WPROWADZENIE

Celem tej książki jest, niemal wyłącznie, wzbogacenie słownictwa studenta w sposób szybki i efektywny.

Prawdopodobnie właśnie teraz student będzie odczuwał, że zaczyna umieć język angielski. W tym momencie istnieje niebezpieczeństwo, że zechce on zacząć używać go w bardziej naturalny, swobodny sposób. Może się zdarzyć, iż zniecierpliwiony uporządkowanym funkcjonowaniem Metody, opartej na pytaniach i odpowiedziach, student będzie chciał prowadzić bardziej swobodne rozmowy i czytać ciekawe książki na lekcji. Jest on jak atleta, który chce opuścić trening przed czasem i przystąpić do zawodów. Jedynie bardzo zły trener mógłby na to pozwolić.

W tym momencie nauki student nie posiada jeszcze wystarczającego zasobu słów i płynności w użyciu przyswojonego materiału, aby móc sobie pozwolić na prowadzenie swobodnych rozmów w klasie. Przy pierwszej próbie takiej rozmowy student sam zorientowałby się, że jąka się i w desperacji szuka odpowiednich wyrazów niezbędnych do wyrażenia myśli. W ten sposób znudziłby resztę klasy.

Oczywiście jest w stanie przeprowadzić prostą rozmowę i może to czynić poza lekcjami, jeżeli ma taką możliwość; jednakże w takiej rozmowie znudzi tylko jedną osobę a nie całą klasę. Wymaga to dużego egoizmu i braku wrażliwości, aby zanudzać ludzi i narzucać się im ze swym jąkaniem. Jest to tak, jak w przypadku muzyka, czy aktora, który wychodzi na scenę bez wystarczającego przygotowania -może to okazać się bardzo krępujące.

Są różne sposoby poszerzania zasobu słownictwa. Student może, na przykład, utworzyć listę 1000-ca słów w tej książce i uczyć się systematycznie, na pamięć 10-ciu słów dziennie, przez okres trzech miesięcy. Musiałby on oczywiście powtarzać każdą grupę 10-ciu słów co najmniej dwa razy. Na przykład, student mógłby nauczyć się 10-ciu słów w poniedziałek, powtórzyć je we wtorek i ponownie w środę, a potem jeszcze raz pod koniec danego miesiąca. Nie jest to oczywiście bardzo interesujący sposób nauki, nie jest też wcale bardzo szybki. Innym sposobem wzbogacenia słownictwa jest prowadzenie swobodnych rozmów i dyskusji, jak również czytanie interesującej książki na lekcji. Jednak podczas prowadzenia swobodnych rozmów może pojawić się znudzenie, o którym już wcześniej wspomniano. Dodatkowo każde nowe słowo, użyte w rozmowie lub w książce, musi być objaśnione przez nauczyciela (oznacza to, iż nauczyciel będzie mówił zbyt wiele). Tak, jak w każdym innym systemie, słownictwo nadal musi być powtarzane systematycznie, następnego dnia i później kolejnego, a także jeszcze raz na końcu miesiąca. Jeżeli studenci tego nie uczynią, to po upływie dwóch miesięcy nie tylko nie będą mogli przypomnieć sobie znaczenia tych słów, ale również wielu z nich nie będzie pamiętało, że kiedykolwiek w swoim życiu widzieli je bądź słyszeli. Z doświadczeń Metody Callana wynika, że prawidłowość taka ma miejsce.

Jakikolwiek system poszerzania słownictwa zostanie zastosowany, nie będzie w nim ucieczki od powtórek. Oczywiście są studenci, którym zapamiętywanie słów przychodzi z łatwością. „Chwytają" oni również słówka w miarę wydłużania się okresu obcowania z językiem angielskim. Jednakże tacy studenci zdarzają się rzadko. Dla zdecydowanej większości zapamiętywanie słownictwa stanowi dużą trudność. Gdyby tak nie było wszyscy bylibyśmy poliglotami. Czasami nauczycielom języka angielskiego trudno jest to zrozumieć. Dla nich samych nauczenie się języka było proste i z reguły nie rozumieją oni, jak trudne może to być dla przeciętnego studenta. Tak czy inaczej, nawet studenci posiadający dobrą pamięć, muszą powtarzać. W posługiwaniu się językiem nie wystarcza zapamiętanie słowa, konieczne jest przypomnienie go sobie i użycie natychmiast w danym momencie bez wahania; nie tylko przez okres następnych paru miesięcy, ale przez całe życie. Dobra pamięć niekoniecznie musi być długa. Doświadczenia Metody Callana wskazują, iż najszybszym, najłatwiejszym i najbardziej efektywnym sposobem poszerzania zasobu słów, jest systematyczne powtarzanie, jak również technika szybkich pytań i odpowiedzi stosowana w całej Metodzie. Technika ta rozwija szybki refleks u studenta i zapewnia możliwość natychmiastowego przypomnienia sobie danego wyrazu. Jest to również najmniej nudne podejście. Przyswajane słownictwo i zdolność użycia go poprzez swobodne rozmowy może zająć przeciętnemu studentowi lata.

Po omówieniu wszystkich pięciu książek Metody Callana, student nie będzie miał żadnych trudności w rozmowie czy dyskusji na jakikolwiek temat. Nie potrzebuje on żadnych specjalnych lekcji konwersacji. Cała Metoda Callana składa się właśnie z rozmowy, począwszy od pierwszej lekcji - rozmowy kontrolowanej i efektywnej.

Ostatnim problemem swobodnej rozmowy, abstrahując od faktu, iż jest ona trudna do prowadzenia w dużym gronie osób, jest to, że w takiej rozmowie przewagę będą miały osoby najbardziej rozmowne i komunikatywne. Natomiast reszta klasy będzie siedziała w milczeniu. Nawet jeżeli studenci rozumieją, iż swobodna rozmowa nie jest efektywna, nadal istnieje dla nich i dla nauczycieli pokusa, aby zaangażować się w nią od czasu do czasu - sprowokowane może być to pytaniami z książki. Na przykład, po pytaniu takim, jak „Co złości cię bardziej niż cokolwiek innego?", może wyniknąć dyskusja o sprawach, które złoszczą studentów najbardziej. Może wydawać się ona bardzo interesującą, jednakże zwalnia lekcję w znacznej mierze z przyczyn wyżej wspomnianych, doprowadzając studentów do zmęczenia. Lekcje przeprowadzane w ten sposób mogą podwoić czas trwania nauki studenta, z czego nie będzie on zadowolony.

Po zadaniu pewnych pytań, nauczyciel może zapytać studenta, „Dlaczego?" lub „Dlaczego nie?", tylko po to, aby dać studentowi szansę wyrażenia jego opinii w sprawie zawartej w pytaniu. Jeżeli jednak student nie umie wyrazić swych myśli szybko, bez wahania, nauczyciel powinien natychmiast przystąpić do zadania następnego pytania. Ogólna dyskusja nie powinna być dozwolona pod żadnym pozorem. Jest ona stratą czasu i w końcu doprowadzi do znudzenia.

STAGE 9

815 LESSON 125

EDGE LITTLE BY LITTLE INTEND krawędź, poruszać się stopniowo po trochu zamierzać

WHAT PART OF THE TABLE IS THIS? That part of... is the edge

CAN WE BALANCE A DINNER-PLATE ON ITS EDGE ? Yes, perhaps we can balance ... but it'd be rather difficult and would depend on the type of plate

CAN WE CUT BREAD WITH THE THICK EDGE OF A KNIFE ? No, we cant...

The verb "to edge" means "to move slowly, little by little," usually in a sideways direction, but also in any direction./

WHAT DOES THE VERB "TO EDGE" MEAN ? The verb ... "to move slowly, little by little" ...

WHY DOES A CAR HAVE TO EDGE FORWARD WHEN TURNING FROM A SMALL SIDE-STREET INTO A MAIN STREET AGAINST THE FLOW OF TRAFFIC ? A car has to edge forward when ... so that other cars can see what it

intends doing, and so slow down to let it pass ...

TIN puszka

816 WHY DO FACTORIES PUT FOOD IN TINS ?/ Factories put food in tins to conserve it

WHAT METAL IS A TIN MADE OF? A tin is made of tin

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES OF ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS AND PARTICIPLES

HELPFUL pomocny

Adjectives of two syllables which end in the letters -er, -le, -ow and -y form their comparatives and superlatives by adding -er and -est. For example, clever - cleverer - cleverest.

WHICH ADJECTIVES OF TWO SYLLABLES FORM THEIR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES BY ADDING -ER AND -EST ?/ The adjectives of two syllables which form ... are those which end in -er, -le, -ow, or -y

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! Simple ... simpler ... simplest

Adjectives of two syllables which do not end in the letters - er - le - ow or -y and have the accent on the first syllable, form their comparatives and superlatives by using "more" and "most". For example,

helpful more helpful the most helpful

useless more useless the most useless

817 WHICH ADJECTIVES OF TWO SYLLABLES FORM THEIR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES BY USING "MORE" AND "MOST" ?/ The adjectives of two syllables which form ... are those which do not end in -er -le -ow or -y and have their accent on the first syllable

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! Modern . .. more modem ... the most modern

Participles ending in -ed or -ing also form their comparatives by using "more" and "most". For example,

pleased more pleased the most pleased

boring more boring the most boring

HOW DO WE FORM THE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES OF PARTICIPLES ENDING IN -ED OR -ING ? We form the ... by using "more"

and "most"...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE !/ Learned ... more learned ... Interesting...

Adverbs of two syllables made from adjectives by adding -ly form their compar-atives and superlatives by using "more" and "most". For example,

carefully more carefully the most carefully

HOW DO WE FORM THE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES OF 818 ADVERBS OF TWO SYLLABLES WHICH ARE MADE FROM ADJECTIVES

BY ADDING -LY ? We form the ... which are made from adjectives by adding -ly by using "more" and "most"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ Happily; more happily; the most happily

SYMPATHY współczucie

WHAT KIND OF PEOPLE DO YOU HAVE MOST SYMPATHY FOR ? The kind of people I have most sympathy for are those who lie

in bed for years, or who are blind ...

ANXIETY trwoga, niepokój ANXIOUS niespokojny

DO YOU FEEL ANY GREAT ANXIETY ABOUT YOUR OWN PERSONAL FUTURE, OR THE FUTURE OF THE WORLD ? Yes, I feel some anxiety... or...

No, I don't feel any ...

WHY IS A SHOPKEEPER ANXIOUS TO PLEASE HIS CUSTOMERS ?/ A shopkeeper is ... so that they will come back again ...

819 ENTERTAIN zabawiać ENTERTAINMENT rozrywka

WHAT KIND OF ENTERTAINMENTS EXIST IN THE PLACE WHERE YOU LIVE? The kind of ...are...

SUPPOSING YOU COULD ENTERTAIN A FAMOUS PERSON AT YOUR HOUSE, EITHER A GREAT FIGURE IN HISTORY OR SOMEONE ALIVE TODAY, WHOM WOULD YOU CHOOSE?/ Supposing I could entertain ...

I'd choose...

BY ACCIDENT przez przypadek

IF BY ACCIDENT YOU KNOCKED SOMEBODY'S ARM WHILST HE WAS WRITING, WHATT) YOU SAY? If by accident... I'd say "I'm sorry", or just "Sorry"

BACKGROUND tło, pochodzenie APPLY składać podanie, zastosować

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE BACKGROUND OF A PICTURE OR A PHOTOGRAPH ? By the background... mean that part which is behind the main subject

WHEN A STUDENT APPLIES TO GO TO UNIVERSITY, IS HE ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT HIS PERSONAL BACKGROUND ?/ Yes, when a ...

or ... No, when a...

820 WHAT KIND OF ACTIVITIES DO YOU APPLY YOUR ENERGIES TO MOST? The kind of activities ... are ...

DOES THE LAW OF THE LAND APPLY TO EVERYBODY ? Yes, the law ... or, at least, it should

WHERE DO YOU HAVE TO GO TO APPLY FOR A PASSPORT ? You have

to go to... to apply...

HIGHLY2000 wysoce THE BROWNS Brawnowie

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD " HIGHLY ". It's highly probable that the Browns won't come today

ANCIENT starożytny EGYPT Egipt

WHICH IS ONE OF THE MOST ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD ? One of the ... is the Egyptian civilization, or the

Babylonian civilization...

