Cc loi cu iu kin:TypeFormsUsage

0If + S + V(s,es), S+ V(s,es)/cu mnh lnh

1If + S + V(s,es), S + Will/Can/shall...... + Vok c th xy ra hin ti tng lai

2If + S + V2/ Ved, S +would/ Could/ Should...+ Vok khng c tht hin ti

3If + S + Had + V3/Ved, S + would/ could...+ have + V3/Vedk khng c tht trong qu kh

k kt hpIf + S + had + V3/Ved, S + would + Vo

3 Loicu iu kin trong ting anh(1) Cu iu kin loi IKhi nim v cu iu kin loi 1 Cu iu kin loi I cn c gi l cu iu kin c thc hin ti. iu kin c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai.Cu trc - Cng thccu iu kin loi 1If + S + V (hin ti), S + will + V (nguyn mu)

IF + Ch ng 1 + ng t chia th hin ti n + B ng, Ch ng 2 + WILL + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c).Ni cch khc, cu iu kin loi 1, mnh IF dng th hin ti n, mnh chnh dng th tng lai n. Ch ng 1 v ch ng 2 c th trng nhau. B ng c th khng c, ty ngha ca cu. Mnh IF v mnh chnh c th ng trc hay sau u c. Trong cu iu kin loi I, ng t ca mnh iu kin chia th hin ti n, cn ng t trong mnh chnh chia th tng lai n. V d:If you come into my garden, my dog will bite you. (Nu anh vo vn ca ti, con ch ca ti s cn anh .)If it is sunny, I will go fishing. (Nu tri nng tt, ti s i cu c.)Cch dng cu iu kin loi 1:Cu iu kin loi 1 cn c th c gi l cu iu kin hin ti c th c tht. Ta s dng cu iu kin loi 1 t ra mt iu kin c th thc hin c trong hin ti v nu kt qu c th xy ra.ng php ting anh(2) Cu iu kin loi IIKhi nim v cu iu kin loi 2: Cu iu kin loi II cn c gi l cu iu kin khng c thc hin ti. iu kin khng th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai, iu kin ch l mt gi thit, mt c mun tri ngc vi thc trng hin ti.Cu trc cu iu kin loi 2If + S + V (qu kh), S + would + V (nguyn mu)

- Trong cu iu kin loi II, ng t ca mnh iu kin chia bang thi cch (past subjunctive), ng t ca mnh chnh chia th iu kin hin ti (simple conditional). Ch : Bng thi cch (Past subjunctive) l hnh thc chia ng t ging ht nh th qu kh n, ring ng t to be th dng were cho tt c cc ngi.V d: If I were a bird, I would be very happy. (Nu ti l mt con chim, ti s rt hnh phc.) Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book3. o ng cu iu kin loi 3: Had + S + V3/Ved, S + Would have + V3/Ved If he had trained hard, he would have won the match. => Had he trained hard, he would have won the match.If not = Unless.- Unless cng thng c dng trong cu iu kin - lc Unless = If not. V d: Unless we start at once, we will be late. If we don't start at once we will be late. Unless you study hard, you won't pass the exams. If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exams.Mt s bin th ca cu iu kin:Sau y l bin th c th c ca cc cm ng t trong cc v ca cu iu kin loi I:GI NH C THT (Real conditions)LOI I

A. Bin th ca cm ng t trong mnh chnh (main clause)- i vi trng hp mun nhn mnh tnh c th xy ra s vicIf + present simple, ... may/might + V-inf.Ex. If the weathergetsworse, the flightmay/mightbe delayed.- i vi trng hp th hin s ng , cho php, gi If + present simple, ... may/can + V-inf.Ex. If itstopsraining, wecango out.- i vi cu gi , khuyn rn, ngh hoc yu cu nhng nhn mnh v hnh ngIf + present simple, ... would like to/must/have to/should... + V-inf.Ex. If yougoto the library today, Iwould like to gowith you.If youwantto lose weight, youshould dosome exercise.- i vi trng hp mun din t hu qu tt yu ca iu kin t ra theo quy lut hoc thi quenIf + present simple, present simple.Ex. If youeatthis poisonous fruit, youdieat once.If youboilwater, itturnsto vapor.- i vi trng hp c th xy ra trong tng lai v nhn mnh trng thi din ra/hon thnh ca s vicIf + present simple, future continuous/future perfect.Ex. If weleaveHanoiforHuetoday, weshall be stayinginHuetomorrow.If youdoyour home work right now, youwill have finishedit in 2 hours' time.- i vi cu mnh lnh (ch ng n mnh chnh)If + present simple, (do not) V-inf.Ex. If you are hungry, go to a restaurant.If you feel cold, don't open the door.- i vi cu khuyn rn, trong trng hp ny khng thc s l mt cu iu kin bi "if" mang ngha nh "as, since, because"If + present simple, why do (not) + V-inf.Ex. If you like the movie, why don't you go to the cinema?B. Bin th ca cm ng t trong mnh iu kin (if-clause)- i vi trng hp ang xy ra ngay trong hin tiIf + present continuous, simple future.Ex. If he is working, I won't disturb him.If you are doing exercises, I shall wait.If I am playing a nice game, don't put me to bed.(tng ng simple future)- i vi trng hp khng chc v thi gian ca iu kin c tht m nhn mnh tnh hon tt ca nIf + present perfect, simple future.Ex. If you have finished your homework, I shall ask for your help.- i vi cu gi nhng nhn mnh v iu kinIf + would like to + V-inf, ... will/can/must/nothing + V-inf.Ex. If you would like to go to the library today, I can/will go with you.- i vi cu ngh, gi , by t kin mang tnh lch sIf + can/may/must/have to/should/be going to + V-inf, simple future.Ex. If I can help you, I will.If I may get into the room now, I shan't feel cold.If I must/have to take the oral test, I shall feel afraid.If you are going to go to University, you must study hard before an entrance examination.If you should see her tomorrow, please tell her to phone me at once. (tng ng probably)Lu : Trong cu "if + subject + should + V-inf.",should c th c a ln u cu thay "if"Should + V-inf., simple future.Ex. Should you see him on the way home from work, please tell him to call on meTng t nh vy, ta c mt s bin th t ph bin hn ca cm ng t i vi GI NH KHNG C THC (unreal conditions loi II v III), tu vo vic mun nhn mnh v trng thi din tin hay hon thnh ca s vic trong mnh iu kin hoc s vic trong mnh chnh.LOI II.

A. Mnh chnh (main clause)- If + past simple, ... would/should/could/might/had to/ought to + be V-ing.Ex. If we leftHanoiforHuethis morning, we would be staying inHuetomorrow.- If + past simple, past simple. (vic xy ra)Ex. If the goalkeeper didn't catch the ball, they lost.- If + past simple, ... would be + V-ing.Ex. If I were on holiday with him, I would/might be touringItalynow.- If dng nh "as, since, because" c th kt hp vi ng t nhiu th khc nhau trong mnh chnh v khng thc s l mt cu iu kin.Ex. If you knew her troubles, why didn't you tell me?B. Mnh ph (if-clause)- If + past continuous, ... would/could + V-inf.Ex. If we were studying English inLondonnow, we could speak English much better.- If + past perfect, ... would/could + V-inf.Ex. If you had taken my advice, you would be a millionaire now.LOI III

