CÁC DẠNG TOÁN VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP GIẢI HÓA HỌC 10 (TỰ LUẬN VÀ TRẮC NGHIỆM) - LÊ THANH XUÂN

8/9/2019 CC DNG TON V PHNG PHP GII HA HC 10 (T LUN V TRC NGHIM) - L THANH XUN

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L THANH XUN

c*c IMIIC TOAN V PMMB PHP Slil

HOHOCIO(T LUN V TRC NGHIM)

BIN SON THEO CHNG TRINH HQ HC 10 Cff BN V NNG CAO

( i bn n th nht)

NH XUT BN GIO DC

WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/DAYKEM.QU

WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/BOIDUONGHOAHOCQU

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W.DAYKEMQUYNHON.UCOZ.COM

ng gp PDF bi GV. Nguyn Thanh T


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Bn quyn thuc Nh xut bn Gio dc

11- 2008/CXB/673 - 2097/GD M s: TXH30n8 - TT-S



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A - TM TT L THUYT

B - CC DNG TON V PHNG PHP GIIL

c-B I TP T LUYN

D - BI TP TNG HP

E - CU HI TRC NGHIM

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5/292

Chng: . NGUYN T

A - TM TT L THUYT

1. THNH PHN NGUYN T

Nguyn t gm

Ht nhn nm tm nguyn t cha :

- ht proton (p) mang in dng (1+) v c khi lng

mp=l,67xl0_27kg (1 vC)

- ht ntron (n) khng mang in v c khi lngmn=l,67xl0-27kg (1 vC)

V nguyn t bao quanh nhn cha : ht electron (e) mang in m (1-) vc khi lng

me =9,109 X10~31kg ( vC) (qu nh)1840

1vC= 1,67 X 10"27kgCn n h :

2. IN TCH V S KHI HT NHN

in tch ht nhn z

z = p =e

S khi ht nhn A

A = p + N = z + N

Cn nh :

(N : tng s ht ntron)

*z


6/292

Nguyn t khi trung bnh :

Nguyn t X c>x, (x%) - ^xA1+yA2

z2^2 (y%)X +y

4. S CHUYN NG CA ELECTRON TRONG NGUYN T :

OBITAN NGUYN T (AO)

AO l vng khng gian bao quanh nhn m ni kh nng c mt caelectron l nhiu nht.

Mi AO cha ti a 2 electron.

C 4 loi. AO l : s, p, d, f

+s c dng hnh cu ni, tm l ht nhn nguyn t.

+p (px; py; pz) c dng hnh s' 8ni en xng ln lt nhn cc trc X, y,

z trong khng gian lm trc i xng.y z

5. LP V PHN LP ELECTRON

1. Lp electron : tnh t nhn tr ra c 7 lp electron.

Lp electron K L M. N p QS electron

ti a 2 818 32 32 32 32

2. Phn lp electronMi lp electron chia ra nhiu phn lp. C 4 loi phn lp s, p, d, f.

s cha ti a2electron s2 (tng ng I obitn)

p cha ti a 6electron p6 (tng ng 3 obitan)

d cha ti a 10 electron d10 (tng ng 5. bitan)

f cha ti a 14 electron f14 (tng'ng 7 obitan)

6



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6. CU HNH ELECTRON CA N

1. Mc nng lng obitan nguyn tcao (cn gi l quy tc Kleckowski) l

GUYN T

: Th t mc nng lng t thp n

ls 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p

5s 4d 5jp6s 4f 5d 6p7s 5f6


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7. C IM CA ELECTRON LP NGOI CNG

Cc electron ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ho hc cc nguyn t.

- Kh him (tr) c 8electron lp ngoi cng (tr He c 2 electron ngoicng).

- Kim loi c 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng (mt vi kim loi nh Sb, Bi,Po... c 5, 6electron lp ngoi cng).

- Phi kim c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng.

- Cc nguyn t c 4 electron lp ngoi cng c th l kim loi (Sn, Pb), cth l phi kim (C, Si).

Lu : Cch vit cu hnh ele

V d : Fe (Z =26) : ls2 2s2

tron n n.

p6 3s2 3p63d64s2 nn cu hnh electron ca

Fe c vit [Ar] 3d64s2.

Ar

B - CC DNG TOI* V PHNG PHP GII

Dng 1 CCH VIT cLP CA NG in

u HNH ELECTRON TRN CC PHN

'N T

Phng php

* Vi 20 nguyn t u c cu 1(quy tc Kleckowski).

V d : Na (Z =11): Is2 2s1;2

* T nguyn t' 21 tr i c s cc vit theo th t mc nng ln

* Khi gp cu hnh electron c C

ho) v d10(bo ho).

lnh electron ph hp vi mc nng lng

6 3s1ln mc nng lng nn cu hnh electrong ri sp xp li theo th t phn lp.

4v d9th phi chuyn thnh d5 (bn bo

Cc v d :

1. Cu hnh electron ca Fe (Z =

Trc ht ta vit cu hnh electron theo mc nng lng

ls2 2s2 2p(

26)

3s 3p 4s2 3d6

8



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Sau ' ta sp xp li theo th t phn lp

ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d64s2

2. Cu hnh electron ca Cr (Z = 24)

- Theo mc nng lng : ls22s2 2p63s23p64s2 3d4

- Chyn 4 thnh d5. v sp xp theo th t phn lp

.ls2 2s2 2p63s23p63d54s'

3. Cu hnh electron ca Cu (Z = 29)

- Theo mc nng lng : ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d9.

- Chuyn d9 thnh d10 v sp xp theo th t phn lpIs2 2s2 2p6 3s23p6 3d104s1

Dng 2 CCH TM NGUYN T KHI, TM KHI LNG RINGCA MT NGUYN T

Phng php

Ghi nh :

. 1vC= l,67xl0"27 kg =l,67xl0-24 gam

2. Khi lng ring ca nguyn t:

m(gam)

V (cm3)

3. Nguyn t l mt khi cu bn knh r c th tch :, r_ 4 3v =7tr

____________________________3_____________.

C c v d :

1. Nguyn t khi ca Na l 23 vC. Tnh khi lng ca nguyn t Na

theo kg.

9



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Gii

- Khi lng nguyn t Na l : 23x1,67x10 27=38,41x10 27 (kg).

2. Khi phn tch kh co 9 thy c 27,3% c v 72,7% o theo khi lng.

Nguyn t khi ca c l 12,011 vC.

Tm khi lng nguyn t oxi theo n v gam.

3. lsiguyn t Zn c bn knh r =l,35x 10 10m v c nguyn t khi l 65

vC.

a) Tnh khi lng ring ca Zn.

b) Thc t hu nh ton b khi lng nguyn t ca Zn tp trung vo ht

nhn vi bn knh r = 2x'10-lsm. Tm khi lng ring ca ht nhn (cho

Gii

- Nguyn t khi ca o : 12L12,011 =15,99 (vC)5 3 27,3 2

Khi lng nguyn toxi: 15,99xl,67xl0-27 =26,7xl0-27 (kg)

=26,7 X 10~24(g)

- Nguyn t khi ca o : = 15,99 (vC)

71=3,14).

Gii

a) Khi lng nguyn tZn =65xl,67x l0-24 (gam)

Th tch nguyn t Zn =Ttr3=x3,14 x| l,35xl0^8J (cm3)

Suy ra khi lng ring ca Zn : 1

Khi lng ht nhn = khi lng nguyn t

= 65 X 1,67 X 10-24 (gam)

10



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11/292

t Y. Bit Y c z = 39.

= z + N => 88 = 39 + N => = z + N => 88 = 39 + N => N = 49, p = e =39

2. C bap nhiu proton,'ntrn, electron trong nguyn t 26-Fe

11



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12/292

Fe c z = 26, =54. =>N = 54 - 26 =28Vy Fe c : p =e =26 ; N =28.

3. Mt nguyn t c tng s cc ht l 62 v e s khi nh hn 43. Tm sproton, s ntron v khi lng mi nguyn t.

Theo gi thit, nguyn t ny

2Z

Gii

c tng s ht:

s =2Z +p = 62 =>N = 62

iu kin ca n : I

z 1.833N +N =34=>N2

(v N nguyn nn N = 12)

'34-N'3 4 - 1 2 =i.

A - z +

2 2

N = 11 +12 = 23.

Vy l i R l Na c in tch ht nhn, s' proton, s electron u l 11, s

ntron l 12.

12



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Dng 4 NG VI----------------------- 1-------------------------- ---

Phng php

Ghi nh :ng v l cc nguyn t cng z, khc A (khc N)

A- S khi trung bnh cc ng y ca X : X (x%)

v2X (y%) l:

- A] xx-t-B) xy

x + y

Cc v d

1. Cho hai ng v hiro vi t l %s nguyn t h (99%) ; (1%) v

clo:-^Cl (75,53%) v-^Cl (24,47%).

a) Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca mi nguyn t.

b) C th c bao nhiu loi phn t HCI khc nhau to ra t hai loi ng vca hai nguyn t ? Tnh phn-t khi ca mi loi phn t ni trn.

Gii

a) h = x - 9 * 2 x =1,001 (vC)100

~ 35x75,53 + 37x24,47 ^c cAci =---------- ------ -35,5 (vC)

100

b) C th c 4 cng thc HC1 khc nhau

]t t/~>]35 " TT/'1 2 upi37

(M = 36) (M = 38) (M = 37) (M = 39) '

2. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Cu l 63,546.

ng tn ti trong t nhin di hai dng ng v oyCu v 09C. Tm %s

nguyn t 29Cu tn ti trong t nhin.



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14/292

Gii

tx%] hm lng 29Cu

- ^ x - ^ Q O O - x )100

63x +6500 - 65x =6354,6

2x =145,4 =>x =72,7

63,Vy %Snguyn t ca 29Cu l 72,7%.

Dng 5 TNH S MOL, S NGUYN T, S PHN T, s ION

Phi php

1. Da vo nh ngha

Mol l mt n v lng cht cha 6,02 X1023ht v m.