SOMEWHAT nieco

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD "SOMEWHAT". I'd say he was somewhat lacking in common sense

AT ALL w ogóle

821 GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "AT ALL". It's very strange; I've worked hard all day but don't feel tired at all

MERCHANT kupiec

WHAT DOES A MERCHANT DO?/ A merchant buys and sells goods

IDIOM 28

WHY ON EARTH = a very strong form of "why ?" dlaczego u licha ...

e.g. Why on earth didn't you buy one, as they were so very cheap?

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "WHY ON EARTH" MEAN ? The idiom ... a very strong form of "why?"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! I just can't understand why on earth they got married if they don't like each other very much

DICTATION 67 UNITY jedność

There are various means of transport/these days;/not as in the old days/ when people only had the choice/ of going on foot/ or on horseback,/ or by some/ horse-drawn means of transport./ Being overweight is usually due to overeating./ One usually needs to be taught/ how to operate a factory machine./ Unity is essential for success/ in a battle./ Alfred is the elder/ of the two children,/ though even he is not very old./ They just could not decide/ whether to rent a house/ for the summer / or stay at a hotel. / Eventually, however,/ they chose to rent a house.

822 LESSON 126

EXPLAIN TO wyjaśnić, wytłumaczyć SUGGEST TO sugerować, proponować

CAN YOU EXPLAIN THE GAME OF FOOTBALL TO ME (OR ANY OTHER GAME YOU MIGHT KNOW) ? Yes, I can explain the ...

A game of football is composed of...

CAN YOU SUGGEST TO ME A NICE PLACE FOR A HOLIDAY ? Yes, I can suggest ... or... No, I can't...

CONFIDENT pewny siebie

NOW THAT YOU ARE AT THIS STAGE OF YOUR ENGLISH STUDIES, DO YOU THINK YOU'D BE ABLE TO TRAVEL ABROAD CONFIDENT OF MAKING YOURSELF UNDERSTOOD IN THE LANGUAGE? Yes, now that

I'm at... or... No, now that...

AGREE ABOUT AGREE THAT AGREE TO uzgodnić zgodzić się, że... zgodzić się na

AGREE WITH zgodzić się LAND IN PRISON znaleźć się w więzieniu

823 IF YOUR FRIEND WANTS TO GO TO ONE CINEMA AND YOU WANT TO GO TO ANOTHER, AND YOU CAN'T AGREE ABOUT WHICH TO GO TO, WHAT DO YOU DO ? If my friend wants to ... we ...

DO YOU AGREE THAT LIFE WAS BETTER IN THE PAST THAN IT IS TODAY ?/ Yes, I agree that... or... No, I don't agree

WOULD YOU AGREE TO DO AN EXTRA THREE HOURS OF ENGLISH TODAY ? Yes, I'd agree to ... or... No, I wouldn't...

WOULD YOU AGREE TO A PLAN THAT MIGHT LAND YOU IN PRISON ? Yes, I'd agree to ... or ... No, I wouldn't...

WHEN YOU DON'T AGREE WITH OTHERS, WHAT DO YOU DO?/ When 1 don't agree with ... I ...

TAKE CARE RUN OVER CARE FOR opiekować się, uważać przejechać (coś, kogoś) tu: mieć ochotę

WHAT DO YOU THINK OUGHT TO BE DONE WITH DRIVERS WHO DON'T TAKE CARE WHILST DRIVING, AND SO RUN OVER PEOPLE?

I think that drivers who don't... ought to ... 824 WHO TAKES CARE OF YOU WHEN YOU'RE ILL ?/ My ... takes care ...

DO YOU CARE WHAT PEOPLE SAY ABOUT YOU ? Yes, I care ... or ... No, I don't care what...

When we ask someone to dance, we can say "Would you care for this dance ?", or "Would you like to dance ?"

WHAT CAN WE SAY WHEN WE ASK SOMEONE TO DANCE? When we ask ... we can say ...

I DARE SAY = IT IS PROBABLE DARING REQUIRE przypuszczam śmiałość, odwaga wymagać, żądać

"I dare say you're right" means I think it is probable that you are right. For such an expression we always use the first person./

WHAT DOES THIS SENTENCE MEAN, IN OTHER WORDS ? - "I DARE SAY YOU'RE RIGHT." That sentence means, in other words, "I think it

is probable that you are right" WHAT KIND OF JOB WOULD YOU SAY REQUIRED THE MOST DARING?

I'd say the kind of job which ... would be that...

EAGER ochoczy RUB trzeć

825 WHEN PEOPLE ARE EAGER TO DO SOMETHING, WHAT DO THEY SOMETIMES LOOK LIKE?/ When people are ... they sometimes look alive,

have bright eyes, and perhaps rub their hands together ...

FACE (v) wyglądać, stawić czoła FACE TO FACE oko w oko

WHERE DOES THIS WINDOW FACE ONTO ? This window ... the street, a courtyard...

IF YOU FOUND YOURSELF FACE TO FACE WITH A KILLER WITH A KNIFE IN HIS HAND, WHAT'D YOU DO? If I found myself... I'd ...

UP TO aż do...

ABOUT HOW MANY PAGES OF THIS METHOD HAVE YOU STUDIED UP TO NOW ?/ I've studied about... pages of...

ATTACK atakować

DO INNOCENT PEOPLE EVER GET ATTACKED IN THE STREETS OF YOUR HOME TOWN ? Yes, innocent people ... or ... No, innocent...

BURY zakopać, pogrzebać

WHAT DOES A DOG DO WITH ITS BONE ? A dog buries its bone in the ground...

826 WHERE DO THEY BURY THE DEAD IN YOUR COUNTRY - OUTSIDE THE TOWN, IN THE GROUNDS OF A CHURCH ... ETC. ? They bury the dead ...

ANGER złość

WHAT ANGERS YOU MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE?/ ... angers me more than anything else

INSULT obrazić, obraza

WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST WAY TO INSULT A PERSON ?

I think the best... is to ...

IDIOM 29

FOR HEAVEN'S SAKE = a very strong form of "please" na miłość boską

e.g. For heaven's sake, be quiet! and let me get some sleep.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "FOR HEAVEN'S SAKE" MEAN ? The idiom ... "a very..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! For heaven's sake, don't do that again! or I shall get very angry

827 DICTATION 68 MADNESS szaleństwo

Football is played throughout the whole world./ It is such a popular game/ that in some cases it is almost a form of madness./ Provided you go straight home after school,/ you will be in time to see/ your uncle before he leaves./ Everyone was dressed/ in their very best clothes/ for the big dance,/ which commenced at 8 p.m./ The waiter placed the tray/ carefully on the table./ The meal he had brought us/ consisted of potatoes/ and a small piece of meat/ which appeared to be old and hard.

LESSON 127

AFRAID OF AFRAID THAT AFRAID TO bać się, obawiać się czegoś obawiać się, że bać się coś robić

WHY DO YOU SUPPOSE SOME PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY CHILDREN, ARE AFRAID OF THE DARK ? I suppose some ... because they imagine things that are

not there...

WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE AFRAID THAT THEY MIGHT GET KILLED IF THEY TRAVEL BY PLANE MORE THAN BY OTHER MEANS OF TRANSPORT ?/ Some people ... because a plane accident is front-page news ...

ARE YOU AFRAID TO TRAVEL BY PLANE ? Yes, I'm afiaid... or... No, I'm not...

We can also use "afraid" for an apology. For example, a shopkeeper might say to a customer "I'm afraid we haven't got the size you want, sir".

828 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "AFRAID" USED IN AN APOLOGY/ I'm afraid I can't help you

COMPOUND WORDS E.G. A LONG - HAIRED DOG WELL-TIMED długowłosy pies dobrze wymierzony (czasowo)

A compound word can be formed by using an adjective and a noun together. For example, the adjective "long" can be put together with the noun "hair" and we can say "a long-haired dog" meaning a dog with long hair. Other examples are - "A blue-eyed baby, a one-legged man, and a broad-shouldered man."

GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF COMPOUND WORDS FORMED BY PUTTING ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS TOGETHER. A blue-eyed baby,

a one-legged man, a broad-shouldered man

Another way of forming a compound word is by using an adverb and a participle together. For example, the adverb "well" can be put together with the participle "cooked" and so we can say "a well-cooked meal". /

GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF COMPOUND WORDS FORMED BY PUTTING ADVERBS AND PARTICIPLES TOGETHER. A badly-dressed man.

A carefully-made plan. A well-timed move 829 WHISKERS HUNTING MOUSE - MICE wąsy (kota) polowanie mysz, myszy NOISELESSLY GAP FENCE HEDGE

bez hałasu szpara, luka płot żywopłot

A cat's whiskers are the same width as its body./ This means that, when it goes hun-ting for mice and birds, and wishes to pass noiselessly through a gap in a fence or a hedge, it can first try the width of the gap with its whiskers to see if it is possible to get through the gap without using force and making a lot of noise. /

FOR WHAT PURPOSE DOES A CAT USE ITS WHISKERS ? A cat uses it's whiskers in order to pass ...

HAVE YOU ANY GAPS IN YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENGLISH YOU HAVE LEARNT (OR LEARNED) SO FAR ? Yes, I've some gaps ... or... No,

I don't think I've any ...

HALL ENTRANCE TOWN HALL hol/sala wejście ratusz

A hall is a large room. For example, we have the entrance hall of a house, the dining hall of a college, and a village or town hall where public meetings and even dances can be held. /

830 WHAT IS A HALL ? A hall is a large room

GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES OF ITS USE. Entrance hall...

POOL LIQUID INDOOR (S) OUTDOOR (S) zbiornik/basen ciecz wewnątrz na zewnątrz

OUT OF DOOR na zewnątrz SWIMMING POOL basen

A pool is a collection of water or other liquid, either large or small. For example, "a pool of water on the road, a pool of blood" or "a swimming pool". /

WHAT IS A POOL ? A pool is a collection of water or other liquid... GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE! Pool of blood...

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF AN INDOOR SWIMMING POOL ? / The advantages... are that the water can be heated,

and one can swim in it in any kind of weather... WHICH DO YOU PREFER AN INDOOR OR AN OUTDOOR SWIMMING POOL ?/ I prefer ...

DO YOU SPEND MOST OF YOUR TIME INDOORS OR OUT OF DOORS ? I spend most...

831 ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE E.G. NICE TO SEE IT IS WELL TO

miło widzieć jest dobrze

It is well to note the construction Adjective + Infinitive. For example, "It is very nice to see you again."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF AN ADJECTIVE PLUS INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION. / It's good to be alive

MAKE + SOMEBODY OR SOMETHING * ADJECTIVE OR INFINITIVE

E.G. MAKE HIM HAPPY OR MAKE THE CAR GO uczynić go szczęśliwym sprawić by samochód jechał

Another construction to be noted is with the word "make" which is as follows:-

Make + Somebody or Something + Adjective or Infinitive. For example, "It will make him happy (adj)" and "It will make the car go (inf)".

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE CONSTRUCTION "MAKE + SOMEBODY OR SOMETHING + ADJECTIVE OR INFINITIVE". / The news made them sad.

We made the table look like new

832 KNEE kolano KNEEL - KNELT - KNELT uklęknąć

WHAT DO WE CALL THIS JOINT OF THE LEG ? We call... knee

ON WHAT OCCASIONS DO PEOPLE KNEEL ? The occasions on which people kneel are when they say their prayers ...

(LATE = RECENTLY DEAD OR ENDED) LATELY/ zmarły, ostatni ostatnio

WHO WAS THE LEADER OF THE LATE GOVERNMENT IN YOUR COUNTRY ? / The leader of... was...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SPEAK ABOUT THE LATE MR. JOHNSON ? When we speak... we mean he has died recently or lately

MATCH dopasować JUDO dżudo

IS IT THE FASHION AMONG WOMEN TODAY TO MATCH THEIR HAND BAGS WITH THEIR SHOES, AND FOR MEN TO MATCH THEIR TIES WITH THEIR SOCKS OR HANDKERCHIEFS ?/ Yes, it's the fashion

... or... No, it isn't... 833 DO YOU THINK A SMALL MAN WHO KNEW JUDO WOULD BE A

MATCH FOR A BIG MAN WHO KNEW HOW TO BOX ? Yes, I think ... or... No, I don't think ...

