c1_ontap.pdf

9/6/2011

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CU TRC D LIU V THUT TON

DATA STRUCTURE AND ALGORITHMS

1

Chng 1: n tp C/C++ Chng 1: n tp C/C++

Ti liu hc tp

Gio trnh:

Gio trnh CTDL Khoa KHKTMT HCN TpHCM.

C & Data Structures, P. S. Deshpande, O. G. Kakde - CHARLES RIVER MEDIA, INC. Hingham, Massachusetts.

Tham kho:

Gio trnh Cu trc d liu 1, Trn Hnh Nhi Dng Anh c, Trng HKHTN HQG TP.HCM.

Phn mm lp trnh:

C-Free

Borland C++

2


nh gi kt qu

1. Kim tra gia k: thc hnh

im Kim tra gia k < 5 khng c thi kt thc mn

hc li

2. Kim tra cui k: thc hnh

im Kim tra cui k < 5 khng c thi kt thc mn

hc li

3. Bi tp ln: lm bi tp trong module

im ti < 5 khng c thi kt thc mn hc li

4. Thi kt thc mn: trc nghim

5. Kim tra thng k

3

9/6/2011

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(Tham kho ti liu mn Phng Php Lp Trnh)

Chng 1: n tp C/C++ 28

Chng 1: n tp C/C++

1. Cu trc chng trnh C/C++ 2. Cc c php c bn 3. a ch (Address) 4. Con tr (Pointer) 5. Mng (Array) 6. Mng con tr (Pointer array) 7. Mng hai chiu (Two-dimensional array) 8. Cu trc (Structure) 9. Con tr cu trc (Structure pointer) 10. Chui (String) 11. Tp tin (File) 12. Hm (Function)

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1. Cu trc chng trnh C/C++

#include stdio.h

#include conio.h

void main() /*ham chinh*/

{

int a=7;

printf( %d, a );

getch();

}

Cu trc chng trnh C

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++

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1. Cu trc chng trnh C/C++

#include iostream.h

#include conio.h

void main() /*ham chinh*/

{

int a=7;

cout

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2. Cc c php c bn

Khai bo bin:

Khai bo v khi to bin:

Khai bo hng s:

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Kiu_d_liu tn_bin;

const Kiu_d_liu tn_bin = gi tr;

Kiu_d_liu tn_bin = gi tr;

Chng 1: n tp C/C++

Chng 1: n tp C/C++

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Kiu Phm vi biu din Kch thc (byte)

char -27 27-1 1

int -215 215-1 2

long -231231-1 4

float 3.4E-38 3.4E+38 4

double 1.7E-308 1.7E+308 6

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Cc kiu d liu c s

2. Cc c php c bn

Chng 1: n tp C/C++

Chng 1: n tp C/C++

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Php ton Tn

+ cng

- tr

* nhn

/ chia

% chia ly phn d

++, -- Php tng, gim 1

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Cc php ton s hc

2. Cc c php c bn

Chng 1: n tp C/C++

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++

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Php ton Tn

> ln hn

>= ln hn hoc bng

< nh hn

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2. Cc c php c bn

Chuyn i kiu:

Trong php gn: Gi tr ca biu thc v phi c chuyn

sang kiu ca bin v tri

V d:

int a=5/2; //a=?

float b=5/2; //b=?

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++


2. Cc c php c bn

p kiu:

C php:

(Kiu) biu_thc

V d:

(float) 23

(int) x

float(23)

x*1.0

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++


2. Cc c php c bn

if

if else

switch case

for

while

do while

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Cc ton t iu khin:

Chng 1: n tp C/C++

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2. Cc c php c bn

if ( bt_iu_kin ) khi_lnh;

if ( bt_iu_kin )

khi_lnh_1

else

khi_lnh_2

if ( bt_iu_kin_1 )

khi_lnh_1

else if ( bt_iu_kin_2 )

khi_lnh_2

else

khi_lnh_n

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Ton t iu kin

Chng 1: n tp C/C++


2. Cc c php c bn

switch (biu_thc_nguyn) { case hng_1: cc_cu_lnh_1 [break;]

case hng_2: cc_cu_lnh_2 [break;]

...