1 mol nguyn t bt k ca mt nguyn t no ; 1 rnol phn t ca bt k

mt phn t no ; 1 niol ion ca bt k ion no cng cha 6,02x l023nguyn t, phn t hoc ion .

2. Cch tnh s moi

Cni thc :Khi lng

a) S mol nguyn t =Khi lng mol nguyn t

Khi lngb) S mol phn t = ----------- ---

Khi lng mol phn t ,

Khi lngc) i vi cht kh: Ngoi cng thc s mol cht kh =------- - -

Khi lmg mol phn tcn lu :UI JUUy ..

Smol kh A o iu kin chun (c, 1atm)

14



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15/292

Khi lng tuyt i ca O, :

Gii

26,56xl0~24x2

Suy ra khi lng moJ ca 02 :

26,56x 1024x 2 x6,'02xl2332 (g/mol)

Tng t khi lng mol ca C02 l :

(gam)

,23

Mc0 = 19,92xio-24x6,02xl023+32 * 44 (gam/mol)

Mco2_ = [19,92 +26,56x3] xio-24x6,02 xio23 60 (gam/mol)

-T sv r* hr\ h t Y t m n S H o A I n r \ h o n n V i t i n m i v n t r A I2. H cho bit trong 540g AI c bao nhi

Gii

54027

S nguyn t AI: 20x6,02x 1023a 120X10' (nguyn t)

S mol AI: AI

u nguyn t Al.

=20 (mol)

15 #



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16/292

Dng 6 LOI BI T CHT KH CHA TRONG MT BNH KNGY RA P SUT

Phng php :Loi bi tp n thng gp cc gi thit, t khi hi ca chtkh v p sut ca kh gy ra trong bnh kn nncnthuc cc cng thc sau.

1. T khi hi ca cht kh (A)

T khi hi ca mt cht A i vi cht B th kh hoc th hi l t s khilng ca A, B khi A, B cng th tch o cng iu kin nhit , p sut

_- B m B

V t l khi lng cng l t l v khi In-g phn t nn :

/B

dA// k h n g

Me

29

2. p sut ca cht kh

a) p sut ca kh A gy ra trong mt bnh kn dung tch V lt tcp : atm

p nR.T

b) Trng hp c hai h thng

T(K) =273 +t(C)

V : Th tch bnh (lt)n : s mol kh

kh khc nhau

Nu cng dng tch bnh (V lt), cngnhit (tC) th p sut t l vi s

mol kh gy ra p suttr



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Nu cng dung tch bnh (V lt), khc nhit :

t?c PA t2C PB

^ a =Ha xJL

f*B n B ^2

c) p sut ca kh cha trong ng nghim p trn chu nc

Nu mc nc trong ng v ngoi chu ngang nhau :

p - H - f

Nu mc nc trong ng cao hn ngoi chu l h mm :

P = H -(f+ I 13,ej

p : p sut kh trong ng nghim (tnh bng mm Hg)

H : p sut kh quyn tc (H = 760 mm .Hg)

f : p sut hi nc bo ho tc (tnh bng mm Hg)

13,6 : khi lng ring ca Hg

Cc v d :

1. Cho bit trong 5,6 lt C02 (ktc) c cha bao nhiu phn t khf C02

Gii

S' mol C02 : . ' - ^ - = 0,25 (mol)2 22,4

Sphri t C-? : 0,25x6,(^xio23=l,5xl023 (phnt).

2. Tnh khi lng kh CO cha trong bnh kn dung tch 5,6 lt 54,6c

to ra p sut 1,5 atm.

Gii

Smol CO, : n = ^ - --,5x- - -----=0,3125 (moi)1 DT 22 4

-(273 +54,6)273

2.CDT&PPGHH10-A 17

V lt V lt



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18/292

Khi lng C02 : 0,3125 X 44 = 13,75 (g)

3. Trong mt bnh kn dung tch 0,5 lt cha y kh C02 27,3c ; latm.

Bm v bnh 0,03 moi kh 02.

Hy cho bit p sut to ra trong bnh 27,3c sau khi bm 02 vo.

Gii

Smol C02 : ----- =0,02 (moi) (273+27,3)273

Tng s moi C02+ 02 = 0,02 +0,03 = 0,05 (moi)

p sut to ra trong bnh sau khi bm 0 2 vo :

22 40,05 (273+ 27,3)

P = -----2 7 1 3 --------- =2,5 (atm)V 0,5

hoc dng t l :

pca?banu nCo2banu _ 0,02 ;

P(C02+02)sau '(nco2 +no2)sau 0,05

=>P = =2,5atm0,4

4. a) Tnh t khi hi ca kh cacbonic i vi axetilen.

b) T khi hi ca metan i vi hiro gp bao nhiu ln t khi hi kh H

i vi N2.

c) X02 l oxit th kh. T khi hi ca NH3 so vi khng kh gp khong

1,172 ln t khi hi ea 02 i vi X 02. Tm khi lng phn t ca X02 v

cho bit tn ca X.

Gii

44a) dro / = 1,692

2/ 26/ C2H2

18 2.CDT&PPGHH1Q-B



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19/292

b) dCH_ 1 6

% = 2

28

Ta thy1,304

6,13

Vy dCH / =6,13 dHCI/

c) dNH,\1_

29

dNH,/ -U72xd'KK 7XO-,

=>X =32 .

X l lu hunh (S)

X02 l S02

17 , 32i> =l,172x29 X + 32

C-B IT PT LUYN

1.1. Bn knh nguyn t v khi lng moi nguyn t Fe ln lt l 1,28A v

56 g/mol. Tnh khi lng ring ca Fe. Bit rng trong tinh th, cc tinhth Fe chim 74%th tch cn li l phn rng.

1.2. Nguyn t Au c bn knh v khi lr

v 197 g/mol. Bit khi lng ringnguyn t Au chim bao nhiu phn trm

og mol nguyn t ln lt l 1,44 A

ca Au l 19,36 g/cm3. Hi ccth tch trong tinh th.

1.3. a) Mt cation R + c tng s ht 37. T s ht electron i vi ntron l

. Tm s proton, electron, ntron tron; R3+

19



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20/292

1.4.

1.5.

1. 6.

1.7.

1.8.

1.9.

1.10.

1.11.

?n

b) Nguyn t X c s khi nh hn 36 v tng s cc ht l 52. Tm cc sproton, electron, ntron v cho bit X l nguyn t g ?

Mt hn hp gm hai ng v c s khi trung bnh 31,1 v t l % ca cc

ng v ny l 90%v 10%J

Tng s ht trong hai ng v 93 v s ht khng mang in bng0,55 ln s ht mang in. Tm s in tch ht nhn v s' ntron trongmi ng v.

Mt hp cht ion to ra t

tng s cc ht l 140 tron,

in l 44. S khi ca M

trong M+nhiu hn trong

M v X. Tm cng thc ph

ion M+ v ion X2-,.Trong phn t M2X c

ht mang in nhiu hn ht khng mang

h ln hn s khi ca X 2- l 23. Tng s ht

X2- l 31. Tm in tch ht nhn, s khi ca

n t ca M2X .

Xc nh bn knh ca Ca nu t khi (khi lng ring) c Ca l 1,55 g/cm3v nguyn t khi l 40,08.

Bit rng trong tinh th, c nguyn t Ca ch chim 74%th tch tinh th,cn li l cc khe trng.

Nguyn t X c bn knh 0 3[,28 A v c khi lng ring 7,89 g/cm . Bit

rng cc nguyn t ch chim 74%th tch, cn li l khe trng. Tnh khilng mol nguyn t X (tc nguyn t khi).

Tnh khi lng ring ca nit (Ni) iu kin chun v iu kin

-27,3c ; 2 atm.

Hn hp hai ng v c nguyn t lng trung bnh l 40,08. Hai ng vny c s notron hn km nhau l2 .

ng v c s khi nh chjm 96%, ng v c s khi ln chim 4%.

Tm s khi mi ng v. !

Tng s cc ht trong nguyn t R l 76 ; s ht mang in nhiu hn htkhng mang in l 20.

Tm s ht proton, ntron, electron v in tch ht nhn ca R.

a) Nguyn t X c tng s' cc ht l 49 trong s ht khng mang inbng 53,125%s ht mang in. Tm in tch ht nhnz v s khi A.

I



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21/292

b) Nu s ht mang in ln hn s ht khng mang in l 8v s htkhng mang in bng 5.2,63%s khi (tng s cc ht vn l 49). Timin tch ht nhn z v s khi A.

1.12. Trong anion X3- tng s' cc ht l' 111 ; s electron bng 48%s khi.

Tm s proton, ntron, electron v tm s khi A ca x 3~.1.13. Hp cht v c A c cng thc phn t M x .

- Tng s cc ht trong phn t A l 116, trong s ht mang in nhiuhn s ht khng mang in l : 36.

- Tng s cc ht trong X 2- nhiu hn trong M +l 17.

- Khi lng nguyn t ca X nhiu hn ca M l 9.

Xc nh in tch ht nhn v s khi ca M v X.

Vit cu hnh electron trn cc phn lp ca M+v x 2~.

1.14. Hp cht v c A c cng thc phn t X2Y3, tng s cc ht trong hpcht A l 296, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mangin l 88. S khi ca X nhiu hn ca Y l 20. S proton ca Y, selectron ca X, s khi ca Y theo th t l 3 s hng lp thnh mt cp scng. Tm cng thc phn t ca A.

1.15. a) Cho bit ion PxOy- c tng s electron l 50.

Tmx , .

b) Cho bit ion SnO - c tng s electron l 50 v n < m. Tm n, m.

1.16. Nguyn t ca nguyn t A c tng s electron trong c c phn lp p l 7.

Nguyn t ca nguyn t B c-tng s ht mang in nhiu homtng s htmang in ca A l 8.

Xc nh A, B.

1.17. Hn hp kh S02 v 02 c t khi hi i vi hiro l 24. Sau khi thchin phn ng

2S02+ 02 2S03 .

thu c hn hp mi c t khi hi i vi hiro l 30.

a) Tm %th tch cc kh trong hn hp trc v sau phn ng.

b) Tim %th tch cc kh tham gia phn ng.