A. Mnh chnh (main clause)- If + past perfect, ... could/might + present perfect.Ex. If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life.- If + past perfect, present perfect continuous.Ex. If you had leftHanoiforHaiphonglast Saturday, you would have been swimming in Doson last Sunday.- If + past perfect, ... would + V-inf.Ex. If she had followedmy advice, she would be richer now.If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would be better now.B. Mnh ph (if-clause)- If + past perfect continuous, ... would + present perfect.Ex. If it hadn't been raining the whole week, I would have finished the laundryCc trng hp dng "wish" th cng tng t, chia lm 3 loi, cch dng nh bn NHH ni trn v c 1 s bin th tng t nh.i vi trng hp "if" c s dng nh mt lin t dng bt u mt mnh ph trng ng ch iu kin v thi gian, lc ny "if = when". Vy "if" v "when" khc nhau th no?- WHEN: c dng khi din t mt iu g chc chn xy ra.Ex. I am going to do some shopping today. When I go shopping, I'll buy you some coffee.- IF: c dng khi din t mt iu khng chc chn (c th hoc khng th) xy ra trong tng lai.Ex. I may go shopping today. If I go shopping, I'll buy you some coffee.Lu :ng t chnh trong mnh ph trng ng bt u bng "when" hoc "if" lun th present simple mc d hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai.Ex. When/If he arrives tomorrow, I'll tell him about itBi tp thc hnh v Cu iu KinLu : Bn c th ng k tham gia kho hc ting anh cho ngi mt cn bn ti Academy.vn xem p n phn bi tp di y & luyn thm bi tp thc hnh cc kin thcting anh c bn.ng k ti yREVISION OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCESI- Choose the most suitable tense1- I cant understand what he sees in her! If anyonetreats/will treat/treatedme like that, Iam/will be/would beextremely angry.2- If youhelp/helped me with this exercise, Iwill do/would dothe same for you one day.3- According to the timetable, if the trainleaves/lefton time, wewill/wouldarrive at 5.30.4- If itis/will befine tomorrow, wego/will goto the coast.5- If wefind/founda taxi, wewill get/would getthere before the play starts.6- Its quite simple really. If youtake/will take/tookthese tablets every day, then youlose/will lose/lost/would loseweight.7- I dont like this flat. I thinkIwill be/I am/Id behappier if Ilived/live/will live/would livein a house in the country.8- I cant play football, but Im sure that if Iwill do/do/did, Iplay/will play/would playa lot better than anyone in this awful team.9- Iphone/will phone/phoneyou tonight,areyou/will you be/would you bein?10- Why didnt you tell me? If youtold/had toldme, Ihad/would have helpedyou.11- If Billdidnt stea l/hadnt stolenthe car, hewerent/wouldnt be/hadnt beenin prison now.12- If Annwerent driving/didnt drive/hadnt drivenso fast, her cardidnt crash/wouldnt crash/wouldnt have crashedinto a tree.13- Let me give some advice. If yousmoked/would smoke/had smokedless, youdidnt feel/wouldnt feel/wouldnt have felttired.14- What bad luck! If Alandidnt fall/hadnt fallen/wouldnt fallover, hewon/would win/would have wonthe race.15- If youinvited/had invitedme last week, I wasable/had been able/would have beenable to come.16- Im sure your letter hasnt arrived yet. If itcame/had come, Im sure Inoticed/hadnoticed/would have noticedit.17- We have a suggestion to make. Howdo you feel/wouldyoufeelif weoffered/wouldoffer/had offeredyou the job of assistant manager.18- If youlent/had lentus the money, wepaid/would pay/had paidyou back next week.19- I wish Peterdoesnt live/didnt live/wouldnt liveso far away from the town center. Well have to take a taxi.20- I feel rather cold. I wish Ibrought/had broughtmy pullover with me.21- I wish youtell/had told/toldme about the test. I havent done my revision.22- Im sorry I missed your birthday party. I really wish Icome/came/had come/wouldcome.23- I like my new boss but I wish shegave/would give/could giveme some more responsibility.24- Having a lovely time in Brighton, I wish youare/were/had beenhere. Love, Mary.25- A cheque is all right, but Id rather youpay/paidme cash.26- If only Ihave/had/would havea screwdriver with me.27- If you want to catch the last train, its time youleave/left28- Id rather youdont tell/didnt tellanyone about our conversation.29- Its high time youlearn/learnedto look after yourself.30- Jean thinks that everyone likes her. If only sheknows/knewwhat people say behind her back.II- Put each verb in bracket into a suitable tense1- Its a pity you missed the party. If you (come).you (meet).. my friend from Hungary.2- If we (have)..some tools, we (be).able to repair the car, but we havent had any with us.3- Thank you for your help. If you (not help)me, I (not pass).the examination.4- Its a beautiful house, and I (buy).it if I (have)the money, but I cant afford it.5- I cant imagine what I (do)..with the money if I (win) .the football pools or a lottery.6- Mark isnt a serious athlete. If he (train)harder, he (be).quite a good runner.7- If Claire (listen)to her mother, she (not marry).David in the first place.8- It rained every day in our holiday. If we (not take)..the TV with us, we (not have) anything to do.9- Jim is so untidy! If he (buy)some new clothes, he (not look) so bad.10- I wish I(have).. the money to buy some new clothes, but I cant afford it at the moment.11- I wish the government (do)something about the air pollution in this city.12- Im getting really soaked! I wish I (not forget)..my umbrella.13- That was a lovely meal, but I wish I (not eat) .so much.14- Come on children! Its time you (be)..in bed.15- Actually, Id rather you (not smoke)..in here.16- Suppose you (see)..a ghost, what would you do?17- Im so annoyed about my car accident. If only I (be) more careful!18- Id rather you (not put)your coffee on the top of the book.III- Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown1- I didnt have an umbrella with me so I got wet. I wouldnt2- Ill call the police if you dont leave me alone. Unless..3- In the snowy weather we dont go to school. If4- Without Jacks help, I wouldnt have been able to move this table. If5- You drink too much coffee, thats why you cant sleep. If you..6- Make me some coffee, and Ill give you some sweets. If..7- If you hadnt told me about Sues hair, I wouldnt have noticed her. Unless.8- If you see Peter, tell him he should be here at 8 00. Should9- I wouldnt accept if you ask me to marry you. If you were10- What would you do if there were an earthquake? Supposing11- If you do the shopping, Ill cook lunch. You.12-What would you do if you found some buried treasure? If you were..13- If Paul hadnt been interested, the project would have been abandoned. But for.14- If by any chance you find my wallet, could you let me know? If you happen..15- I might be late. If so, start without me. If I16- The fire was brought under control thanks to the night watch-man. If it hadnt...17- Dick is in prison because a detective recognized him. If a...18- If you want my advice, Id think twice about buying a car like that. If I.19- If the painting is finished by Saturday, well pay you extra. Finish20- Getting up early makes me feel hungry. If ..21- Please dont eat in the classroom. Id rather22- I think we should leave now. I think its time.23- What a pity we ate all the food. If only we..24- Its a shame we dont have a TV. I wishIV- Rewrite each of the following sentences, using the word in the capital1- If you do have any free time, could you give me a ring? SHOULD2- We wont go away if the weather is bad. UNLESS3- I didnt have the money, so I didnt buy a new suit. WOULD4- If you hurry up, you wont be late. GOING5- If they offered you the job, would you accept? WERE6- If you are in London by any chance, come and see me. HAPPEN7- Without you, I would have given up years ago. BEEN8- Please take a seat, and Ill inquire for you. WILL9- Dont take this job if you dont really want it. UNLESS10- I wasnt tall enough to reach the shelf. TALLER11- If the ship sank, what would you do? WERE12- If you should notice whats on at the cinema, let me know. HAPPEN13- If you hadnt encouraged me, I would have given up. BUT14- I dont have any money, so I cant lend you any. IF15- But for Helen, the play would be a flop. WEREV- Choose the best option1- It would have been a much more serious accident..fast at the time.A- had she been driving B- was she driving C- she had driven D- she drove2- Can I borrow your car for this evening? Sure, but Noras using it right now. If she .. it back, you are welcome to borrow it.A- brought B- would bring C- will bring D- brings3- I didnt get home until well after midnight last night. Otherwise, I..your call.A- returned B- had returned C- would return D- would have returned4- If energyinexpensive and unlimited, many things in the world would be different.A- is B- will be C- were D- would be5- We..the game if wed had a few more minutes.A_ might have won B- won C- had won D- will win6- IAlan with me if I had known you and he didnt get along with each other.A_ hadnt brought B- didnt bringC- wouldnt have brought D- wont bring7- The lecturer last night didnt know what he was talking about, but if Dr. Mason,I would have listened carefully.A- had been lecturing B- was lecturing C- would lecture D- lectured8- If youto my advice in the first place, you wouldnt be in this mess right now.A- listen B- will listen C- had listened D- listened9- .. interested in that subject, I would try to learn more about it.A- Were I B- Should I C- I was D- If I am10- If Ithe same problems you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have.A- have B- would have C- had had D- should have11- Iyou sooner had someone told me you were in hospital.A- would have visited B- visited C- had visited D- visit12- .more help, I could call my neighbor.A- Needed B- Should I need C- I have needed D- I should need13- ..then what I know today, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years.A- Had I known B- Did I know C- If I know D- If I would know14- I didnt know you were asleep. Otherwise, I..so much noise when I came in.A- didnt make B- wouldnt have made c- wont make D- dont make15- When I stopped talking, Sam finished my sentence for me as though he my mind.A- would read D- had read C- reads D- can read16- If you., I would have brought my friends over to your house this evening to watch TV, but I didnt want to bother you.A- had studied B- studiedhoc tieng anh onlineC- hadnt been studying D- didnt study17- I wish I..you some money for your rent, but Im broke myself.A- can lend B- could lend C- would lend D- will lend18- Are you lost? I think so. I wish we..the map with us today.A- were bringing B- brought C- had brought D- would bring19- If I werent working for an accounting firm, I..in a bank.A- work B- will work C- have worked D- would be working20- What..today if you hadnt come here this weekend? I guess Id be putting on extra hours at my office.A- did you do - can you do C- will you be doing D- would you be doing

1. Cu trc Sothat (qu .......n ni)

1.1. S + be + so + adj + that + S + V

V d:- The food was so hot that we couldnt eat it. (Thc n nng qu n ni chng ti khng th n c)- The girl is so beautiful that every one likes her. (C gi xinh qu n ni ai cng yu qu c y)

1.2. S + mt s ng t ch tri gic + so + adj + that + S + V

Cc ng t ch tri gic nh sau:seem, feel, taste, smell, sound, look.- I felt so angry that I decided to cancel the trip.(Ti tc gin qu n ni m ti hy ngay chuyn i)- She looks so beautiful that every boy in class looks at her. (Trng c y xinh qu n ni mi chng trai trong lp u nhn c y)

1. 3/ S + V(thng) + so + adv + that + S + V

V d:He drove so quickly that no one could caught him up. (Anh ta li xe nhanh n ni khng ai ui kp anh ta.)Cu trcSo.thatny cng c dng vi danh t, trong cu xut hinso many/ much/ little.

