Cac Chuyen de Ly Thuyet Va Bai Tap Hoa Hoc Lop 8

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HA HC LP 8

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PHN 1: DNG BI TP CN BN HA HC 8

Dng 1: Lp CTHH ca hp cht khi bit ha tr.

* L thuyt v CTHH: 1.1/ Cng thc ha hc ca n cht: Ax

- Vi kim loi v mt s phi kim trng thi rn: x = 1. VD: Cu, Ag, Fe, Ca - Vi cc phi kim trng thi kh, thng: x = 2. VD: O2; Cl2; H2; N2

1.2/ Cng thc ha hc ca hp cht: AxByCzDt 1.3/ ngha ca CTHH:

- Nguyn t no to ra cht. - S nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong 1 phn t cht. - Phn t khi ca cht.

1.4/ Qui tc v ha tr: Trong cng thc ha hc, tch ca ch s v ha tr ca nguyn t ny bng tch ca ch s v ha tr ca nguyn t kia a b

AxBy => a.x = b.y.

1.5/ Lp CTHH ca hp cht khi bit ha tr: - Vit CT dng chung: AxBy. - p dng qui tc ha tr: x.a = y.b - Rt ra t l: x/y = b/a = b/a (ti gin) - Vit CTHH.

* Bi tp vn dng: *.* Bi tp mu: Lp CTHH cho cc hp cht:

a. Al v O b. Ca v (OH) c. NH4 v NO3. Gii: III II

a. CT dng chung: AlxOy. - p dng qui tc v ha tr: x.III = y.II

- Rt ra t l: IIIII

yx => x = 2; y = 3

- CTHH: Al2O3 II I

b. CT dng chung: Cax (OH)y. - p dng qui tc v ha tr: x.II = y.I

- Rt ra t l: III

yx => x = 1; y = 2

- CTHH: Ca(OH)2 (Ch s bng 1 th khng ghi trn CTHH) c. CT dng chung: (NH4)x (NO3)y. - p dng qui tc v ha tr: x.I = y.I

- Rt ra t l: II

yx => x = 1; y = 1



- CTHH: NH4NO3

*.* Bi tp vn dng: Bi 1: Lp CTHH cho cc hp cht: a. Cu(II) v Cl b. Al v (NO3) c. Ca v (PO4)

d. ( NH4) v (SO4) e. Mg v O g. Fe(III) v (SO4).

Bi 2: Lp CTHH gia st c ha tr tng ng trong cng thc FeCl2 vi nhm (OH). Bi 3: Lp CTHH cho cc hp cht: 1. Al v (PO4) 2. Na v (SO4) 3. Fe (II) v Cl 4. K v (SO3)

5. Na v Cl 6. Na v (PO4) 7. Mg v (CO3) 8. Hg v (NO3)

9. Zn v Br 10.Ba v (HCO3) 11.K v (H2PO4) 12.Na v (HSO4)

*.* Cch lm khc: a b

- Vit CT dng chung: AxBy. - Tm bi s chung nh nht ca 2 ha tr (a,b) = c - Tm: x = c: a ; y = c:b - Vit CTHH. *.*.* V d minh ha: Lp CTHH cho hp cht: Al v O Gii: III II

- CT dng chung: AlxOy. - BSCNN (3,2) = 6 - x = 6: 3 = 2; y = 6 : 2 =3 - CTHH: Al2O3 *.*.* Lu :(Lp nhanh mt CTHH) - Khi a = 1 hoc b = 1 hoc a = b = 1 => x = b ; y = a. - Khi a, b khng phi l bi s ca nhau (a khng chia ht cho b v ngc li) th x = b; y = a. VD: Trong v d trn 2 v 3 khng phi l bi s ca nhau => x = 2; y = 3 => CTHH: Al2O3.

Dng 2: Tm ha tr ca 1 nguyn t khi bit CTHH.

* Phng php gii: - Gi a l ha tr ca nguyn t cn tm. - p dng qui tc v ha tr lp ng thc.

Gii ng thc trn -> Tm n.

* Bi gii mu: Hy tnh ha tr ca C trong cc hp cht: a. CO b. H2CO3

Gii: a. Gi a l ha tr ca C trong hp cht CO. - p dng QTHT: a.1 = II. 1 => A = 2. - Vy trong hp cht CO, cacbon c ha tr II. b. Gi b l ha tr C trong hp cht H2CO3 - Ta c: b = 3.II - 2.I = 4 - Vy trong h/c H2CO3, cacbon c ha tr IV.

* Bi tp vn dng: Bi 1: Hy tnh ha tr ca N trong cc hp cht sau: N2O ;NO ; N2O3;NO2 ;N2O5 ; NH3; HNO3 . Bi 2: Bit ha tr ca K(I); H(I) ; Ca(II).Tnh ha tr ca cc nhm nguyn t (SO4); (H2PO4) ; (PO4) ; (CrO4) ; (CO3) trong cc hp cht sau :H2CrO4 ; Ca(H2PO4)2 ; K3PO4 ; K2CO3 ; H2SO4 ; CaCO3 . Bi 3: Trong cc hp cht ca st :FeO ; Fe2O3 ; Fe3O4 ; Fe(OH)3 ; FeCl2 th st c ha tr l bao nhiu ? Bi 4: Tm ha tr ca S trong cc hp cht sau: H2S; SO2; SO3; H2SO3; H2SO4?



Bi 5: Xc nh ha tr cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht sau, bit ha tr ca O l II. 1. CO2 2. SO2 3. P2O5 4. N2O5 5.Na2O 6.CaO 7.SO3

8.Fe2O3 9.CuO 10.Cr2O3 11.MnO2 12.Cu2O 13.HgO 14.NO2

15.FeO 16.PbO 17.MgO 18.NO 19.ZnO 20.Fe3O4 21.BaO

22.Al2O3 23.N2O 24.CO 25.K2O 26.Li2O 27.N2O3 28.MnO

29.Hg2O 30.P2O3 31.Mn2O7 32.SnO2 33.Cl2O7 34.ZnO 35.SiO2

Dng 3: Tnh theo CTHH:

3.1: Tm % cc nguyn t theo khi lng. * Phng php gii: - Tm khi lng mol ca hp cht. - Tm s mol nguyn t mi nguyn t trong 1 mol hp cht.

- Tnh thnh phn % mi nguyn t theo cng thc: %A = %100.mhhmA .

* Bi gii mu: Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc nguyn t c trong hp cht: Fe2O3? - Khi lng mol ca hp cht: MFe2O3 = 56.2 + 16.3 = 160 gam. - Trong 1 mol Fe2O3 c 2 mol Fe v 3 mol O.

- Thnh phn % mi nguyn t trong hp cht:

%Fe = 160

2.56 .100% = 70%

%O = 160

3.16 .100% = 30%

* Bi tp vn dng: Bi 1: Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht : a/ H2O b/ H2SO4 c/ Ca3(PO4)2 Bi 2: Tnh thnh phn phn trm v khi lng ca cc nguyn t c trong cc hp cht sau:

a) CO; FeS2; MgCl2; Cu2O; CO2; C2H4; C6H6. b) FeO; Fe3O4; Fe2O3; Fe(OH)2; Fe(OH)3. c) CuSO4; CaCO3; K3PO4; H2SO4. HNO3; Na2CO3. d) Zn(OH)2; Al2(SO4)3; Fe(NO3)3. (NH4)2SO4; Fe2(SO4)3.

Bi 3: Trong cc hp cht sau, hp cht no c hm lng Fe cao nht: FeO ; Fe2O3 ; Fe3O4 ; Fe(OH)3 ; FeCl2? Bi 4: Trong cc loi phn bn sau, loi phn bn no c hm lng N cao nht: NH4NO3; NH4Cl; (NH4)2SO4; KNO3; (NH2)2CO?

3.2: Tm khi lng nguyn t trong mt khi lng hp cht. * Phng php gii: - Tnh s mol ca hp cht. - Tm s mol tng nguyn t trong hp cht. - Tnh khi lng tng nguyn t.

* Bi gii mu: Tnh khi lng tng nguyn t c trong 22,2 gam CaCl2? - S mol CaCl2: nCaCl2 = 22,2 : 111 = 0,2mol. - S mol tng nguyn t trong 0,2 mol hp cht:

nCa = 0,2.1 = 0,2mol

nCl = 0,2.2 = 0,4mol.

- Khi lng tng nguyn t: mCa = 0,2.40 = 8g.

mCl = 0,4.35,5 = 14,2g.

* Bi tp vn dng:



Bi 1: Tnh khi lng mi nguyn t c trong cc lng cht sau: a) 26g BaCl2; 8g Fe2O3; 4,4g CO2; 7,56g MnCl2; 5,6g NO.

b) 12,6g HNO3; 6,36g Na2CO3; 24g CuSO4; 105,4g AgNO3; 6g CaCO3. c) 37,8g Zn(NO3)2; 10,74g Fe3(PO4)2; 34,2g Al2(SO4)3; 75,6g Zn(NO3)2.

Bi 2: Mt ngi lm vn dng 500g (NH4)2SO4 bn rau. Tnh khi lng N bn cho rau?

Dng 4: Bit thnh phn khi lng cc nguyn t => Lp CTHH ca hp cht.

* Phng php v bi gii mu: * Dng 4.1: Bit t l khi lng cc nguyn t trong hp cht. Cch gii: - t cng thc tng qut: AxBy - Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t: MA.x : MB..y = mA : mB - Tm c t l :x : y= mA : mB = t l cc s nguyn dng, ti gin MA MB

VD: Tm cng thc ho hc ca hp cht khi phn tch c kt qu sau: mH/mO = 1/8 Gii: - t cng thc hp cht l: HxOy

- Ta c t l: x/16y = 1/8----> x/y = 2/1 Vy cng thc hp cht l H2O

* Dng 4.2: Nu bi cho bit phn t khi ca hp cht v % khi lng cc nguyn t: Cch gii: - Tnh khi lng tng nguyn t trong 1 mol hp cht. - Tnh s mol nguyn t tng nguyn t trong 1 mol hp cht. - Vit thnh CTHH. VD: Mt hp cht c thnh phn gm 2 nguyn t Fe v O. Thnh phn ca hp cht c 70% l nguyn t Fe cn li l nguyn t oxi. Xc nh CTHH ca hp cht bit hp cht c khi lng mol l 160gam? - Khi lng tng nguyn t trong 1 mol hp cht:

mFe = 10070 .160 = 112gam

mO = 160 112 = 48gam. - Tnh s mol nguyn t tng nguyn t trong 1 mol hp cht. nFe = 112 : 56 = 2mol

nO = 48 : 16 = 3mol

- Vy CTHH ca hp cht: Fe2O3

* Dng 4.3: Bit thnh phn phn trm v khi lng cc nguyn t m bi khng cho phn t khi. Cch gii: - t cng thc tng qut: AxBy

- Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t: yMBxMA

.

. = BA

%%

- Rt ra t l x: y = MA

A% : MB

B% (ti gin)

- Vit thnh CTHH. VD: Phn tch mt khi lng hp cht M, ngi ta nhn thy thnh phn khi lng ca n c 50% l lu hunh v 50% l oxi. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hp cht M.

- t cng thc tng qut ca hp cht l: SxOy

- Ta c: x:y = 3250 :

1650 = 1:2

- CTHH ca hp cht: SO2

*Bi tp vn dng: Bi 1: Hp cht X c phn t khi bng 62 vC. Trong phn t ca hp cht nguyn t oxi chim 25,8% theo khi lng, cn li l nguyn t Na. S nguyn t ca nguyn t O v Na trong phn t hp cht l bao nhiu ? Bi 2: Trong hp cht XHn c cha 17,65%l hidro. Bit hp cht ny c t khi so vi kh mtan CH4 l 1,0625. X l nguyn t no ?