WHEN DO THEY HOLD FOOTBALL MATCHES IN YOUR HOME TOWN? They hold...

FUNERAL pogrzeb

WHAT COLOUR CLOTHES DO EUROPEAN PEOPLE USUALLY WEAR FOR A FUNERAL ? European people usually wear black for a funeral

MYSTERY tajemnica

DO YOU LIKE MYSTERY STORIES ? / Yes, I like ... or ... No, I don't like ...

HUMBLE pokorny, biedny

CAN YOU NAME ANY GREAT MEN WHO WERE OF HUMBLE BIRTH ? Yes, I can ... Lincoln, Dickens ...

PATH ścieżka

WHY DO WE HAVE A PATH IN A GARDEN? We have a... so that people don't walk on the grass or on the flowers ...

INSURE2050 ubezpieczyć

834 IS IT THE LAW IN YOUR COUNTRY THAT EVERYONE MUST INSURE HIS CAR AGAINST ACCIDENTS ? / Yes, It's the ... or ... No, it isn't...

IDIOM 30

SORE POINT = a subject which causes unpleasant memories of past difficulties czuły punkt and arguments.

e.g. Don't ask him why he had to sell his car last year; it's a sore point with him.

WHAT'S THE MEANING OF THE IDIOM "SORE POINT" ? The meaning ... is "a subject which causes unpleasant memories ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! Don't speak about what happened on holiday last summer; it's a sore point with her

DICTATION 69

It looks as if/ we are in double trouble./ Not only have we lost our money/ and return tickets home,/ but also the key of the front door. /1 will have to look the word up/ in a modem dictionary:/ this one is too old./ Though there has been some delay,/ the goods will nonetheless/ arrive in time./ Walking in the forest,/ we came across a great lion/ which did not seem at all fierce,/ lying lazily in the sun./ He certainly looked a real king, however,/ and did not need to sit upon a throne/ to let the world know/ that this was his kingdom.

835 LESSON 128

HYPHENED (OR HYPHENATED) COMPOUNDS SPOON łyżka

E.G. A TEN - MINUTE TALK 10-minutowa rozmowa

GIVE ME SOME FURTHER EXAMPLES OF HYPHENED COMPOUNDS, PLEASE ! A three-roomed flat. A slow-moving train.

A ten-minute wait. An ash-tray. A table-spoon

836 THE ENGLISH MONETARY SYSTEM

UNIT PENNY PENCE SHILLING MONETARY/ jednostka pens pens szyling monetarny

The English monetary system has now changed somewhat, but when reading old books it will be the old system that will be referred to, and so it is well to know something of that system, which was simply as follows:- The three basic units were the penny, the shilling and the pound. 12 pennies made a shilling and 20 shillings made a pound.

WHAT WERE THE THREE BASIC UNITS OF THE ENGLISH MONETARY SYSTEM ? The three ... were the penny, the shilling and the pound

HOW MANY PENNIES MADE A SHILLING ? / Twelve pennies ... HOW MANY SHILLINGS MADE A POUND ? Twenty...

The word "penny " has two plurals - "pennies" and "pence". When speaking about the actual coins, we say, for example, "I will give you six pennies", that is, six coins but, when speaking about value and not the actual coins, we say, for example, "This pencil costs ten pence."

WHAT ARE THE TWO PLURALS OF THE WORD "PENNY", AND WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN THEIR USE?/ The two plurals of ...

The monetary system used today is much simpler. The shilling has gone, leaving a hundred pennies to make one pound, and instead of saying "pennies" or "pence" people usually say just the letter "p", e.g. This pencil costs ninety "pee" (90p).

837 IN THE MONETARY SYSTEM USED TODAY, HOW MANY PENNIES MAKE A POUND ? In the ... a hundred ...

DOUBLING CONSONANTS

OVERCOME SLOW DOWN NATURAL PICK UP przezwyciężyć zwolnić naturalny tu: przyswoić

FORBID - FORBADE • FORBIDDEN GATHER SPEED zabronić nabierać szybkości

PECULIAR PECULIARITY SUFFIX SUNNY dziwny, osobliwy osobliwość przyrostek słoneczny

As you have already seen, English spelling is no easy matter, and so the best way perhaps to overcome the difficulty is not by learning rules, which often confuse rather than help and slow down the natural speed at which the language should be used, but by noting carefully how each individual word is spelt and how it behaves when used in different ways./

For example, instead of trying to remember the rule that explains why the word "forbid" doubles the "d" in its past participle "forbidden" whilst the word "happen" doesn't double its "n", it is perhaps better to note the behaviour of each individual word, accept its peculiarities without too much question, and remember them and practise using them. This way of learning can be used for language study in general, i.e. note and copy, without worrying too much about the reasons behind everything. This is, in fact, how some people are able to pick up a language in a matter of a few weeks.

838 WHAT IS PERHAPS THE BEST WAY TO OVERCOME THE DIFFICULTY OF ENGLISH SPELLING ? Perhaps the best... is not by learning rules ... but

by noting how each individual word is spelt and how it behaves when used in different ways

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ Instead of trying to remember the rule ... preferred, whilst... offered

Sometimes, however, a rule which is very clear and easy to remember, can help in the learning of the language. For example, with a word of one syllable which ends in a single vowel and a single consonant, the consonant is usually doubled when we add a suffix beginning with a vowel. For example "big-bigger; hit-hitting; sun-sunny" etc.

WHEN DO WE USUALLY DOUBLE A CONSONANT ? We usually ... with a word of one syllable which ends in a single vowel

and a single consonant 839 GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! Sad-sadder; glad- gladden; run-running

WHEN WE SPEAK ABOUT THE DRIVING OF A CAR, WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF TO SLOW DOWN ? / When we ... to gather speed

EITHER OF THEM NEITHER OF THEM EQUALLY jedną którąś z nich żadnej z nich równie, równo

Notice the way in which we can answer the following: "Which of these books do you want?" - "Either of them, it does not matter, as they are both equally interesting", or "Neither of them, as they are both very boring."

IF I ASK YOU WHICH OF TWO THINGS YOU WANT, AND THE CHOICE IS OF NO IMPORTANCE TO YOU, WHAT DO YOU REPLY ?/ If you ask...

either of them AND IF YOU WERE NOT INTERESTED IN EITHER OF THE TWO THINGS, WHAT WOULD YOU REPLY? If I were ... neither of them

NEXT następny

WHO'S SITTING NEXT TO YOU ? ... is sitting next to me

WHEN SHALL WE SEE EACH OTHER NEXT ? We'll see ... next...

OBJECT przedmiot

840 WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE OBJECT OF LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ? / I think the object of... is ...

PAD COTTON COTTON-WOOL ABSORB wyściółka, tampon bawełna wata wchłaniać

WHEN WE CUT OURSELVES, WHY DO WE PUT A PAD OF COTTON WOOL OVER THE CUT ? When we cut... to absorb the blood and

to cover and protect the wound

IS THIS CHAIR PADDED ? Yes, this ... or ... No, this chair...

REACH OUT sięgać

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're reaching out for me to give you something

SCALE skala THERMOMETER termometr

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE SCALE ON A THERMOMETER ? / By the scale ... we mean the marks on it showing

the degrees of temperature

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT A MAP IS DRAWN TO A SCALE OF ONE INCH TO A MILE ? When we say that... we mean that

an inch on the map represents a mile of actual land

841 UNFINISHED SENTENCES ENDING WITH " TO " CONTINUATION

kontynuacja

Sometimes we leave a sentence unfinished, ending it with the word "to". For example, "I did not want to tell him but I had to". The continuation of the sentence would have been "had to tell him". /

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNFINISHED SENTENCE ENDING WITH "TO", PLEASE ! He said I could go if I wanted to (go)

FINISH THIS SENTENCE, PLEASE! - "I DON'T WANT TO DO IT, BUT I SUPPOSE 1 OUGHT TO ..." ... do it

TAKE HOLD OF TAKE BY SURPRISE TAKE A BATH chwycić się czegoś zaskoczyć kogoś kapać się

CHANCE szansa BY CHANCE przypadkiem

WHY DO PEOPLE TAKE HOLD OF SOMETHING WHEN THEY SUDDENLY BECOME AFRAID ? People take ... in order to give them strength and support

and to steady themselves

WHAT DO PEOPLE OFTEN DO WHEN THEY ARE TAKEN BY SURPRISE ? People often jump when they ...

842 HOW OFTEN DO YOU SUPPOSE THE AVERAGE PERSON TAKES A BATH? I suppose the average ... about...

WHAT DID HE SAY ? He said he supposed the average person took a bath about once a ...

Some other uses of "take" are "take a holiday; take a house for a year; take a degree; take an exam" etc./

CAN YOU GIVE ME SOME OTHER USES OF THE VERB "TAKE" ? ... take a holiday; take a chance ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY WE GIVE SOMEONE A SECOND CHANCE ? When we say ... we mean they have failed at something or done

something wrong and we are going to give them the chance to do better ...

WHY DO PEOPLE THESE DAYS HAVE A MUCH GREATER CHANCE OF LIVING TO A MUCH GREATER AGE THAN THEY DID IN THE OLD DAYS ?/ People these days ... because life today is easier and more comfortable, and

modern medicine has improved a lot in recent times ...

843 WHICH OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS OF YOUR LIFE HAVE HAPPENED TO YOU BY CHANCE ? Of the most important... by chance are ...

TEMPTATION pokusa

DO YOU EVER GET THE TEMPTATION TO DO SOMETHING VERY STRANGE?-FOR EXAMPLE, TO SHOUT SOMETHING OUT WHEN EVERYONE IN A ROOM IS VERY SILENT Yes, I sometimes ... or ... No, I never ...

WHAT ?/

VIEW widok

WHAT KIND OF VIEW WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE FROM YOUR BEDROOM WINDOW? I'd like ... a view of...

HIDE - HID - HIDDEN ukryć

WHERE'D BE THE BEST PLACE TO HIDE FROM THE POLICE IN THIS BUILDING ? The best place ... in this building would be ...

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO HIDE" ?/ The paradigm ... hide-hid-hidden

LIAR kłamca

WHO'S THE BIGGEST LIAR YOU'VE EVER MET ? ... is the biggest...

844 DETAIL detal, szczegół

WHEN SOMEONE GIVES YOU AN ACCOUNT OF A FILM HE HAS SEEN, OR OF SOMETHING THAT'S HAPPENED TO HIM, DO YOU LIKE HIM TO GIVE YOU ALL THE SMALL DETAILS AS WELL?/ Yes, when someone...

1 like him ... or... No, when someone ... 1 don't like ... but just the main points ...

IDIOM 31

GET ONE DOWN = make one tired and unhappy zniechęcić kogoś

e.g. With all the noise and everyone getting angry it just gets you down after a time.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "GET ONE DOWN" MEAN ? The idiom ... make ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! He had to stop work, because the problems and difficulties of the job got him down after a time

DICTATION 70 CORNER (v) Rat

The men arrived late/ at the works so often/ that they lost their jobs./ It is said that/ when a rat is cornered/ by a man/ and has to defend its life,/ it will fly/ at the man's throat./ John did not realize/ what he was doing/ and consequently forgot/ to shut the door behind him./ They have always led/ a very comfortable life till now./I suppose/ we shall reach the end of the book/ eventually/ if we keep working steadily./ The price of goods/ depends on supply and demand./ If the demand is great/ but the supply is small,/ the price will, of course, be high.

845 LESSON 129

HOW DO YOU DO ? HOW ARE YOU ? jak się pan/pani miewa jak się masz

When we are introduced to somebody, we shake his hand and say "How do you do ?" and he replies the same "How do you do ?"

WHEN WE ARE INTRODUCED TO SOMEBODY, WHAT DO WE SAY ? When we are ... "How do you do ?"

AND WHAT DOES THE OTHER PERSON REPLY ? The other... "How do you do ?"

When we meet somebody we know, we say "How are you ?" and they can reply in many different ways, but perhaps one of the most common replies is "Not too bad"./

WHAT DO YOU SAY WHEN YOU MEET SOMEONE YOU KNOW? When I meet... "How are you ?"