1.4. S + V + so + many/few + plural / countable noun + that + S + V

V d:She has so many hats that she spends much time choosing the suitable one. (C y c nhiu m n ni c y mt rt nhiu thi gian chn la mt chic thch hp)

1.5. S + V + so + much/little + uncountable noun + that + S + V

V d:He drank so much milk in the morning that he felt bad. (Bui sng anh ta ung nhiu sa n mc m anh y cm thy kh chu)

1.6. i vi danh t m c s t, chng ta li c cu trc sau vi So that:

- S + V + so + adj + a + noun (m c s t) + that + S + V

V d:- It was so big a house that all of us could stay in it. ( l mt ngi nh ln n ni tt c chng ti u c trong .)- She has so good a computer that she has used it for 6 years without any errors in it. (C y c chic my tnh tt n ni c y dng 6 nm m khng b li.)

2. Cu trc such. That.

S + V + such + (a/an) + adj + noun + that + S + V

(Vi danh t khng m c th chng mnh khng dng a/ an nh)Cu trcsothatc ngha tng t vi cu trcsuch ...thatnn chng mnh c th i qua i li gia hai cu trc ny y. Nh th ny nh:V d:- The girl is so beautiful that everyone likes her. (C gi p n ni ai cng yu qu c y)=> She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her.- This is such difficult homework that it took me much time to finish it. (Bi tp v nh kh n ni ti mt rt nhiu thi gian mi lm xong.)

3. Cu trc vi too (Qu lm g)

S + to be + too + adj + (for somebody) + to + V

S + V + too + adv + (for somebody) + to + V

V d:- The food is too hot for us to eat. (Thc n qu nng n ni chng ti khng th n c)-He drove too quickly for anyone to catch him up. (Anh ta li xe nhanh n ni khng ai ui kp anh ta.)

4. Cu trc vi Enough: . c th lm gChng ta c th dngenoughvi ctnh t, trng t v danh t. Vitnh t v trng t,ta c hai cu trc sau (Enough ng sau tnh t v trng t.)

S + V + adv + enough + (for somebody) + to + V

S + to be + adj + enough + (for somebody) + to + V

V d:- She is old enough to understand the story. (C y ln hiu chuyn .)- The boy is strong enough to lift the vase. (Cu b khe nng ci bnh ln)Vidanh t, chng mnh dng cu trc sau (enough ng trc danh t)

S + V + enough + noun (for somebody) + to V

V d:- I have enough money to buy this house. (Ti c tin mua cn nh ny)- There has enough time for us to do the exercise. (C thi gian chng ti lm bi tp)- They have enough rooms to stay. (H c phng )Bi 17. Mnh lnh thc v cu ch nhng b.NPTAxin cho tt c cc bn. Chc mi ngi lun lm vic v hc tp hiu qu nh. Hm nay lp chng mnh s hc v Mnh lnh thc v cu ch nhng b nh.

I. Mnh lnh thc.Mnh lnh thc trong ting Anh c hai dng l mnh lnh thc trc tip v mnh lnh thc gin tip. Mnh lnh thc trc tip chng mnh hc trong lp Ng Php c bn ca NTT ri (Bi 22 Cu mnh lnh). Trong bi 22 , chng mnh c hc cu mnh lnh trc tip nh, cu bt u bng ng t v khng c ch ng.V d:- Please sit down. = Sit down, please. (Mi ngi)- Please don't laugh. = Don't laugh, please. (Vui lng ng ci ln)- Don't run! (ng chy!)- Don't laugh! (ng ci ln!)- Sit down! (Ngi xung!)- Go home! (V nh!)- Be quiet! (Im lng!) (Bel nguyn mu)Cn by gi, chng mnh cng tm hiu vmnh lnh thc gin tipnh. Cu mnh lnh gin tip thng dng vi cc ng t m u nhtell/ ask/ ordervi cng thc chung:To ask/ to tell/ to order sb (not) to V.V d:-She asks me to open the door. (C y nh ti m ca ra)---------- They order the children to wear uniforms. (H yu cu tr em phi mc ng phc)---------- He tells me to buy some flowers. (Anh y bo ti mua mt t hoa.)

Ch : Trong cu mnh lnh gin tip, chng mnh khng c lc b ch ng v cui cu khng c du chm than nh trong cu mnh lnh trc tip nh.

II. Cu ch nhng b.Cu ch nhng b ny NTT cha ging cho cc bn nn NPTA s gip cc bn tm hiu v n nh. Rt n gin thi, hem c gCu nhng b s dng cc t ni nhalthough, eventhough, though, inspite of, despite (Mc d . Nhng => Tuy nhin khng c but u nh)

1. Cu nhng b vi though, although, even though.Cng thc chung:

Although/ though/ even though + S + V, S + V.

V d: - Although she is ill, she tries to go to school. (D b m, c y vn c gng n lp)--------- Though he worked very hard, he didnt pass the exam. (D c hc hnh chm ch nhng anh y khng qua c bi kim tra.)--------- Eventhough they have a lot of money, they are not happy. (D h c nhiu tin, h khng hnh phc)Khi dng cu nhng b viAlthough/ though/ even though,chng mnh lun dng mnh y ch ng v v ng sau cc t ny nh.

2. Cu nhng b vi inspite of/ despite.S dng cu vi nhng t ny, chng mnh tInspite of/ despitetrc danh t, cmdanh thocV-ingnh. Cng thc chung nh sau:

Inspite of/ despite + nouns/ noun phrases/ V-ing + S + V.

V d: - Despite being ill, she tries to go to school. (D b m, c y vn c gng n lp)---------Inspite of having working very hard, he didnt pass the exam. (D c hc hnh chm ch nhng anh y khng qua c bi kim tra.)--------- Despite the bad weather, they still go for the picnic. (D thi tit xu, h vn i d ngoi.)

3. Ngoi ra, c mt s cng thc m rng s dng inspite of/ despite nh th ny:

Inspite of/ Despite the fact that + S + V, S + V.V d: - Despite of the fact that the weather is bad, they still go for the picnic. (D thi tit xu, h vn i d ngoi.)--------- Inspite of the fact that they have a lot of money, they are not happy. (D h c nhiu tin, h khng hnh phc)

. Dng V-ing ca ng t. (v cch chia V-ing th chng mnh qu quen ri nhchuyn xa nh tri t..)

V-inghay cn gi l gerund c dng trong cu vi nhng vai tr chnh sau:- Ch ng trong cuVD: Playing football is his hobby. (Chi bng l s thch ca anh y)- B ng ca ng t, mt s ng t: C mt s ng t m nu ng sau l mt ng t, th ng t sau lun dng V-ing nh.(Lp mnh ch nhng ng t sau y n.)admit, avoid, delay, enjoy, excuse, consider, deny, finish, imagine, forgive, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise, resist, risk, propose, detest, dread, resent, pardon, fancy.=> yu cu ghi nh..VD:1. She avoided waking up her husband because he was very tired yesterday.(C y trnh nh thc chng mnh v anh y b mt)2. Hoa enjoys taking photographs.(Hoa rt thch chp nh?)3. I dont mind walking to meet her.(Ti khng phin khi i b n gp c y)4. They keep staying at home until Sunday.(H tip tc nh cho n ch nht)- B ng cho ch ng: (Thng l sau to be hoc mt s ng t ni)VD: My duty is teaching my sister.(Nhim v ca ti l dy em gi ti)- Sau gii t chng mnh cng dng dng V-ing ca ng t nh:apologize for, accuse of, insist on, feel like, congratulate on, suspect of, look forward to, dream of, succeed in, object to, approve/disapprove of...VD: I am intersted in watching films.(Ti thch xem phim)- Trong mt s cu trc c bit na ny (ng qun)- It's no use / It's no good...- There's no point ( in)...- It's ( not) worth ...- Have difficult ( in) ...- It's a waste of time/ money ...- Spend/ waste time/money ...- Be/ get used to ...- Be/ get accustomed to ...- Do/ Would you mind ... ?- be busy doing something- What about ... ? How about ...?- Go + V-ing ( go shopping, go swimming... )2. Dng to - V ca ng t

-Theo sau mt s ng t sau: appear, arrange, agree, attempt, ask, decide, determine, fail, endeavour, happen, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, promise, prove, refuse, seem, tend, threaten, volunteer, expect, want,...VD:1. They hope to finish the research before the spring.(H hi vng s hon thnh bi nghin cu trc ma Xun)2. He promised to return my book on Sunday.(Anh ta ha tr li cun sch cho ti vo ch nht)

-Dng trong mt s cu trc:Verb + how/ what/ when/ where/ which/ why + to VVD: They dont know how tho go there.(H khng bit lm cch no n )

-Dng sau tn ng ca mt s ng t: advise, allow, enable, encourage, forbid, force, hear, instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, request, remind, train, urge, want, tempt, ask...