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

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1.18. Cho 1,12 lt kh A (136,5c, 3 atm) c khi lng 3 gam.

a) Tm phn t lng ca A.

b) Tm khi lng ring ca A ktc v iu kin 136,5c, 3 atm.

c) Tm t khi hi ca A i vi oxi.d) Phi trn A vi 0 2 theo t l no v th tch c hn hp kh c t

khi hi i vi H2 l 15,5.

1.19. Mt hn hp gm N2 v H2 c t khi hi i vi hiro l 4,9. Cho hn

hp i qua xc tc nung nng thu c hn hp mi c t khi hi i vi

H2 l 6,125. Trh %th tch N2 tham gia phn ng.

(Phn ng : N2-f-3H2 2NH3)1.20. a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca R, X, Y v xc nh chng

bit rng :

Nguyn t R c lp ngoi cng l lp th ba, cha 5 electron.

Nguyn t X c mc nng lng cao nht I-5p, cha 5 electron.

Nguyn t Y c lp ngoi cng l lp th t, cha 3 electron.

b) Nu nguyn t M c lp ngoi cng l lp th 4 cha 2 electron, th tac th vit cu hnh electron v xc nh nguyn t M khng ? Ti sao ?

N TP CHNG

D-BI TP TNG HP

1.21. Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t' X c s electron mc nng lng cao nhtl 4p5. T s gia s ht khng mang in v s ht mang in l 0,6429.

a) Tm s in teh ht nhn v s khi ca X.b) Nguyri t ca nguyn t R c s ntron bng 57,143% s proton ca

X, Khi cho R tc dng vi X th thu c hp cht RX2 c khi lng gp5 ln khi lng ca R phn ng. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t caR v phn ng gia R v X, vi R, X xc nh.

22



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

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A

C

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2

3

1

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0

0

B

T

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iaA vi X, Y ; B vi X, Y. Gi tn

ln lt c phn lp ngoi cng l

1.22. Cc ion A+, B2+, X , Y2 u c cu hnh electron ca kh him Argon.Hy vit cu hnh electron nguyn t tng ng ca cc ion trn. Vi A, B,

X, Y xc nh, hy vit cc phn ng f v v -cc cht to thnh.

1.23. Nguyn t ca hai nguyn t X v \

4px v 4sy . Bit s proton bng s ntron trong ht nhn nguyn t X vY. X, Y khng phi l kh him.

a) Cho bit X, Y l kim loi hay phi kim.

b) Vit cu hnh electron ca mi nguyn t hai nguyn t X, Y (bit rng tng s electron trong hai phn lp ngj)i cng ca nguyn t hai nguyn tbang 7).

Hy xc nh in -tch ht nhn ca xj, Y.

1.24. Hai nguyn t A v B c cc oxit th kh tng ng l AOn v AOm ;

BOmv BOj. Hp cht gm X mol AOn, y mol AOm c M = 37,6.

Hn hp gm y mol AOnv X moi AOmc M = 34,4.

Bit dB0 =0,8 v X


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7.

9.

Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron l ............ 3s 3p v s khi l 27 Ht

nhn nguyn t X c :

A) 14 ntron. B) 13 proton v 14 ntron.

C) 13 electron. D) 13 Iproton, 13 electron, 14 ntron.

Nguyn t Y c cu hnh electron l : ls22s22p63s23p64s' 3d5.

Hy ch ra iu sa ikhi ni v nguyn t X.

A) Hat nhn ca nguyn t c 24 proton.

B) V nguyn t ca X c electron.

C) Cu hnh electron vitig phi l ls22s22p63s23p64s23d4.

D) Cu hnh electron trn cc phn lp l ls22s22p63s23p 3d54s1.Mt nguyn t X c tng s cc ht l 10. S khi ca X l :

A) 6. B) 7. IC) 8. D) 10.

Cu hnh electron theo th t mc nng lng ca Fe (Z = 26) vit di

y, cu hnh n ng. j

A) ls22s22p63s23p63dx.

B) ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 3d10.

C) ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6.

D) ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s3 3d5.

Cacbon c hai ng v g2C va ; Oxi c ba ng v 60 , 70 , 80 .

c v o c th kt hp vi nhau to ra bao nhiu phn t kh C02.

A) 5. B) 6 .

khi (s khi) trung bnh ca

A) 80. B) 79,91.

nhiu hn s ht khng mang

A) 82. B) 148.

C) 12.

79

D) 18.

8. Trorig t nhin Br c 2 ng v 3gBr (54,5%) v 35Br (45,5%). Nguyn t

Brl:

C) 35. D) Mt p s khc.

Mt nguyn t X c tng so cc ht l 115, trong s' ht mang in -----in l 33 ht. S khi ca nguyn t X l :

C) 78. D) Mt p s khc.

24



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

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A

C

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2

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1

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0

0

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10. C bao nhiu ngyn t hiro trong 0,46 g C-)H5OH (M =46g/mol)

A)6xl0 20. . B)'l,2xl021. C)3xl021. D ) 6xlO?2.

11. Chn mnh dihii:

A) Trong mt nguyn t, lun lun c s proton v s electron bng nhau.B) Trong nguyn t, s ntron bng tng s proton v electron.

C) Trong nguyn t, s khi bng tng s electron v ntron.D) in tch ht nhn chnh l s ntron ca ht nhn.

12. Chn mnh s a i :

A) Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron phn b trn cc obitan saocho cc electron c thn l ti a v cc electron ny phi c chiu tquay khc nhau.

B) Mi obitan nguyn t cha ti a hai electron c spin ngc chiunhau.C) Mi obitan nguyn t cha ti a hai electron c spin cng chiu.

D) Obitan nguyn t l vng khng gian bao quanh nhn, ni xc suthin din ca electron l cc i.

13. Chn mnh ng.

ng v l :

A) Nhng cht c cng in tch ht nhn z.

B) Nhng nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn z.C) Nhng nguyn t c cng s khi A.

D) Nhng nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn nhng khc nhau vs khi.

14. Hai ion n nguyn t x 2+v Y- u c cu hnhelectron ca nguyn tkh him Ar (Z = 18 vC), suy ra hai nguyn tX v Y ln lt c intch ht nhn l :

A) 20 v 17. B) 17 v 20. C)16v9. D) 16 v 17.

15. Nguyn t Fe (Z = 26 vC). Cu hnh electron ca Fe3+l :

A) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s1.

B) ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p 3d5.

C) ls2 2s2 2p6 3s23p 3d34s2.

D) ls2 2s2 2p 3s2 3p6 3d64s2,



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

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0

0

B

T

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16. Cho bit khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca clo l 35,5. Cloc 2 ng v

l 17Cl, ci. Hm lng phn trm ca C1 l bao nhiu ?

A) 12,5%. B) 25%. C) 50%. D)75%.

17. Nguyn t X c 3 ng v : X (92,3%); 2X (4,7%); z3X (3%).A

Tng s khi ca 3 ng v ny l 87. S ntron trong ng v 2 X nhiu

Ahn trong 2 1X l 1ht.

S khi trung bnh ca 3 ng v l 28,107. Gi tr A3 l :

A) 28. B) 29. C) 30. D)31.

18. Cho bit khi lng 1nguyn t ca Fe l : 8,97xio-23 gam. Fe c intch ht nhn z = 26. Hy cho bit s notron ca Fe :

A) 30. B) 29. C) 28. D) 27.

19. Nguyn t Zn c bn knh R =l,35xlO-10m v khi lng 65 vC. Khilng ring ca Zn l:

A) 10,475 g/cm3. B) 10,475 kg/dm3.

C) A, B u ng. D) A, B u sai.

20. Nguyn t Y c cu hnh: electron l : ls2 2s2 2p63s23p4 th ion to ra t

nguyn t Y c cu hnh electron l :

A) Is2 2s2 2p 3s2. . B) ls22s2 2p63s2 3p6.

C) Is2 2s2 2p6. D) ls22s2 2p63s2 3p5.



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

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H

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Chng- II. BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN THO HC V NH LUT TUAN h o n

A - TM TT L THUYT

u tng dn in tch ht nhn z. Cct hay nhiu hng ngang, u chu k

p ngoi ging nhau (do c tnhlnh ct to thnh nhm. S th t

1. BNG H THNG TUN HO]V

1. Nguyn tc xy dng bng h thng tun hon

Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chinguyn t trong mt chu k c xp thnh I1

l kim loi kim, cui chu k l kh him. Cc nguyn t c cu trc cc phn

cht ho hc, vt l ging nhau) c xp tl___ . _________________nhm bng s oxi ho cao nht ca cc nguyn t trong bng (tr mt s ngoi l). '

2. Cc dng bng h thng tun hon

C hai dng bng thng gp.

Dng bng di : C 7 chu k, 16 nhrr . Cc nhm c chia lm hai loi :

nhm A (gm cc nguyn ts, p)v nhm B (gm cc nguyn t c,f). Dng bng ngn : C 7 chu k, 8nhm. .Mi nhm chia lm hai phn

nhm : phn nhm chnh (gm cc nguyn t s, p ),phn nhm ph (gm ccnguyn td,f).

' Lu : D bng di hay bng ngn cng u c :

Chu k 1 : (2 nguyn t); chu k 2 (8nguyn t) ; chu k 3 (8nguyn t);chu k 4(18 nguyn t); chu k 5(18 nguyn 1:); chu k 6(32 nguyn t trong c 14 nguyn t t s 58 -> 71 a ra khi bng lp thnh h Lantan),; chu k 7

(cn tip tc sp xp trong c 14 nguyn t t s 90 - 103 a ra khi bnglp thnh h Actini).

2. S BIN THIN TUN HON TINH CHT CC NGUYN T

1. Tnh kim loi, phi kim

Trong cng mt chu k : i t tri sang phi th tnh kim loi gim dn, tnhphi kim tng dn. ' . . r

Trong mt phn nhm chnh (A) : i t trn xung di th tnh kim loitng dn v tnh phi kim gim dn.

27



B

I

D

N

GT

O

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A

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1

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0

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2. m in

Trong cng chu k : i t tri sang phi m in ca nguyn t tng dn.