AND WHAT DO THEY GENERALLY REPLY ? They generally reply "Not too bad"

UNDERNEATH pod spodem, poniżej

The difference between "under" and "underneath" is the same as that between "after" and "afterwards". "Underneath" means "under that" or "under it", and, unlike the word "under", it does not usually need to be followed by any other words. For example, "I knelt down by the car and looked under it", whilst "I knelt down by the car and looked underneath"./

846 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "UNDER" AND "UNDERNEATH" ? The difference ... "underneath" means "under that" or "under it"

... it does not usually need to be followed by any other words

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! I knelt down by the car and looked under it... or ... I knelt down ... underneath

WANDER wędrować, spacerować DISTINGUISH rozróżnić

CAN YOU DISTINGUISH THE DIFFERENCE IN PRONUNCIATION BETWEEN THE WORDS "WANDER" AND "WONDER" ? / Yes, I can ... or...

No, I can't... WHAT DOES THE WORD "WANDER" MEAN ? The word ...

WHAT DOES THE WORD "WONDER" MEAN ? The word ...

STILL jeszcze, wciąż YET jeszcze , już

847 ANNOYANCE STRESS GOOD HEAVENS! irytacja, zniecierpliwienie akcent wielkie nieba!

As we have already seen, we use "still" for something that is in progress at the moment, whilst we use "yet" for something that has not begun or happened. This means that "still" is generally used in positive sentences whilst "yet" is generally used in negative and interrogative sentences.

In addition, however, we must note that when "still" is used in questions, it often gives the feeling of surprise or annoyance etc., and is generally spoken with a heavy stress, e.g. "What! Is that man still here?" - in other words, "Why doesn't he go home and let us all have some peace ?" - or, "Good heavens! You aren't still eating, are you?"/

WHAT FEELING DOES THE WORD "STILL" OFTEN GIVE WHEN USED IN QUESTIONS ? The feeling the word ... is one of surprise or annoyance

HOW IS IT USED? It's used with a heavy stress

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! "Good heavens! Are you still working ?"

When "still" is used with comparatives, such as "longer, quicker, worse" etc., it is similar in meaning to the word "even" (meaning "more"), e.g. "If we want to get there in time, we must go still faster" or "even faster".

848 WHEN "STILL" IS USED WITH COMPARATIVES, WHAT IS IT SIMILAR IN MEANING TO ?/ When "still" is ... "even" (meaning "more")

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! My French is bad, and my English is still worse

ACCORDING TO według

IF 1 SAID TO YOU THAT ACCORDING TO THE NEWSPAPERS THIS MORNING WORLD WAR THREE HAD BEEN DECLARED, WOULD YOU BELIEVE ME ? No, if you said ...

WHY NOT?

WHAT, ACCORDING TO YOU, IS THE BEST WAY TO DEAL WITH CRIMINALS ?/ I think the best way to deal...

WHEN THINGS DON'T GO ACCORDING TO PLAN, WHAT DO YOU DO ? When things don't go ...

BAND zespół, DISTURBANCE MILITARY SWEAT SHAPE banda, taśma zakłócenie wojskowa pot, pocić się kształt

849 IN THIS COUNTRY, DO YOU GET BANDS OF YOUTHS GOING AROUND THE TOWNS CAUSING DISTURBANCES ? Yes, in this country we get... or ...

No, in this country we ...

DO YOU LIKE THE SOUND OF A MILITARY BAND ?/ Yes, I like ... or ... No, I don't ...

WHY DO THEY PUT A BAND OF MATERIAL INSIDE A HAT? They put a ... in order to absorb the sweat and help the hat to keep its shape

CARRIAGE wagon

WHAT'S THE NOUN OF THE VERB "TO CARRY" ? The noun ... "carriage"

HOW MANY CARRIAGES DOES THE AVERAGE TRAIN CONSIST OF? The average train consists of perhaps ... carriages

IF A FACTORY SENDS YOU GOODS, WHO USUALLY PAYS FOR THE CARRIAGE - YOU OR THE FACTORY ?/ If a factory ...

850 ABOUT (cont.) FOR WEEKS AND WEEKS WHAT ABOUT (YOU)

o, wokół, wokoło tygodniami co (ty) na to

We must now note some of the different uses of the word "about".

WHAT KIND OF THINGS DO PEOPLE ARGUE ABOUT ? The kind of ... are politics, religion ...

DO YOU THINK THERE'S ANYTHING TERRIBLE ABOUT TELLING PEOPLE YOU ARE NOT AT HOME WHEN, IN FACT, YOU ARE ?/ Yes, I

think there's something ... or ... No, I don't think... DO PEOPLE STAND ABOUT ON THE CORNERS OF THE STREETS IN YOUR TOWN ? Yes, people stand about... or... No, people don't... ARE YOU IN THE HABIT OF MOVING THINGS ABOUT IN YOUR HOUSE, OR DO YOU LEAVE THINGS IN THE SAME PLACE FOR WEEKS AND WEEKS ?/ Yes, I'm in the ... or... No, I'm not in ... but I leave things ... WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "THERE ARE FLOWERS ABOUT THE DOOR" ? When we say ... we mean there are flowers around the door

851 I DON'T THINK THERE'S GOING TO BE ANOTHER WORLD WAR, WHAT ABOUT YOU ? - THAT IS, WHAT DO YOU THINK ? Yes, I agree. I don't ' think ... or... No, I don't agree. I think there's going to ...

BITTER gorzki(a) DISSATISFACTION niezadowolenie

DOES TEA WITHOUT SUGAR TASTE SWEET ?/ No, tea ... but it tastes bitter WHAT DO YOU THINK MAKES PEOPLE BITTER, ESPECIALLY IN THEIR OLD AGE ? I think that what makes people ... is dissatisfaction with their lives;

things not having happened as they had wished; illness,... etc.

NEAT schludny

WHAT WORD CAN WE USE INSTEAD OF THE WORD "TIDY" ? We can use ... "neat" instead of...

POVERTY ubóstwo

WHAT DO YOU THINK OUGHT TO BE DONE ABOUT THE POVERTY IN THE WORLD ? I think...

ADMIRE podziwiać

WHOM DO YOU ADMIRE MORE THAN ANYONE ELSE ?/ I admire ... more than anyone else

GENEROUS hojny

852 DO YOU THINK THE RICH ARE MORE GENEROUS THAN THE POOR?

Yes, I think the ... or... No, I don't...

IDIOM 32

TOUCH AND GO = dangerously very uncertain O mały włos...

e.g. It was touch and go for a moment. I thought the piece of wood would break and we'd all fall into the sea.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "TOUCH AND GO" MEAN ? The idiom... uncertain...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! The car was in a very bad condition, and it was touch and go whether it would get us home or not

DICTATION 71

The ship sank slowly/to the ocean bed./Some of the men on board were drowned/ as they were unable to swim./ Others managed / to hold on to pieces of wood/ thaj were floating/ on the surface of the sea/ and so were able to save themselves,/ and were carried to land/ by the tide./ Empires have always meant/ the conquering of one country by another,/ and the country which conquers/ then demands a tax/ which makes it possible/ to conquer still more countries./ He was a great literary figure/ of his day,/ but today he is very little read./

853 LESSON 130

DEAR2100 drogi

DO YOU THINK IT IS POSSIBLE FOR TWO PEOPLE TO REMAIN DEAR FRIENDS FOR LIFE ? Yes, 1 think it's ... or ... No, 1 don't...

IS LIFE VERY DEAR TO YOU ? Yes, life's very ... or ... No, life isn't...

WHAT'S THE DEAREST THING YOU'RE WEARING ? My ... is the dearest...

EASY EASE łatwość, AT EASE ILL AT EASE/ łatwy, wygodny wyswobodzić się swobodnie skrępowany

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY AN EASY CHAIR? By an easy chair we mean a comfortable chair

AND AN EASY LIFE ? A comfortable and unhurried life

DO YOU FEEL AT EASE IN STRANGE COMPANY, OR DO YOU FEEL ILL AT EASE ? I feel... in strange company

ARE YOU ABLE TO DO THE DICTATIONS IN THIS BOOK WITH EASE ?/ Yes, I'm able to do ... or ... No, I'm not able ...

IF YOU HAVE A HEADACHE, WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE BEST WAY TO EASE THE PAIN ? If I have a ... I think ... the pain is to lie down,

relax, take an aspirin ... etc.

854 FAILURE TO BE OBLIGED CANDLE LIGHT - LIT - LIT niepowodzenie, przerwa być zobowiązanym świeca zaświecić

WHEN THERE'S A FAILURE IN THE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY, WHAT ARE WE OBLIGED TO DO ?/ When there's a... we're obliged to light candles

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO LIGHT" ? The paradigm ... "light - lit - lit"

WHAT KIND OF THINGS DO YOU THINK MAKE A PARTY A FAILURE? I think the kind of things that are ...

STEAL ROB THIEF kraść okraść złodziej

The difference in sentence construction when using the verbs "steal" and "rob" is as follows:-

To steal + something + from somebody. The thief stole + my watch + from me.

To rob + something or somebody + of something. The thief robbed + me + of my watch.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION WHEN USING THE VERBS "STEAL" AND "ROB" ?/ The difference... is "to steal + something..."

855 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE! The thief stole + a handbag + from Mary. The thief robbed + Mary + of her handbag

The object of the verb "steal" is what is taken by the thief, whilst the object of the verb "rob" is the person or the place from whom or from which the thing is stolen, e.g. The man stole a car. The man robbed me (or the bank).

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OBJECTS OF THE VERBS "TO STEAL" AND "TO ROB" ? The difference ... is that the object of the verb "steal"

is what is taken by the thief, whilst the object of the verb "rob" is the person from whom or from which the thing is stolen

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE!/ He stole a pen. He robbed them of a pen. He robbed the Post Office

HANDLE (v+n) rączka-klamka, obchodzić się GENTLE delikatny

WHAT'S THIS ? It's the door-handle

856 WHAT KIND OF OBJECTS MUST BE HANDLED VERY GENTLY WHEN WE TOUCH THEM ? The kind of objects that... are objects such as glass, eggs ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A PERSON WITH A GENTLE NATURE ? By a person... we mean someone who is not cruel or rough ... etc.

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A GENTLE WIND ?/ By a ... we mean a wind that is not at all strong ...

DO YOU KNOW HOW TO HANDLE (I.E. USE) A GUN ? Yes, I know how ... or... No, I don't know...

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO HANDLE A HORSE ? The best way ... is gently, without making any quick or sudden movements... etc.

HAND-IN-HAND ARM-IN-ARM / CUSTOM ręka w rękę ramię w ramię zwyczaj

GIRLFRIEND SHORTHAND SYMBOL HAND (v) przyjaciółka, dziewczyna stenografia symbol wręczyć, podawać

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY "WALKING HAND-IN-HAND"?/ By "walking hand-in-hand" we mean two people holding each other's hand as they walk

857 IS IT THE CUSTOM IN YOUR COUNTRY FOR A BOY TO WALK ARM-IN-ARM WITH HIS GIRLFRIEND ? Yes, it's the custom ... or... No, it isn't...

WHAT IS SHORTHAND? Shorthand is a system of writing in which we use symbols to represent the sounds of words

WOULD YOU HAND ME THAT BOOK, PLEASE ! Yes, certainly

ENQUIRE INQUIRE ENQUIRY / INQUIRY OFFICE dowiedzieć się dowiedzieć się zasięgnięcie informacji biuro

WHERE DO WE GO TO ENQUIRE ABOUT TRAIN TIMES AT THE STATION ?/ We go to the enquiry office to enquire about train ...

ESCAPE uciec, ucieczka

IF YOU HAD BEEN A PRISONER DURING THE LAST WORLD WAR, WOULD YOU HAVE TRJED TO ESCAPE ? Yes, if I'd been a ... I'd have tried to

escape ... or ... No, if I'd been ...

REGRET żałować

IS THERE ANYTHING YOU REGRET HAVING DONE OR NOT HAVING DONE ? Yes, there's something I regret... or... No, there isn't anything ...

WHAT ?/ WHY ?