Bi 3: Mt hp cht X c thnh phn % v khi lng l :40%Ca, 12%C v 48% O . Xc nh CTHH ca X .Bit khi lng mol ca X l 100g. Bi 4: Lp CTHH ca st v oxi ,bit c 7 phn khi lng st th kt hp vi 3 phn khi lng oxi. Bi 5: Hai nguyn t X kt hp vi 1 nguyn t oxi to ra phn t oxit . Trong phn t, nguyn t oxi chim 25,8% v khi lng .Tm nguyn t X (s: Na) Bi 6: Hy xc nh cng thc cc hp cht sau: a) Hp cht A bit : thnh phn % v khi lng cc nguyn t l: 40%Cu. 20%S v 40% O, trong phn t hp cht c 1 nguyn t S. b) Hp cht B (hp cht kh ) bit t l v khi lng cc nguyn t to thnh: mC : mH = 6:1, mt lt kh B (ktc) nng 1,25g. c) Hp cht C, bit t l v khi lng cc nguyn t l : mCa : mN : mO = 10:7:24 v 0,2 mol hp cht C nng 32,8 gam. d) Hp cht D bit: 0,2 mol hp cht D c cha 9,2g Na, 2,4g C v 9,6g O Bi 7:Nung 2,45 gam mt cht ha hc A thy thot ra 672 ml kh O2 (ktc). Phn rn cn li cha 52,35% kali v 47,65% clo (v khi lng). Tm cng thc ha hc ca A. Bi 8:Tm cng thc ho hc ca cc hp cht sau. a) Mt cht lng d bay hi ,thnh phn t c 23,8% C .5,9%H ,70,3%Cl v c PTK bng 50,5 b ) Mt hp cht rn mu trng ,thnh phn t c 4o% C .6,7%H .53,3% O v c PTK bng 180 Bi 9: Mui n gm 2 nguyn t ho hc l Na v Cl Trong Na chim39,3% theo khi lng .Hy tm cng thc ho hc ca mui n ,bit phn t khi ca n gp 29,25 ln PTK H2. Bi 10.Xc nh cng thc phn t ca CuxOy, bit t l khi lng gia ng v oxi trong oxit l 4 : 1? Bi 11: Xc nh cng thc ca cc hp cht sau:

a) Hp cht to thnh bi magie v oxi c phn t khi l 40, trong phn trm v khi lng ca chng ln lt l 60% v 40%.

b) Hp cht to thnh bi lu hunh v oxi c phn t khi l 64, trong phn trm v khi lng ca oxi l 50%.

c) Hp cht ca ng, lu hunh v oxi c phn t khi l 160, c phn trm ca ng v lu hunh ln lt l 40% v 20%.

d) Hp cht to thnh bi st v oxi c khi lng phn t l 160, trong phn trm v khi lng ca oxi l 70%.

e) Hp cht ca ng v oxi c phn t khi l 114, phn trm v khi lng ca ng l 88,89%. f) Hp cht ca canxi v cacbon c phn t khi l 64, phn trm v khi lng ca cacbon l 37,5%. g) A c khi lng mol phn t l 58,5g; thnh phn % v khi lng nguyn t: 60,68% Cl cn li l Na. h) B c khi lng mol phn t l 106g; thnh phn % v khi lng ca cc nguyn t: 43,4% Na; 11,3% C

cn li l ca O. i) C c khi lng mol phn t l 101g; thnh phn phn trm v khi lng cc nguyn t: 38,61% K;

13,86% N cn li l O. j) D c khi lng mol phn t l 126g; thnh phn % v khi lng ca cc nguyn t: 36,508% Na;

25,4% S cn li l O. k) E c 24,68% K; 34,81% Mn; 40,51%O. E nng hn NaNO3 1,86 ln. l) F cha 5,88% v khi lng l H cn li l ca S. F nng hn kh hiro 17 ln. m) G c 3,7% H; 44,44% C; 51,86% O. G c khi lng mol phn t bng Al. n) H c 28,57% Mg; 14,285% C; 57,145% O. Khi lng mol phn t ca H l 84g.

Bi 12: Phn t khi ca ng sunfat l 160 vC. Trong c mt nguyn t Cu c nguyn t khi l 64, mt nguyn t S c nguyn t khi l 32, cn li l nguyn t oxi. Cng thc phn ca hp cht l nh th no? Bi 13: Trong 1 tp hp cc phn t ng sunfat (CuSO4) c khi lng 160000 vC. Cho bit tp hp c bao nhiu nguyn t mi loi. Bi 14. Phn t canxi cacbonat c phn t khi l 100 vC , trong nguyn t canxi chim 40% khi lng, nguyn t cacbon chim 12% khi lng. Khi lng cn li l oxi. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hp cht canxi cacbonat?



Bi15: Phn t khi ca ng oxit (c thnh phn gm ng v oxi)v ng sunfat c t l 1/2. Bit khi lng ca phn t ng sunfat l 160 vC. Xc nh cng thc phn t ng oxit? Bi 16. Mt hp cht kh Y c phn t khi l 58 vC, cu to t 2 nguyn t C v H trong nguyn t C chim 82,76% khi lng ca hp cht. Tm cng thc phn t ca hp cht. Bi 17. oxit ca kim loi mc ho tr thp cha 22,56% oxi, cn oxit ca kim loi mc ho tr cao cha 50,48%. Tnh nguyn t khi ca kim loi . Bi 18. Mt nhm oxit c t s khi lng ca 2 nguyn t nhm v oxi bng 4,5:4. Cng thc ho hc ca nhm oxit l g? Bi 19. Hai nguyn t X kt hp vi 1 nguyn t O to ra phn t oxit. Trong phn t, nguyn t oxi chim 25,8% v khi lng. Hi nguyn t X l nguyn t no? Bi 20. Mt nguyn t M kt hp vi 3 nguyn t H to thnh hp cht vi hir. Trong phn t, khi lng H chim 17,65%. Hi nguyn t M l g? Bi 21. Hai nguyn t Y kt hp vi 3 nguyn t O to ra phn t oxit. Trong phn t, nguyn t oxi chim 30% v khi lng. Hi nguyn t X l nguyn t no? Bi 22. Mt hp cht c thnh phn gm 2 nguyn t C v O. Thnh phn ca hp cht c 42,6% l nguyn t C, cn li l nguyn t oxi. Xc nh v t l s nguyn t ca C v s nguyn t oxi trong hp cht. Bi 23. Mt hp cht c phn t khi bng 62 vC. trong phn t ca hp cht nguyn t oxi chim 25,8% theo khi lng, cn li l nguyn t Na. Xc nh v t l s nguyn t ca O v s nguyn t Na trong hp cht.

Bi 24: Mt loi oxit st c thnh phn l: 7 phn khi lng st kt hp vi 3 phn khi lng oxi.

Hy cho bit:

a) Cng thc ho hc ca oxit st, bit cng thc phn t cng chnh l cng thc n gin.

b) Khi lng mol ca oxit st tm c trn.

Dng 5: p dng cc cng thc tnh ton, chuyn i qua li gia cc i lng . * Cc cng thc tnh ton thng gp trong Ha hc 8: (Xem phn 2: Mt s KT phi thuc lng) *Bi gii mu: Tnh khi lng ca: a. 0,25 mol CaSO4 b. 3.10

23 phn t Cu2O c. 6,72 lt kh NH3

Gii: a. Khi lng ca 0,25 mol CaSO4: mCaSO4 = 0,25. 136 = 34g b. S mol ca 3.1023 phn t Cu2O: nCu2O = 3.10

23 : 6.10

23 = 0,5 mol

-- Khi lng ca 0,5 mol Cu2O : mCu2O = 0,5.144 = 72g. c. S mol ca 6,72 lt kh NH3: nNH3 = 6,72: 22,4 = 0,3mol. - Khi lng ca 0,3 mol NH3: 0,3.17 = 5,1g

* Bi tp vn dng: Bi 1: Tnh s mol ca cc cht sau: 1. 1,8.1025 nguyn t Au. 5. 59,4g kh CO2. 2. 4,2.1022 phn t K2O. 6. 126g AgNO3. 3. 18.1023 phn t CuSO4. 7. 10,08 lt kh SO2 (ktc) 4. 52,2g Fe3O4. 8. 6,72 lt kh O2 (ktc) 5. 13,6 lt kh N2 ktc. Bi 2: Tnh s nguyn t, phn t c trong: 1. 0,24 mol Fe. 6. 29g FeS. 2. 1,35mol CuO. 7. 8,96 lt kh C2H4 (ktc) 3. 2,17mol Zn(OH)2 8. 28 lt kh NO (ktc) 4. 9,36g C2H2 9. 5,6 lt kh N2O (ktc) 5. 24g Mg(OH)2. Bi 3: Tnh khi lng ca: 1. 0,17mol C4H10. 6. 4,5.10

25 phn t Cu(OH)2.

2. 0,48mol MgO. 7. 3,36 lt kh CO2 (ktc) 3. 0,25mol Al(OH)3 8. 16,8 lt kh C4H8 (ktc)



4. 0,9.1024 phn t O2. 9. 2,8 lt kh H2 (ktc) 5. 2,4.1023 phn t CaO. Bi 4: Tnh th tch (ktc) ca: 1. 0,03mol kh HCl. 6. 48g kh SO2. 2. 1,45mol khng kh. 7. 3.1021 phn t kh N2O4. 3. 0,95 mol kh NO. 8. 36.1022phn t kh SO3. 4. 9,52g kh H2S. 9. 9.10

25 phn t kh CO.

5. 26,4g kh CH4. Bi 5: Tnh khi lng mol ca: 1. 0,25mol cht A nng 12g. 6. 12,4 lt kh M (ktc) nng 15,5g. 2. 0,76 mol cht D nng 81,32g. 7. T khi ca kh N i vi H2 bng 23. 3. 2,7.1023 phn t cht E nng 35,1g. 8. T khi ca kh K i vi khng kh bng 2. 4. 2,34.1025 phn t cht G nng 9,399g. 9. T khi ca kh F i vi CH4 bng 2,7.

Dng 6: Lp PTHH.

* Phng php gii: - Vit s ca p, gm CTHH ca cc cht p v sn phm. - Cn bng s nguyn t ca mi nguyn t bng cch chn cc h s thch hp in vo trc cc CTHH. - Vit PTHH. @Lu : Khi chn h s cn bng: + Khi gp nhm nguyn t -> Cn bng nguyn c nhm. + Thng cn bng nguyn t c s nguyn t l cao nht bng cch nhn cho 2,4 + Mt nguyn t thay i s nguyn t 2 v PT, ta chn h s bng cch ly BSCNN ca 2 s trn chia cho s nguyn t ca nguyn t .

*Bi gii mu: ?K + ? -> ?K2O Gii: 4K + O2 -> 2K2O

* Bi tp vn dng: Bi 1: t chy hon ton 46g mt hp X ta cn dng 96g kh oxi .Sau P ta thu c 88g kh cacbonic v 54g nc. X gm nhng ng.t HH no? Bi 2: Hy chn CTHH v h s thch hp t vo nhng ch c du hi trong cc PTP sau c PTP ng : a/ ?Na + ? 2Na2O b/ 2HgO

t0 ? Hg + ? c/ ? H2 + ? t

0 2H2O d/ 2Al + 6HCl ?AlCl3 + ?

Bi 3: Hon thnh ccs PHH sau c PTHH ng : a/ CaCO3 + HCl ------> CaCl2 + CO2 + H2

b/ C2H2 + O2 ---------> CO2 + H2O

c/ Al + H2SO4 --------> Al2(SO4)3 + H2

d/ KHCO3 + Ba(OH)2 ------->BaCO3 + K2CO3 + H2O

e/ NaHS + KOH ------> Na2S + K2S + H2O

f/ Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O ------> Fe(OH)3

Bi 4: t chy kh axtylen (C2H2) trong kh oxi sinh ra kh cacbonic v hi nc .Dn hn hp kh vo dung dch nc vi trong ( Ca(OH)2) th thu c cht kt ta canxicacbonat (CaCO3) .Vit cc PTP xy ra . Bi 5: Hon thnh cc PTHH cho cc p sau: 1. Na2O + H2O -> NaOH.

2. BaO + H2O -> Ba(OH)2

3. CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3

4. N2O5 + H2O -> HNO3

5. P2O5 + H2O -> H3PO4



6. NO2 + O2 + H2O -> HNO3

7. SO2 + Br2 + H2O -> H2SO4 + HBr

8. K2O + P2O5 -> K3PO4

9. Na2O + N2O5 -> NaNO3

10. Fe2O3 + H2SO4 -> Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O

11. Fe3O4 + HCl -> FeCl2 + FeCl3 + H2O

12. KOH + FeSO4 -> Fe(OH)2 + K2SO4

13.Fe(OH)2 + O2 -> Fe2O3 + H2O.