Trong phn nhm chnh : i t trn xung di m in ca nguyn tgim dn.

3. Bn knh nguyn t Trong cng mt chu k : i t tri sang phi bn knh gim dn.

t trn xung di bn knh tng dn.

1cc nguyn t

Trong phn nhm chnh : i

4. Tnh axit v hiroxit c

Trong cng chu k : i ttng dn.

tri sang phi tnh baz gim dn, tnh axit

Trong phn nhm chnh : pi t trn xung di tnh baz tng dn, tnhaxit gim dn.

V d :

Trong phn nhm chnh nhm I (IA) tnh baz ca :

LiOH HI04

(Lu : tnh axit ca HC1


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Cng thc oxit cao nht ca nguyn t' R t nhm I ->VII ln lt l :

R20 ; RO ; R203 ; RO, ; R205 ; RO3 ; R20 7.

Cng thc hp cht vi hiro ca nguyn t R t nhm IV >VII ln lt l :

RH4 ;RH3;RH2 ;RH.

4. NH LUT TUN HON

Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc ncht v hp cht to nn t cc nguyn t' bin i tun hon theo chiu tngca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.

B - CC DNG TON V PHNG PHP GII

Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t kh BIT V TR NGUYN

T CA NGUYN T TRONG BNG TUN HON (V

NGC LI)

Dng7

Cn nh

S th t chu k = S lp electron.

S th t nhm =S electron ho tr = Ho tr cao nht.

S th t phn nhm chnh (nhm A) = S electron lp ngoi cng.

t n l s' lp electron, ta thy :

Nhm IA, IIA : nguyn t c cc electron ho tr ns. ;

Nhm IIIA VIIA : nguyn t c cc electron ho tr ns, np.

Nhm B : nguyn tG cc electron ho tr ns, (n - 1)d.

C th l:IA IIA IIIA IV A VA VIA VIIA VIII

(s1) (s2) ( s V ) ( s ) (S2P3) (S2P4) (S2P5) (S2P6)

IB IIB IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB

( s ^ M s ^ H s V ) (s2d2)(s2d3) (sd5) (s2d5) (s2d6) (s2d7) (s2dx)

29



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

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2

3

1

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0

0

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30/292

V d 1.Cho A, B, c l 3 nguyn t ln lt cc chu k 4, 3, 4 v ccnhm Via, IIIA, VIIB. Vit cu hnh electron theo th t mc nng lng canguyn t cc nguyn t ny v suy ra s in tch ht nhn.

Gii

A chu k 4 : c 4 lp electron ; nhm VIA : cc electron lp ngoi

cng l 4s24p4. Vy cu hnh electron ca A l :

ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d104p4=>ZA = 34

B chu k 3, nhm IIIA nn cc electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p'. Vy

cu hnh electron ca B l :

ls22s22p63s23p' =>Zb = 13

C chu k 4, nhm VIIB nn cc electron lp ngoi cng l 4s23d5. Vy

cu hnh electron ca c l :

ls22s22p63s23p64s23d5 = > zc =25

V d 2.Cho A (Z a = 30) ; B (Z b = 15).

Vit cu hnh electron caAB ; suy ra v tr A, B trong bng tun hon.Gii

A : ls22s22p63s23p64s23d10 : A chu k 4, nhm IIB.

B : ls22s22p63s23p3 : B chu k 3, nhm VA.

V d 3.Cho bit v tr ca cc nguyn t :

X(3p6 4s2) ; Y(2s2 2p') ; M(3d104p4) ;N(4s2 3d6).

Gii

X chu k 4, nhm IIA.

Y chu k 2, nhm IIIA.

M : chu k 4, nhm VIA.

N : chu k 4, nhm VIIIB.

30



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

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0

0

B

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32/292

Dng 9 - SP XP

KIM LO

- SP

TNH A X lt

- SO SNNGUYN

BNG TUN

CC NGUYN T THEO s TNG GIM TNH

TNH PHI KIM

' CC OXIT, HIROXIT THEO s TNG GIM

TNH BAZO

H TNH KIM LOI, TNH PHI KIM CA MT) VI CC NGUYN T XUNG QUANH TRONG

IION

Cn nh

1.Th kim loi, tnh pi kint

Trong cng mt chu k i tir tri sang phi tnh kim loi gim dn tnh phikim tng dn.

Trong cng phn nhm chnh (A) i t trn xung di, tnh kim loi tngdn, tnh phi kim gim dn.

2. B n k nh iiuyn t

Trong cng mt chu k : i-tl tri sang phi bn knh gim dn.

Trong cng mt phn nhm chnh : i t trn xung di bn knh tng

dn.3. Tinh a.xit v hroxt

Trong cng mt chu k : t tri sang phi tnh baz gim dn, tnhaxit tng dn.

Trong cng phn nhm chnh : i t trn xung di tnh baz tng dn,tnh axit gim dn.

V d 1. Cho cc nguyn tj A, B, c, D c s hiu nguyn ttheo th t 3,11, 12, 13. Xc nh v tr ca chung trong bng tun hon v spxp chngtheoth t tnh kim loi tng dn.

I Gii

A(Z = 3): 1s 2 2 s ' : chu k 2, nhm IA.

B (Z = 11): ls22s22p63s' : B chu k 3, nhm IA.

c (Z = 12): ls22s22p63s2 :c chu k 3, nhm IIA.

32



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

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D (Z =13): Is22s22p63s23p' : D chu ki 3, rihm IIIA.

A, B cng rihm IA v A trn B nn tnh kim loi ca A < B. V c, Dtng ng c 2, 3 electron ngoi cng nn so vi A (c 1electron ngoi cng) th

A d nhng electron hn c v c d nhng electron hn D nn tnh kim loi caD < c


34/292

Hiroxit cao nht HBr04.

Hp cht vi hiro HBr.

Br207, HBr04, HBr u c tnh axit.

- Nguyn t trn v di Br trong cng nhm l C1 v I.

Tnh axit ng bin vi tnh phi kim.T tnh phi kim ca C1 > Br > I suy ra :

+ Tnh axit ca C120 7>Br207>I2Oy.

+ Tnh axit ca HCIO4> HBr04> HI04.

+ Tri li tnh axit ca HC1 < HBr < HI.

Dng 10 XC NH HAI NGUYN T HAI NHM LIN TIP,HAI CHU K LIN TIP

Cn nh

- Hai nguyn t 2 nhm A lin tip, cng chu k th in tch ht nhnca chng hn km nhau l 1.

- Hai nguyn t' 2 chu k lin tip nhau thuc cng nhm hoc cng phn

nhm th in tch ht nhn ca chng hn km nhau 8, 18 hoc 32.

V d 1.Phn t X2Y c tng s proton l 23. Bit X, Y 2 nhm (A) lin

tip trong cng mt chu k.

Da vo cu hnh electron cc nguyn t X, Y. Tm cng thc phn t v gitn hp cht X2Y.

Gii

t s proton ca X, Y l z x v ZY.

Ta c: 2ZX + Zy = 23 (*)

- Nu X trc Y th ZY = z x +1 '

(*)=> 2ZX +zx +1-23

z x = y = 7,3 (v l)

34 3.CDT&PPGHH10-B



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

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H

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35/292

Nu Y trc X th z x =ZY+1

(*)=> 2(Zy +l) fZ y=23

3ZY =21

ZY =7 =>Y

zx =8 =>X

N.

o.

Cng thc X2Y l N02.

V d 2. C hai nguyn t' X, Y thuc cng nhm v hai chu k lin tip,tng s' in tch ht nhn ca X +Y l 58. Tm v tr ca X, Y (khng dng bngtun hon).

Gidi

Theobi: Zx +ZY =5i(l)- Nu X, Y hn nhau 8nguyn t, ta c :

Z = z x + 8

(1)=> z x =25, ZY =33.

Cu hnh electron ca X : ls22s22p63s23p64s23d5.

X chu k 4, nhm VIIB.

Cu hnh electron ca Y : ls2 2s2 2p6 3i2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p 3

Y chu k 4, nhm VA (tri vi gi thit).

- Nu X, Y homnhau 18 nguyn t, ta c :18 nguyn t, ta c :

ZY =Z+18

(1)=> z x =20, Y =38.

. V . 12 o_ 6 A 2Cu hnh electron ca X : ls22s22p63s23p64s2.

X chu k 4, nhn IIA.

Cu hnh electron ca Y : ls22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2.

. chu k 5, nhm IlA.

X, Y ph hp. '

- Nu Z Y =z x +32. L lun tng t\ kt lun khng ph hp.

35



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

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.

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Dng 11 XC NH HAI NGUYN T THUC HAI CHU K LINTIP TRONG CNG PHN NHM V TNH PHN TRM

KHI LNG CA CHNG DA VO KHI LNG MOL

TRUNG BI h

Cn nh

Khi lng mol trung bnh ca A, B

k lng hn hp (A,B)

Vi hn hp gM = =270,04

Suy ra hai kim loi kim A, B l: Na (23); K (39).

t s mol Na l X, s mol K l y.

fx + y = 0,04

[23x + 39y =1,08

x =0,03; y=0,01

0,03x23

Ta c :

%mNa=- 1,08 xl00% 64%

%mK =36%

PHN B SUNG

DUNG DCH V NNG DNG DCH

I -DUNG DCH

1.Dung dchl hn hp ng nht ca dung mi v cht tan.

nhit xc nh :

a)Dung dch cha bo hol dung dch c th ho tan thm cht tan.

b)Dung dch bo hol dung dch khng th ho tan thm cht tan.

2. tan ca mt ch t trong nc

tan (S) ca mt cht l s gam cht tan trong QOg nc to thnh

dung dch bo ho nhit xc nh. ho tan tng khi nhit tng

ho tan s = m


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39/292

2. Mi lin quan gia c%v s100S

c%= hoc100 + S

Mi lin quan gia CM v c%

s =100C

100- c

ocypD

M

D : Khi lng rng ca dung dch

M : Khi lng mol cht tan

3. Tnh khi lng cht tan trong tinh th ngm nc

- Tnh khi lng tinh th.