858 TENDER ENABLE LOVINGLY/ miękki, wrażliwy, delikatny umożliwić, upoważnić z miłością serdecznie

ARE THE BOTTOMS OF THE AVERAGE MAN'S FEET TOO TENDER TO ENABLE HIM TO WALK WITHOUT SHOES ON ? Yes, the bottoms ... or

... No, the bottoms of... WHY ? Because he has been accustomed for a long time now to wearing shoes,

although it doesn't take long to harden one's feet

IN THIS SENTENCE - "THE MOTHER PUT HER HAND TENDERLY ON HER CHILD'S HEAD" - WHAT DOES THE WORD "TENDERLY" MEAN ?/

In that sentence - "The mother..." - the word "tenderly" means "gently and lovingly"

IDIOM 33

CAN'T MAKE HEAD NOR TAIL OF IT = can't understand it at all

INSTRUCTION instrukcja

e.g. I can't make head nor tail of this letter I got from John this morning. I don't know whether he means he is coming tomorrow or not

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "CANT MAKE HEAD NOR TAIL OF IT" MEAN ? The idiom... means "can't understand it at all"

859 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! These instructions that go together with the

machine are so complicated that I can't make head nor tail of them

LESSON 131

INTEREST DOCUMENTS SHARES SEAT-BELT zainteresowanie, zysk, udział dokumenty akcje pas bezpieczeństwa

WHEN WE BUY AN INTEREST IN A BUSINESS, WHAT EXACTLY DO WE CALL THE DOCUMENTS WE BUY ? When we buy an... the documents we buy

we call "shares"

IS IT IN YOUR OWN INTEREST TO WEAR A SEAT-BELT IN A CAR?/ Yes, it's in your own...

VERBS, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES ENDING IN "Y" TIDINESS

ład, porządek

When a verb ends in "y" with a consonant in front of it, we change the "y" into "i" when adding -es or -ed. For example, "carry - carries - carried".

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE ADD -ES OR -ED TO A VERB ENDING IN "Y" ? When we add... we change the "y" into "i"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE!/ study - studies - studied; hurry - hurries - hurried

Nouns and adjectives usually behave in a similar way to verbs before a suffix is added, e.g. tidy - tidier - tidily - tidiness.

860 HOW DO NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES THAT END IN "Y" PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT BEHAVE ? Nouns and ... behave in a similar way to verbs ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! pity - pitiful - pitiless

JUST gdy tylko, tylko PREFERABLY lepiej, raczej

CAN YOU REMEMBER WHAT YOU DID JUST AS YOU CAME INTO THE ROOM ?/ Yes, I can ...

WHAT MUST A DRIVER DO WHEN THE GAP BETWEEN TWO OTHER CARS IS ONLY JUST WIDE ENOUGH TO ALLOW HIM TO PASS ? When a

gap between two other cars is only just wide enough to allow a driver to pass, he must drive very slowly, and

preferably have someone standing in front of his car to wave him to the left or to the right...

LARGELY QUALITY CLEVER w dużym stopniu jakość mądry, sprytny

DO YOU THINK THAT SUCCESS IN LIFE (LIKE MAKING A FORTUNE) IS LARGELY A MATTER OF LUCK, OR DO YOU THINK CERTAIN QUALITIES ARE REQUIRED WHICH ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN LUCK. IN OTHER WORDS, DO YOU THINK THAT RICH, SUCCESSFUL PEOPLE ARE CLEVERER THAN POOR AND UNSUCCESSFUL PEOPLE, OR JUST LUCKIER ?/ Yes, I

think that... or ... No, I don't think that... but I think that...

861 MAY AS WELL... AS WE M AY GO WE M AY AS WELL GO może także może pójdziemy równie dobrze możemy iść

DO YOU THINK THAT PEOPLE WHO ARE IN PRISON FOR LIFE OFTEN THINK THAT THEY MAY AS WELL BE DEAD AS IN PRISON ? Yes, I

think that people ... or ... No, I don't think ...

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO SENTENCES ? -

WE MAY GO TO THE CINEMA THIS EVENING AND WE MAY AS WELL GO TO THE CINEMA THIS EVENING The difference is

that the first sentence expresses a possibility, whilst the second one is saying that, as we do not know what else to do this evening,

we may as well go to the cinema. In other words, going to the cinema would be better than doing nothing

862 ON ACCOUNT OF BOMB EXPLOSION TIP ze względu, przez bomba eksplozja koniuszek (języka), wskazówka

TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT ON MY OWN ACCOUNT/ brać pod uwagę na własną rękę

IF IT SNOWED IN THE MIDDLE OF SUMMER, WOULD YOU SAY THAT IT WAS ON ACCOUNT OF PAST ATOMIC BOMBS AND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS HAVING DISTURBED THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE? Yes, if it

... or ... No, if it... I wouldn't say ...

WHEN CONSIDERING THE PRICE OF A MEAL IN A RESTAURANT, DO YOU TAKE INTO ACCOUNT SUCH THINGS AS THE SERVICE CHARGE AND THE WAITER'S TIP, ETC. ?/ Yes, when considering the ... or ... No, when ...

ARE YOU STUDYING ENGLISH ON YOUR OWN ACCOUNT OR BECAUSE YOU ARE FORCED TO ? I'm studying English ...

WHAT PART OF MY TONGUE IS THIS AND WHAT PART OF MY FINGER IS THIS? That's the tip of your tongue and the tip of your finger

When we are trying to think of a word or a name that we know well but doesn't come to us immediately, we say it's on the tip of our tongue./

863 WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE ARE TRYING TO THINK OF A WORD OR A NAME THAT WE KNOW WELL BUT DOESN'T COME TO US IMMED IATELY ? When we are trying ... we say it's on the tip of our tongue

NOT ... NOR nie ma... ani...

IF YOU ARRIVED HOME AT MIDNIGHT DYING OF THIRST AND FOUND THAT, FOR SOME REASON, THERE WAS NOT A SINGLE DROP OF WATER IN THE HOUSE NOR A BOTTLE OF DRINK, WHAT'D YOU DO ?/

If I arrived ... nor abottle of drink, I'd ...

DELICATE delikatny

HOW SHOULD DELICATE THINGS BE HANDLED ? Delicate things should be handled with great care, i.e. delicately

OBSERVE obserwować

DO PEOPLE BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY THAN THEY NORMALLY DO WHEN THEY THINK THEY'RE NOT BEING OBSERVED ? Yes, people behave ... or ...

No, I don't think ...

WHY DO YOU THINK THIS IS ? 1 think this is because, when we are in company with other people, we have to behave as we are expected to behave,

out of consideration for them, but when we are

alone, we can behave as we wish...

864 RIVAL rywal

WHY IS IT THAT, IN ALMOST EVERYTHING ONE DOES, ONE NEARLY ALWAYS HAS A RIVAL ? I think the reason that one nearly always has a rival in

almost everything one does is that when something is worth doing and pays well, there's nearly always more than

just one person wanting, or trying, to do it...

PRESERVE zabezpieczać, konserwować

HOW DO WE PRESERVE FRUIT?/ We preserve fruit by putting it in bottles or tins

PAW łapa

WHAT'S A PAW? A paw is the foot of an animal which has nails, like that of a cat, a dog, a lion etc ...

IDIOM 34

LUCKY BREAK = a piece of good luck usually following a period of little or no success uśmiech szczęścia

e.g. For many weeks I was without work and without money, then I had a lucky break: a man offered me a very good job on a ship.

HITCH - HIKE jechać autostopem

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "LUCKY BREAK" MEAN ? The idiom ... "apiece of ..."

865 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! We had to hitch-hike, and for hours no one stopped for us, then we had a lucky break: someone

stopped for us and we covered 400 miles in one day

SELLER sprzedawca SWIMMER pływak

DICTATION 72

He is now/ in control of one of the largest/ printing presses in the country./ Another step/ and the child would have stepped/ right off the table/ and fallen onto the floor./ After a bill has been passed by parliament,/ it becomes an act./ My uncle was always talking with pride/ about his many adventures abroad/ as a young man./1 was introduced to the seller/ and gave the car a trial run/ and found it was working all right./ Although he was a strong swimmer,/ he was borne out to sea/ by the tide.

LESSON 132

WOODEN HUT WOOLLEN SILKEN GOLDEN drewniany chata wełniany jedwabny złoty

A wooden hut is a hut made of wood; a woollen hat is a hat made of wool; a silk dress is a dress made of silk, whilst silken hair is hair which is soft and smooth like silk; a gold watch is a watch made of gold, whilst golden hair looks like gold in colour.

WHATS A WOODEN HUT? A wooden ... made of wood

WHATS A WOOLLEN HAT? A woollen ...made of wool

866 WHAT'S A SILK DRESS?/ A silk ... made of silk

WHAT'S SILKEN HAIR ? Silken .... like silk

WHAT'S A GOLD WATCH? A gold ... made of gold

WHAT'S GOLDEN SKIN ? Golden ... looks like gold in colour

EVERY OTHER DAY co drugi dzień

DO YOU HAVE ENGLISH LESSONS EVERY DAY OR EVERY OTHER DAY ? I have English...

OTHERWISE poza tym ENGAGED zajęty

WHEN A FRIEND CALLS UPON YOU AT YOUR HOUSE AND YOU ARE OTHERWISE ENGAGED, WHAT DO YOU DO ?/ When a friend ... I...

IF A CAR HAD NO WHEELS AND ALL ITS WINDOWS WERE BROKEN BUT OTHERWISE WAS IN GOOD CONDITION, WOULD YOU BUY IT ?

Yes, if a car ... or ... No, if a car ...

PERFORM TRICK PERFORMANCE przedstawiać sztuczka przedstawienie

867 IF YOU HAD TO PERFORM IN A PLAY, WHAT KIND OF PART WOULD YOU LIKE TO PERFORM ?/ If I had to perform ... I'd like to ...

CAN YOU PERFORM ANY TRICKS? Yes, I can ... or ... No, 1 can't...

WHICH ONES?

WHAT TIME DOES THE LAST PERFORMANCE BEGIN AT YOUR LOCAL CINEMA? The last... at my... begins at...

ENVY zazdrościć

DO YOU ENVY A TEACHER HIS JOB ?

ADVICE (n) ADVISE (v) PRACTICE (n) porada radzić praktyka

PRACTISE (v) LICENCE (n) LICENSE (v) ćwiczyć, praktykować licencja udzielić pozwolenia

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "ADVICE " AND "ADVISE " ?/ The difference ... that "advice" is the noun, whilst "advise" is the verb

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN SPELLING BETWEEN THE NOUN "PRACTICE" AND THE VERB "PRACTISE" ? The difference ... that the noun

is spelt "-ce", whilst the verb is spelt "-se" 868 AND BETWEEN THE NOUN "LICENCE" AND THE VERB "LICENSE" ?

It's the same difference

RECORD (n)-the "e" is RECORD (v)-the "e" is pronounced as in "rest" pronounced as in "see" rejestr, akta zanotować utrwalać

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "RECORD" (N) AND "RECORD" (V) ?/ The difference... is that "record" is the noun, whilst "record" is the verb

CAN YOU THINK OF ANY RECORD THAT HAS BEEN BROKEN RECENTLY ? Yes, I can think ... or ... No, I can't...

WHICH?

HAVE YOU EVER RECORDED YOUR OWN VOICE ? Yes, I've recorded ... or... No, I haven't...

WHAT DID IT SOUND LIKE ? It sounded ...

SCATTER ROW 2160 DISORDERLY rozrzucić, rozsypać rząd, szereg, hałas, awantura nieuporządkowany

WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF SCATTERING SEEDS ON THE LAND INSTEAD OF SETTING THEM CAREFULLY IN THE GROUND IN ROWS ?/

The disadvantages of... are that birds eat them, the wind blows them away, etc ...

869 WHY DOES A DISORDERLY CROWD OF PEOPLE SCATTER WHEN THE POLICE ARRIVE ? When the police arrive, a disorderly crowd of people scatters because

people are afraid of being arrested or hit by the police,... etc.

TAP TURN ON ANTICLOCKWISE kran, kurek odkręcić odwrotnie do wskazówek zegara

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're tapping your fingers on the table

IN WHICH DIRECTION DOES ONE NORMALLY TURN A WATER-TAP ON ? One normally turns a water-tap on in an anticlockwise direction

UPSIDE DOWN do góry nogami RIGHT WAY UP prawidłowe położenie

WHAT AM I DOING ?/ You're turning the book upside-down

WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF "UPSIDE - DOWN" ? The opposite of... is the right way up

WEAR RUB WORN-OUT MEND być ubranym, nosić trzeć, zacierać zniszczony naprawić

870 WHAT'D HAPPEN IF I KEPT RUBBING MY ARM ON THE EDGE OF THE

TABLE, LIKE SO? If you kept rubbing your... you'd wear the arm of your jacket (or dress) smooth and probably wear a hole in it

WHAT DO WE DO WITH THINGS THAT ARE WORN - OUT ? / We mend or throw away thinks that are worn-out

EXPERIENCE doświadczenie QUALIFICATION kwalifikacje

WHICH DO YOU THINK'S MORE IMPORTANT - EXPERIENCE OR QUALIFICATIONS ? 1 think it depends ...