VD:1. My mother allows me to go out(M ti cho php ti ra ngoi.)2. They asked me to do a lot of work.(H yu cu ti lm rt nhiu vic)

3. Nhng trng hp ng t theo sau bi c V-ing v to-V. (Phi lun cn thn vi nhng ng t th ny.)a. LikeLike V-ing:Thch lm g theo s thch.Like to do:Lm vic v n l tt v cn thit, mun lm.VD:- I like reading books.(Ti thch c sch)- I like to learn English. I think my job needs it(Ti mun hc Ting Anh, ti ngh cng vic ca ti cn ting Anh)

b. PreferPrefer V-ing to V-ing: Thch lm g hn lm gPrefer + to V + rather than (V) : Thch lm g hn lm gVD:- My boy prefer playing to learning.(Con trai ti thch chi hn l hc)- I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.(Ti thch li xe i hn l i bng tu ha)

c. MeanMean to V: C nh lm g.Mean V-ing: C ngha l g.VD:- He means to allow you to do that.(Anh y c cho php bn lm vic .)- This sign means not going into.(Bin bo ny c ngha l khng c i vo trong.)

d. NeedNeed to V:Cn lm gNeed V-ing:Cn c lm g (= need to be done, dng ch b ng)VD:- I need to get up early today.(Ti cn phi dy sm hm nay)- Your hair needs cutting.(Tc bn cn phi ct ri)e. StopStop V-ing: dng lm g (dng hn)Stop to V: dng li lm vic gVD:- Stop learing: dng hc.- Stop to learn: dng li hc

f. Remember/forget/regretRemember/forget/regret to V: nh/qun/tic s phi lm g (hnh ng hin ti tng lai)Remember/forget/regret V-ing:nh/qun/tic lm g (hnh ng ny qu kh)VD:- Remember to lock the door(nh ng ca nh.)- Dont forget to buy some milk (ng qun mua t sa nh)- I regret to inform you that she had gone(ti rt tic phi bo tin cho bn rng c y i ri)- I still remember paying her $5.(ti nh tr c y 5 la ri)- She will never forget meeting you at school.(c y khng bao gi qun gp bn trng)- He regrets leaving school early.(Anh y hi tic v b hc qu sm)

g. TryTry to V:c gng lm gTry V-ing:th lm gVD:- I try to follw her.(ti c gng i theo c y)- You should try doing exercises every morning. (bn nn th tp th dc mi sng)

h.See/hear/smell/feel/notice/watch

See/hear/smell/feel/notice/watch + Object + V-ing:cu trc ny c s dng khi ngi ni ch chng kin 1 phn ca hnh ng.See/hear/smell/feel/notice/watch + Object + V:cu trc ny c s dng khi ngi ni chng kin ton b hnh ng.VD:- I see him passing my house everyday.(Ngy no ti cng thy anh ta i qua nh ti)- She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising.(C y ngi thy ci g chy v thy khi bc ln)- We saw him leave the house.(Chng ti thy anh ta ri nh)- I heard him make arrangements for his journey.(Ti nghe thy anh ta tha thun v chuyn i)

i. Used toUsed to V: tng/thng lm g trong qu kh (by gi khng lm na)Be/Get used to V-ing:quen vi vic g ( hin ti)VD:- I used to get up early when I was young.(Ti thng dy sm khi cn tr)- Im used to getting up early.(Ti quen vi vic dy sm ri)

j.Advise/allow/permit/recommendAdvise/allow/permit/recommend + Object + to V:khuyn/cho php/ ngh ai lm g.Advise/allow/permit/recommend + V-ing:khuyn/cho php, ngh lm g.VD:- He advised me to apply at once.(Anh ta khuyn ti nn p dng ngay)- He advised applying at once.(Anh ta khuyn p dng ngay)- They dont allow us to park here.(H khng cho php chng ti xe y)- They dont allow parking here.(H khng cho php xe )

Xong ri y, cng cha th y ht, nhng vi lng nh th ny, nh ht l ti lm ri..I. Th tng lai n gin.

1. Cu trc.(+) S + will +V + (O)(-) S + will not/won't + V + (O)(?) Will + S + V + (O)?Trong :S l ch ng, V l ng t, O l tn ng

2. Cch dng.+ Th Tng lai n gin dng ch mt hnh ng, nh mi c t thi im n, nhng li haV d:- Tony , we havent got any milk left(Tony, chng ta ht sari)-Alright mom, I will buy some milk(c ri m . Con s i mua mt t sa)- I will never forget this party.(Ti s khng bao gi qun bui tic .)-I will phone you when I come home.( Ti s gi cho bn khi ti v n nh.)- We will meet two times a month.(Chng ta s gp nhau 2 ln mi thng)- Will we go there again?(Chng ta c n na khng?)+ Chng mnh cng dng th Tng lai n gin ch nhng d on nhng khng chc chn:V d: It will rain tomorrow(ngy mai tri s ma)

3. Du hiu nhn bit.Th tng lai n gin i km vi mt s trng t, l du hiu nhn bit ca th ny. Cc trng t l:- Tomorrow, next week/month/year, ... next Monday, Tuesday, ...., Sunday,- Next June, July, ....., next December, next weekend ....- In two days/weeks/months, in the years to come, in coming years

II.Th Tng lai gn

1. Cu trc(+)S +am/is/are + going to +V(-)S + am not/ isnt/ arent + going to + V(?)Am/ is/ Are +S + going to + V ?

2. Cch dng:+Th tng lai gn c dng th hin nh c t trc thi im niV d:Hi! Sarah . Are you going shopping? (cho Sarah . Em i mua sm ?)Yes, I am going to buy some milk. (Vng, Ann . Em i mua t sa)+ Chng ta cng dng th Tng lai gn chd on rt chc chn v iu g sp xy ra, thng l nhng s vic c du hiu hin tiV d: Look at the black clouds! Its going to rain(Nhn nhng m my en kia ka. Tri sp ma ri)Ch : i vi cc ng t ch s chuyn ng, ta khng dng cu trc GOING TO+V m dng lun dng V-ing ca ng t din t tng lai thngV d: Khng ni Im going to go to the cinema tonightIm going to the cinema tonight

III. Th Tng lai tip din.

1. Cu trc:(+) S + will be + V-ing + (O)(-) S + will not be + V-ing + (O)(?) Will + S + be + V-ing + (O)?Trong :S: ch ng, V-ing: ng t + ui ing, O: tn ngCh :Cch chia ng t V-ing th mnh khng cn nhc li na, chng mnh u bit ri nh.

2. Cch dng:+ Th Tng lai tip din dng ch mt hnh ng xy ra ti mt thi im xc nh trong tng lai.V d:- By the time next week, we will be playing football. (Vo gi ny tun sau, chng ti s ang chi bng.) Cng thc:

(+)S + had + P2 + (O)(-)S + had not + P2 + (O)(?)Had + S + P2 + (O)?

Trong :S: ch ng (ch t)P2= V+ed: ng t(C quy tc V+ed; Bt QT= ct 3 Bng ng t Bt QT)O: tn ng

2. Cch dng:Dng ch mt vic hon thnh trc mt thi gian nht nh qu kh hoc trc mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh.

V d:- Our children had all gone to bed before we came home last night.(Bn tr nh chng ti i ng trc khi chng ti v nh ti qua.)- When they arrived, she had left the house.(Khi h n th c y ri khi ngi nh)- She was surprised because she hadnt met him before.(Cy rt kinh ngcv trc cy cha tng gp anhy.)- After they had finished the exercise, they came home.(Sau khi hon thnh bi tp, h v nh.)

3. Du hiu nhn bit th qu kh hon thnh.

Th Qu kh hon thnh i cng mt s trng t, lm du hiu nhn bit.- Before, after, never, ever,- When

II. Th qu kh hon thnh tip din

1.Cng thc:

(+)S + had been + V-ing + (O)(-) S + had not + been + V-ing + (O)(?) Had + S +been + V-ing + (O)?

Trong :S l ch ng, V-ing l ng t + ui ing, O l tn ng. Cch thm ing sau ng t, chng mnh quen cc th tip din ri nn NPTA khng nhc li na nh.

2. Cch dng:

- Dng ch mt vic xy ra trc mt hnh ng qu kh khc, v trong khi hnh ng qu kh th 2 xy ra, th hnh ng qu kh th nht vn tip tc.

V d:When I was woken up, it had ben raining very hard.(Lc ti dy th tri ma rt to)When I came, they had been singing for more than two hours.(Khi tin th hang htc hn hai tingng h)

- Mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc trong Qu kh (nhn mnh tnh tip din)

V d: I had been thinking about that before you answered it.(Trc khi bntr li, ti suy ngh rt luv vn.) . Trc ht, chng mnh cng xem nhng trng hp no dng ng t s t nh.

ng t c chia dng s t khi ch ng thuc nhng trng hp sau:1. Ch ng l danh t s t hoc danh t khng m c, i t nhn xng ngi th 3 s t, danh t ngi th 3 s t.V d:- This house has 4 floors. (Cn nh ny c bn tng)- Hoa is the best student in my class. (Hoa l sinh vin gii nht lp ti)- The air is polluted in this city. (Khng kh trong thnh ph ny b nhim ri)

2. Nhng danh t c hnh thc s nhiu nhng thc t chng l danh t s t, l cc danh t chbnh tt, mn hc, danh t ring(khng cn thn l b nhm v ci kiu c s ng sau ca my bn ny y.)V d:- Mathematics is sometines difficult. (i khi mn ton rt kh)- The United States is very large and powerful. (Hoa K rt rng v hng mnh)- Measles is a common disease. (Bnh si l mt bnh ph bin)- The news is very interesting and helpful. (Tin tc rt th v v b ch)

3. Vi nhng ch ng l i t bt nh, chng mnh cng chia ng t s t thi nh. (Ci ny chc nhiu anh em bit ri, c lit vo cho b.) l nhng i t bt nh sau:enyone, everybody, everything, someone, something, somebody, noone, nobody, nothing.V d:- Everyone knows him. (Mi ngi u bit anh y)- Someone has stolen his heart. (Ai nh cp tri tim anh y => B st nh trng tim)

4. Khi ch ng l mt mnh , mt danh ng t, mt ng t nguyn th.V d:- Playing football is his hobby. (Chi bng l s thch ca anh ta)- That she is early surprises me. (Vic c y i sm lm ti ngc nhin qu => C nng ny ngy no cng mun, mun chuyn nghip)- To go into the city now is impossible. (By gi, i vo thnh ph l khng th.)

