r` mctmyf euyhfyf amlmr. Ayl` euruhlfref,eier`j`mamre``r dlhfhfsv`/v`yfflhfsmmi pfrfh`tr`y`b`r`keuyhfhfsvdme kdhutu ml` amlemrmlmr.

Kfyifk prdbrfhri`mie` vdmekdhutu h`sfgndiksmydiuiui amr

e``r eierh`y`j`mim v`frlrkì c`rcfibm amrpfrfh`tr`y` mctmyf euyhfeia`lmrth`ktèmr.Ndiksmydi, fif ndiksmydiefifrleief, kditrdl

e`vrflfjfk v` `krfif ktv`remktì sdirf kditrdl t`krfrfif ndiksmydif e`vrè`j`ktmr.


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