DEBT dług

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "TO BE IN DEBT"? "To be in debt" means that we owe somebody something, usually money

INTERRUPT przerwać INTERRUPTION przerwa

WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE INTERRUPT SOMEONE WHO'S SPEAKING ? When we ... we say "Excuse me"

WHAT DO THEY SAY ON TELEVISION WHEN THERE'S AN INTERRUPTION ? When there's an interruption on television, they say

"We're sorry for the interruption..."

871 MENTION wzmianka, wspomnieć

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD "MENTION" IN IT./ Would you mention to Mr. Green the fact that he still hasn't

paid his bill, and see what he says

IDIOM 35

GET HOLD OF THE WRONG END OF THE STICK = understand the źle zrozumieć opposite of what is meant

e.g. No, you've got hold of the wrong end of the stick. It's the opposite of what I meant

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "GET HOLD OF THE WRONG END OF THE STICK" MEAN ? The idiom ... "understand the opposite ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! Every time you explain anything to him, he always seems to get hold of the wrong end of the stick

DICTATION 73 CLOTHING odzież, bielizna

On the whole/we speak English rather well now./ I have a clothing account/ at Westman's,/ where I spend nearly all my money./ The eastern states of North America/ were settled by the Europeans before the western states./ Before drawing money from a bank/ it is usually necessary/ to sign a cheque./ The size of the temple/ was much greater than we had expected./ After a very violent storm/ the navy found/ that many of its best ships/ had been broken on the rocks./1 would not dare/ to differ with his opinions.

872 LESSON 133

WAS + INFINITIVE

"Was" (or "were") plus an infinitive expresses a future event in relation to the past, e.g. "I did not realize back in 1940 that I was never to see my mother again."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF "WAS" OR "WERE" PLUS AN INFINITIVE. They were to find out later that he had lied to

them - at the time they had believed him

ACT czyn, CAPABLE BRING AN ACTION AGAINST zachowywać się, grać zdolny wytoczyć sprawę sądową

WHAT DO YOU CONSIDER TO BE THE NOBLEST ACT A PERSON IS CAPABLE OF PERFORMING ?/ I consider... the noblest act a person is capable of

performing

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO JUDGE A PERSON - BY WHAT HE SAYS OR HOW HE ACTS ? I think the best way to ... is by ...

WHERE'D YOU HAVE TO GO IF YOU WANTED TO BRING AN ACTION AGAINST SOMEONE ? You'd have to go to the law courts if you wanted ...

873 BAR sztaba, MADMAN LOCK BARRISTER/ przegroda, barykadować szaleniec zamek.zamykać adwokat

WHICH IS HEAVIER: A BAR OF GOLD OR A BAR OF IRON (IF, OF COURSE, THEY ARE THE SAME SIZE)? A bar of gold is ...

WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN THE POLICE PUT A BAR OF WOOD OR METAL ACROSS THE ROAD ? When the police put... it means that

cars are not allowed to pass... SUPPOSING AN ESCAPED MADMAN WERE RUNNING AROUND IN THIS BUILDING, WOULD YOU FEEL SAFER IF YOU LOCKED THE DOOR OF THE ROOM OR IF YOU BARRED IT?/ Supposing an escaped...

I'd feel safer if...

We can also use "bar" in a legal sense. For example, when we talk about the "prisoner at the bar", or a "barrister" being called to the bar, etc.

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "BAR" BEING USED IN A LEGAL SENSE. The prisoner at the bar; called to the bar ...

CART wóz, fura, furmanka

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "TO PUT THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE" ?/ "To put the ..." means to put something first when it should come second

874 CAN YOU GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ? Learning to read and write a language before learning to speak and understand it is like putting the

cart before the horse, as a language should be listened to first, then spoken, then read, and then finally written

DECEIVE oszukiwać

ARE YOU VERY GOOD AT DECEIVING PEOPLE ? Yes, I'm... or... No, I'm not...

EITHER SIDE NOT ... EITHER obydwie strony nie jest... ani.../nie...także, również

ARE THERE STUDENTS SITTING ON EITHER SIDE OF YOU ? Yes, there are ... or... No, there aren't...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF "NOT... EITHER"; This pen isn't his, and it isn't yours either

WHAT AND WHICH

The word "what" is generally used in a somewhat unlimited sense, whilst "which" is used in a more limited sense, e.g. "What kind of books do you like reading ?"- that is, of all the books that exist, whilst "Which of these books do you prefer ?" - that is, of the limited number we have here at the moment.

875 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "WHAT" AND "WHICH" ? The difference ... is that "what" is generally used in a somewhat

unlimited sense, whilst "which" is used in a more limited sense

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE!/ "What kind of food do you like to eat most ?" - that is, of all the foods that exist, whilst, "Which of

these dishes would you prefer ?" - that is, of the limited number of dishes of food we have here at the moment

FAINT ENERGETIC EXCITEMENT FEAR zemdleć, zemdlenie energiczny podniecenie strach

WHAT DO PEOPLE THINK OR DO WHEN A FAINT SMELL OF BURNING REACHES THEIR NOSES ? When a faint... reaches people's noses, they think

something is on fire, a cigarette end that is still burning has perhaps fallen on something ... they try to find

out where the smell is coming from ...

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "YOU MUST NOT BE FAINT-HEARTED IF YOU WISH TO SUCCEED IN LIFE" ? / "You must not be ..." means that you must

be strong, energetic, courageous and determined ...

876 WHY DO PEOPLE FAINT ? People faint because of excessive heat, excitement, fear, pain,...

GLASSES okulary

WHY DO PEOPLE WEAR GLASSES ? People wear ...

DO YOU THINK PEOPLE LOOK BETTER WITH OR WITHOUT GLASSES ? I think some people ...

HAPPEN TO przypadkowo (coś zrobić)

WHEN YOU HAPPEN TO SEE SOMEONE IN THE DISTANCE WHILST WALKING DOWN THE STREET AND THAT SOMEONE IS A PERSON YOU DON'T PARTICULARLY WANT TO SPEAK TO, WHAT DO YOU DO ?/

When I happen to see ... want to speak to, I...

OUTWARD(S) INWARD(S) zewnętrzny, na zewnątrz wewnętrzny, do wewnątrz

WHY DOES A MAN'S STOMACH GROW OUTWARDS INSTEAD OF INWARDS AS HE GETS OLDER? A man's stomach ... as he gets older because

he eats too much and does not take enough exercise ...

LEAN BENEATH GIVE WAY FEATHER oprzeć się, pochylić się poniżej, na dole ustępować ióro

LEAD ołów VACUUM próżnia

877 WHAT AM I DOING ? You're leaning on the table

WHY DOES THE LEANING TOWER OF "MSA LEAN ?/ The leaning... because the ground beneath one side has given way

WHAT WAS THE FAMOUS EXPERIMENT THAT GALILEO IS SAID TO HAVE PERFORMED FROM THE TOP OF THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA ? The famous experiment... was the one that showed that two objects of different weights, such as a feather and a piece of lead, fall at the same speed as each other if they fall through a vacuum ...

MANKIND rodzaj ludzki

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MANKIND? By mankind we mean people in the

world in general

MONKEY małpa CLOSELY ściśle, dokładnie

WHICH ANIMAL IS MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO MAN ? The monkey is the animal which is...

PIGEON COUPLE MATE CAGE/ gołąb para, kilka kolega, koleżanka klatka

WHICH BIRD DO WE USE FOR RACING ? We use the pigeon ...

HOW DO WE MAKE PIGEONS RACE? We make pigeons race by taking them a long way from home and then letting them go free to fly back home

Two little tricks that are sometimes used to make a pigeon hurry home faster are as follows:- If the pigeon's a female bird, her owner can give her a couple of false eggs to sit on a few days before the race. On the day of the race he takes her off the eggs and sends her away. She will fly home faster, because she will be worried about her eggs.

If, on the other hand, the pigeon's a male bird, on the day of the race the owner can take the pigeon out of its cage where it has its female mate, and at the same time show him that he's putting another male bird in with his mate. During the race the pigeon will hurry home fast and angry, wanting to get back to his mate and throw out his rival.

878 WHAT ARE TWO LITTLE TRICKS THAT CAN BE USED IN PIGEON RACING ?/ The two little ... are ...

ARE YOU FOR OR AGAINST KEEPING ANIMALS IN CAGES ? I'm for keeping ... or... I'm against...

IDIOM 36

SNAP DECISION = A quick decision - fast, like the snap of one's fingers szybka decyzja

e.g. There wasn't time to think carefully: I had to make a snap decision.

879 WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "SNAP DECISION" MEAN ? The idiom... "quick..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! Although it was a snap decision, it was the right one

DICTATION 74

It doesn't matter / if we occasionally make a mistake./ We were suddenly forced to stop/ by the appearance of men/ standing in front of us/ with bows and arrows./ Some of them/ had drawn back their bows/ ready to let fly at us./ The youth claimed/ that he had not stolen the apples/ but the shopkeeper would not believe him./ Last year I paid a visit/ to the Holy Land/ which is the birthplace of Christ./ We stood on the shore/ and watched the sun go down over the lake.

LESSON 134

"SO" AND ITS MANY USES (CONT.)

IT IS NOT SO SO, YOU HAVE COME! IT SO HAPPENS to nie jest tak (to nie prawda) a więc przyszedłeś tak się składa

SO KIND AS JUST (EXACTLY) WASH UP tak dobra i... właśnie, ściśle, dokładnie umyć

Some further examples of the uses of the word "so" are:- 1) He said the train had left, but it was not so (not true)

2) So, you have come after all! (said as an exclamation)

3) It so happens that I have just the thing you are looking for

4) Would you be so kind as to help me wash up the plates and dishes ?/

880 CAN YOU GIVE ME SOME FURTHER EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF THE WORD "SO" ? Some further ... are 1) He said the train had ...

MELT topnieć

WHAT DO WE GET WHEN ICE MELTS ? We get water when ice melts

NOTHING TO DO WITH IT nie mieć nic wspólnego z...

WHAT HAS THAT GOT TO DO WITH IT ? co to ma wspólnego...

IF WE WERE DISCUSSING ART AND I SUDDENLY SAID "AH YES, BUT WHAT ABOUT THE COST OF FOOD THESE DAYS ?", DO YOU SUPPOSE THAT'D HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH THE DISCUSSION? No, if we were

discussing ... I don't suppose that'd have ...

AND WHATD YOU PROBABLY ASK ME?/ I'd probably ask you what the cost of food had got to do with art?

881 PICK AT skubać PICK OUT wybrać

WHAT AM I DOING? You're picking at your clothes (or at the comer of your book, etc.)

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "TO PICK OUT" ? "To pick out" means to choose ...

REGARD GREET GREETINGS uważać witać pozdrowienia

BYE - BYE CHEERIO CHEERS dowidzenia cześć dzięki

WHAT'D YOU REGARD AS THE GREATEST FAVOUR THAT ANYONE COULD DO YOU ? I'd regard ... as the greatest favour that...

WHEN WE WISH TO SEND OUR GREETINGS TO A FRIEND THROUGH A THIRD PERSON, WHAT DO WE SAY ?/ When we wish ... we say "Give

my regards to John when you see him"

WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE GREET SOMEONE IN THE STREET? We say "Hallo!" or "Good evening!" etc. when we greet...

AND WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE LEAVE SOMEONE? We say "Goodbye; Bye-bye; Cheerio" or just "Cheers" when we leave someone

882 SCENT GIVE OFF RIDER zapach, wyczuć wydzielać jeździec

WHICH FLOWER DO YOU THINK GIVES OFF THE NICEST SCENT?/ I think the ... gives off the nicest scent

CAN YOU TELL ME OF A CASE YOU KNOW WHERE AN ANIMAL HAS SHOWN IT HAS SCENTED DANGER BEFORE THE DANGER HAS ACTUALLY BEEN REACHED ? Yes, I can ... or ... No, I can't...