- Tnh khi lng cht tan.- Dng quy tc tam sut Iplun.

4. Tinh phn trm khi lng cht kt tinh trong tnh th ngm nc

- Tnh khi lng cc phn t trong tinh th ngm nc.

(V d :Thm CuS04. 5H20 vo dung dch CuS04

nim Na2C03.10H2O vo dung dch Na2C03)

Khi lm ton cn ch :

Dng nh lut bo ton khi lng :

Khi lng dung dch to thnh = Kh'j lng tinh th + Khi lng dungdch ban u.

Khi lng cht tan trong dung dchtrong tinh th + Khi lng cht tan trong dung dch ban u.

to thnh = Khi lng cht tan

Cc v d :

1. 20c , ho tan 14,36g mui n vo 40g H20 c dung dch bo

ho. Tnh tan ca mui n nhit v nng phn trm ca dung dchbo ho.



B

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N

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O

N

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Gii

ho tan ca NaCl 20 c

1 4 3 6 x 1 0 0s = -

Nng phn trm ca dung

c% =

40

dch bo ho100x35,9

= 35,9 (g)

= 26,4%100+35,9

2. Tnh khi lng CuS04 trong 500g CuS04. 5H20 .

Gii

MCuSO -5H20 = (64 + 32 + 16x4 ) + 5 x l 8 = l60 + 90 = 250(g )

C 250g tinh thc 160g Ci|s04

=> 500g tinh th c ?

Khi lng CuS04 trong tinh th : *0x50 _ 320(g)

3. Tnh %khi lng H20 trong tinh th C11SO4 . 5H20.

Gii

C 250g CuS04.5H20 c 90g H20

lOOg CuS04. 5H20 c

Phn trm khi lng nc90x100

250= 36%

th'CuS04 .5H20 v bao nhiu gam dung dch4. Cn bao nhiu gam tinh

CuS04 8% iu ch 280g dung dch CuS04 16%.

Gii

Cch 1.Gi X (g) l khi lKhi lng dung dch to thnh : X + y = 280 (I)

Khi 'lng CuS04 trong tinh th : 1 ,=0,64x (g)

40



B

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O

N

-

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41/292

Khi lng C11SO4 trong ung dch to thnh : Qll-- 44 g (g)

Ta c: 0,64x + 0,08y = 44,8 (II)

T (I) v (II) suy ra X = 40 (g) ; y =240 (g).

Cch 2.Dng quy tc ng cho

Phn trm C11SO4 trong tinh th : - 5. X100%=64% 14 250

X (g) tinh th 64% 1 6 - 8 = 8

< x =_8_ _ i^ y 48 6

y (g) dung dch 8%x 64 - 16 = 48

=>y =6x

v x + y =280 =>x +6x = 280=>x = 40 =>y = 240.

5. Tnh lng C11SO4 . 5H20 cn dng iu ch 500ml dung dch CuS04

8%(D = 1,1 g/ml).Gii

- Khi lng dung dch CuS04= 500 X 1,1 = 550 (g)

- Khi ng CuSOd = = 44 (g)100

C 160g CuS04 to250g CuS04.5H20

44g C11SO4 ?

250x44Khi lng CuS04 .5H20 cn dng : - - --- = 68,75 (g)

160

6. C bao nhiu gam tinh th F e(N 0 3)3.6H 20 kt tinh c t 500m l dung

dch Fe(N03)30,1 M.

Khi lng C11SO4 trong ung dch 8% : = 0,08y (g)

41



B

I

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O

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-

L

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^Fe (N Oj )j.6H20 =350 (vC)

S mol Fe(N03)3=0,5X 0,1 =0,05 (mol)

S mol Fe(N0 3)>3;6H->0 to ra = 0,05 (mol)

Khi lng tinh th : 0,05 X 350 = 17,5 (g)

Dng 13 TNH NNG DUNG DCH

1. Pha long (thm nc) hoc c cn (bc hi nc)mt dung dch th

khi lng (s mol) cht tan trong dung dch khng i.2.Sc cht kh ho tan vo cht lng,th tch dung dch xm nh khng i

3. Cc cch tnh khi lng dung dch :

- Tnh theo nh ngha

m dung ch m cht tan m dung mi HjO

- Tnh theo nng phn trm

m ' , . = m c h tta n x l 0 dung dich Nng phn trm

Tnh theo th tch dung dch

dung dch Th tch dung dch X Khi lng ring

m tnh theo n v gam

m = V X D V mlD g/ml

- Tnh theo nh lut bo ton khi lng

^d ung dch to thnh ^ ^dungdch em pha trn Thoc ni "i (neu co)



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

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A

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4.Cch tnh th tch dung dch I

- Tnh theo th tch cc dung dch pha trn

X iung dch to ra ^ ^ c c dung dch pha trn

- Tnh theo khi lng dung dch

dung dch D.dung dch

- Tnh theo nng mol

xr S mol cht tanungd!Ch Nng

. \l1)mol

5.Cch p dng quy tc ig cho

- Theo nng phn trm.

Cho rri) gam dung dch (A) c nng phn trm Cj% vo m2 gam dung

dch (A) c nng phn trm c 2%(C) < C2) to ra dung dch (A) c nng

phn trmc%.Vi

(C,


44/292

V[ lt dung dch A Cj mol/1

/ N

c2-c

c - q

V _c 2- c V, c - c ,

V, lt dung dch A Cj mol/1

- Khi p dng quy tc rg cho cn lu : Nng phn trm, nng mol ca H20 bngkhng.

Nu l tinh th th thay nong bng cch tnh phn trm khi lng cht

tan trong tinh th.

Cc v d :

1. Phi thm bao nhiu gam H20 vo 200g dung dch KOH 20%

dung dch KOH 16%.^ Gii

X(k) HoO 0% 20-16 = 4

200 (g) dung dch KOH 20% 16-0=16

^ = ^ x = 50 (g)200 16

2. Phi thm bao nhiu lt dung dch NaOH 0,05M vo bao nhiu lt dungdch NaOH 0,5M c 18 lt dung dch NaOH 0,3M.

. Gii

X lt dd NaOH 0,05M ! 0,5 - 0,3 = 0,2M

),3M_

y lt dd NaOH 0,5M

Ta c : X +y = 18 vi X =

4y

0,3 -0,05 = 0,25M

x _ 0,2 4

y 0,25 5

'4y

+ y =18 =>9y =18x5 ==>y =10 (lt) =>X =8 (lt)

3. Ho tan 100ml dung dch

Tnh CM dung dch HN03 to ra

HNO30,5M vi 200ml dung dch HNO30,1 M.

44



B

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O

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Gii

100ml dd HNO3 0,5 M C-0,1

200ml dd HNO3 0,1 M ^"*0,5-C

CM-0,1 100 1^ 0,5-Cm 200 ~ 2

2Cm .-0,2 = 0, 5 -C m =>3Cu = 0,7 =>CM = = 0,233M.

4. Ho tan 5,6 lt HC1 (ktc) vo 0,1 lt H20 to ra dung dch HC1. Tnhnng mol v nrig phn trm ca dung dch HC1.

ILli - Nguyn t ca nguyn t A c tng s ht l 28 thuc nhm VIIA.

Ngun t ca ngyn t B c tng s ht l 40 thuc nhm IIIA.

- Hai nguyn t X, Y ng st nha trong cng mt chu k ca bng tunhon v c tng s' proton l 27.

a) Tm in tch ht nhn, s khi, vit cu hnh electron trn cc phn lp ca A, B.

b) Tm in tch ht nhn, vit cu hnh electron trn cc phn lp ca X, Y.

I.2. C hai nguyn t ho hc c cu hnh electron l :

Khi lng HC1 =0,25x36,5 = 9,125 (g)

Khi lng dd HCI = 9,125 + 0,1x1000 = 109,125 (g)

mchttan mH2

Nng phn trm dung dch HC1

c -BI TP T LUYN

X : ls22s22p63s23p5.

Y : ls22s22p63s23p64s23d5.

45



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

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A

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1

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47/292

11.8.

11.9.

11.10.

12Trong oxit th nht, oxi chim khpi lng xit.

7Trong oxit th hai, R chim khi lng oxit.

Tm R. Hai oxit ny l oxit cao nht cha ?

Cho 0,99g hn hp gm hai kim lo:i kim A v K (kali) vo nc. trung ho dung dch thu c cn 50ml dd HC1 .1M. Tm A v tnh %khilng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.

Y l hiroxit ca nguyn t' M thuc! mt trong cc nhm IA, IIA, IIIA.80g dung dch Y 5% tc dng ht i dung dch HCI ri c cn c5,85g mui khan. Tm Y.

A, B l hai nguyn t' hai chu k lin tip thuc cng phn nhm chnh.

Khi lng nguyn t ca B ln bn ca A.

Cho 8g B ho tan hon ton trong 242

v dung dch M.

a) Xc nh A, B. Vit cu hnh electron ca A, B.

b) Tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch M.

4g nc thu c 4,48 lt H2 (ktc)

N TP CHNG

D - BI TP TNG HP

Hp cht A c cng thc MXx, trong M chim 46,67% v khi lng.

M l kim li; X l phi kim chu k 3.

Trong ht nhn ca M c : n - p ,=4.

Trong ht nhn ca X c : n - p (p, p, n, n l s' proton, ntron).

Tng s proton ca MXx l 58.

Xc nh s z, s A ca M v X ; v tr ca M, X trong bng tun hon ;tn ca hp cht MXx.

47



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

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A

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48/292

11.12. Hp cht M to ra bi cation x + v anion Y3 , c hai ion u c 5nguyn t ca hai nguyn t to nn.

A l mt nguyn t tron x + c ho tr m -a.

B l mt nguyn t tron Y3-.

Trong cc hp cht A, B u c th c ho tr dng cao nht l a + 2.

Khi lng phn t ca M l 149 vC trong M. .3-

Mx+>5.

Tm cng thc phn t ca M.

11.13. Hp cht X to bi 2 nguyn t A, B c khi lng phn t

Mx= 76 vC.