14. KNO3 -> KNO2 + O2

15. AgNO3 -> Ag + O2 + NO2

16. Fe + Cl2 -> FeCln

17. FeS2 + O2 -> Fe2O3 + SO2

18. FeS + O2 -> Fe2O3 + SO2

19. FexOy + O2 -> Fe2O3

20. Cu + O2 + HCl -> CuCl2 + H2O

21.Fe3O4 + C -> Fe + CO2

22. Fe2O3 + H2 -> Fe + H2O.

23. FexOy + Al -> Fe + Al2O3

24. Fe + Cl2 -> FeCl3

25. CO + O2 -> CO2

Dng 7: Tnh theo PTHH.

Dng 7.1: Tm khi lng, th tch cht kh, nng dung dch theo PTHH. *Phng php: - Vit v cn bng PTHH. - Tnh s mol ca cht bi cho. - Da vo PTHH, tm s mol cc cht m bi yu cu. - Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi (khi lng, th tch cht kh)

* Bi gii mu: t chy 24,8g P trong bnh ng kh O2. a. Lp PTHH cho p? b. Tnh khi lng sn phm to thnh? c. Tnh th tch kh O2 cn dung ktc? Gii: a. PTHH: 4P + 5O2 -> 2P2O5

- S mol P: nP = 24,8 : 31 = 0,8 mol.

b. Theo PTHH: nP2O5 = 21 nP = 2

1 .0,8 = 0,4mol

- Khi lng P2O5 to thnh: mP2O5 = 0,4. 142 = 56,8g.

c. Theo PTHH: nO2 = 45 .nP = 4

5 .0,8 = 1mol.

- Th tch O2 cn dung: VO2 = 1. 22,4 = 22,4 lt.

* Bi tp vn dng: Bi 1: Cho Na tc dng vi nc thy to thnh 30,04 lt kh thot ra (ktc).

a. Vit PTHH? b. Tnh khi lng kh sinh ra? c. Tnh s nguyn t v khi lng Na cn dng? d. Tnh s phn t, khi lng baz to nn?

Bi 2: Tnh th tch kh Hidro v kh Oxi (ktc) cn thit tc dng vi nhau thu c 1,8g nc? Bi 3: Ha tan 1,12g Fe trong dung dch axit sunfuric ly d. Tnh khi lng mui to thnh v th tch kh thot ra ktc?



Bi 4: Cho Zn tan hon ton trong dd axit clohidric thu c 5,6 lt kh thot ra ktc. a. Tnh khi lng Zn v axit tham gia p? b. Tnh khi lng mui to thnh? Bi 5: Cho 20g NaOH tc dng vi HNO3 d. a. Vit PTHH v tnh s mol, s phn t ca NaOH cho? b. Tnh s mol, khi lng v s phn t cc cht to thnh sau p? Bi 6: t chy m(g) kim lai Mg trong khng kh ta thu c 8g hp cht Magie Oxit (MgO). a/Vit PTP xy ra ? b/ Tnh khi lng ca Mg v oxi tham gia P ? Bi 7: Cho Zn tc dng vi axtclohidric HCl to thnh km clorua ZnCl2 v gii phng kh hidro. Nu cho 26g km tham gia P , hy tnh : a/Th tch kh hidro thu c ktc . b/Khi lng axt dng . Bi 8: Ha tan mt hp cht X c cha 71,43% v khi lng canxi v 28,57% khi lng oxi vo nc ta thu c dung dch nc vi Ca(OH)2 . a/Nu sau P thu c 14,8gCa(OH)2 th cnbao nhiu gam X . b/Tnh th tch nc cn dng P xy ra hon tan .Bit X c khi lng mol l 56g v khi lng ring ca nc l 1g/ml .

Dng 7.2: Tnh ton khi c lng cht d. * Phng php: - Vit v cn bng PTHH. - Tnh s mol ca cc cht bi cho. - Lp t s xc nh cht d. Gi s P: A + B -> C + D S mol cht A bi cho (>; =; T s ca cht no ln hn -> cht d; t s ca cht no nh hn, cht p ht. - Da vo PTHH, tm s mol cc cht sn phm theo cht p ht. - Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi (khi lng, th tch cht kh)

*Bi gii mu: Khi t, than chy theo s sau:

Cacbon + oxi kh cacbon ioxit

a) Vit v cn bng phng trnh phn ng.

b) Cho bit khi lng cacbon tc dng bng 18 kg, khi lng oxi tc dng bng 24 kg. Hy tnh khi lng kh

cacbon ioxit to thnh.

c) Nu khi lng cacbon tc dng bng 8 kg, khi lng kh cacbonic thu c bng 22 kg, hy tnh khi lng

cacbon cn d v khi lng oxi phn ng.

Gii:

a. PTHH: C + O2 t0 CO2

b. S mol C: nC = 18.000 : 12 = 1500 mol.

- S mol O2: nO2 = 24.000 : 32 = 750 mol.

Theo PTHH, ta c t s: 1

nC = 1

1500 = 1500 > 1

2nO = 1

750 = 750.

=> O2 p ht, C d.

- Theo pthh: nCO2 = nO2 = 750 mol.

- Vy khi lng CO2 to thnh: mCO2 = 750. 44 = 33.000gam = 33kg.

c. S mol CO2: nCO2 = 22.000 : 44 = 500 mol. - Theo PTHH: nC = nO2 = nCO2 = 500 mol.



- Khi lng C tham gia p: mC = 500. 12 = 6.000g = 6kg.

=> Khi lng C cn d: 8 6 = 2kg.

- Khi lng O2 tham gia p: mO2 = 500 . 32 = 16000g = 16kg.

(Lu : Tnh theo sn phm bao gi cng ng m khng cn lp t l vi cht tham gia).

* Bi tp vn dng:

Bi 1: Cho 22,4g Fe tc dng vi dd long c cha 24,5g axit sulfuric. a. Tnh s mol mi cht ban u v cho bit cht d trong p? b. Tnh khi lng cht cn d sau p? c. Tnh th tch kh hidro thu c ktc? d. Tnh khi lng mui thu c sau p

Bi 2: Cho dd cha 58,8g H2SO4 tc dng vi 61,2g Al2O3. a. Tnh s mol mi cht ban u ca hai cht p? b. Sau p cht no d, d bao nhiu gam? c. Tnh khi lng mui nhm sunfat to thnh?

Bi 3: Dng 6,72 lt kh H2 (ktc) kh 20g St (III) oxit. a. Vit PTHH ca p? b. Tnh khi lng oxit st t thu c? Bi 4: Cho 31g Natri oxit vo 27g nc. a. Tnh khi lng NaOH thu c? b. Tnh nng % ca dd thu c sau p? Bi 5: Cho dd c cha 10d NaOH tc dng vi mt dd c cha 10g HNO3. a. Vit PTHH ca P? b. Th dd sau p bng giy qu tm. Hy cho bit mu ca qu tm s thay i nh th no? c. Tnh khi lng mui to thnh? Bi 6: Cho 4,05g kim loi Al vo dd H2SO4, sa p thu c 3,36 lt kh ktc. a. Tnh khi lng Al p? b. Tnh khi lng mui thu c v khi lng axit p? c. ha tan ht lng Al cn d cn phi dng them bao nhiu gam axit?

Dng 7.3: Tnh theo nhiu PTHH. * Phng php: - Vit v cn bng tt c cc PTHH. - Tnh s mol ca cht bi cho. - Da vo cc PTHH, tm s mol cc cht m bi yu cu. - Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi (khi lng, th tch cht kh)

* Bi gii mu: Cho 8,4 gam St tc dng vi mt lng dung dch HCl va :

Fe + HCl -> FeCl2 + H2

Dn ton b lng kh sinh ra qua ng (II) oxit nng: H2 + CuO -> Cu + H2O.

a) Tnh th tch kh hiro sinh ra (ktc)

b) Tnh khi lng kim loi ng thu c sau phn ng.

Gii: - PTHH: Fe + 2HCl -> FeCl2 + H2 (1) H2 + CuO -> Cu + H2O (2)

- S mol Fe: nFe = 8,4 : 56 = 0,15 mol. a. Theo PTHH (1): nH2 = nFe = 0,15 mol. - Th tch kh H2 thu c; VH2 = 0,15 . 22,4 = 3,36 lt. b. Theo PTHH (2): nCu = nH2 = 0,15 mol.



- Khi lng Cu thu c: mCu = 0,15. 64 = 9,6g.

* Bi tp vn dng: Bi 1: Cho 11,2 gam bt Fe tc dng vi dung dch HCl va , sau p ta thm dd NaOH vo cho n khi p kt thc th thu c kt ta. a. Vit cc PTHH? b. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c? Bi 2: in phn 5,4g H2O ta thu c kh O2 v H2. Cho kh O2 thu c tc dng vi S nung nng thu c cht kh A. Cho kh H2 i qua bt CuO nung nng d thu c cht rn B. a. Vit cc PTHH? b. Tnh th tch kh A ktc? c. Tnh khi lng cht rn B? Bi 3: Cn dng bao nhiu gam KClO3 iu ch ra lng O2 tc dng va ht vi 6,2g P?

Bi 4: Ha tan m gam MgCO3 trong dd HCl d thu c 1,12 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Dn kh CO2 thaot1 ra trn vo dung dch nc vi trong d thu c cht kt ta. a. Vit PTHH? b. Tnh khi lng MgCO3 dng? c. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c? Bi 5: Ha tan 6,4g Fe2O3 trong dung dch H2SO4 long, d thu c dd A. Ch odd NaOH d vo dd A thu c kt ta B. a. Vit PTHH cho cc p? b. Tnh khi lng kt ta B? Bi 6: (tng hp) Cho 8,4 g Fe vo dd c cha 19,6 gam axit sunfuric. Kh to thnh dn qua CuO nung nng d thu c nc. Ly nc thu c em in phn thu c kh Oxi. t chy 8g lu hunh trong bnh kh oxi va thu c trn ta thu c lu hunh i oxit. a. Vit cc PTHH ca cc p? b. Tnh th tch H2 ktc? c. Tnh khi lng nc em in phn? d. Tnh th tch v khi lng lu hunh ioxit thu c?

Dng 8: Dung dch

* Cc cng thc v dung dch: (Xem bng 2 phn ghi nh) * Bi gii mu: 1. Tnh nng % ca dd sau: Ha tan 5g NaCl vo 70g nc? Gii: - Khi lng dung dch thu c: mdd = mdm + mct = 70 + 5 = 75g

- Nng % ca dd: C% = 755 .100% = 6,67%

2. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch sau: Ha tan 0,5 mol HNO3 vo nc c 200ml dung dch? Gii: 200ml = 0,2 lt - Nng mol ca dung dch thu c: CM = 0,5 : 0,2 = 2,5M

* Bi tp vn dng: Bi 1: Tnh nng % ca cc dung dch sau: a. Ha tan 8g H2SO4 vo nc c 92g dung dch. b. Ha tan 8g H2SO4 vo 92g nc. c. Ha tan 15g BaCl2 vo 45g nc. Bi 2: Tnh khi lng cht tan c trong cc dung dch sau: a. 120g dung dch NaCl 15% c. 40g dung dch HCl 30%. b. 75g dung dch Fe(NO3)3. d. 25g dung dch Na3PO4 12% Bi 3: Tnh khi lng dung dch ca: a. Dung dch CuSO4 15% c cha 24g CuSO4



b. Dung dch MgCl2 20% c cha 5g MgCl2 c. Dung dch H3PO4 12% c cha 0,2 mol H3PO4. d. Dung dch Al(NO3)3 4% c cha 1,5 mol Al(NO3)3. e. Dung dch Al2(SO4)3 8% c cha 0,05 mol Al2(SO4)3. Bi 4: Tnh nng mol ca cc dung dch sau:

a. Ha tan 0,5mol HNO3 vo nc c 200ml dung dch? b. Ha tan 0,25mol NaOH vo nc c 250ml dung dch? c. Ha tan 5,6g KOH vo nc c 40ml dung dch? d. Ha tan 14,7g H2SO4 vo nc c 180ml dung dch? e. Ha tan 38,25g NaNO3 vo nc c 270ml dung dch?