As an example, a horse will sometimes refuse to cross a bridge that is in danger of breaking, even though its rider might try to make it go on ... and animals, such as deer, can also scent danger when a tiger is about...

GO RIGHT iść, TEMPER LOSE ONE'S TEMPER układać się dobrze usposobienie, opanowanie stracić panowanie nad sobą

THOUGHTFUL GO BAD SWEET/ rozważny, zamyślony zepsuć się słodki

WHEN THINGS DON'T GO RIGHT, WHAT DO YOU DO - LOSE YOUR TEMPER, OR JUST BECOME VERY QUIET AND THOUGHTFUL, ETC. ?

When things don't go... I...

883 WHAT DO WE DO WITH FOOD THAT HAS GONE BAD? We throw away food that has gone bad

WHAT KIND OF THINGS PUT YOU INTO A BAD TEMPER ?/ The kind of ... temper are...

WOULD YOU SAY THAT GENERALLY SPEAKING WOMEN WERE MORE SWEET-TEMPERED THAN MEN ? Yes, I'd say that... or ... No, I wouldn't say ...

FOUR WAYS OF FORMING THE FUTURE

There are four ways in which we can form the Future, and they are as follows:-

1) I shall go to London tomorrow (Normal Future)

2) 1 go to London tomorrow (Present Simple)

3) I am going to London tomorrow (Present Progressive)

4) I am going to go to London tomorrow (Future Intention)

Naturally, we can't use these different forms as we like. In some cases we use one form, whilst in other cases we use another, and, as with so much else in English, we best learn when to use them through practice./

WHAT ARE THE FOUR WAYS IN WHICH WE CAN FORM THE FUTURE? The four ways ... are 1)1 shall got to London

tomorrow (Normal Future) 2) I go to ...

884 CAN WE USE THESE DIFFERENT FORMS JUST AS WE LIKE? No, we can't...

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO LEARN WHEN TO USE THEM ? The best way to ... is through practice

BY NOW do tej pory

IF YOU HAD LEFT FOR SCOTLAND TEN HOURS AGO, WOULD YOU HAVE ARRIVED THERE BY NOW ? Yes, if I'd left ... or ... No, if I'd ...

WARN AHEAD TRIANGLE ostrzegać, uprzedzać do przodu/z przodu trójkąt

WHAT KIND OF SIGN DO WE SEE ON THE SIDE OF THE ROAD THAT WARNS US THAT THERE'S DANGER AHEAD?/ The kind of sign we ... ahead is a red triangle with a picture of the danger in the middle. If, for example, it's a dangerous bend, a line in the shape of a dangerous bend ...

MERCY litość

HAS IT BEEN THE HABIT THROUGHOUT HISTORY FOR THE CONQUEROR TO SHOW MERCY TO THOSE HE HAS CONQUERED ?

No, it hasn't been the ... 885 WHAT WOULD YOU HAVE DONE? I'd have...

DESIRE 2200 pożądanie

WHAT'S A SIMILAR WORD TO "WISH" ? A similar word to "wish" is "desire"

HAVE YOU ANY GREAT DESIRE TO VISIT A PARTICULAR FOREIGN COUNTRY ? Yes, I've a great... or... No, I haven't any ...

WHICH ?/

IDIOM 37

IT NEVER RAINS BUT IT POURS = problems never come in ones and twos nieszczęścia chodzą parami but many come together

e.g. There was nowhere we could buy any petrol for the car, there were no trains or buses until the next morning, and there was only one hotel, and that was full. Well, you know what they say, it never rains but it pours.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "IT NEVER RAINS BUT IT POURS" MEAN ? The idiom ... means that problems ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! One thing went wrong after another. It's always the same; it never rains but it pours

886 DICTATION 75 INJUSTICE niesprawiedliwość

The chickens/ have not laid a single egg/ for an entire week./ The soldiers behaved with great courage/ and fought well,/ but still they lost the battle./ He had the choice/ of either entering the government/ and becoming some kind of official/ or of entering the church/ and becoming a priest./ The village looked very pretty/ lying in the valley /in the morning sunshine./ It is not uncommon/ to find public speakers/ preaching against the social injustices/ of the day./ His eyes travelled to the ceiling.

LESSON 135

UPRIGHT pionowy, LUNG ORGAN stojący, wyprostowany płuco organ, narząd

WHY IS IT HEALTHIER TO SIT AND WALK UPRIGHT RATHER THAN WITH HEAD AND SHOULDERS BENT FORWARD ? The reason it's healthier

... is that the lungs and other organs of the body are not pressed against each other, and with an upright back the blood moves

more freely in the body and the person feels less tired ...

WORK OUT rozwiązać, obliczyć

WORK OUT THIS PROBLEM, PLEASE - WHAT IS IT THAT, THE MORE WE TAKE AWAY FROM IT, THE BIGGER IT GETS? It is a hole: because the more we take away from a hole, the bigger the hole becomes

887 WHAT ARE YOU DOING ?/ I'm working out the problem of- "What is it..."

ADVANCE STEP BY STEP CONFUSION posuwać się do przodu krok po kroku zmieszanie, zażenowanie

IN ADVANCE z wyprzedzeniem IN ARREARS z dołu, po (płacić)

WHY IS IT BETTER TO ADVANCE SLOWLY STEP BY STEP WHEN LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE RATHER THAN RUSH FORWARD TOO QUICKLY ?/ The reason it's better to advance ... too quickly is that, unlike many other subjects, a foreign language requires that page one is'thoroughly learnt before page two can be completely understood, as the work on each page is based on the work on the pages that have gone before it, so to rush on too quickly would mean eventual confusion ...

WHEN PEOPLE WORK FOR A WAGE, ARE THEY PAID IN ADVANCE OR IN ARREARS ? When people work ... in arrears

BARE WEAPON SILENCE (v) BARELY goły broń uciszyć ledwie

ARE MY HANDS COVERED ? No, your hands ... but they're bare

IS IT POSSIBLE TO KILL A MAN WITH ONE'S BARE HANDS; THAT IS, WITHOUT USING A WEAPON OF ANY KIND ? Yes, it's possible to ...

888 HOW ?/ By putting your hands round his neck and pressing your thumbs hard into his throat

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "HE SILENCED HIM WITH A BARE WORD" ? "He silenced ..." means he silenced him with nothing more than a word ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "WE BARELY HAD TIME TO EAT" ? When we say "We barely ..." we mean we only just had time to eat

GO BACK COME BACK GO IN COME IN RETURN wracać (pójść z powrotem) (przyjść z powrotem) wejść wejść wracać

ENTER DESCEND GO DOWN COME DOWN/ wejść zejść, schodzić schodzić schodzić

Sometimes you may find it difficult to know when to use the verb "go back" and when to use "come back", when to use "go in" and when to use "come in", exactly as when to use "bring" and when to use "take". There may appear to be no problem with these words but, in fact, pupils often confuse their use, as everything depends on where the person who is doing the act is at the time, and where the person who is speaking or writing about the action is at the time./

For example, if at the time of speaking I am at the school, I would say "After the lesson tomorrow, I shall go back home", whilst, if at the time of speaking I were at home, I would say "After the lesson tomorrow, I shall come back home".

If, therefore, you are in any doubt as to what you should use, you can easily overcome the problem by using the word "return", which serves for both "go back" and "come back", and the word "enter", which serves for both "go in" and "come in"./

889 WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH THE WORDS "GO BACK" AND "COME BACK" AND "GO IN" AND "COME IN" ? The problem with the ... is that

everything depends on where the person who ...

HOW CAN WE OVERCOME THE PROBLEM ? We can overcome the problem by using the word "return"... and the word "enter" ...

The same thing can be applied to the word "descend", which can be used for both "go down" and "come down". Though, in fact, it is seldom used in this way, you can use it if you are in difficulty and don't know whether you should use "go down" or "come down"./

890 WHAT WORD CAN WE USE INSTEAD OF "GO DOWN" OR "COME DOWN" ? We can use the word "descend" instead of...

DO WE, IN FACT, GENERALLY USE THE WORD "DESCEND" INSTEAD OF "GO DOWN" OR "COME DOWN" ? No, we don't, in fact, generally use ...

GET dostać, nabyć, otrzymać

Although the word "get" has many different meanings, we cannot always use it in place of the other verbs with the same meaning./ For example, we cannot say, "I hope one day to get a doctor". For this reason, when there is any doubt, it is perhaps safer to avoid using "get" and use the verb of the same meaning.

WHATS THE PROBLEM WITH USING THE WORD "GET" ? The problem with ... is that we can't always use it in place of

the other verbs with the same meaning

HOW DO WE OVERCOME THE PROBLEM ? We overcome ... by avoiding its use and using the verb of the same meaning instead

CASE IN CASE RISK RUN A RISK/ przypadek, sytuacja na wypadek ryzyko ryzykować

WHAT DO WE CALL THE PERSON WHOM WE EMPLOY TO FIGHT OUR CASE IN THE LAW COURTS? We call the person whom we employ to fight

our case in the law courts a lawyer or a barrister

891 DO YOU CARRY AN UMBRELLA IN CASE IT RAINS, OR ARE YOU THE TYPE OF PERSON WHO PREFERS TO RUN THE RISJC OF IT RAINING ?/

I carry an ... or ... No, I don't carry ... I'm the kind of...

DEGREE BY DEGREES ANGLE RIGHT ANGLE stopień stopniowo kąt kąt prosty

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "WE ADVANCED BY DEGREES" ? "We advanced by degrees" means we moved slowly and carefully forward

HOW MANY DEGREES ARE THERE IN A RIGHT ANGLE ? There are 90 degrees in a right angle

WHAT'S THE TEMPERATURE TODAY? - I.E. ABOUT HOW MANY DEGREES IS IT TODAY ? It's about... degrees today

EXCUSE (v) (pronounced "excuz") EXCUSE (n) tłumaczyć, wybaczyć wymówka

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "EXCUSE" (v) AND "EXCUSE" (n)?/ The difference ... is that "excuse" is the verb, whilst "excuse" is the noun

892 FANCY WAIST WAISTCOAT czuć, wyobrażać sobie, wyszukany pas, talia kamizelka

WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "I FANCY THAT JOHN WILL NOT COME THIS EVENING" ? If you said "I fancy that..." you'd mean you had

a feeling that John would not come

AND WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "I FANCY MYSELF TO BE IN ANCIENT GREECE" ?/ If you said "I fancy myself..." you'd mean you

imagined yourself to be ...

WHAT PART OF THE BODY IS THIS ? That part of the body is the waist

DO YOU LIKE FANCY WAISTCOATS FOR MEN ? Yes, I like ... or... No, I don't like...

WHAT DO YOU FANCY FOR YOUR DINNER THIS EVENING; THAT IS, WHAT'D YOU LIKE TO HAVE ? I fancy ... for my dinner this evening

PINT GALLON LITRE galon litr

893 8 PINTS = 1 GALLON 1 PINT = 0.5679 LITRES/

HOW MANY PINTS MAKE A GALLON ? 8 pints make a gallon

HOW MANY LITRES MAKE A PINT ? Point 5679 litres make a pint

JEALOUS zazdrosny

HAVE YOU GOT A JEALOUS NATURE ? Yes, I've got a ... or... No, I haven't

got a...

MINE kopalnia MINER górnik

WHAT DO WE CALL A MAN WHO WORKS IN A MINE? We call a man who works in a mine a miner

TEND dążyć, zmierzać

DO YOU THINK MOST PEOPLE TEND TO LIKE OTHERS OR TO DISLIKE OTHERS ?/ I think most people tend to ...

TOUGH twardy

WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "TENDER" ? The contrary of "tender" is "tough"

NAME A TOUGH METAL. Steel is a tough metal

894 CONTENT (n) (kon'tent) CONTENT (v) (kon-tenf) (with the accent on the first syllable) (with the accent on the second syllable) zawartość zadowolić, zaspokoić

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "CONTENT" (n) AND "CONTENT" (v) ? The difference ... is that "content" is a noun, whilst "content" is a verb

WHAT ARE THE CONTENTS OF YOUR POCKETS OR BAG ? The contents of my ... are a handkerchief, some money ...