5. Ch ng l mt khong thi gian, mt trng lng, mt khong cch, mt php tnhV d:- Two weeks is not a long time for him to get her answer. (Hai tun khng phi l qu di anh y c c cu tr li ca c y => Lm trai phi bit ch i)- Three miles is a long distance. (Ba dm l mt khong cch di)

6. Khi ch ng l danh t ng sau cc i tng sau:+ The number of + plural NV d: The number of people in the meeting is increasing. (S ngi trong bui hp ang tng ln)+ Either/ Neither + plural NV d: Neither of the students joins the game. (Khng ai trong cc hc sinh tham gia tr chi)+ Each of/ None of + plural NV d:- None of his friendsispretty- Each of the studentsisresponsible for this outdoor activity.+ More than one + singular NV d: More than one person wants to try this game. (hn mt ngi mun th tr chi ny)

II. By gi chng mnh s n nhng ch ng m ng t ng sau n chia dng s nhiu nh.

1. Khi ch ng l nhng danh t c chia s nhiu (Thm s sau danh t), i t ngi th nht s t v s nhiu (we, you, theyy)V d:- They go to school by bus (h i hc bng xe but)- Girls in the next class are very beautiful. (Cc bn n lp bn cnh rt xinh)

2. Nhng ch ng l danh t ch i, nhm ngi, danh t cng ng: people, police, military, vermin (Su b), the clergy (gii tng l)V d:- People around here are very friendly. (Con ngi xung quanh y rt thn thin)- Police have arrested that man. (Cnh st mi bt c ngi n ng .)

3. Nhng ch ng c dng: the + adj (the poor, the rich, the homeless, the Vietnamese...) v A number of + Plural NV d:- The homeless are given some temporary apartments (Nhng ngi v gia c c cp mt s cn phng tm)- The poor have been provided with food and health care.(Nhng ngi ngho c cp thc n v dch v chm sc sc khe.)- A number of students have wrong answers. (Mt s hc sinh c p n sai)

III. Mc ny dnh cho nhng trng hp c bit.

1. Vi nhng ch ng c cu trc : as well as B, A no less than B, A accompanied by B, A along with B, A supported by B, th ng t c chia theo ch ng ng trc.V d:- Tim as well as his friends plays in the park. (Tim v bn cu chi trong cng vin)- Hoa, along with some children goes swimming in the afternoon. (Bui chiu, Hoa cng vi vi a tr i bi.)

2. Vi nhng ch ng c dng: A or B, neither A nor B, not only A but (also) B, either A or B th ng t c chia theo ch ng ng sau.V d:- Neither Lan nor her classmates are late for the meeting. (C Lan cng nh cc bn ca c y u khng b mun trong bui gp mt)- Not only Hung but also other members in his family go to the cinema. (Khng ch Hng m cc thnh vin khc trong gia nh anh y u i n rp chiu phim)

3. Here/there + ng t s nhiu + danh t s nhiuHere/ there + ng t s t + danh t s t.V d:- There are 10 students in the classroom. (trong lp hc c 10 hc sinh)- There is some milk in the glass. (C mt t sa trong cc)

4. Vi nhng danh t nh: family, company, class, government, club, class, committee, school, union, choir (i hp xng), staff, firm, jury (ban gim kho), a half of, a percentage of, a majority of... ng t c chia s t hay s nhiu ty thuc vo ngha, ng ca cu.V d:- His family has three members. (Gia nh anh y c 3 thnh vin)- All his family are happy. (C gia nh anh y u vui v.)

5. Trong cu trc A and B: a s ng t s dng s nhiu, tuy nhin cng c mt s trng hp ng t c chia s t ty thuc vo ngi ni. Nu ngi ni m ch mt vt chung th dng s t, hai vt ring l th dng s nhiu.Nh trong v d sau nh: Salt and peper agrees with chicken (Mui tiu th hp vi tht g)1. Cch dng ca hin ti phn t(Ch ng nhm vigerund dng V-ingca ng t chng mnh nh.)+ Dng nh mt tnh t din t bn cht, tnh cht ca mt ai hoc ci g V d:- He finds learning English veryexciting. (Anh y thy vic hc ting Anh rt th v.)She is aninterestingperson. (C y l mt ngi th v)+ Dng rt gn mnh :V d:-Seeingher in front of the door, he called her. (Nhn thy c y trc ca, anh y gi c y)- The boyholdingflowers is my son. (Cu b ang m hoa l con trai ti. )+ Dng sau ng t go nh go swimming, go shopping, go sight-seeing.

2. Cch dng ca qu kh phn t.+ Qu kh phn t ng lm tnh t trong cu dng ch ra thi , tnh cm ca mt ngi no i vi mt s vt, s vic hoc ch trng thi ca mt s vt, s vic.V d:- They areinterestedin listening to music. (H rt thch nghe nhc)- On the third day, they reached anisolatedvillage. (Ngy th 3, h n c mt ngi lng b c lp)+ Dng rt gn mnh .V d:- The book,writtenby Charles Dicken, is very interesting. (Quyn sch c vit bi Charles Dicken rt hay)-Builtlast month, the house is a very famous place now. (c xy dng vo thng trc, hin ti ngi nh tr thnh mt ni ni ting)So snh l hnh thc ph bin trong giao tip ting Anh. Nhng xung quanh hnh thc ny cng lm vn y. Hm nayNPTAs gii thiu vi lp mnh cc hnh thc so snh nh.1. So snh ngang bng.Cu trc chung:

S + V + as + adj/ adv + as + nouns/ pronouns/ S + VCh :- Nu ng t lto beth sau as ltnh t, nu lng t thngth sau as lph tnh.- Trong cu ph nh, chng mnh c th thay t as th nht bng so nh.V d:-She playsas well asher sister does.- He isas tall ashis brother.- They dont workas (so) hard asI do.- They haveas much money aswe do.- Danh t cng c th dng so snh cho cu trc ny nhng trc khi so snh phi xc nh chc chn rng danh t c nhng tnh t tng ng nh sau:Heavy/ light weightWide/ narow widthdeep, shallow depthlong, short lengthbig, small sizehigh/ tall - heightVi nhng cu so snh dng ny, chng mnh dng cu trc: the same + nouns + asV d:She is the same height as me

2. So snh hn v so snh km hn.Khi s dng hnh thc so snh hn vi tnh t v ph t, chng mnh cn phn bittnh t/ ph t ngnvtnh t/ ph t di.Cng nn nhc li v tnh t/ ph t ngn v di nh.- Tnh t/ ph t ngn l nhng tnh t /ph t ch c mt m tit v c hai m tit nhng kt thc bng 4 ui: er, le, ow v y, v d:nice, great, cool, hot, short, poor, warm, clean, hard, fast).- Tnh t/ ph t di l nhng t c t hai m tit tr ln, v d:tired, nervous, crowded, anxious, wonderful, exquisite, exorbitant, carefully - i vi cc ph t v tnh t ngn, ta ch cn cng thm uiERvo tn cng. Nhng t c tn cng bng bn nguyn m phi i thnhier(y ier).i vi nhng tnh t ngn c 1 nguyn m kp gia 2 ph m, ta phi gp i ph m cui khng phi thay i cch c.V d:Hot hotter, Strong stronger, Happy happier, Quick quicker, Hard harder, fast - fasteri vi tt c cc ph t v tnh t di dngMOREng trc tnh t/ ph t nh.V d:more beautiful, more important, more believable, more slowly, more happily.Cu trc chung:Tnh t ngn:S + V + short adj / adv + er + than + nouns/ pronouns/ S+VTnh t di:S + V + more/ less + long adj / adv + than + nouns/ pronouns/ S+VV d:Johns grades arehigherthanhis sisters.Today ishotterthanyesterday.This chair ismore comfortablethanthe other.He speaks Spanishmore fluentlythanI do .He visits his familyless frequentlythanshe does.This years exhibit isless impressivethanlast years.Khi mun nhn mnh cho tnh t/ ph t so snh ngi ta dngfar, much hoctoo much trc so snh.V d:Johns grades aremuchhigherthanhis sisters.Today ismuchhotterthanyesterday.This chair isfarmore comfortablethanthe other.He speaks Spanishfarmore fluentlythanI do .- Chng mnh cng c th so snh hn vi danh t na. Khi ch cn xc nh xem danh t l m c hay khng m c v trc chng c mt s nh ng dng vi2loi danh t ,fewer(cho m c),less(khng m c) vmoredng chung cho c 2.V d:I havemorebooksthanshe does.February hasfewerdaysthanMarch.He earnsasmuchmoneyashis brother.They haveasfewclassesasus.Their job allows themlessfreedomthanours.Before pay-day, I haveaslittlemoneyasmy brother.