Bi 5: Tnh khi lng cc cht c trong: a. 250ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 2M. b. 80ml dun dch FeCl3 0,15M. c. 4,5 lt dung dch MgSO4 0,8M. d. 15ml dung dch Zn(NO3)2 0,4M Bi 6: 196g dung dch H2SO4 16% tng ng vi nng mol l bao nhiu, bit D = 1,112g/ml? Bi 7: Tnh khi lng nc cn them vo dung dch KOH 10% c 54g dung dch KOH 5%? Bi 8: Tnh khi lng BaCl2 cn thm vo 27g dung dch BaCl2 10% c dung dch BaCl2 25%? Bi 9: Cho m gam KOH vo dung dch KOH 2M thu c 250ml dung dch KOH 2,5M. a. Tnh s mol KOH trong c hai dung dch trn? b. Tnh m? Bi 10: Pha trn 49g dung dch H2SO4 15% vo 60g dung dch H2SO4 90%. Tnh nng % dung dch H2SO4 sau khi pha trn? Bi 11: Cho 200ml dung dch HCl 0,5M trn vi 600ml dung dch HCl 0,5M. Tnh nng mol dung dch HCl sau khi pha trn? Bi 12: Ha tan ht 19,5g K vo 261g nc. a. Vit PTHH cho p? b. Tnh khi lng KOH to thnh? c. Tnh nng % ca dung dch thu c? Bi 13: Cho 5,4g nhm tc dng va vi 100ml dung dch H2SO4. a. Vit PTHH ca p? b. Tnh th tch H2 thu c ktc? c. Tnh nng mol ca axit dng? d. Tnh nng mol dung dch sau p? (coi th tch dung dch thay i khng ng k)

Dng 9: Gi tn v vit CTHH cc hp cht v c

* L thuyt: 9.1: Gi tn Oxit: 9.1.1. Oxit baz: Tn kim loi (Km ha tr nu nhiu ha tr) + Oxit. 9.1.2. Oxit axit: Tin t ch s nguyn t phi kim + tn phi kim + tin t ch s nguyn t oxi + Oxit 9.1.3: Tin t: 1:Mono; 2: i; 3:tri; 4:tetra; 5:penta; 6:hexa;7:hepta.

9.2: Gi tn baz: Tn kim loi (km ha tr nu nhiu ha tr) + Hidroxit. 9.3: Gi tn axit: 9.3.1: Axit khng c oxi: Axit + tn phi kim + Hidric.

9.3.2: Axit nhiu oxi: Axit + tn phi kim +ic 9.3.3: Axit t oxi: Axit + tn phi kim +

9.4: Gi tn mui: tn Kim loi + tn gc mui.

* Bi gii mu: * Bi tp vn dng:



Bi 1: Gi tn cc hp cht sau: 1. CO2 2. SO2 3. P2O5 4. N2O5 5.Na2O 6.CaO 7.SO3

8.Fe2O3 9.CuO 10.Cr2O3 11.MnO2 12.Cu2O 13.HgO 14.NO2

15.FeO 16.PbO 17.MgO 18.NO 19.ZnO 20.Fe3O4 21.BaO

22.Al2O3 23.N2O 24.CO 25.K2O 26.Li2O 27.N2O3 28.MnO

29.Hg2O 30.P2O3 31.Mn2O7 32.SnO2 33.Cl2O7 34.ZnO 35.SiO2

36.NaOH 37.Fe(OH)2 38.Ca(OH)2 39.Zn(OH)2 40.KOH 41.Cu(OH)2 42.Mg(OH)2

43.Ba(OH)2 44.Fe(OH)3 45.Al(OH)3 46.Pb(OH)2 47.Ni(OH)2 48. H2SO3 49. H2CO3

50.H3PO4 51.HNO3 52.H2SO4 53.HCl 54.H2S 55.HBr 56.H2SiO3

57. HNO2 58. AlPO4 59.Fe(NO3)2 60.CuCl2 61.Na2SO4 62.FeCl2 63.Ca3(PO4)2

64.K2SO3 65.Fe2(SO4)3 66.NaCl 67.Na3PO4 68.BaSO3 69.CaCO3 70.BaCO3

71.Al2(SO4)3 72.MgCO3 73. BaBr2 74.Al2S3 75. CaS 76 Ba(NO3)2 77. BaSO4

78.Ba3(PO4)2 79.FePO4 80.Hg(NO3)2 81.Fe(NO3)3 82. AlBr3 83.Ba(HCO3)2 84..NaHSO3 85.

KHSO4 86. Ca(H2PO4)2 87. K2HPO4 88. NaNO3 89. NH4Cl 90. NH4NO3.

Bi 2: Vit cng thc ha hc cc hp cht sau: 1. Natri Oxit 2. ng Oxit 3. Cacbon mono oxit 4. Ch (II) oxit 5. iphotpho pentaoxit 6. Mangan (II) oxit 7. Kali oxit 8. Lu hunh ioxit 9. St (II) Oxit 10.initpentaoxit 11. Barioxit 12. St (III) oxit 13. Nitomonooxit 14. Magieoxit 15.Nhm oxit 16. Km oxit 17. ng (II) oxit 18. inito trioxit 19. Cacbon ioxit 20. Lu hunh trioxit 21.Oxit st t 22. canxi oxit 23. iClo heptaoxit 24.Mangan (IV) oxit 25. Crom (III) oxit 26. Thy ngn (II) oxit 27. Mangan (VII) oxit 28. Nito ioxit 29. Cacbon monooxit 30.Silic ioxit 31. ng (II) hidroxit 32. St (III) hidroxit 33. Nhm hidroxit 34. Km Hidroxit 35.Kali hidroxit 36.Magie hidroxit 37.Natri hidroxit 38. Bari hidroxit 39 Canxi hidroxit

40. Ch (II) hidroxit 41. St (II) hidro xit 42. Axit sunfuhidric 43. Axit sunfur 44. Axit silixic 45. Axit cacbonic 46. Axit Bromhidric 47. Axit sunfuric

48. Axit photphoric 49. Axit nitric 50. Axit Clohidric 51. Axit nitr 52.ng (II) Clorua 53. Nhm clorua 54. Bari nitrat 55. Ch (II) sunfua 56. ng (II) sunfit 57.Natri Cacbonat 58. St (III) Bromua 59. Bari sunfat 60.Bari Photphat 61. Natri Sunfit 62. Canxi hidro cacbonat 63. Bari hidrosunfit

64. Natri photphat 65. Natri hidrophotphat 66.Natri ihidrophotphat. 67. Kali sunfat 68. Kali hidrosunfat 69.Bari sunfit 70.

Dng 10: Dng ton hiu sut v tp cht

* Cc cng thc: (Xem bng 2)

* Bi gii mu: Mt loi qung bxit cha 50% Oxit nhm em iu ch nhm. Luyn 0,5 tn qung boxit ni trn thu c bao nhiu tn nhm, bit hiu sut p l 90%? Gii: PTHH: 2Al2O3 pnc, cryolit 4Al + 3O2 - 0,5 tn = 500kg.

- Khi lng Al2O3 c trong 500kg qung: mAl2O3 = 500. 10050 = 250kg.

Theo PTHH: C 2.102kg Al2O3 tham gia p th thu c 4.27kg Al Vy 250kg ----------------------------------------x kg Al

=> x = 102.2

27.4.250 = 132,35kg.

- Khi lng Al thc t thu c: mAl(tt) = 132,35. 10090 = 119,11 kg = 0,11911 tn

* Bi tp vn dng: Bi 1: Khi nung 120kg Fe(OH)3 ngi ta thu c 80kg Fe2O3.

a. Vit PTHH ca p?



b. Da vo PT tnh khi lng Fe(OH)3 cn dng thu c lng Fe2O3 nh trn? c. Tnh hiu sut ca p?

Bi 2: Nung 300 kg vi th thu c 151,2 kg vi sng. a. Tnh hiu sut ca p? b. Tnh th tch kh thu c ktc?

Bi 3: Cho 1 lng d CO kh 32g Fe2O3 thu c 17,92g Fe. a. Tnh hiu sut p? b. Tnh th tch kh CO2 thu c ktc? Bi 4: Cho bt nhm d vo 200ml dung dch HCl 1M ta thu c kh H2. a. Vit PTHH ca p v tnh th tch kh H2 thu c ktc? b. Dn ton b kh H2 qua ng ng CuO d, nung nng thu c 5,76g Cu. Tnh hiu sut p? Bi 5: Mt loi vi cha 80% CaCO3. Nung 1 tn vi thu c CaO. a. Tnh khi lng tp cht cn trong vi? b. Tnh khi lng CaO thu c? Bi 6: Mt loi qung bxit cha 50% nhm oxit em iu ch nhm. a. Vit PTHH ca p? b. Luyn 0,5 tn qung bxit trn thu c bao nhiu tn nhm? Bi 7: Mt loi vi cha 80% CaCO3. Nung 1 tn vi thu c CaO, bit hiu sut p l 85%. a. Tnh khi lng CaCO3? b. Tnh khi lng CaO thu c? Bi 8: C th iu ch bao nhiu kg nhm t 1 tn qung bxit cha 95% nhm oxit, bit hiu sut p l 98%?

Bi 9: Nung 300 kg vi th thu c vi sng, bit hiu sut p l 90%. a. Vit PTHH cho p? b. Tnh khi lng vi sng thu c? c. Tnh khi lng kh CO2 sinh ra? Bi 10: Cho 1 lng CO d kh 32g Fe2O3, bit hiu sut p l 80%. Tnh khi lng Fe thu c?

PHN 2:

MT S KIN THC PHI THUC LNG: 1. K hiu ha hc cc nguyn t. * Bng KHHH mt s NTHH thng gp:(Bng 1)

Bng 1.1: Mt s nguyn t thng gp

STT Tn nguyn t K hiu ha hc Nguyn t khi Ha tr

1 Hidro H 1 I

2 Heli He 4

3 Liti Li 7 I

4 Cacbon C 12 II, IV

5 Nit N 14 I, II, III, IV, V

6 Oxi O 16 II

7 Flo F 19 I

8 Natri Na 23 I

9 Magie Mg 24 II

10 Nhm Al 27 III

11 Silic Si 28 IV

12 Phtpho P 31 III, V



13 Lu hunh S 32 II, IV, VI

14 Clo Cl 35,5 I, VII

15 Kali K 39 I

16 Canxi Ca 40 II

17 Crom Cr 52 II, III,

18 Mangan Mn 55 II, IV, VII

19 St Fe 56 II, III

20 Niken Ni 59 II

21 ng Cu 64 I ,II

22 Km Zn 65 II

23 Brom Br 80 I, VII

24 Bc Ag 108 I

25 Iot I 126 I

26 Bari Ba 137 II

27 Wonfram W 184 II

28 Platin (bch kim) Pt 195

29 Vng Au 197

30 Thy ngn Hg 201 II

31 Ch Pb 207 II, IV

32 Uranium U 238

Bng 1.2: Mt s nhm nguyn t thng gp: Tn nhm K kiu Ha tr Phn t khi

Hidroxit OH I 17

Nitrat NO3 I 62

Amoni NH4 I 18

Sunfat SO4 II 96

Cacbonat CO3 II 60

Sunfit SO3 II 80

Photphat PO4 III 95

* Thut nh: BI CA K HIU HO HC. Ca l ch Can xi

Ba l cu Bari h hng Au tn gi l Vng

Ag l Bc cng lng vi nhau Vit ng C trc u sau

Pb m ng cng nhau l Ch Al y tn g?

Gi Nhm bc s ci kh m xem Cacbon vn tnh nh nhem

K hiu C bn em nhm l Oxy O y l d

Gp nhau hai bn cng h chy to Cl l ch Clo

Lu hunh em nh vit cho S (t si). Zn l Km kh g

Na tn gi Natri h hng Br ghi tht r rng



Brom tn cng hng Canxi Fe cng chng kh chi

Gi tn l St em ghi ngay vo Hg chng kh t no

Thu ngn em c t ho chng sai

Bi ca xin nhc h ai Hc chm nh k ko hoi tui xun.