A, B c ho tr cao nht tforig oxit l n0v m0 c ho tr m trong hpcht vi hiro l nH v mH tho mn iu kin :

=0 ; |m0|=3|mH|-ru

a X.Tm cng thc phn t c

11.14. C 3 nguyn t X, Y, z thuc nhm A trong bng tun hon :

- X, Y cng chu k v hai nhm lin tip.

- X, z hai chu k lin tip v cig nhm

- Cc hiroxit ca X, Y, Z c tnh baz tng dn theo th t.

- Cu hnh electron ca X l....3s2.

a) Tm v tr ca X, Y, z trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t.

b) Vit cu hnh electron i:rn cc obitan ca X, Y, z.

11.15. Mt hp cht X gm hai nguyn t A, B u l phi kim thuc haichuk k

tip nhau trong 4 chu k (tu v hai nhm k tip nhau trong ccnhm V,VI, VII. Tng s in tch ht nhn trong phn t X l 114.

Tim cng thc phn t ci X.

11.16. Pht biu nh lut tun hon cc nguyn t.

Hy sp xp su nguynPhotpho, Natri, Silic theo th t tng dn tnh phi kim.

t thuc chu k 3 : Lu hunh, Magie, Nhm,

48



B

I

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O

N

-

L

-

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A

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50/292

.22. Ho tan hon ton 46g hn hp Ba v hai kim loi kim hai chu k lintip thu c 11,2 lt H2 (ktc). Nu cho 0,18mol Na2S04 vo dung dch

trn th cha kt ta ht Ba2+ ; nu cho 0,21 moi Na0SO4 th cn d

Na9S04. Tm 2 kim loi kim ni trn.

11.23. Hn hp X gm mt kim loi M ho tr 2 v mui cacbonat ca n. X ckhi lng l m gam.

- Cho X tc dng vi dung dch HC1 c d thu c 1,12 lt hn hp kh Y(ktc) v mt dung dch z. C cn dung dch z c 4,75g mui khan.

- Cho bit t khi hi ca Y so vi clo l 0,1464.

a) Tnh %th tch cc kh trong Y.

b) Tm M.

c) Tm m.I.24. Ho tan 60 ,9g hn hp hai mui bari ca hai halogen vo nc ri cho tc

dng va vi dung dch K2S04. Sau khi phn ng hon ton thu c

58,25g kt ta v dung dch mui. C cn dung dch thu c hn hp haimui khan.

a) Tnh khi lng rriui khan.

b) Bit rng hai halogen hai chu k lin tip. Xc nh hai halogen v tnh %

khi lng mui trong hn hp ban u.

E - CU HI TRC NGHIM

1. Chn mnh si.

Trong cng mt chu k ca bng tun hon, i t tri sang phi:

A) Tnh kim loi gim dn, tnh phi kim tng dn.

B) m in gim dn.

C) Ho tr cao nht i vi oxi tng dn t 1n 7.

D) Ho tr 'i vi hiro tng dn t 1n. 4.

2. Chn mnh ng.

Trong cng mt phn nhm chnh (A), s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t tronghp cht oxit cao nht

50 4.CDT&PPGHH10-B



B

I

D

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O

N

-

L

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A

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51/292

ngoi cng to ra ion m t c

A) Tng dn t trn xung di. !

B) S oxi ho khng i v bng s tht nhm.

C) S' oxi ho gim dn t trn xung dri.

D) Mt kt lun khc.

Chn mnh ng nht. Tnh phi kim ca mt nguyn t c tli hin bng :

A) Hot tnh tng tc ca chng vi kim loi.

B) Cu trc mng li tinh th.

C) m in.

D) Kh nng thu thm electron vo lp :c bn ca kh him. '

Chn mnh ng nht.

Tnh kim loi ca mt nguyn t c th hin bng :

A) m in.

B) Cu trc mng tinh th.

C) Kh nng nhng electron to ion dng t c cu bn ca kh him.

D) Kh nng phn ng Vi phi kim.

Chn mnh sai.

Cho hai nguyn t X, Y hai chu k lin tip thuc hai phn nhm chnh

ln tip c tng s proton l 23.

A) Hai nguyn t n khng phi cch nhau 8nguyn t.

B) > l ha nguyn t c.s hiu 9 v ]4.

C) l ha nguyn t c s hiu 8v 15.

D) hai'nguyen t c s hiu 7 v 16.

Chn mnh sai.Trong cng mt chu k, i t tri sang phi:

) Bn knh nguyn t khng i.

B) Bn knh nguyn t gim n.

C) m in gim dn.

D) Tnh kim loi gim dn.

51



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

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2

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1

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0

B

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8 .

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Chn mnh ng.

Cu c s hiu l 29, c c

A) ls22s22p63s23p64s

C) Cu chu k 4, nhm IA.

u hnh electron l :

3d9. B) ls22s22p63s23p64s' 3d10.

D) Cu chu k 3, nhm IB.

Mn c s hiu 25, c cu linh electron l : ls22s22p 3s23p63d54s2, suyra vi tr ca Mn trong brig tun hon l :

A) Chu k 4, nhm IA.C) Chu k 4, nhm VIIB.

B) Chu k 4, nhm IIB.D) Chu k 4, nhm VIIA.

Cu hnh electron ca Cr (Z =24) l .[Ar]3d'S4s1.

V tr Cr trong bng tun hon l :A) Chu k 4, nhm VB. B) Chu k 4, nhm VIB.

C) Chu k 4, nhm IA. D) Chu k 4, nhm IB.Cu hnh electron ca zn\z =30) l [Ar]3d104s2.

V tr ca Zn trong bng tun hon :

A) Chu k 4, nhm VIIIA.C) Chu k 4, nhm IIB.

Cp n cht no trongnhau nht:

A) 0 7 v N,. B) I, v F,. C) Ca v K. D) K v Na.Cp cht no sau y c phn ng vi nhau mnh nht:

A)'CavCl2. B) K v Cl2. C)AlvCl2. D) NavCl2.

Trong s cc ngyn t di y, nguyn t no th hin tnh kim loi r nht:

A) Te. B)A1. QFe. D) Ca.

Trong s co nguyn t dnht :

B) Chu k 4, nhm IIA.D) Khng th suy ra c v tr ca Zn.

cc cp sau y c tnh cht ho hc ging

ri y, nguyn t no th hin tnh phi kim r

) s. B) Si. C) Se. D) Sc.u. hnh electron lp ngoi cng : 3d 4s lNguyn t ho hc c C

nguyn t:

A) Ca. B)Sc. C)Mn. D) K.Oxit ca nguyn t nhm IIB cha 19,75%khi lng.

Nguyn t l :

A) Cu. B) Fe. C) Zn. D)Ni.



B

I

D

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GT

O

N

-

L

-

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A

C

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53/292

17. X, Y l hai nguyn t cng phn nhm chnh (A) hai chu k lin tip ctng s' proton l32. X, Y l :

A) Mg, Ca. B) c, Si. C) Na, K. D) N, p.

18. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cu hnh electron : ls22s22p63s23p4.

Cng thc oxit cao nht v cng thc hp cht vi hiro ca X l :

A) X02 v XH4. B) X03 v XH2.

C) x 20 5 v XHV D) X2Oy vXH.

19. C cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t' ln lt c cu hnh electron nh sau :

X : Is" 2s22p'. Y : ls22s22p4.

z : Is22s22p63s23p*. T : ls22s22p63s23p5.

Nhng nguyn t thuc cng mt phn nhm l :

A) X v z . B) Y v z. C) X v Y. D) ZvT.

20. Ion x 2+ v Y2-u c cu hnh electron l ls22s22p6.

V tr ca X, Y trong bng tun hon ln lt l :

A) X chu k 2, nhm VIA ; Y chu k 2, nhm IIA.

B) X chu k 3, nhm IIA ; Y chu k 2, nhm VIA.C) X chu k 2, nhm IIA; Y chu k 3, nhm VIA.

D) Khng c s tm ra v tr ca X, Y. .

53



B

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O

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1

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54/292

Chng III. LIN KT HO HC

A - TM TT L THUYT

1. KHI NIM V LIN KT HO HC

1. Khi nim v lin ktLin kt ho hc c thc hin gia hai ngyn t trong phn t n cht

hay hp cht do s gim nng lng ca cc nguyn t khi chuyen thnh phn thoc tinh th.

2. Quy tc bt t (8electron)Cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c khuynh hng lin kt vi cc nguyn

t khc t c cu hnh electron vng, bn ca kh him vi 8 electron (hoc

2 electron i vi He) lp ngoi cng.2. LIN KT ION

1. onNguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t mang in gi l ion.

- Ion dng (ction) : Nguyn t nhng 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng tora ion dng.

V d : Na le = Na+

Mg - 2e = Mg2+AI - 3e = Al3+

Kim loi c khuynh hng nhng electron to ion dng.

- Ion m (anion) : Nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t thu 1, 2, 3 electron volp ngoi cng to ion m.

V d : Cl + le=Cl-

s +2e = s2"

0 +2e= o 2'- Ion ch c 1nguyn t gi l ion n nguyn t.

V d : Na+, s5.

- Ion c nhiu nguyn t lin kt vi nhau to ra mt nhm nguyn t mangin gi l ion a nguycn t:

V d : NH4, SO '.

54 '



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55/292

2. S to thnh lin kt ion I

Lin kt ion c to thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tchtri du.

V d :

Na(ls2 2s2 2p 3sJ) + Cl(ls22s22p63s2@ ) -> Na+(ls22s22p

cr( ls22s22p63s2 -------------- ^

Hiu s m in gia 2 nguyn t trong phn t > 1,7 ; lin kt to

) +

Hiu s m in gia 2 nguyn t trong phn t > 1,7 ; lin kt to ra t2 nguyn t l lin kt ion.

3. LIN KT CNG HO TR

1. S hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr theo thuyt Lewis (thuyt bt t)

Lin kt cng ho tr l lin kt c hnh thnh gia hai nguyn t bng

mt hay,nhiu cp electron chung. electron lin kt) c tnh bng mtMi cp electron dng chung (mt cplin kt v biu din bng mt gch ni gia hai nguyn t.