[default:

cc_cu_lnh] }

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Cu lnh switch

Chng 1: n tp C/C++


for (bt_khi_to; bt_kim_tra; bt_tng)

khi_lnh

while ( bt_iu_khin )

{

cu_lnh_1; cu_lnh_2;

}

do

{

khi_lnh

}while (bt_iu_khin);

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Cc ton t iu khin lp

2. Cc c php c bn

Chng 1: n tp C/C++

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2. Cc c php c bn

Cp pht b nh tnh:

V d: int a,b;

Cp pht b nh ng:

B nh cng c th c cp pht ti thi gian chy, gi l

Cp pht ng (dynamic allocation)

Dng ton t new cp pht b nh ng

V d:

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int *P;

P = new int;


2. Cc c php c bn

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2. Cc c php c bn

Cp pht b nh ng:

heap: vng b nh c bit dnh ring cho cc bin ng.

to mt bin ng mi, h thng cp pht khng gian

t heap. Nu khng cn b nh, new khng th cp pht

b nh th n tr v gi tr NULL

Trong lp trnh, ta nn lun kim tra li ny:

int *p;

p = new int;

if (p == NULL) {

cout

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2. Cc c php c bn

Hy b nh ng:

Tr li vng b nh tr bi P, nhng khng sa gi tr ca P

Dng ton t delete hy b nh ng

Sau khi thc thi delete, gi tr ca con tr khng xc nh

V d:

delete P;

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Bi tp

Vit chng trnh tnh din tch, chu vi hnh ch nht

Vit chng trnh tnh din tch, chu vi hnh trn

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++

Chng 1: n tp C/C++


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3. a ch (Address)

Mi bin u c 2 thuc tnh: a ch (address) v gi tr (value)

Trong b nh:

+ Ti a ch 3: gi tr l 45

+ Ti a ch 2: gi tr l Dave

Ly a ch ca bin: dng &

int y=90;

cout

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Cc php ton s hc trn con tr:

Php gn

Php cng, tr mt con tr vi mt s nguyn

Tng, gim

V d:

int x, *p, *q;

p = &x;

p = p+2; // tng 2 kch thc b nh int

q = p;

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4. Con tr (Pointer)

Chng 1: n tp C/C++


4. Con tr (Pointer)

#include

#include

void main ()

{

int i;

int *ia;

i = 10;

ia = &i;

cout

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++


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5. Mng (Array)

Mng:

L mt cu trc d liu

L danh sch cc phn t c cng kiu

Cho php truy xut ngu nhin n cc phn t ca n

thng qua ch s mng

Khai bo:

V d: int a[100];

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Kiu_d_liu tn_mng[s_phn_t];

12 2 8 5 1

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]

A

Chng 1: n tp C/C++

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5. Mng (Array)

a ch ca mi phn t trong mng:

Mi phn t trong mng c mt a ch trong b nh

(Each element of the array has a memory address)

V d:

void printdetail (int a[])

{

for(int i = 0; i

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5. Mng (Array)

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5. Mng (Array)

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++


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6. Mng con tr (Pointer array)

C th khai bo mng con tr (tng t nh mng s)

Trong mng con tr, cc phn t mng lu con tr

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void main()

{

int *a[5];

int i1=4, i2=3, i3=2, i4=1, i5=0;

a[0] = &i1;

a[1] = &i2;

a[2] = &i3;

a[3] = &i4;

a[4] = &i5;

printarr(a);

}

void printarr(int *a[])

{

for(int j=0; j

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7. Mng hai chiu (Two-dimensional array)

Duyt mng hai chiu s dng con tr:

V d:

float *pa, a[2][3];

pa = (float*)a; // neu khong ep kieu thi C se canh bao

// nhung chuong trinh van chay tot

Khi pa tr ti a[0][0]

pa+1 tr ti a[0][1]

pa+2 tr ti a[0][2]

pa+3 tr ti a[1][0]

pa+4 tr ti a[1][1]

pa+5 tr ti a[1][2]

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++


Bi tp

Vit chng trnh cho nhp 1 mng hnh ch nht v tnh din tch, chu vi ca chng

Vit chng trnh cho nhp 1 mng hnh trn v tnh din tch, chu vi ca chng

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++

Chng 1: n tp C/C++


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8. Cu trc (Structure)

c s dng khi cn thao tc trn d liu c nhiu

thuc tnh

C php:

V d:

struct Ngay { int thang;

int ngay;

int nam;

};

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++

struct Tn_kiu_cu_trc {

cc_thnh_phn;

};



Khai bo bin kiu cu trc (2 cch):

V d:

Ngay n;

hoc: struct Ngay ng;

Khi to cho mt cu trc:

V d: struct Ngay d={10,15,2004};

struct Ngay a[]={ {10,15,2004}, {10,16,2004}, {10,17,2004}, {10,18,2004}};