2. Ha tr ca mt s nguyn t v nhm nguyn t. * Bng ha tr mt s nguyn t v nhm nguyn t thng gp: (Xem bng 1)

* Thut nh:

BI CA HO TR I Ka li (K), It (I), Hidro (H),

Natri (Na) vi Bc (Ag), Clo (Cl) mt loi L ho tr mt (I) em i!

Nh ghi cho k ko hoi phn vn Magi (Mg), Km (Zn) vi Thu ngn (Hg)

Oxi (O), ng (Cu), Thic (Sn), thm phn Bari (Ba) Cui cng thm ch Canxi (Ca)

Ho tr hai (II) nh c g kh khn? Anh Nhm (Al) ho tr ba ln (III)

In su vo tr khi cn nh ngay. Cacbon (C), Silic (Si) ny y

L ho tr bn (IV) chng ngy no qun. St (Fe) kia lm lc hay phin?

Hai (II), ba (III) ln xung nh lin nhau thi! Li gp Nit (N) kh ri!

Mt (I), hai (II), ba (III), bn (IV) khi thi ln nm (V) Lu hunh (S) lm lc chi khm:

Xung hai (II), ln su (VI), lc nm th t (IV) Pht pho (P) ni n kh kh

Hi n ha tr th rng nm (V) Em i c gng hc chm

Bi ca ho tr sut nm cn dng!

BI CA HA TR II

Hidro (H) cng vi Liti (Li) Natri (Na) cng vi Kali (K) chng ri

Ngoi ra cn Bc (Ag) sng ngi Ch mang ho tr I thi ch nhm

Ring ng (Cu) cng vi Thu ngn (Hg) Thng II t I ch phn vn g

i thay II , IV l Ch (Pb)



in hnh ho tr ca Ch l II Bao gi cng ho tr II

L xi (O) , Km(Zn) chng sai cht g Ngoi ra cn c Canxi (Ca)

Magi (Mg) cng vi Bari (Ba) mt nh Bo (B) , Nhm (Al) th ha tr III

Ccbon (C) Silic (Si) Thic (Sn) l IV thi Th nhng phi ni thm li

Ha tr II vn l ni i v St (Fe) II toan tnh bn b

Khng bn nn d bin lin st III Phtpho III t gp m

Photpho V chnh ngi ta gp nhiu Nit (N) ho tr bao nhiu ?

I , II, III , IV phn nhiu ti V Lu hunh lm lc chi khm Khi II lc IV , VI tng tt cng

Clo, Iot lung tung

II III V VII thng th I thi Mangan rc ri nht i

i t I n VII thi mi yn Ho tr II dng rt nhiu

Ho tr VII cng c yu hay cn Bi ca ho tr thuc lng

Vit thng cng thc phng lng qun Hc hnh c gng cn chuyn

Sing n chm luyn tt nhin nh nhiu

i lng tnh

Cng thc K hiu

Ch thch n v tnh

Tnh s mol An

N

n

A

N

S mol (nguyn t hoc phn t) S nguyn t hoc phn t S Avogaro

mol

nt hoc pt 6.10

-23

.

.

PVn

R T

n

P

V

R

T

S mol cht kh Ap sut

Th tch cht kh Hng s Nhit

mol

atm (hocmmHg) 1atm=760mmHg

lit ( hoc ml) 0,082 (hoc 62400 ) 273 +t

oC

Khi lng cht tan

m =n. M m

n

M

Khi lng cht S mol cht Khi lng mol cht

gam

mol

gam

mct = mdd - mdm mct mdd mdm

Khi lng cht tan Khi lng dung dch Khi lng dung mi

gam

gam

gam

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Khi lng cht tan Nng phn trm Khi lng dung dch

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.

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Khi lng cht tan Khi lng dung mi tan

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Khi lng dung dch Th tch dung dch Khi lng ring ca dung dch

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Khi lng ring cht hoc dung dch Khi lng cht hoc dung dch Th tch cht hoc dung dch

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Th tch cht hoc dung dch Khi lng cht hoc dung dch Khi lng ring cht hoc dung dch

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3. Mt s cng thc tnh, n v v k hiu: (Bng 2) 4. Nguyn t khi cc nguyn t: * Bng nguyn t khi mt s nguyn t thng gp: (Xem bng 1) *Thut nh:

BI CA NGUYN T KHI I Hidro (H) l mt (1) Mi hai (12) ct Cacbon (C) Nit (N) mi bn trn (14) Oxi (O) trng mi su (16) Natri (Na) hay lu tu

Nhy tt ln hai ba (23) Khin Magi (Mg) gn nh Ngm ngi nhn hai bn (24) Hai by(27) - Nhm (Al) la ln: Lu hunh (S) ginh ba hai (32)! Khc ngi tht l ti: Clo (Cl) ba lm ri (35,5). Kali (K) thch ba chn (39)

Can xi (Ca) tip bn mi (40). Nm lm (55) Mangan (Mn)ci: St (Fe) y ri nm su (56)! Su t (64) - ng (Cu) ni cu? V km Km(Zn) su lm(65). Tm mi(80)- Brm(Br) nm Xa Bc (Ag) -mt linh tm (108). Bari (Ba) bun chn ngn: Mt ba by (137) ch chi, Thua ngi ta cn g? Thu ngn (Hg) hai linh mt (201)! Cn ti: i sau rt.

BI CA NGUYN T KHI II 137 Bari

40 l ch Canxi h hng 197 l Vng

200 l 1 l chng Thu ngn Kali ba chc chn n

Hidro l 1 phn vn lm g

Phn trm khi lng ca nguyn t trong cng thc AxBy

. .100%

x y

A

A B

M xA

M

. .100%

x y

B

A B

M yB

M

%B=100 -%A

%A

%B

MA

MB

MAxB

y

Phn trm khi lng ca nt A Phn trm khi lng ca nt B Khi lng mol ca nt A Khi lng mol ca nt B Khi lng mol ca hp cht AxBy

%

%

gam

gam

gam

tan S = OmH

mct2

.100 S

mct mH2O

tan Khi lng cht tan Khi lng nc

gam

gam

gam



16 ca ch Oxi 23 Natri ng ri

Lu hunh ba ng hai ngi 32 em c mt li l ra 64 ng y chng xa

65 l Km vit ra ngay lin Bc kia ngy trc c tin

108 vit lin l xong 27 l bc Nhm xoong

56 l St long ong sm chiu Iot chng phi phin nhiu

127 vit lin em i 28 Silic n chi

Brom 80 ( tm chc) tu ni ghi vo 12 ca Cacbon no

31 ca Photpho go lu Clo bn nh ghi su

35 phy ri ly u m ci? Bi ca xin nhc mi ngi

Hc chm ch c chy li m gay.

5. Tnh cht v cch iu ch cc cht c bn: O2; H2; H2O. 5.1. Tnh cht ha hc v cch iu ch Oxi:

5.1.1. Tnh cht ha hc: - Oxi tc dng vi nhiu phi kim (tr Cl2; Br2) to oxit phi kim. S + O2 -> SO2

4P + 5O2 -> 2P2O5

- Oxi tc dng vi nhiu kim loi (tr Au, Ag, Pt) to oxit kim loi: 3Fe + 2O2 -> Fe3O4

4K + O2 -> 2K2O

- Oxi tc dng c nhiu hp cht: CH4 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O => Oxi l mt n cht phi kim rt hot ng, c bit l nhit cao: tc dng vi nhiu kim loi, phi kim v hp cht

5.1.2. iu ch: - Nung cc hp cht giu oxi v d b phn hy nhit cao:

2KClO3 -> 2KCl + 3O2

2KMnO4 -> K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

HgO -> Hg + O2

- in phn nc: 2H2O -> 2H2 + O2

5.2. Tnh cht ha hc v cch iu ch Hidro: 5.2.1. Tnh cht ha hc: - Tc dng vi Oxi: 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O - Tc dng vi Oxit kim loi: To thnh kim loi + H2O CuO + H2 -> Cu + H2O

5.2.2. iu ch: - Cho kim loi (Zn, Mg, Al, Fe) tc dng vi dung dch axit (HCl, H2SO4 long) Zn + 2HCl -> ZnCl2 + H2

2Al + 3H2SO4 -> Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 - in phn nc: 2H2O -> 2H2 + O2



5.3. Tnh cht ha hc Nc: - Tc dng vi kim loi kim (Na, K, Li, Ca, Ba) to dung dch kim v kh H2 2Na + 2H2O -> 2NaOH + H2

- Tc dng vi oxit ca kim loi kim -> dung dch kim CaO + H2O -> Ca(OH)2

- Tc dng vi oxit axit -> dung dch axit. P2O5 + 3H2O -> 2H3PO4

SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4

KHNG KH S CHY. 1. Tnh khi lng O2 cn dng t chy hon ton: a. Mt tn than cha 95% C. Nhng tp cht cn li khng chy c. b. 4 Kg metan (CH4).

c. Hn hp c 8g hidro v 2g metan? d. Hn hp c 0,15mol C v 0,125mol S. 2. Hai hp cht thng c dng iu ch O2 trong phng th nghim l KClO3 v KMnO4. a. Mun iu ch 3,2g kh oxi cn phi phn hy bao nhiu: - mol mi cht trn? - gam mi cht trn? b. Tnh khi lng Oxi iu ch c bng cch phn hy: - 0,1 mol mi cht trn? - 50 gam mi cht trn? 3. Tnh s mol KClO3, s mol KMnO4 cn thit iu ch mt lng kh Oxi t chy ht: - Hn hp 0,5 mol CH4 v 0,25 mol H2. - Hn hp 6,75g bt Al v 9,75g bt Zn. 4. Nung nng KNO3, cht ny b phn hy thnh KNO2 v O2. a. Vit PTP? b. Tnh k.l KNO3 cn dng iu ch c 2,4g kh oxi. c. Tnh k.l kh Oxi iu ch c khi phn hy 10,1g KNO3. 5. a. Tnh ton chng t rng cht no giu oxi hn: KMnO4; KClO3; KNO3. b. So snh s mol kh oxi iu ch c bng s phn hy cng s mol ca mi cht trn? c. C nhn xt g v s so snh kt qu ca cu (a) v cu (b) 6. Xc nh thnh phn % theo th tch v theo k.l ca cc kh c trong nhng hh sau: a. 3 lt lhi1 CO2, 1 lt kh O2 v 6 lt kh N2.

b. 4,4g kh CO2, 16g kh O2 v 4g kh H2.

c. 3mol kh CO2, 5 mol kh O2 v 2 mol kh CO.

(Cc th tch o cng iu kin nhit , p sut.) 7. Mt hh kh gm c 3,2g oxi v 8,8g kh cacbonic. Xc nh khi lng trung bnh ca 1 mol hh kh ni trn? 8. Mt hh gm c: 0,1mol O2; 0,25 mol N2; 0,15 mol CO. a. Tm k.l trung bnh ca 1 mol hh kh trn? b. Xc nh t khi ca hh kh i vi kk v i vi H2? 9. t chy 3,1g P trong bnh cha 5g Oxi. Hy cho bit sau khi chy cht no c to thnh v k.l l bao nhiu? 10. Tnh th tch kh oxi v khng kh (ktc) cn thit t chy ht: a. 3,2g lu hunh? b. 12,4g Phtpho? c. 24g cacbon?

Tnh th tch cc kh CO2 v SO2 sinh ra ktc trong cc trng hp (a) v (c)? 11. Ngi ta t chy lu hunh trong mt bnh cha 10g oxi. Sau p ngi ta thu c 12,8g kh SO2. a. Tnh k.l S chy?



b. Tnh k.l v th tch Oxi cn tha sau p? 12. Tnh k.l Oxi cn dng t chy hon ton mt hh gm 6g C v 8g S? 13. Tnh k.l Oxi thu c: a. Khi phn hy 4,9g KClO3 trong phng th nghim? b. khi in phn 54 tn nc trong cng nghip? 14. Ngi ta iu ch Km oxit bng cch t bt km trong oxi. a. Tnh k.l Oxi cn thit iu ch 40,5g km oxit? b. Mun c lng oxi ni trn th phi phn hy bao nhiu gam KClO3? 15. Mt bnh kn dung tch 5,6 lt cha y khng kh (ktc). Ngi ta a vo bnh 10g P t. Hi lng P trn c chy ht khng? Cho rng oxi chim 1/5 th tch khng kh? 16. S chy v s oxi ha chm ging v khc nhau im no? Hy dn ra 1 VD v s chy v 1 VD v s oxi ha chm? 17. Vit cc PTHH: a. S + O2 ->

b. P + O2 ->

c. Fe + O2 ->

d. Mg + O2 ->

e. Al + O2 ->

g. Na + O2 ->

h. H2O ->

i. KMnO4 ->

k. KClO3 ->

l. HgO -> IV II

m. C + O2 -> (C, O).

n. N2 + O2 -> (N, O).