V d 1 :S hnh thnh lin kt cng hc tr trong phn t Ho, Clj, HC1 :

H. +.H >H =H:C1. +.: ::C1: f - > Q - a H. +.: H :: je- H-C l

Cng thc k hiu vi s electron gi l cng thc electron, cng thc k

hiu vi gch ni gi l cng thc cu to. jV d 2 :S hnh thnh lin kt cng h tr trong phn t nhiu nguyn t :

H2 H. + '.V+.H H==H


56/292

e Lin kt ba bn hn lin kt i v cng bn hn so vi lin kt n.

b) Lin kt r/i ho tr c cc v khng c cc

Lin kt cng ho tr trong cp electron dng chung do hai nguyn tca cng mt nguyn t ng gp l lin kt cng ho tr khng cc : H - H, Cl - G,

l iin kt cng ho tri khng cc. Lin kt cng ho tr trng cp electron dng chung b ch v pha m

nguyn t (c m in ln hn) l lin kt cng ho tr phn cc.

V d : H> C1

Thc nghim cho thy n hiu s m in gia hai nguyn t ca hainguyn t : Ax < 1,7 th lin kt l o thnh l lin kt eng ho tr.

c) Lin kt cho nhn (phi tr)

Lin kt cho - nhn (phi tr) l lin kt cng ho tr c bit trong cpelectron dng chung do mt ngun t cung cp khi nguyn t t c ccu bn ca kh him m cn nhng cp electron cha dng n.

V d :S to thnh SO-)

:: :S : -> o = s >o hoc o = s = 0

2. S to thnh lin kt cng ho tr theo thuyt xen ph cc obitanI[ln t n cht v hp cht

]\-ma ()

Lin kt cng ho tr xch-ma l loi lin kt hnh thnh khi hai obitan chaelectron c thn ca hai nguyn l xen ph nhau theo trc (trc ni gia hai nhntrng nhau).

V d :S to thnh cc phn t H2, Cl2, HC1, H2S

nguyn t (AO) to thnh cc p

a) Lin kt cng ho tr xch

- Cu hnh electron ca :

H (Z =1) : ls c 1electron

C1(Z= 17): ls22s22p63s2

s (Z=16): ls22s22p63s23p'

c thn O s.

c 1electron c thn AO p.3p5 n n3p

t t t3p

c 2 electron c thn AO p.

56



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57/292

- S to thnh lin kt trong

H2: . Q ) +Q ) ---- > H - H

H H

Dhn t H-,


58/292

S lai ho sp3 : 1obitan s che ph 3 obitan p to 4 obitan sp3 ng nhthnh s 8ni khng cn xng nm tm t din u, bn .trc hng v bn nh

t din, to vi nhau nhng gc 10928'.

S lai ho sp3 thng gp trong cc nguyn t o, N, c ca cc phn t

H20 , NH3, NH4, CH4, ankan, BF4 .

S lai ho sp2 : 1obitan s che ph 2 obitan p to thnh 3 obitan ng nht

sp2 , nm trong mt phng, cc trc to vi nhau nhng gc 12 0.

S lai ho sp2 thng gp trong cc phn t BCI3, C2H4, nguyn t cacbn

c lin kt i.

S lai ho sp : 1 obitan s che ph 1 obitan p to thnh 2 obitan .ng nht

sp c trc thng hng.S lai ho sp thng gp trong cc phn t BeCl2, C2H2, C02, nguyn t

cacbon c lin kt ba.

4AO lai ho sp3 3AO lai ho sp2 2AO lai 'ho sp

Cc v d :Vit cng thc cu to ca CH4, ,C2H4, C2H2 theo thuyt xen

ph cc AO.

ls? ' 2s2 2p2

t t t .t

trng thi kch thch :

ls 2s 2p

E3 H I t l r l tls 2s 2p

58



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O

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59/292

4 electron c thn trong 4 obitan khcobitan lai ho.

- Trong metan, c lai ho kiu sp3.

Cu to cua metan l :

nhau ny cng xen ph nhau to cc

- Trong etylen, 2C lai to kiu sp2, nhc trc song song nhau cng che ph bn to lin

- Trong G2H , G lai to kiu sp, nh th

c trc song song nhau cng che ph bn to2

4. O TR V S OXIHO

1. Ho tr

a) in ho trl s electron do nguyri t ca nguyn t' nhng hoc thu tao ra ion.

th mi c cn 1AO p; 2 AO p nykt 71.

H. ,H

: mi c cn 2obitan p tng i mtlin kt l.

59.



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b) Cng ho t r :

Cng ho tr ca mt nguyn t tu thuc vo s electron c thn canguyn t ca nguyn t . Tuy. nhin, khi hnh thnh lin kt, cc cp electronghp i lp ngoi cng c tli b tch ra mt electron v chuyn ln obitantrng thuc cng mt lp, hnh thnh thm electron c thn lm cng ho tr

tng ln. V nguyn t c 2 lp, |h lp th 2 c 4 obitan, s electron c thn t

a bng 4 ; nn cng ho tr cao nht l 4.

V d :

Nguyn t c trng thi C(jr bn :

4e c thn.tri t t t t2s 2p

T t t

2s 2p2ec thn, trng thi ho

Do trong phn t CH4, C c ho tr 4.Vi nguyn t c 3 lp tr ln, s e c thn c th nhiu hn.

Vi d :

P(Z= 15)... 3s23p3-

trng thi ho tr :

S(Z= 16) ... 3s23p4 ...

trng.thi ho tr :

hay

=>Trng SF, s c ho tr 6,

2. Soxi ho

t t t T3s 3p 3d

't t t ? t

, gm lOe xung quanh

t t t t3s 3p 3d

n t t t t

t T T t t

gm 12e xung quanh.

cm nguyn t c c nu gi thit rng cpng ho tr chuyn ht v pha nguyn t c

S xi ho ] in tch quy electron gp chung to lin kt cpm in ln.

(S oxi ho ca n cht, hp cht bng khng ; ca ion bng in tch iony. Trong hp cht, s oxi ho ca H v kim loi kim l +1 ; ca o l -2, ca kimloi kim th l +2, ca AI l'+3. Ngoi l FeS9th s c s oxi ho -1 ; trongperoxitnh Na->02 soxi ho ca 0 l1).

60



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61/292

5. LIN KT KIM LOI

Lin kt kim loi l loi lin kt ho hc c hnh thnh bi lc ht tnhin gia cc ion dng c trong mng tinh th kim loi vi cc electron t do.

6. PHN B SUNG

LIN KT HIRO LIN PHN T

Lin kt hiro lin phn t : l m lin kt xy ra gia cc .phn t vinhau khi H linh ng ca phn t ny b ht bi nguyn t c m in mnh(F, o, N, Cl) ca phn t kia. Mi lin kt hiro lin phn t yu hn cc mi linkt to phn t (cng ho tr, ion).

V d : S to thnh lin kt hiro gia, phn t ru etilic v gia axit

xetic.

... H - o ... H - o ... CH, - c c - CH,' 1 n o - h . . . o ^

Lin kt hiro thng dng gii thch si v tnh tan ca mt chttrong nc :

- Mt cht si nhit cao khi gia cc phn t cht c mi lin kthiro.

- Mt cht tan trong nc khi gia cc phn t cht v nc c mi linkt hiro.

Cc phn t c loi lin kt cng ho tr H - o, H F , H - , H - N ckh nngto lin kt hiro phn t.

V d-.Kh NH3 tan nhiu trong nc v :

HI... H - N - H ...O-H ... N -H ... O -H

I I I IH H H H

V d 2. Gii thch ti sao iu kin thng H2S (M = 34) l cht kh

trong khi H20 (M = 18) l cht lng.

61



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62/292

Tr li

- Trong phn t H20 c lin kt o - H nn to c lin kt hiro giaphn t:

... H-O... H-O... H-O...' 1 I I I

H H HDo cn nng lng kh cao di dng nhit ph v cc lin kt hirtrc khi chuyn nc t lng sang hi. iu ny gii thch si ca nc caohn si ca H-)S (tuy rng phn t lng ca nc nh hn so vi H2S).

Vy iu kin thng, nc th lng, trong khi H2S vn th kh.

V d 3.So snh si ca : .

a) H20 v HC1.

b)S0 2 v0 2.c) C2H 5OH v C H 3- O -C H 3 .

Tr li

a) H0O v HC1 c cng thc cu to Q v H - C.H

Do o c m in ln hn C1 nn lin kt H - o b phn cc nhiu hnH - C1 nn H ca H20 linh ng hn, v vy mi lin kt hiro lin phn t gia

cc phn t H20 bn cht hn, H20 si nhit cao hn.b) SO, v 0 2 c cng thc cu to ; o = s ->0 0 =0

(M = 64 vC) (M =32 vC)

- S02 c phn t lng ln hn 02.

Lc Van Van gia cc phn t S02 mnh hn gia cc phn t 02

v S02 c tnh phn cc hn. .

V vy nhit si ca S02 c hn nhit si ca 0 9.c) C2H5OH v CH3- -CH3 c cng thc cu to :

H H H HI I . I I

H - C - C - O - H H - C - O - C - H

H H (linh ng) H H

Hc sinh t l gii kt un : C2H5OH c nhit s cao hn.

62



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63/292



B

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O

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-

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64/292

HCIO c cng thc electron H--0--C1:

64



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65/292

Cng thc cu to H - 0 - C1

HCN c cng thc electron : H-' c :: N

Cng thc cu to H - c = N

HNOo c cng thc electron H- 0- -N: ::

Cng thc cu t H - o - N =o

Dng 18 CCH THNH LP LIN K T CHO NHN (PH TR)

C n n h

- Lin kt. cho nhn ch c hnh thnh khi hp cht c lin kt cng ho tr.

- Ngyn t to lin kt cho nhn vi nguyn t khc khi t c cu bnca kh him m vn cn cc cp electron lp ngoi cng cha s dng.