3. So snh hn nht.So snh hn nht l dng so snh t ba i tng tr ln.Dng ny cng phn chia ra tnh t/ ph t ngn v tnh t/ ph t di.Cu trc chung:Tnh t/ ph t ngn S + V + the + most + adj(di) / least + adj + nouns.Tnh t/ ph t di: S + V + the / most + adj(di) / least + adj + nouns.Tom isthe tallestboy in the family.Mary isthe shortestof the three sisters.This hat isthe least expensiveof all.Of the three shirts, this one isthe prettiest.Ch : Mt s tnh t/ ph t bt quy tc.C mt s tnh t v ph t m dng so snh hn v so snh hn nht ca n li khng tun theo quy tc thng thng, gi l tnh t/ ph t bt quy tc. Chng mnh cng tm hiu cc tnh t/ ph t nh.Far farther/ further the farthest/ the furrthestLittle less the leastMuch / many more the mostGood/ well better the bestBad / badly worse the worst

4.So snh kp (cng cng.)Dng so snh ny thng dng cu trc so snh hn. C hai v u c o tnh t/ ph t ln trc mnh .Cu trc chung:The + comparative + S + V, the + comparative + S + VThe more + S + V, the + comparative + S + V

V d:The biggerthey are,the harderthey fall.The sooneryou take your medicine,the betteryou will feel.The sooneryou leave,the earlieryou will arrive at your destination.The moreyou study,the smarteryou will become.The morehe rowed the boat,the fartheraway he got.The morehe slept,the more irritablehe became.

5. So snh bi s.y l dng so snh gp ri, gp i, gp 3. Ch dng cu trc so snh bng vi cc t bi s nhtwice/ three times/ four times.Cu trc chung:

Subject + verb + bi s + as + much/ many/ nouns + as + nouns/ pronouns

V d:This encyclopedia coststwice as much asthe other one.At the clambake last week, Fred atethree times as manyoysters asBarney.Jerome hashalf as manyrecordsnowasI had last year.Ch :- Khi dng so snh loi ny phi xc nh r danh t l m c hay khng m c v ng trc chng c muchv many.- Cc cu trc:twicethatmuch/ many(gp i s ) ch c dng trong vn ni, tuyt i khng c dng trong vn vit.

embargo +on/against : cam van Frustration: su that bai proprietary:co tai san

1. Cu trc Sothat (qu .......n ni)

1.1. S + be + so + adj + that + S + V

V d:- The food was so hot that we couldnt eat it. (Thc n nng qu n ni chng ti khng th n c)- The girl is so beautiful that every one likes her. (C gi xinh qu n ni ai cng yu qu c y)

1.2. S + mt s ng t ch tri gic + so + adj + that + S + V

Cc ng t ch tri gic nh sau:seem, feel, taste, smell, sound, look.- I felt so angry that I decided to cancel the trip.(Ti tc gin qu n ni m ti hy ngay chuyn i)- She looks so beautiful that every boy in class looks at her. (Trng c y xinh qu n ni mi chng trai trong lp u nhn c y)

1. 3/ S + V(thng) + so + adv + that + S + V

V d:He drove so quickly that no one could caught him up. (Anh ta li xe nhanh n ni khng ai ui kp anh ta.)Cu trcSo.thatny cng c dng vi danh t, trong cu xut hinso many/ much/ little.

1.4. S + V + so + many/few + plural / countable noun + that + S + V

V d:She has so many hats that she spends much time choosing the suitable one. (C y c nhiu m n ni c y mt rt nhiu thi gian chn la mt chic thch hp)

1.5. S + V + so + much/little + uncountable noun + that + S + V

V d:He drank so much milk in the morning that he felt bad. (Bui sng anh ta ung nhiu sa n mc m anh y cm thy kh chu)

1.6. i vi danh t m c s t, chng ta li c cu trc sau vi So that:

- S + V + so + adj + a + noun (m c s t) + that + S + V

V d:- It was so big a house that all of us could stay in it. ( l mt ngi nh ln n ni tt c chng ti u c trong .)- She has so good a computer that she has used it for 6 years without any errors in it. (C y c chic my tnh tt n ni c y dng 6 nm m khng b li.)

2. Cu trc such. That.

S + V + such + (a/an) + adj + noun + that + S + V

(Vi danh t khng m c th chng mnh khng dng a/ an nh)Cu trcsothatc ngha tng t vi cu trcsuch ...thatnn chng mnh c th i qua i li gia hai cu trc ny y. Nh th ny nh:V d:- The girl is so beautiful that everyone likes her. (C gi p n ni ai cng yu qu c y)=> She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her.- This is such difficult homework that it took me much time to finish it. (Bi tp v nh kh n ni ti mt rt nhiu thi gian mi lm xong.)

3. Cu trc vi too (Qu lm g)

S + to be + too + adj + (for somebody) + to + V

S + V + too + adv + (for somebody) + to + V

V d:- The food is too hot for us to eat. (Thc n qu nng n ni chng ti khng th n c)-He drove too quickly for anyone to catch him up. (Anh ta li xe nhanh n ni khng ai ui kp anh ta.)

4. Cu trc vi Enough: . c th lm gChng ta c th dngenoughvi ctnh t, trng t v danh t. Vitnh t v trng t,ta c hai cu trc sau (Enough ng sau tnh t v trng t.)

S + V + adv + enough + (for somebody) + to + V

S + to be + adj + enough + (for somebody) + to + V

V d:- She is old enough to understand the story. (C y ln hiu chuyn .)- The boy is strong enough to lift the vase. (Cu b khe nng ci bnh ln)Vidanh t, chng mnh dng cu trc sau (enough ng trc danh t)

S + V + enough + noun (for somebody) + to V

V d:- I have enough money to buy this house. (Ti c tin mua cn nh ny)- There has enough time for us to do the exercise. (C thi gian chng ti lm bi tp)- They have enough rooms to stay. (H c phng )Satisfied Bi 10: ng t tnh thi modal verbsCho mng tt c lp mnh. Chng mnh hc c 9 bi ng php nng cao ri y. Hm nay s hc thm mt bi na, l bi 10, ni vng t Tnh thi, hay mt s ngi gi l ng t khuyt thiu. Nhn qua th tng d nhng cng c nhiu vn lm y nh.

I. Cu trc chung ca cu cha ng t tnh thi:

S + modal verbs + V + O

ng t tnh thi c 3 c im ln m lp mnh cn ch nh:- Khng c chia theo ch ng- Tn ti hai dng Hin ti v Qu kh- Theo sau bi ng t nguyn th khng chia.

II. Chi tit v cc ng t tnh thi.

1.CANvCOULD(Dch lc thnh.COULDl dng qu kh caCAN.CAN/ COULD = Be able to

1.1. CAN+ Din t kh nng (ability)V d: Can you swim? Yes I can (Bn c th bi khng? C, ti c th)+ Din t xc xut mt iu c th xy ra (possibility)V d: Can it rain? No, it cant. (Tri c th ma khng nh? Khng, khng th)+ Dng trong vn ni thay th cho MAY ni n mt s cho php (permission) v dng ph nh ca n(CANNOT) dng ch mt s cm on.V d: You can walk around the building but you cant go in to it. (Bn c th i xung quanh ngi nh nhng khng th vo trong .)+ Khi dng vi ng t tri gicCANcho ngha tng ng vi th Tip din.Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the wind (Nghe ny, ti c th nghe thy ting gi ang nghe thy)+ CANNOTcn c dng ch mt iu kh c th xy ra.V d: He cannot fail the exam, he is the best student in my class. (Anh y khng th no thi trt c, anh ta l hc sinh gii nht lp ti)

1.2. COULD (Qu kh ca CAN)+ Ngoi cch dng vi dng qu kh caCAN (COULD = was/ were able to),COULDcn c dng trong cu iu kin.V d:- If I had more money, I could buy this beautiful dress (Nu ti c nhiu tin hn, ti c th mua b qun o p ny)- If she had learned that before, she could have done well the exam. (Nu c y hc iu t trc, c y c th lm tt bi kim tra.)+Din t mt s ng vc hay mt li phn khng nh nhng.V d:- His story could be true but I hardly believe it. (Cu chuyn ca anh y c th ng, nhng ti hu nh khng tin n)- You could ask me to do the job, but I dont want to do. (Anh c th yu cu ti lm vic nhng ti khng thch lm u)+ Trong cu ngh lch s,COULD c xem l c ngha lch s hnCAN+ Nu cu ni hm mt s thnh cng trong vic thc hin hnh ng th ngi ta khng s dngCOULDm dng was/ were able toI finished my lesson early and so I was able to go with my husband.(Ti lm xong vic sm nn ti c th i cng chng ti)

2. MAY v MIGHT (M IGHT l dng qu kh ca MAY)+ Din t kh nng mt hnh ng c th xy ra.V d:- He may decide to go. (C khi anh ta s quyt nh i)- He said that it might be true. (Anh y ni rng iu c th ng)+ Din t s cho php.V d:- May I borrow your pen? (Ti c th mn bn ci bt c khng?)\- They asked if they might use the computer. (H hi xem liu h c th s dng my tnh khng)+ Din t mt li cu chcV d: May our dream come true (c g c m ca chng ta thnh hin thc)+ Dng trong mnh trng ng ch s nhng b.V d: - He may be thin and short, he is very healthy=> Although he is thin and short, he is very healthy. (D anh ta gy v thp, anh y rt khe mnh)- He might learn a lot, he couldnt pass the exam.=> Although he learned a lot, he couldnt pass the exam. (D anh ta hc rt nhiu, anh ta khng th qua c k thi)+ Dng trong mnh trng ng ch mc ch (adverb clauses of purpose). Trong trng hp ny chng mnh cng c th dngCAN/ COULDthay choMAY/MIGHT.She studied very hard sothat she might read English books.(C y hc rt chm c th c c sch ting Anh)+Chng mnh cng dngMAY/ MIGHT din t mt li trch mc kho.V d:- You may listen to me when I am talking. (Bn lm n lng nghe trong khi ti ang ni)- You might help him something with his task. (Bn lm n gip anh ta mt cht trong cng vic ca anh y)+ Dng trong cc mnh sau cc t Hope v TrustV d: I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your job.(Ti hi vng/ tin rng bn s tm ra k hoch cho cng vic ca bn)