18. Phn ng phn hy v p ha hp khc nhau nh th no? i vi mi loi p hy dn ra 2 VD minh ha? (HD: S lng, loi cht tham gia, sn phm) 19. Tnh s gam KMnO4 cn dng c lng oxi iu ch c 2,32g Fe3O4? 20. Lng Oxi thu c khi in phn 54g nc c t chy ht 5,4g Al khng? 21. a. Cn bao nhiu gam oxi t chy hon ton 5 mol cacbon? 5 mol lu hunh? b. Trong gi thc hnh th nghim, mt em HS t chy 6,4g S trong 2,24 lt kh oxi. Vy theo em, S chy ht hay cn d? 22. a. Trong 16g kh Oxi c bao nhiu mol nguyn t O v bao nhiu mol phn t Oxi? b. Tnh t khi ca oxi vi nito , vi khng kh? 23. t chy 1kg than trong kh oxi, bit trong than c 10% tp cht khng chy. a. Tnh th tch oxi (ktc) cn thit t chy 1kg than trn? b. Tnh th tch kh CO2 (ktc) sinh ra trong p? 24. Cho cc oxit sau: CO2; SO2; P2O5; Al2O3; Fe2O3; Fe3O4.

a. Chng c to ra t cc n cht no? b. Vit PTP v nu iu kin ca p (nu c) iu ch cc oxit trn? 25. Tnh khi lng KClO3 cn thit sinh ra mt lng oxi t chy ht 3,6g cacbon? 26. t chy 6,2g P trong bnh cha 7,84 lt kh O2 (ktc). Hy cho bit sau khi chy, cht no c to thnh v k.l l bao nhiu?

27. Mt bnh kn dung tch 16,8 lt (ktc) cha y kh O2. Ngi ta t chy ht 3g C trong bnh , sau a 18g P vo bnh t tip. a. Vit cc PTP xy ra? b. Lng P c chy ht khng? c. Tnh k.l tng sn phm sinh ra? 28. Lp cng thc bazo ng vi cc oxit sau: CaO; FeO; Li2O; BaO; Al2O3; K2O; MgO. 29. Lp cng thc oxit axit tng ng vi cc axit sau: HNO3; HNO2; H3PO4; H2CO3; H2SO3; H2SO4; HClO4; HMnO4; HBrO4



30. a. em nhit phn hon ton 49g KClO3 th thu c nhng sn phm g ? Khi lng l bao nhiu? b. Lng oxi thu c trn em t 22,4g Fe th thu c sn phm g? Khi lng l bao nhiu? 31. Khi nung Cu(NO3)2, xy ra p sau: 2Cu(NO3)2 -> 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2. Nu em nung hon ton 22g Cu(NO3)2 th k.l CuO v th tch hh kh (ktc) thu c l bao nhiu? 32*. t chy hon ton 7,4g hh gm kh metan v kh butan (C4H8) thu c 22g kh CO2. Hy tnh th tch kh O2 (ktc) cn dng t chy hh? 33. t chy ht 2,4g mt kim loi R th thu c 4g oxit. Hy xc nh tn ca kim loi ? 34. a. Nu em nung 61,25g KClO3 th th tch kh O2 thu c l bao nhiu? b. Kh O2 thu c trn c tc dng vi 16,2g Al khng? 35*. Mt hh gm H2 v O2 chim th tch 6,72 lt (ktc) c k.l l 3,6g. hy xc nh tp% theo th tch ca mi kh trong hh u? 36. t chy hon ton 7,8g hh gm Mg v Al, sau p thu c 14,2g hai oxit. Hy tnh th tch kh O2 tham gia p (ktc)? 37. t chy hon ton 2,8g hh C v S th cn 3,36 lt O2 (ktc). Tnh k.l mi cht c trong hh u? 38. Nung a gam KClO3 v b gam KMnO4 thu c cng mt lng O2. Tnh t l a/b? 39. Vit p to thnh cc oxit: Al2O3, CuO, CO2, P2O5, Fe3O4, ZnO, K2O, SO2, MgO t cc n cht tng ng. Gi tn Oxit? 40. Vit 4 PTP iu ch kh O2? 41. t chy 11,2g Fe trong bnh cha 2,24 lt kh O2 (ktc). Tnh k.l oxit st t thu c v k.l nc cn dng in phn ra lng O2 ni trn? 42. t st trong 1 bnh c cha 8,4 lt kh O2 (ktc), sau p thu c 34,8g oxit st t. a. Tnh lng Fe tham gia p? b. Tnh th tch O2 cn d (ktc)? c. Tnh lng KClO3 cn thit phn hy ra 8,4 lt kh O2 ni trn? 43. Mt bnh kn cha hh gm 12.103 phn t H2 v 9.10

23 phn t O2.

a. Tnh th tch ca hh kh? b. t chy hh trn. Tnh k.l nc thu c sau p? 44. Mt oxit ca nito c phn t khi l 108, bit mN : mO = 7:20. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit ny? 45. Oxit ca mt nguyn t X c ha tr V cha 43,66% theo k.l nguyn t . Xc nh CT ca oxit ? 46. Mt oxit kim loi c khi lng mol l 102g, thnh phn % v k.l ca kim loi trong oxit l 52,94%. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit ? 47. Hai nguyn t M kt hp vi mt nguyn t O to thnh mt phn t oxit. Trong phn t ny, nguyn t oxi chim 25,8% v k.l. Xc nh CTHH ca oxit ny? 48. t chy 9,2g mt kim loi A c ha tr I thu c 12,4g oxit.Xc nh tn kim loi A v cng thc oxit ca A?

49. a. Trnh by tnh cht ha hc ca Oxi? Vit PTP minh ha? b. Trnh by cc cch iu ch v sn xut oxi thng dng? Vit PTP minh ha? 50. t chy 10,8g kim loi M c ha tr III, thu c 20,4 gam oxit. a. Vit PTP? b. Xc nh tn ca kim loi v Oxit ca n? c. iu ch ra lng Oxi dng trong p ni trn cn phi nhit phn bao nhiu gam KMnO4? d. Nu cng dng lng Oxi ni trn t chy 4,8g magie th k.l sn phm to thnh l bao nhiu? e. Lng Oxi cn d trn c th dng t chy bao nhiu gam than cha 95% C v 5% tp cht khng chy?

HIDRO NC 1. Ngi ta cho Nhm hoc st tc dng vi dung dch axit clohidric iu ch hidro. Mun iu ch 5,6 lt hidro (ktc) th phi dng bao nhiu gam: a. Nhm b. St? 2. Cho 13g Zn vo mt dung dch cha 0,5mol axit clohidric. Tnh th tch Hidro thu c?



3. Ngi ta dng hidro kh st (III) oxit. a. Vit PTP? b. Nu kh m gam st (III) oxit th thu c bao nhiu gam st? c. Cho m = 200g, Hy tnh kt qu bng s? 4. Cho 1,3 g km vo 0,2 mol HCl thu c kh H2. Dn kh H2 sinh ra qua 1,6g ng (II) oxit nung nng. Tnh khi lng ng thu c? 5. Ngi ta c th dng kh hidro hoc kh cacbonmono oxit kh st (III) thnh st. Nu mun iu ch 70g st th cn dng bao nhiu: a. Lt kh H2 ktc? b. gam CO?

6. c mt hn hp gm 75% Fe2O3 v 25%CuO. Ngi ta dng H2 (d) kh 16g hh . a. Tnh k.l Fe v k.l Cu thu c? b. Tnh s mol H2 tham gia p? 7. Ngi ta dng H2 (d) kh m gam Fe2O3 v thu c n gam Fe. Cho lng Fe ny tc dng vi dd H2SO4 d th thu c 2,8 lt H2 (ktc). a. Tnh m? b. Tnh n?

8. Cn iu ch 33,6g Fe bng cch kh Fe3O4 bng kh CO. a. Tnh k. Fe3O4 cn dng? b. Tnh th tch kh CO dng (ktc) 9. Cho 2,8g st tc dng vi dd cha 14,6g axit clohidric. a. Tnh th tch H2 thu c ktc? b. Cht no cn tha sau p? Tha bao nhiu gam? c. Mun cho p xy ra hon ton th phi dng thm mt lng cht kia l bao nhiu? 10. Trong phng TN

0 ngi ta dng kh CO kh Fe3O4 v dng H2 kh Fe2O3 nit cao. Cho bit c

0,1 mol mi loi oxit st tham gia p. a. Vit PTHH? b. Tnh V mi kh cn dng cho mi p ktc? c. Tnh m st thu c trong mi p? 11. Cho mt st vo mt dung dch cha H2SO4 long thu c 1,68 lt kh hidro. Tnh k.l Fe2O3 cn dng tc dng vi kh H2 c lng st tham gia p trn? 12. trong phng th nghim c cc kim loi Mg v Zn, cc dung dch H2SO4 long v HCl. Mun iu ch 1,12 lt kh H2 (ktc) phi dng kim loi no, axit no ch cn mt k.l nh nht? 13. c 11,2 lt (ktc) kh thot ra khi cho 56g st tc dng vi HCl. Tnh s mol axit HCl cn thm tip ha tan ht lng Fe cn li? 14. Kh 48g CuO bng 11,2 lt kh H2. a. Tnh k.l Cu to thnh? b. Lng nc to thnh trn khi em in phn th thu c bao nhiu gam oxi? c. Lng oxi trn c th dng t chy bao nhiu gam P? 15. cho 8,3g hh cc kim loi Fe v Al tc dng vi dd HCl d. Sau khi p kt thc ngi ta thu c 5,6 lt kh ktc. a. Vit cc PTHH xy ra? b. Tnh thnh phn % theo k.l cc kim loi c trong hh? c. Dng kh H2 trn kh FeO thnh kim loi th c th thu c mt lng Fe bng bao nhiu gam?

16. Cho phn hy nc bng pp in phn, ngi ta thu c 28 lt kh oxi. - Tnh k.l nc b phn hy. - Ly ton b th tch oxi ni trn t chy hon ton 12,8g lu hunh. Tnh th tch kh lu hunh ioxit thu c? (ktc) 17. Cho 32,5g km v 32,5 g st vo dd axit sunfuric long d. Tnh th tch kh Hidro to thnh trong mi trng hp?