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Tn_cu_trc tn_bin;

struct Tn_cu_trc tn_bin;

Chng 1: n tp C/C++



Truy cp thnh phn ca cu trc:

Dng ton t .: Tn_bin_cu_trc.Tn_thnh _phn

V d:

Ngay d;

d.ngay = 10;

d.thang = 10;

d.nam = 1910;

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++

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V d

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++


Bi tp

Vit chng trnh tnh din tch, chu vi hnh ch nht (yu cu khai bo cu trc hnh ch nht)

Vit chng trnh tnh din tch, chu vi hnh trn (yu cu khai bo cu trc hnh trn)

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++

Chng 1: n tp C/C++


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9. Con tr cu trc (Structure pointer)

Ging nh cc kiu d liu khc, ta c th khai bo con

tr cu trc

V d

struct Ngay *p, a[10], *p1, b;

p = a; p1 = &b;

Truy nhp thnh phn ca cu trc:

tn_con_tr->tn_thnh_phn

hoc :

(*tn_con_tr).tn_thnh_phn

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++


9. Con tr cu trc (Structure pointer)

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++

#include

struct student

{

char name[30];

float marks;

};

void main ( )

{

student *sv;

char s[30];

float f;

cin>>s;

cin>>f;

sv->name = s;

sv->marks = f;

cout

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10. Chui (String)

L mng cc k t (array of char)

Kt thc bi k t null \0 (ending with null char \0)

Chui hng c t ng thm \0

V d: char str[]=Hello;

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10. Chui (String)

Khai bo chui:

char str[] = {H,e,l,l,o,\0};

char str[] = Hello;

char *str = Hello;

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10. Chui (String)

Hm nhp chui:

char *gets(char *s);

Nhn k t cho n khi nhn du Enter

T ng thm k t \0

So snh vi cin>>s; //????

So snh vi cin.getline(s,length)//???

Hm xut chui:

int puts(const char *s);

cout

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10. Chui (String)

Mt s hm v chui: (cn #include )

strcpy(s1, s2)

strcat(s1, s2)

strlen(s1)

strcmp(s1, s2) -> (-1,0,1)

strchr(s1, ch)

strstr(s1, s2)

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10. Chui (String)

V d: char s1[80], s2[80];

cout

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11. Tp tin trong C(File)

Cn #include

To file mi:

FILE *fp;

fp=fopen(d:\\test.txt", "wb"))

Ghi ni dung vo file:

fwrite(&Address, sizeof(TYPE), count, fp);

ng file (Lu file):

fclose(fp);

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11. Tp tin trong C (File)

c file:

FILE *fp;

fp = fopen(d:\\test.txt", rb"))

while (fwrite(&Address, sizeof(TYPE), count, fp))

{

// x l ni dung c c

}

fclose(fp);

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11. Lung trong C++

C++ cung cp cc lp sau thi hnh cc tc v vo ra trn file dng k t:

ofstream: Stream class to write on files

ifstream: Stream class to read from files

fstream: Stream class to both read and write from/to files.

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Thao tc vi text-file trong C++

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Thao tc vi Binary file trong C++

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write ( memory_block, size );

read ( memory_block, size );

Chng 1: n tp C/C++


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12. Hm (Function)

Cc c php nh ngha hm:

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Kiu_d_liu Tn_Hm (kiu_d_liu tn_bin,) {

// cc khai bo bin, // cc lnh return value;

}

void Tn_Hm (kiu_d_liu tn_bin,) {

// cc khai bo bin, // cc lnh

}


Cch gi hm:

1. Chun b cc tham s gi cho hm nu c:

Khai bo bin tng ng v cho nhp d liu cho bin (nu cn)

2. Hm khng tr v gi tr (void):

Tn_Hm (tham_s_1, tham_s_2,);

2. Hm c tr v gi tr:

Khai bo mt bin c kiu trng vi kiu tr v ca hm

Vit lnh gn: bin = Tn_Hm (tham_s_1, tham_s_2,);

S dng bin xut, tnh ton, gi hm khc

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12. Hm (Function)

Chng 1: n tp C/C++


12. Hm (Function)

Nguyn mu hm (Prototype)

Nguyn mu hm c s dng khai bo mt hm nh

n c th c s dng trong chng trnh trc khi

hm c nh ngha thc s

Cng dng:

Gip chng trnh mch lc

Gip t chc chng trnh

Cho php s dng hm trc khi nh ngha

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Chng 1: n tp C/C++

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#include

int compute_sum (int n); /* Function Prototype*/

void main() {

int lim = 8, sum;

cout

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