3.SHALL v SHOULD (SHOULD l dng qu kh ca SHALL)

3.1. SHALL:+ Dng trong cu trc th Tng lai (Simple Future) ngi th nht.I shall have a lot of money (Ti s c rt nhiu tin.)+ Din t mt li ha, mt s qu quyt hay mt mi e da.If you work hard, you shall have a trip to London. (Nu hc chm ch, con s c mt chuyn i n Londo=> ha)He shall pay you what he owes me. (Anh ta s phi tr gi cho nhng g anh ta n ta => e da)These people want to buy my house, but they shant have it.(Nhng ngi mun mua nh ti, nhng h s khng th c c n => qu quyt)

3.2. SHOULD+ Khuyn ai nn lm g, should =ought to.You should follow the teacher.(Bn nn nghe theo gio vin)+ Chng mnh cng c th dngSHOULDthay chomustkhi khng mun din t mt ngha qu bt buc ai phi lm g.Members who want tickets for the film should apply to the Secretary.(Nhng thnh vin mun c c v xem phim phi ng k vi th k)

4.WILL WOULD4.1. WILL+ c dng th Tng lai n gin (Chng mnh hc qua ri y)I will return it to you (Ti s tr n cho anh)+ Dng trong cu ngh na nh.Will you open the window? (Bn lm n m ca ra c khng ?)

4.2. WOULD:+ Din t dng qu kh ca th Tng lai hay cc th trong cu iu kin.He said he would send me a letter (Anh ta ni anh ta s gi cho ti mt l th)If she were here, she would know how to do that.(Nu c y y, c y s bit phi lm th no)If he had known about it he would have been very happy.(Nu anh y bit iu , anh y s rt vui)

5.MUST+ MUSTc ngha l phi din t mt mnh lnh hay mt s bt buc.You must finish the lesson before 9.00.(Anh ta phi hon thnh bi hc trc 9h)+MUSTdng trong cu suy lun logic, mt s suy on.You want to meet her at midnight? You must be mad!(Bn mun gp c y gia m, bn b in ri)+MUST NOT (MUSTNT)li c dng din t mt lnh cm.You mustnt walk on this bridge.(Bn khng c i b trn chic cu ny)+ Khi mun din t th ph nh caMUSTvi ngha khng cn thit ngi ta s dngNEED NOT (NEEDNT).Must I do it now? No, you neednt..(Ti c phi lm vic ngay by gi khng? Khng cn u)

6. MUST v HAVE TO+MUST v HAVE TOu c th dng din t s cng p, bt buc. Tuy nhin MUST mang ngha s cng bch n t ngi ni trong khiHAVE TOmang ngha s cng bch n t hon cnh bn ngoi.Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge. (Hnh khch phi bng qua ng bng cch i ln cu => V khng cn ng no khc)+HAVE TOdng thay choMUSTtrong nhng hnh thc mMUSTkhng c.We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the train.(Chng ta phi nhanh ln nu mun kp chuyn tu)+HAVE TOkhng ththay thMUSTtrong cu suy lun logic.He must be mad. (I personally thought that he was mad)

6.OUGHT TO DARE NEED

6.1. OUGHT TOOUGHT TOc ngha l nn, gn ging viSHOULD. Trong hu ht cc trng hpOUGHT TOc th c thay th bngSHOULD.They ought to (should) pay the fee.(H nn tr ph)+ OUGHT TOcng dng din t mt s gn ng, rt c th ng.If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here now.(Nu Alice ra khi nh lc 9h,C y c th c mt y lc ny)+ OUGHT NOT TO HAVE+ past participle din t mt s khng tn ng v mt hnh ng lm trong qu kh.You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing.(Bn khng nn tiu tiu qu nhiu tin vo mt vic nh th)

6.2. DARE+DAREc ngha l dm, c gan c th c xem nh mt ng t tnh thi ln ng t thng. Khi l mt ng t tnh thi, n c y c tnh ca loi ng t ny.Dare he go and speak to her? (ng t tnh thi)She didnt dare to say a word, did she? (ng t thng)

6.3. NEED- C hai ng tNEED: mt ng t thng v mt ng t tnh thi. Khi l ng t tnh thiNEEDch c hnh thc Hin ti v c y c tnh ca mt ng t tnh thi. N c ngha l cn phi, tng t nhHAVE TO.

If= provide that : Trc ht chng mnh cng xem Mnh danh ng l g nh

Khi nim:Mnh danh ng (danh t) l mt mnh ph ng vai tr nh mt danh t trong cu. Ni cch khc, trong cu, danh t c chc nng g th mnh danh ng c chc nng .

Cc mem nh lu nh:Mc d c th c cu trc y ca mt cu bao gm Ch ng + ng t + Tn ng (SVO) nhng mnh danh ng khng th tch khi mnh chnh ng c lp nh mt cu.

Vy c im ca mnh danh ng l g nh?

Mnh danh ng thng c bt u bng that, cc t hi (question words) who, whose, what, where, when, why, how hoc whether, if

By gi chng mnh s n nhng chc nng ca Mnh danh ng nhMt mnh danh ng c th lm:1. Ch ng trong cu (Subject of a sentence)

Nhng cu c mnh danh ng lm ch ng thng c cu trc nh sau:Where/ when/ why/ what/ that+ S+ V+ V

V d:+That he did such a thingsurprised me a lot (iu anh ta lm khin ti rt ngc nhin)+What he is talking aboutis interesting (Nhng iu anh y ni tht th v)

2. Tn ng ca ng t (object of a verb)

Dng cu ny mnh danh ng lm b ng sau ng t v thng c cu trc nh sau:S + V + what/ where/ when/ why/ that+ S+ V

V d:+ She knowsthat her parents love her so much(C y bit rng b m rt yu c y)

+ Could you tell mewhere they live? (Anh c th cho ti bit h sng u c khng?)

3. Tn ng cho gii t (object of a preposition)

Cu dng ny mnh danh ng ng sau gii t v thng c cu trc nh sau:S + V/be + adj+ preposition + where/ what/ when/ why/ that.+ S + V

V d:+ He is interested inwhat I am doing(Anh ta rt hng th vi vic ti ang lm)+ She paid attention towhat they were talking(C y ch v nhng g h ang ni)

4. B ng cho ch ng

Nhng cu dng ny thng c cu trc sau:S + To be+ what/ where/ when/ why/ that.+ S+ V

V d:+ What surprises me isthat they are not American(iu lm ti ngc nhin l h khng phi l ngi M)+ The main content of the article iswhat people should do to protect the endangered species(Ni dung chnh ca bi bo l mi ngi nn lm g bo v nhng loi ng vt qu him ang c nguy c tuyt chng)

Trn y l bn chc nng rut ca mnh danh ng, v by gi chng mnh cng xem liu mnh danh ng c th rt gn c hay khng nh

Mnh danh ng rt gn (Reduction of noun clauses)Trong cc trng hp sau:

Mnh danh ng ng v tr tn ng Mnh danh ng v mnh chnh c chung ch ng

Khi chng mnh c th rt gn mnh danh theo cng thc:how/ when/ where/ what + to V

V d:+ I cant decide whether I will leave or stay (Ti khng th quyt nh liu ti s i hay li)=I cant decidewhether to leave or stay(Ti khng th quyt nh i hay li)

+ She told me where I could buy some fruit (C y ch cho ti ni ti c th mua tri cy)=She told mewhere to buysome fruit (C y ch cho ti mua tri cy u)

Anh em CH nh:-Ngoi THAT, khng lin t trong mnh danh ng no khc c th c lc b, THAT ch c b khi khng ng u cu.(ci ny rt d nhm ln nn mem lu nh)

V d:+ We know (that) the world is round("that" b c v khng ng u cu)+That she didnt pass the examwas obvious(Mnh danh ng vi that ng u cu lm ch ng nn khng b thatc u nh)

- Cn na,trong mnh danh ng, ch ng lun ng trc ng t.Nh l chng mnh khng dng trt t t trong cu nghi vn trong mnh danh ng nh.

V d:I couldnt hear what she said (Ti khng th nghe c nhng g c y ni)(NOTI couldnt hear what did she say)

Cc gii t i chung vi look - look + prep- Look after sb: chm sc, trng nom- Look ahead: suy ngh v tng lai (s c chuyn g xy ra)- Look around/round sth: nhn quanh- Look around/round for sth: tm kim ci g nhiu ni- Look at sth: nhn; iu tra

- Look back (on sth): ngh v mt iu g trong qu kh

- Look down on sb/sth: nh gi thp

- Look for sth: tm kim- Look forward to sth/doing sth: hi vng, trng mong

- Look in (on sb): gh thm- Look into sth: nghin cu

- Look on: nhn ci g vi t cch, thi khng lin quan- Look on sb/sth as sb/sth: Coi ai, ci g nh..- Look out: cnh bo ai c nguy him ang n.