18. Kh 50g hh CuO v FeO bng kh H2. Tnh th tch H2 cn dng, bit rng trong hh, CuO chim 20% v khi lng. 19. Tm cng thc ca oxit st, trong Fe chim 70% v khi lng? 20. Kh hon ton 2,4g hh CuO v FexOy cng s mol nh nhau bng hidro, thu c 1,76g kim loi. Ha tan kim loi bng dd HCl d thy thot ra 0,448 lt H2 (ktc). Xc nh cng thc oxit st? 21. Vit cc PTP: CuO + H2 -> ZnO + H2 ->

FeO + H2 -> HgO + H2 ->

Fe2O3 + H2 -> Cr2O3 + H2 ->

PbO2 + H2 -> Fe3O4 + H2 ->

22. Cho 13g Zn tc dng vi 0,3mol HCl. Tnh k.l mui to thnh? 23. Cho ,35g Al tc dng vi 7,3g HCl. Tnh k.l mui to thnh? 24. Cho 8,125g Zn tc dng vi 18,25g HCl. Tnh th tch H2 to thnh? 25. Dn kh Hidro i qua CuO nung nng. a. Sau p thu c 19,2g Cu. Tnh khi lng CuO tham gia p v th tch Hidro (ktc) cn dng? b. Tnh k.l nhm v axit sunfuric cn dng c c th tch kh Hidro ni trn? 26. Kh 5,575 gam mt oxit ch bng kh H2, thu c 5,175 gam ch. Tm CTHH ca oxit ch? 27. Kh 4g mt oxit ng bng kh H2, ngi ta thu c 3,2g Cu. Tm CTHH ca oxit ng? 28. Tm th tch (ktc) cht kh cn dng v khi lng kim loi thu c cho cc th nghim ha hc sau: - Kh 10g CuO v 55,75g PbO nhit cao bng kh H2. - Kh hh 0,1 mol Fe2O3 v 0,05 mol Fe3O4 nhit cao bng kh CO. 29. Kh mt hh gm c 3,2g Fe2O3; 8g CuO c 2,23g PbO nhit cao bng kh H2. a. Tnh k.l v th tch cht kh (ktc) cn dng cho cc p ni trn? b. Tnh k.l mi kim loi thu c sau p? c. Tnh k.l Zn v HCl cn dng c c H2 dng cho cc p ni trn? 30. Kh 48 mo Fe2O3 nhit cao bng nhng cht khc nhau: H2; CO; C; Al. a. Vit cc PTHH xy ra? b. Tnh k.l tng cht kh cn dng? c. Ton b lng Fe to thnh cho tc dng vi HCl. Tnh th tch kh H2 thu c ktc? 31. Hon thnh s chuyn ha sau: P2O5 H3PO4 H2

KClO3 O2 Na2O NaOH

H2O H2 H2O KOH

32. Nhn bit 4 kh khng mu: N2; O2; CO2; H2. 33. Ngi ta dng 9,6g Mg kh 6,72 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Tnh k.l cc sp to thnh? 34. Kh 32g Fe2O3 bng 20,16 lt (ktc) kh H2. a. Tnh k.l Fe to thnh? b. Cht no cn d? Cn dng bao nhiu gam cht cn li tc dng ht lng cht d? 35. kh 2,32g mt oxit st th cn dng va 0,896 lt (ktc) H2. Xc nh cng thc oxit st? 36. Ngi ta cho 5,4g Al vo 98g axit sunfuric. Sau mt thi gian, ming nhm tan ht ngi ta cho thm vo 13g Zn. Tnh th tch kh H2 thu c ktc? 37. Vit Cc PTHH sau: Na + H2O -> Na2O + H2O ->

K + H2O -> K2O + H2O ->

Li + H2O -> Li2O + H2O ->

Ca + H2O -> CaO + H2O ->

Ba + H2O -> BaO + H2O ->

CO2 + H2O -> SO2 + H2O ->

SO3 + H2O -> P2O5 + H2O ->



Cl2O7 + H2O -> N2O5 + H2O ->

38. Cho natri tc dng vi nc. Bit c 1,2.1023 nguyn t Na tham gia p. Hy tnh: a. S phn t tng cht to thnh? b. khi lng tng cht to thnh? c. Th tch kh H2 sinh ra ktc? 39. Cho Na tc dng vi nc to thnh 14,8g bazo. Hy tnh: a. S nguyn t v khi lng Na cn dng? b. S phn t v khi lng kh sinh ra? c. Th tch kh H2 sinh ra ktc? 40. Cho 2 mol BaO tc dng ht vi nc. Tnh k.l v s phn t ca cht to thnh sau p? 41. Cho mt hh cha 4,6g Na v 3,9g K tc dng vi nc. a. Tnh th tch kh H2 thu c ktc? b. Dung dch sau p lm i mu qu tm nh th no? 42. Cho 31g natri oxit vo 27g nc. Tnh k.l sn phm v cht cn d sau p? 43. Cho 8,5g hh Na v K tc dng vi H2O d thu c 3,36 lt kh ktc. a. Vit PTP xy ra? b. Tnh thnh phn % mi kim loi trong hh ban u? c. Tnh k.l tng bazo thu c? 44. Vit cc PTHH thc hin cc bin ha sau v c tn cc sn phm to thnh: a. Na -> Na2O -> NaOH

b. P -> P2O5 -> H3PO4 -> H2 -> H2O -> Ca(OH)2. Cho mP = 24,8g => mCa(OH)2 = ?

45. Cho 17,2 g hh Ca v CaO tc dng vi lng nc d thu c 3,36 lt kh H2 ktc. a. Tnh thnh phn % mi cht c trong hh? b. Tnh k.l bazo thu c? 46. Cho 18,8g oxit ca mt kim loi ha tr I tc dng vi nc thu c 22,4g mt cht bazo tan. Xc nh CTHH ca oxit? 47. hh A gm H2 v O2 c t khi hi so vi khng kh l 0,3276. Hy: a. Tnh k.l mol trung bnh ca hh? b. t l % th tch mi kh trong hh? c. t chy hh trn th cht no cn d? 48. in phn a gam nc, dn ton b lng kh H2 sinh ra qua bt CuO d nung nng thu c 6,4g ng. Tnh a?

49. Phn hy 9g nc bng dng in. Hy xc nh s gam v th tch kh H2 v O2 thu c? 50. Khi lng nc trn hnh tinh chng ta c chng 1,4.1018 tn. Hy tnh k.l nguyn t H v O c trong lng nc ny? 51. Trong ng kh c ng 10ml hidro v 10ml oxi. Bt tia la in t hh kh. Tnh k.l nc to thnh v th tch kh cn d sau p? 52. Tnh k.l Ca(OH)2 c th thu c khi cho 140 kg vi sng CaO tc dng vi nc. Bit rng trong vi sn c cha 10% tp cht. 53. Dng dng in phn hy 1 lt nc lng th thu c bao nhiu gam Hidro v bao nhiu gam oxi? (dnc = 1g/ml)

54. Nhn bit: O2; CO2; H2; N2; CH4; khng kh. 55. ha tan 23,8g hh Al v Zn ngi ta dng HCl v thy thot ra 17,92 lt kh ktc. Nu ngi ta thay HCl bng H2SO4 th k.l axit cn dng l bao nhiu?

56. Hon thnh s bin ha sau: NaOH



a. ZnO Zn H2 H2O

H2SO4

b. KClO3 O2 P2O5 H3PO4 H2 H2O O2

CuO

57. Cho 8g oxi tc dng vi 8g hidro. a. Tnh k.l nc to thnh? b. Tnh k.l KClO3 cn dng to ra lng oxi trn? 58. ngi ta kh 30,3g hh PbO v CuO trong CuO chim 26,4% bng kh H2. Tnh k.l tng kim loi thu c sau p? 59. kh hon ton 16g mt oxit st ngi ta cn dng 5,4g Al. Xc inh CTHH ca oxit st? 60. Ngi ta dng kh CO kh Fe2O3 v ZnO. a. Cht no cn dng nhiu kh CO hn? b. kim loi thu c cho tc dng vi dd HCl d. P no to ta nhiu H2 hn? 61. Ngi ta cho 28g Fe vo dd HCl thy cn d axit, sau cho thm vo 20,25g Al vo dd. Tnh th tch kh H2 thu c sau th nghim? 62. Nhn bit: H2O; H2SO4; Ca(OH)2; NaOH; NaCl. 63. Nhn bit: H2SO4; H2O; Ca(OH)2 m khng dng qu tm? 64. Cho 10,8g hh Na v Na2O tc dng ht vi nc thu c 2,24 lt kh ktc. a. Tnh thnh phn % theo k.l mi cht trong hh? b. Tnh k.l bazo to thnh? 65. Cho 18,6g Natrioxit tc dng ht vi nc thu c dd bazo. Cho ton b lng bazo trn tc dng vi 49g axit sunfuric th thu c mt mui v nc. a. Vit cc PTP xy ra? b. Tnh k.l bazo to thnh? c. Tnh k.l mui thu c? 66. Cho Na d tc dng vi hh gm H2O v H2SO4 th thu c 7,84 lt kh. Cn cho Zn d tc dng vi hh trn th thu c 3,36 lt kh. Tnh % cc cht trong hh, Bit V cht kh o ktc? 67. Cho 4,6g mt kim loi ha tr I tc dng ht vi H2O th thu c 2,24 lt kh ktc. Xc nh tn ca kim loi trn? 68. Cho 2,8g mt kim loi cha bit ha tr tc dng ht vi H2O th thu c 4,48 lt kh ktc. Xc nh tn ca kim loi trn? 69. Cho 7,8g mt kim loi tc dng va vi 3,6g H2O. Tm tn ca kim loi? 70. Cho 12g SO3 tc dng ht vi H2O thu c cht A. Cho 12,4g Na2O tc dng ht vi H2O thu c cht B. Cho A v B tc dng vi nhau sinh ra mui C v nc. a. Vit PTHH v gi tn A, B, C? b. Tnh khi lng ca A, B, C?

AXIT BAZ MUI



1. Cho 18,6g Na2O tc dng ht vi nc thu c mt bazo. Cho ton b lng bazo ni trn tc dng vi 49g H2SO4 th thu c mui v nc. a. Vit PTP xy ra? b. Tnh k.l bazo to thnh? c. Tnh k.l mui thu c? 2. Trong phng th nghim c cc ha cht: S, Na, H2O (cc dng c cn thit khc coi nh c ). a. Vit cc PTP iu ch Natri sunfit t cc cht trn? b. Nu mun thu c 12,6 tn natri sunfit th k.l Na dng l bao nhiu? 3. tc dng ht 24,5g H2SO4 ln th nht ngi ta dng 2,7g Al v ln th hai dng thm m gam Zn. a. Tnh m?

b. Tnh th tch kh H2 thu c (ktc) sau p? 4. Ngi ta cho 4,8g mt kim loi ha tr II tc dng vi H2SO4 d thu c 44,8 lt kh ktc. Xc nh tn ca kim loi A? 5. Cho cc oxit sau: CaO, Na2O, MgO, NO, N2O5 K2O; SO2; SO3; Li2O; Fe2O3; ZnO; P2O5.

a. Gi tn cc oxit trn? b. Vit PTHH ca cc cht trn p vi H2O (nu c) v gi tn cc sn phm?

MT S THAM KHO 1: A. TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN: (4 ) I. Hy khoanh trn vo ch ci ng u cu tr li ng nht trong cc cu sau:(2 ) 1. Trong cc hin tng sau y hin tng no l hin tng ha hc? a. Thu tinh nng chy c thi thnh chai, l. b. Cn trong l h nt b bay hi. c. Nc tan dn thnh nc lng. d. Than chy trong oxi to ra kh cacbonnic. 2. Cng thc ho hc no ph hp vi ho tr III ca Nit. a. NO2. b. N2O. c. NH3. d. NO.

3. Phng trnh no sau y hon chnh? a. Na + H2O NaOH + H2

b.2Na + 2 H2O 2 NaOH + 2 H2

c. 2Na + H2O 2NaOH + 2 H2

d. 2Na + 2 H2O 2 NaOH + H2

4. Cho phng trnh phn ng: a Al + b HCl c AlCl3 + d H2. Cc h s a, b, c, d nhn cc gi tr ln lt l: A. 2, 6, 2, 3. B. 2, 6, 3, 2. C. 2, 6, 3, 3. D. 6, 2, 2, 3.

II. Ghp cc ct A vi cc ct B thnh cu hon chnh vo ct tr li. (1,5 )

A B Tr li

1.Trong mt phn ng ha hc 2. Hin tng ha hc l

3. Phng trnh ha hc l

4. Hin tng vt l l

5. Phn ng ha hc l

6. Phng trnh ha hc cho bit

a. Biu din ngn gn phn ng ha hc. b. Hin tng cht bin i m vn gi nguyn l cht ban u. c. Qu trnh bin i cht ny thnh cht khc. d. Hin tng cht bin i c to ra cht khc. e. Tng khi lng cc cht sn phm bng tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng. g. Nhn bit phn ng xy ra da vo du hiu c cht mi to thnh. h.T l s nguyn t,s phn t gia cc cht trong phn ng.