- Khi hai nguyn t khc loi u c kh nng cho cp electron th u tin lnguyn t c m in nh hn (v d nhs v o th s cho cp electron).

- Lin kt cho nhn biu din bng mi tn t cho n nhn.

V d :Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to ca co, H30+, HN03.

G i i

CO c cng thc electron :C:V 0: -> C O'-

Cong thc cu to c =o

' H30 +c cng thc electron H- -Ep1H+- H- 0 ->H+H H

Cng thc cu to : H - O- H+I

H

HNO3 c cng thc electron H--0--N"0:0 :

Cng thc cu to H o - N = o

' ' . 0 ,

Lu : Vi nguyn t c ho tr cao c th biu din in kt cho nhn bngmt lin kt cng ho tr i.

5.CDT&PPGHH10-A 65



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66/292

V d : H2S04

HCIO4

h -o n , 0H- 0 ^*0

/

hay H" w H-O'' o

o , 0H - o - C1 - 0 hay H-0-Cl=

Dng 19 CCH TNH S OXIHO

Phng php

I - I VI CHT V C

- S oxi ho ca n cht, hp cht bng khng.

- S oxi ho ion : bng in tch ion y.

- Trong hp cht hoc ion a nguyn t :

* S oxi ho ca H, kim loi kim l +1.

* ,S oxi ho ca o l -2.

- Ngoi ra, cn lu :

* Trong FeS2, H-,S2 s oxi ho ca s l -1.

* Trong peroxit, Na202, Ba02, H20t s oxi ho ca o l - 1.

8* Trong Fe304 s oxi ho ca Fe l +.

V d :Tnh s oxi ho ca Mn trong KMn04, ca s trong sc>4_.

Gii

KMn4 c s oxi ho bng 0. t X l s oxi ho ca Mn, lp phng trnh :

1 + X + 4 X ( - 2 ) = 0 = > X = + 7 .

+7KMn04

SO ~ c s o xi ho -2 . t X l s' oxi ho ca s, lp phng trnh :

X + 4 X ( - 2 ) = - 2 = > X = + 6

+6SO,2-

66 5.CDT&PPGHH10-B



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O

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Lu

- S oxi ho l in tch hnh thc, khng phi l ho tr thc s.+ S oxi ho l in tch hnh thc nn c th nguyn, khng nguyn,

dng, m hoc bng khng.+Trong nhiu trng hp, gi tr

ho tr.

+V s xi ho l s i s rn k(-) trc con s; cn khi vit ion ta t du (+) hoc (-) sau con s.

V d :lon Mg2+ c s oxi ho +2

- S oxi ho dng cc i trng vi sbng tun hon.

II - I VI CHT HU C- Trong hp cht hu c, cc lin kt

ho tr, trong lun lun : c ho tr 4, N ho- S oxi ho ca c trong hp cht hu c

+M lin kt cng ho tr giaho bng 0 .

4- Mi lin kt cng ho tr gia hai nguyn t khc nhau s oxi ho ctr tuyt i l 1 v Itiang au m vi nguyn * -----J*' J- ~vi ngiiyn t m in nh hn, c the l :

Nu nguyn tc ( m inin ln hn nh o (3,5), N (3), C1 (3) th cin H


68/292

c - BI TP T LUYN

III.l. Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to ca kh NO, N02 t cho

IL2.

IL4.

Hy gii thch nguyn t

BC13 lai ho kiu sp2 v

cu to theo thuyt xen

BeCl2.

a) Hy cho bit cu hnh eH+, H

b) Hy cho bit s electron

bit quy tc bt t c c thc hin hay khng, v sao ?

M t s to. thnh lin kt trong phn t Br,, HBr, Nttheo thuyt xen phcc obitan nguyn t (AO).

N trong phn t NH3 lai ho kiu sp3, B trong

Be trong BeCl lai ho kiu sp t trnh by

ph cc obitan ca cc phn t NH3, BOI3,

ectron ca cc ion :, Li+, Be2+, F~, 02~

L5.

ho tr trong cc riguyn t sau :

Na, hg, Al, Si, p, s, C1

c) Hy cho bit ho tr ion ca cc nguyn t' trong cc hp cht sau :

Cs, FeS, Fe2S3, BaO, Cu20, CuS, A120 3

d) Hy cho bit ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong cc cht sau y :

H20, CH4, HC1, NH3>Cl2

a) Th no l s bin dng ion ? Xt cc phn t NaCl, MgCl2, AICI3.

phn t no b bin dng nhiu nht ? Hy cho

I.6.

I.7.

no mang nhiu tnh cht cng ho tr, lin ktu tnh cht ion.

Hy cho bit ion c r trongbit lin kt trong phn ttrong phn t no mang nhi

b) Hy cho bit anion nh th no th d b bin dng ? Cho v d.

S chuyn tip t lin kt cng ho tr sang lin kt ion c gii thch nhth no ?

S chuyn tip t lin ktion sang lin kt cng ho tr c gii thch nhth no ?

a) Vit phng trnh biu d n s to thnh cc phn t sau : K20, AlBr3,

Na3N, BaCl2 t cc n cht tng ng.

68



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69/292

b) Vit phng trnh biu din s to thnh ion, nguyn t, phn t:

Ca - ? + 2e ; Fe3++ ? -> Fe2+ ; Br~> Br2 +?

Cr6+ + ? -> Cr3+ ; s 6+ + ? s 2_ ; N4+ + 2e -> ?

S2~ - > ? + 6e ; N5+ + ? - > N2 ; c r -> Cl+ + ?

II.8. Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to cc ion a nguyn t sau :

co-, o-,'sl',

3 n h .

111.9. Vit s to thnh phn t KNaS, NaClO, KCN, KSCN, SO3, Ca(OH)2,

p20 5, C2H2, CaC2, H202, Na202, H2Si03, H2S03, H3PO4.

111.10. Vit cng thc cu to cc cht sau :.

a) C120, C12 0 3, C120 5 , C120 7, HCIO, HC102 , HCIO3 , HCIO4 .

b) S02, SO3, H2S03, h 2so4, h 2s2o3, h 2s2o 5, h2s2o 7, h 2s2o8.

c) n 203, n 205, hno2, HNO3 .

d) p2o 3, p2o 5, h p o 2, h p o 3, h 3p o 4, h 4p2o 7 .

e) Mn207, HMn04, H 2Mn04 .

f) Cr03, H2Cr04, H2Cr207.

111.11. Vit cng thc cu to cc cht sau :

a) KC104, Ca(C10)2. ,

b) Na2S04, KHS04, Na2s203, BaS04, A12(S04)3, Ca(HS04)2.

c) NaNOs, KN02, Mg(N03)2, NH4N3.d) K3P04, Na2HP4, A1P04, Ca3(P04)2, MgHP04, Ca(H2P04)2.

e)K2MnQ4,KMn04, FeCr04,K2Cr20 7.

f) CaC03, Fe(HC03)2.

g) SO2CI2, Ca3N2, AI4C3, Ba02, AI2O3.

69



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70/292

N TP CHNG

D - BI TP TNG HP

II.2. C 3 nguyn t X, A, B vi:

Tng s in tch ht nhn trong 3 nguyn t l 16.

S in tch ht nhn ca A ln hn B l 1.

Tng s electron trong ion [BA3] l 32.

a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca X, A, B.

b) Vit cng thc electron v Gng thc cu to ca nhng hp cht cto thnh bi 3 nguyn t trn vi X, A, B xc nh.

.13. C 2 oxit A02 v BOo m t l phn t lng : MA0 : Mgo2=11:16.

T l thnh phn khi lng ca A v B trong oxit theo th t l 6:a) Xc nh A, B. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t tng ng v biu dins phn b electron trong obitan.

b) C th hnh thnh phn t A03, B03 c khng ? Gii thch.

10.14. a) Th no l lin kt cng ho tr c cc ? Cng ho tr khng cc ? Linkt cho nhn ? Cho v d.

b) Lin kt cho nhn c thuc lin kt cng ho tr khng ?

c) Hy nu bn cht ca cc dng lin kt trong phn t cc chtN2, AgCl, HBr, NH3,

Cho m in ca Ag =0,9 ; C1 = 3. '

III. 15. a) Th'no l m in.

b) Da vo m in, nu bn cht lin kt trong cc phn t v ion sau :

HC10, KHS, HCO3 .

c) So snh phn cc ca lin kt trong phn t cc cht

NH3, H2S, H2, H2Te, CsCl, CaS, BaF2 .d) Da vo m in, hy sp xp theo chiu tng phn cc ca linkt gia 2 nguyn t trong phn t CaO, MgO, CH4,A1N, N2,

NaBr, BCI3, AICI3. Phn t cht no c lin kt ion ? Lin kt cng ho tr

e cc, khng cc ?

Cho m in H (2,1) ; c (2,5) ; s '(2,6) ; GI (3) ; o (3,5) ;K (0,8) ;N (3); B (2); Mg (1,2); Na (0,9); Br (2,8); Ca (1); Cs (0,7); Te (2,1).

70



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H

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G

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111.16. Cho bit tng s electron trong anion A|BA cng nh B, s proton v s ntron bna) Tm s khi ca A, B.

b) Vit cu hnh electron v s phn b'nguyn t A, B.

c) Trong hp cht AB2 c nhng loi lin kt g ? (Gii thch trn c s

cng thc electron).

E - CU HI TRC NGHIM

Lin kt ho hc trong phn t H2S l :

A) Lin kt ion.

B) Lin kt cng ho tr.

C) Lin kt cho nhn (phi tr0:

D) Va lin kt ion, va lin kt cng ho tr.

Lin kt ho hc trong phn t KBr l :

B) Lin

D) Lin

B) 2 li

D) 3 li i

A) Lin kt ion.

C) Lin kt cho nhn.

Trong phn t No c :

A) 3 lin kt 71.

C) 1lin kt + 2 lin kt 71.

Phn t no sau y trong cu to c mi

A) H2S. B) HCN.

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CÁC DẠNG TOÁN VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP GIẢI HÓA HỌC 10 (TỰ LUẬN VÀ TRẮC NGHIỆM) - LÊ THANH XUÂN