- Look through sth: xem qua- Look through sb: ng l

- Look up (from sth): nhn ln- Look up: tr nn tt hn (kinh doanh, hon cnh,...)- Look up sth: tra cu- Look up sb: lin lc- Look up to sb: ngng m, knh trnglook

[luk]

danh t

ci nhn, ci dm

to have a look at

nhn n, ng n

v mt, nt mt

a look of indignation

v phn n

ngoi hnh, nhan sc

good looks

v p, sc p

phong cch, mt

by the look of sb/sth

c theo b ngoi ca ai/ci g m xt

to give sb a dirty look

nhn ai mt cch gh tm

to take a long look at sth

xemlong

one must not hang a man by his looks

do not judge a man by his looks

khng nn trng mt m bt hnh dong

ng t

nhn; xem; ng; ; ch

look!the sun is rising

nhn ka! mt tri ang ln

m to mt nhn, ging mt nhn

don't look like that

ng ging mt ra nh th

ng n, n, oi n, lu

look that the door be not left open

lu ng ca b ng

mong i, tnh n, toan tnh

do not look to hear from him for some time

ng c mong i tin g ca n trong mt thi gian na

hng v, xoay v, quay v, ngonh v

the room looks west

gian bung hng ty

c v; t ra

to look healthy/ill/sad/tired

trng c v kho/m/bun/mt

this coffee looks strong

c ph ny c v m

you made me look a complete fool!

anh lm ti c v nh mt thng ngc tht ngc!

to look like somebody/something(to somebody);to look(to somebody)as if.../as though...

c v

it looks sand and it is sand

trng ging nh ct m l ct tht

this self-portrait doesn't look like him at all

chn dung t ho ny chng ging ng ta t no

it looks like rain;it looks as if it's going to rain

tri c v mun ma; tri trng nh sp ma

you look as if you returned from a long trip

trng anh c v nh i xa v

it doesn't look to me as if she likes this book

ti thy c v nh c y khng thch quyn sch ny

to look about

i ch

to look about one

nhn quanh

n o, ngh k trc khi c k hoch lm g

to look after

nhn theo

trng nom, chm sc

to look after patients

chm sc ngi bnh

, tm kim

to look at

nhn, ngm, xem

xt, xem xt

that is not the way to look at our proposal

khng phi l cch xem xt li ngh ca chng ti

he will not look at it

n khng thm nhn n ci , n bc b ci

to look away

quay i

to look back

quay li nhn, ngoi c li nhn

to look back upon

nhn li (ci g qua)

to look back upon the past

nhn li qu kh

to look down

nhn xung

h gi

(+upon,on) ra v k c

to look for

tm kim

to look for trouble

chuc ly phin lu

i, ch, mong

to look for news from home

ch tin nh

to look forward to

mong i mt cch hn hoan; ch i mt cch vui thch

I am looking forward to your visit

ti mong ch anh n thm

we look forward to hearing from you

chng ti rt mong nhn c tin ng

to look in

nhn vo

gh qua thm, tt qua, tt vo

to look into

nhn vo bn trong; xem xt k, nghin cu

to look into a question

nghin cu mt vn

nhn ra, quay v, hng v

the window of his room looks into the street

ca s bung n nhn ra ng

to look on

ng xem, ng nhn

nhn k, ngm

to look on something with distrust

nhn ci g vi v nghi ng

(nh)to look upon

look out!

hy cn thn; hy coi chng!

look out!there is a step

cn thn nh! c mt ci bc cu thang y

to look something out(for somebody/something)

tm thy ci g

to look out someone's address in one's notebook

tm ra a ch ai trong cun s tay ca mnh

You must look out those invoices for the chief accountant

Anh phi tm cho ra my t ho n a cho k ton trng

to look out for somebody/something

hoc canh chng thy, tm ra hoc bit ai/ci g

to look out for squalls

phng nguy him

will you go to the post office and look out for your wife?

anh s ra bu in tm v anh ch?

look out for housebreakers!

hy phng bn trm!

do look out for spelling mistakes in the translation

hy phng li chnh t trong bn dch

to look over

xem xt, kim tra

to look over accounts

kim tra cc khon chi thu

tha th, qun i, b qua

to look over the faults of somebody

b qua nhng li lm ca ai

nhn bao qut, bao qut, cao nhn xung

the high mountain peak looks over the green fields

nh ni cao bao qut c cnh ng xanh

to look round

nhn quanh

suy ngh, cn nhc

don't make a hurried decision,look round well first

ng nn quyt nh vi vng, hy suy ngh k

to look through

khng thm nhn, l i

to look through one's old friend

khng thm nhn bn c

nhn k t u n chn, xem ln lt, xem k, c k; nhn thu

to look a translation through

c k mt bn dch

xem lt qua, c lt qua

to look through a translation

c lt qua mt bn dch

biu l, l ra

his greed looked through his eyes

lng tham ca n l ra trong i mt

to look to

lu , cn thn v

to look to one's manners

cn thn trong li n ting ni

look to it that this will not happen again

hy lu ng cho iu ti din

mong i, i ch ( ai); tin vo, trng cy vo, chc vo (ai)

to look to someone for something

trng cy vo ai v mt ci g

quan tm chu o n iu g

every government must look to maintaining the public order

chnh ph no cng phi quan tm n vic duy tr trt t tr an

to look toward

(nh)to look to

to look towards

(thng tc) nng cc, chc sc kho (ai)

to look up

nhn ln, ngc ln

tm kim

to look a word up in the dictionary

tm (tra) mt t trong t in

(thng nghip) ln gi, tng gi

the price of cotton is looking up

gi bng tng ln

(thng nghip) pht t

n thm

to look up to

tn knh, knh trng

every Vietnamese looks up to PresidentHoChiMinh

mi ngi Vit Nam u tn knh Ch tch H Ch Minh

to look upon

xem nh, coi nh

to look upon somebody as...

coi ai nh l...

to look alive

nhanh ln, khn trng ln

hnh ng kp thi

to look black

nhn gin d; trng v gin d

to look blue

c v ang chn; c v bun bc tht vng

to look daggers at

(xem)dagger

to look down one's nose at

nhn vi v coi khinh

to look in the face

nhn thng vo mt; nhn thng vo s vic khng chn bc e ngi

don't look a gift-horse in the mouth

(xem)gift-horse

to look for a needle in a haystack

(xem)needle

to look sharp

cao cnh gic

hnh ng kp thi

khn trng ln, hot ng ln

to look through colour of spectacles

nhn s vic khng ng vi thc t; nhn s vic qua cp knh mu

to look oneself again

trng c v li ngi, trng c v li hn

to look small

(xem)small

to look someone up and down

nhn ai t u n chn (mt cch k cng hay khinh b)

look before you leap

(xem)leap

to look one's age

trng ng nh tui tht ca mnh (chng gi chng tr hn tui tht)

show

[ou]

danh t

s by t

to vote by show of hands

biu quyt bng gi tay

s trng by; cuc trin lm

s ph trng; s khoe khoang

a fine show of blossom

cnh mun hoa khoe sc

(thng tc) cuc biu din

a film show

mt bui chiu phim

b ngoi, hnh thc, s gi , s gi b

to do something for show

lm vic g ly hnh thc

to be fond of show

chung hnh thc

his sympathy is mere show

v thin cm ca anh ta ch l gi

(t lng) c hi, dp

to have no show at all

khng gp dp

(y hc) nc u i

(t lng) vic, cng vic kinh doanh, vic lm n

to run(boss)the show

iu khin mi vic

(qun s), (t lng) trn nh, chin dch

to give away the show x give good show!

kh lm!, hay lm!

ngoi ng tshowed;showed,shown

cho xem, cho thy, trng by, a cho xem; t ra

an aperture shows the inside

mt khe h cho ta thy pha bn trong

to show trained tress

trng by cy cnh

to show neither joy nor anger

khng t ra vui m cng khng t ra gin

to favour to somebody

t s chiu c i vi ai

t ra, t r

to show intelligence

t ra thng minh

to show the authenticity of the tale

t r cu chuyn l c tht

ch, bo, dy

to show someone the way

ch ng cho ai

to show someone how to read

dy ai c

dn, dt

to show someone round the house

dn ai i quanh nh

to show someone to his room

dn ai v phng

ni ng t

hin ra, xut hin, trng r, ra trc cng chng, (thng tc) l mt, li ra

buds are just showing

n hoa ang nh ra

he never shows[up]at big meetings

hn khng bao gi l mt ra cc cuc hp ln

your shirt's tails are showing

ui o s mi anh li ra

to show in

a vo, dn vo

to show off

gy n tng vi ngi khc bng cch khoe khoang, ph trng ca ci, ti nng... ca mnh

to show out

a ra, dn ra

to show up

l ra, l mt n (ai)

(thng tc) xut hin, l mt ra, xut u l din; c mt

(t M,ngha M) lm cho xu h; lm cho ngng

to show a clean pair of heels

(xem)heel

to show the cloven hoof

(xem)hoof

to show one's colours

l bn cht ca mnh; l ng phi ca mnh

to show fight

(xem)fight

to show one's hands

l ca mnh

to show a leg

(xem)leg

to show the white feather