1+

2+

3+

4+

5+

6+

- B. T LUN (6 ) 1. (2) Lp phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng sau :



a. K + O2 K2O

b. P2O5 + H2O H3PO4

c. Al + H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + H2

d. CaCO3 CaO + CO2

2. (1,5)Chn h s v cng thc ha hc thch hp in vo ch?Trong cc phng trnh ha hc sau: a. ? Mg + ? 2 MgO

b. Zn + ? HCl ZnCl2 + ?

c. CuO + ? HCl CuCl2 + ?

3. (1 ) t chy km Zn trong kh oxi thu c km oxit ZnO. a. Lp phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng. b. Cho bit t l s nguyn t, s phn t c trong phn ng. 4. (1 ) Khi t chy 9 kg cacbon trong 24 kg kh oxi to ra cacbon ioxit. Tnh lng cacbon oxit to thnh. 5. (1 ) t chy m (g) kim loi magi Mg trong kh oxi thu c 8 g hp cht magie oxit (MgO). Bit rng khi lng magi tham gia bng 1,5 ln khi lng oxi tham gia. Tm khi lng magi v oxi phn ng. ===========================================================================

2 : A. TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN: (4 ) I. Ghp cc ct A vi cc ct B thnh cu hon chnh vo ct tr li. (1,5 )

A B Tr li

1. Phng trnh ha hc cho bit 2. Hin tng vt l l 3. Phn ng ha hc l 4. Hin tng ha hc l 5. Phng trnh ha hc l 6. Trong mt phn ng ha hc

a. Biu din ngn gn phn ng ha hc. b. Hin tng cht bin i m vn gi nguyn l cht ban u. c. Qu trnh bin i cht ny thnh cht khc. d. Hin tng cht bin i c to ra cht khc. e. Tng khi lng cc cht sn phm bng tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng. g. Nhn bit phn ng xy ra da vo du hiu c cht mi to thnh. h.T l s nguyn t,s phn t gia cc cht trong phn ng.

1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+

II. Hy khoanh trn vo ch ci ng u cu tr li ng nht trong cc cu sau:(2 ) 1. Trong cc hin tng sau y hin tng no l hin tng ha hc? a. Thu tinh nng chy c thi thnh chai, l. b. Cn trong l h nt b bay hi. c. Nc tan dn thnh nc lng. d. Than chy trong oxi to ra kh cacbonnic. 2. Cng thc ho hc no ph hp vi ho tr III ca Nit. a. NO2. b. NH3. c. N2O. d. NO.

3. Phng trnh no sau y hon chnh? a. Na + H2O NaOH + H2

b.2Na + 2 H2O 2 NaOH + 2 H2

c. 2Na + 2 H2O 2 NaOH + H2

d. 2Na + H2O 2NaOH + 2 H2

4. Cho phng trnh phn ng:



a Al + b HCl c AlCl3 + d H2

Cc h s a, b, c, d nhn cc gi tr ln lt l: A. 2, 6, 3, 3. B. 2, 6, 3, 2. C. 2, 6, 2, 3. D. 6, 2, 2, 3.

B. T LUN (6 ) 1. (2) Lp phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng sau : a. Na + O2 Na2O

b. N2O5 + H2O HNO3

c. Al2O3 + H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + H2O

d. H2O H2 + CO2

2.(1,5 )Chn h s v cng thc ha hc thch hp in vo ch ? trong cc phng trnh ha hc sau: a. ? Zn + ? 2 ZnO

b. Fe + ? HCl FeCl2 + ?

c. MgO + ? HCl MgCl2 + ?

3. (1 ) t chy magi Mg trong kh oxi thu c magi oxit MgO. a. Lp phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng. b. Cho bit t l s nguyn t, s phn t c trong phn ng.

4. (1 ) Khi t chy 6 kg cacbon C trong 12 kg kh oxi to ra cacbon ioxit CO2. Tnh khilng cacbon oxit to thnh. 5. (1 ) t chy m (g) kim loi km Zn trong kh oxi O2 thu c 9,6 g hp cht km oxit (ZnO). Bit rng khi lng Km tham gia gp i khi lng oxi tham gia. Tm khi lng km v oxi phn ng. ===========================================================================

3: A. TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN: (4 ) Hy khoanh trn vo ch ci ng u cu tr li ng nht trong cc cu sau:1. Mol: a.l lng cht cha 6. 1023 nguyn t.

b. l lng cht cha 6. 1023 phn t. c. l lng cht cha 6. 1023 nguyn t hoc phn t cht .

d. l lng cht cha 6. 1023 nguyn t hoc phn t. 2. Nu hai cht kh c th tch bng nhau (o cng nhit v p sut) th: a. Chng c cng khi lng. b. Chng khc nhau v s mol.

c. Chng c cng s phn t. d. Khng th kt lun c g. 3. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca cc nguyn t ng v oxi trong hp cht ng (II) oxit CuO ln lt l: a. 70% v 30%. b. 80% v 20%.

c. 60% v 40%. d. 79% v 21%.

4. Hp cht A c t khi i vi khng kh l 1,103. khi lng mol ca kh A l: a. 32 g. b. 64 g. c. 46 g. d. 17 g.

B. T LUN: (6 ) 1. Hy cho bit 16 gam kh oxi O2: a. C bao nhiu mol phn t O2? b. C bao nhiu phn t O2? c. C th tch l bao nhiu lt? ( ktc). 2. Tm cng thc ha hc ca kh B bit rng:



- T khi ca B i vi kh hiro l 32. - Thnh phn theo khi lng ca kh B l 50% S v 50% O

4: A. TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN: (4 ) A. Hy khoanh trn vo ch ci ng u cu tr li ng nht trong cc cu sau:(2 ) 1. Nguyn t X to hp cht vi clo l XCl3. Cng thc oxit no ca X di y vit ng. a. XO3. b. X2O3. c. XO. d. X3O2.

2. Nguyn t Menen c s hiu nguyn t l 12 trong bng h thng tun hon. Nguyn t M l nguyn t no sau y. a. Kim loi. b. Phi kim. c. Lng tnh. d. Kh him. 3. Cch sp xp no sau y ng theo chiu kim loi gim dn?

a. Na, Mg, Al, K. b. K, Na, Mg, Al.

c. Al, K, Na, Mg. d. K, Mg, Al, Na.

4. Mt cng thc oxit ca lu hunh cha 50% oxi, 1 g kh chim o,35 lt ktc. Cng thc ca oxit lu hunh l cng thc no sau y:

a. SO. b.SO2. c. SO3. d. S2O4.

B. C nhng cht sau: Cu, CuO, Mg, MgO, MgCO3. (2 ) Hy in nhng cht trn thch hp vo ch a. Cht no tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long sinh ra: - Cht kh nh hn khng kh: -Cht kh nng hn khng kh: b. Cht no khng tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long, nhng tc dng vi H2SO4 c, nng sinh ra kh SO2: c. Dng H2SO4 phn bit oxit no to ra dung dch mui c mu xanh: . B. T LUN: (6 ) 1. Hon thnh s phn ng sau: ( 4 ) CaCO3

(1) CO2

(2) Na2CO3

(3) NaCl

(4) NaOH

2. Oxt ca 1 nguyn t ng vi cng thc chung RO3. Trong hp cht ny oxi chim 60% v khi lng. ============================================================================

5: A. TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN: (4 ) A. Hy khoanh trn vo ch ci ng u cu tr li ng nht trong cc cu sau:(2 ) 1. Nguyn t X to hp cht vi clo l XCl3. Cng thc oxit no ca X di y vit ng. a. XO3. b. X2O3. c. XO. d. X3O2.

2. Nguyn t Menen c s hiu nguyn t l 12 trong bng h thng tun hon. Nguyn t M l nguyn t no sau y. a. Kim loi. b. Phi kim. c. Lng tnh. d. Kh him. 3. Cch sp xp no sau y ng theo chiu kim loi gim dn?

a. Na, Mg, Al, K. b. K, Na, Mg, Al.

c. Al, K, Na, Mg. d. K, Mg, Al, Na.

4. Mt cng thc oxit ca lu hunh cha 50% oxi, 1 g kh chim o,35 lt ktc. Cng thc ca oxit lu hunh l cng thc no sau y:

a. SO. b.SO2. c. SO3. d. S2O4.

B. C nhng cht sau: Cu, CuO, Mg, MgO, MgCO3. (2 ) Hy in nhng cht trn thch hp vo ch



a. Cht no tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long sinh ra: - Cht kh nh hn khng kh: - Cht kh nng hn khng kh: b. Cht no khng tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long, nhng tc dng vi H2SO4 c, nng sinh ra kh SO2: c. Dng H2SO4 phn bit oxit no to ra dung dch mui c mu xanh: . B. T LUN: (6 ) 1. Hon thnh s phn ng sau: ( 4 ) CaCO3

(1) CO2

(2) Na2CO3

(3) NaCl

(4) NaOH

2. Oxt ca 1 nguyn t ng vi cng thc chung RO3. Trong hp cht ny oxi chim 60% v khi lng. Hy xc nh nguyn t R

================================================================================

6: A. TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN: (3 ) 1. (1 ) in t thch hp vo ch trng ( ) a. Oxit l hp cht ca nguyn t, trong c mt nguyn t l b. Trong phng th nghim ngi ta c th thu kh oxi bng hai cch v 2. (2 ) Hy ch (ng) hoc ch S (sai) vo cc cu sau cho thch hp: Dy cc cht sau u l oxit: SO2, Na2O, CaO, Fe2O3. Dy cc cht sau u l oxit baz: Al2O3, CuO, BaO, K2O. Dy cc cht sau u l oxit axit: P2O5, SO3, ZnO, CO2. Dy cc cht sau u l oxit:CaO, Ca(OH)2, CaSO4, FeO. B. T LUN (7 ) 1. (2,5 ) Cho cc phn ng sau: a. H2O

in phn H2 + O2

b. P2O5 + H2O H3PO4

c. K2O + H2O KOH

d. CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O

- Hy lp cc phng trnh ha hc trn. -Phn ng no l phn ng ha hp. -Phn ng no l phn ng phn hu. 2. (1 ) Cho cc oxit sau: Fe2O3, N2O5, SO3, Na2O. a. Oxit no l oxit axit? Gi tn. b. Oxit no l oxit baz? Gi tn. 3. (1,5 ) t chy hon ton 24 g lu hunh trong kh oxi ta thu c kh SO2. a. Tnh th tch kh O2 tham gia phn ng ktc. b. Tnh th tch khng kh cn dng.

4. (2 ) t chy 1,55 g pht pho trong mt bnh kn cha y khng kh c dung tch l 5,6 lt kh ktc). Tnh khi lng P2O5 sinh ra. 7: A. TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN: (3 ) 1. (1 ) in t thch hp vo ch trng ( ) a. Oxit l hp cht ca nguyn t, trong c mt nguyn t l



b. Trong phng th nghim ngi ta c th thu kh oxi bng cch v 2. (2 ) Hy ch (ng) hoc ch S (sai) vo cc cu sau cho thch hp: Dy cc cht sau u l oxit: K2O, KOH, K2SO4, BaO. Dy cc cht sau u l oxit baz: MgO, Al2O3, Na2O, ZnO. Dy cc cht sau u l oxit axit: SO2, N2O5, CO2, CaO. Dy cc cht sau u l oxit:CuO, FeO, MgO, P2O5. B. T LUN (7 ) 1. (2,5 ) Cho cc phn ng sau: a. H2 +O2

t

0 H2O

b. N2O5 + H2O HNO3

c. Fe(OH)3 t0 Fe2O3 + H2O

d. C2H4 + O2 t0 CO2 + H2O

- Hy lp cc phng trnh ha hc trn. -Phn ng no l phn ng ha hp. -Phn ng no l phn ng phn hu. 2. (1 ) Cho cc oxit sau: FeO, P2O5, SO2, K2O. a. Oxit no l oxit axit? Gi tn. b. Oxit no l oxit baz? Gi tn. 3. (1,5 ) t chy hon ton 15,5 g pht pho trong kh oxi ta thu c P2O5. a. Tnh th tch kh O2 tham gia phn ng ktc. b. Tnh th tch khng kh cn dng.

4. (2 ) t chy 1,6 g lu hunh trong mt bnh kn cha y khng kh c dung tch l2,8 lt kh (ktc). Tnh khi lng kh SO2 sinh ra.

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