ARE YOU CONTENT WITH YOUR LIFE ? / Yes, I'm ... or ... No, I'm not...

WITNESS świadek

HAVE YOU EVER HAD TO GO TO THE LAW COURTS AS A WITNESS TO AN ACCIDENT OR A CRIME ? Yes, I've had to go ... as a witness

... or ... No, I've never had ...

RID pozbyć się, uwolnić się GET RID OF pozbyć się

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO RID OURSELVES OF SOMEONE WHO'S CAUSING US TROUBLE ?/ The best way to ... is, if the problem

is serious, to call the police

WHAT'D I EXPECT YOU TO DO IF I TOLD YOU TO GET RID OF THAT PEN ? If you told me ... you'd expect me to throw it away

895 ABOVE ALL ponad wszystko

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "ABOVE ALL" IN IT. Dont forget we need plenty of paper, pencils, rulers, etc. for the

exam, but above all pens that write properly

IDIOM 38

IN A NUTSHELL = briefly; in a few words krótko mówiąc

e.g. After all the complicated explaining you have been doing, what you really mean to say - to put everything in a nutshell - is that you are not able to do the job.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "IN A NUTSHELL" MEAN ? The idiom... "briefly..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! To put it in a nutshell, the answer is "no"

DICTATION 76

As a rule,/1 do not waste a lot of time/ worrying about details of little importance./ Last night/ there was a terrible storm/ and the surface of the sea/ looked like/ a mass of hills and valleys./ There has been a wonderful improvement/ in his health/ and he is now beginning/ to enjoy life again./ Wisdom usually comes with experience./ Although he objected,/ he was still defeated./ I do not mind you smoking your pipe/ whilst I am eating./ We switched on the light/ and found that all the Christmas gifts/ had been stolen from the tree.

896 LESSON 136

FLOUR GRIND - GROUND - GROUND SHARPEN mąka mleć ostrzyć

HOW IS FLOUR MADE? Flour is made by grinding corn

HOW DO WE SHARPEN AN AXE ? We sharpen an axe by grinding it on a stone

HARM HARMFUL HARMLESS CREATURE szkoda, krzywda szkodliwy nieszkodliwy stworzenie, istota

IF YOU WANTED TO HARM SOMEBODY, WHATD YOU DO ? If I wanted... I'd...

WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST HARMFUL CREATURE AND WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST HARMLESS CREATURE ON EARTH ?/ I think

the ... is the most harmful creature and the ...

is the most harmless creature on earth

"DO" WITH "WHO"

The auxiliary verb "do" is not used with the interrogative pronoun "who" - e.g. "Who speaks German here ?" and not "Who does speak German here ?", unless, of course, one is being emphatic. Sometimes, however, you will find "do" together with "who", but this is because in such cases the word "who" should really be "whom", e.g. "Who do you think I saw yesterday ?" should really be "Whom do you think I saw yesterday ?"/

897 WHY IS IT WE SOMETIMES FIND THE AUXILIARY VERB "DO" WITH THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN "WHO" WHEN, IN FACT, "DO" IS NOT SUPPOSED TO BE USED WITH "WHO"? The reason we sometimes find

... "who", is that, the word "who" in such cases should really be "whom"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! "Who did you give the money to ?" should really be "Whom did you give the money to ?"

IRON (v+n) prasować / żelazo, żelazko

DO YOU IRON YOUR CLOTHES YOURSELF OR DOES SOMEONE ELSE IRON THEM FOR YOU ? I iron my... or... Someone else irons my clothes for me

LIKELY prawdopodobny, możliwy UNLIKELY nieprawdopodobny

DO YOU THINK ITS LIKELY TO RAIN IN THE NEXT 24 HOURS ? Yes, I think it's likely to ... or... No, I don't think...

DO YOU THINK ITS VERY UNLIKELY THAT YOU WILL GO THROUGH THE ENTIRE WINTER NEXT YEAR WITHOUT CATCHING A SINGLE COLD ?/ Yes, 1 think it's very ... or ... No, I don't think it's very ... but

I think it's very likely that I will catch a cold

898 DO SOMEONE A FAVOUR THAT'S ALL RIGHT

zrobić przysługę nie ma za co, w porządku

NOT AT ALL nic takiego, proszę, bardzo

IT'S NOTHING WELCOME DON'T MENTION IT nic takiego witamy nie wspominaj, drobiazg

When we give something to someone or do someone a favour etc., and they say "Thank you", there are many ways in which we can reply, depending to some extent on what we have given them or what we have done. We can say, for example, "That's all right That's O.K. Not at all. It's nothing. You're welcome. Don't mention it" etc., or we can just reply with a smile without saying a word./

WHEN WE GIVE SOMETHING TO SOMEONE, OR DO SOMEONE A FAVOUR ETC., AND THEY SAY "THANK YOU", WHAT DO WE REPLY ? When we give ... we reply "That's all right. That's O.K. Not at all..."

899 UP (końcówka) robić coś kompletnie TEAR - TORE - TORN drzeć

When we add the word "up" to a verb it sometimes gives it the meaning of doing something more completely. For example, "I'm breaking this match"; that is, once, whilst "I'm breaking this match up" means I'm breaking it many times./

WHEN WE ADD THE WORD "UP" TO A VERB, WHAT MEANING DOES IT SOMETIMES GIVE THE VERB ? When we add ... it sometimes gives the verb

the meaning of doing something more completely

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! "I'm cutting a loaf of bread into two halves", means, I'm cutting the loaf once, whilst "I'm cutting the loaf of

bread up" means I'm cutting it many times

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're tearing a piece of paper

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're tearing a piece of paper up

PILE ONE ON TOP OF THE OTHER HEAP / stos, kupa jeden na drugim stos, kupa

WHAT AM I DOING? You're piling your books one on top of the other

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD SIMILAR IN MEANING TO THE WORD "PILE" ? Another word similar to ... is "heap"

As with many words which are similar in meaning, in some cases we prefer to use the word "pile", whilst in other cases we prefer to use the word "heap", whilst in still other cases we can use either one word or the other. A pile is usually tidier than a heap.

900 POINT FREEZE - FROZE - FROZEN2250 NOUGHT punkt zamarzać, marznąć, zamrażać zero

CENTIGRADE (OR, CELSIUS) ZERO FAHRENHEIT/ skala Celsjusza zero skala Fahrenheita

WHATS THIS? It's the point of your pencil

WHAT DO WE USE TO SHARPEN THE POINT OF A PENCIL ? We use a knife to sharpen...

WHAT IS BOILING POINT ? Boiling point is 100 degrees centigrade or 212 degrees Fahrenheit

WHAT IS FREEZING POINT? Freezing point is nought (or zero) degrees centigrade, or 32 degrees Fahrenheit

SCRATCH CHEEK SCRAPE SCRATCH OUT podrapać policzek drapać/skrobać zdrapać

WHAT'S THIS ? It's your cheek

901 WHAT AM I DOING?/ You're scratching your cheek with your finger

WHAT AM I DOING NOW ? You're scraping your cheek with your fingers

WHAT DO WE HAVE TO USE IN ORDER TO SCRATCH OUT THE DATE ON A COIN ? We have to use the point of a knife ... etc., in order to scratch ...

DO WE USUALLY HAVE TO SCRAPE OFF OLD PAINT FROM A CAR OR A WOODEN DOOR BEFORE PUTTING ON A NEW COAT ?/ Yes, we usually

have to scrape off ...

THE ...THE im ... tym THE SOONER ... THE BETTER im wcześniej tym lepiej

WOULD YOU SAY THAT THE MORE WE LEARN THE HAPPIER WE BECOME ? Yes, I'd say that... or... No, I wouldn't say...

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "THE SOONER... THE BETTER". The sooner we get the job finished the better,

so that we can have a rest

RESPONSIBLE odpowiedzialny COUNCIL rada

902 AT ABOUT WHAT AGE IS A CHILD CONSIDERED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR HIS OWN ACTIONS ?/ A child is considered to be ... at about... years old

WHAT'S A LOCAL TOWN COUNCIL RESPONSIBLE FOR ? A local town council is responsible for keeping the streets clean, looking after the public gardens, supplying water and electricity to the houses, etc....

FRIGHT strach FRIGHTEN przerażony

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN FRIGHTENED BY A GHOST ? Yes, I've been ... or... No, I've never been ...

WHAT HAPPENED ?

MEAN (adj) skąpy WHO DO YOU THINK ARE THE MEANEST PEOPLE YOU KNOW OF ?

I think ... are the meanest people I know of

THOUGHTLESS bezmyślny, nierozważny

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A THOUGHTLESS PERSON? By a thoughtless person, we mean either someone who doesn't think, or

someone who shows little consideration for others...

903 PALE blady SICKNESS choroba

WHAT CAN MAKE A PERSON'S FACE TURN PALE ?/ Fright, fear, sickness etc., can make a person's face turn pale

IDIOM 39 PREPARATION przygotowanie

OFF THE CUFF = without preparation, or, not official. (The expression conies bez przygotowania from the habit in the old days of men writing

notes on their hard shirt cuffs.)

e.g. I can't give you a full and proper answer to your question but only one off the cuff.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "OFF THE CUFF" MEAN ? The idiom "off the cuff' means...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! He had no time to prepare a proper speech and so had to give one off the cuff

HAVE YOU EVER HAD TO MAKE A SPEECH "OFF THE CUFF" ?

LESSON 137

- ISH SICILY Sycylia

When we add the letters "-ish" to an adjective it means "rather" or "more or less". For example, "Sicily is not exactly a big island, like Japan or Britain, but it's biggish compared with the other islands in the Mediterranean."

904 WHAT MEANING DO THE LETTERS "-ISH" GIVE WHEN WE ADD THEM TO AN ADJECTIVE ? The letters "-ish" give the meaning of "rather" or "more or

less" when we add them to an adjective

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ "The ceiling is not exactly white, but it's whitish"

We cannot always add the letters "ish" to an adjective. We do not say, for example, "simplish". This is because it does not sound very nice. We would instead say, "fairly simple".

UPSET FEEL UPSET TERRIBLY zdenerwowany, wylać być zdenerwowanym strasznie

WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "MY PLANS FOR THE FUTURE HAVE ALL BEEN UPSET BY THE INTERFERENCE OF MY FATHER" ? If you said

that your plans for the future had all been ... you would mean that he had not agreed with your plans,

and had made you change them ... etc.

IF YOU UPSET A DRINK OVER A LADY'S DRESS, WHAT'D YOU SAY AND DO ?/ If I upset a ... I'd say "I'm terribly sorry" and would try to help her

clean the dress in some way

905 IF I SAID "I'M FEELING VERY UPSET TODAY", WHAT WOULD I MEAN ? If you said that you were feeling very upset today, you'd mean that

something unpleasant had happened to you, or you had seen something unpleasant etc ...

WRECK MISFORTUNE SHIPWRECK TAKE TO wrak, popsuć, zrujnować nieszczęście wrak statku uciekać, ratować się

HOW WOULD YOU FEEL, AND WHAT WOULD YOU DO, IF ALL YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE WERE WRECKED THROUGH SOME ACCIDENT OR SOME PIECE OF MISFORTUNE ?/ If all my plans for the future were wrecked

... I'd feel... and I'd...

DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENS IN A SHIPWRECK. In a shipwreck, the ship sinks and people take to small boats, or drown ...

ADVERTISE SALE FOR SALE ADVERTISEMENT reklamować sprzedaż na sprzedaż reklama ADVERTISING COMMERCIAL PRODUCT reklamowanie handlowy produkt

906 HOW WOULD YOU ADVERTISE THE FACT THAT YOU HAD A HOUSE FOR SALE ? I'd advertise the fact that... by putting an

advertisement in the newspaper ... etc.

WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST FORM OF ADVERTISING FOR SELLING A COMMERCIAL PRODUCT ?/ I think the best form ... is .

"SOME" IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES USUAL zwykły

We sometimes use the words "some, somebody" and "something", in interrogative sentences instead of the usual "any, anybody", and "anything". We generally do this when we expect a positive answer, and especially when we offer something to somebody. For example, "Would you like some more tea ?" - "Is there somebody here you're looking for ?" - "Would you like me to buy you something nice for Christmas ?" etc./

WHEN DO WE USE "SOME, SOMEBODY" AND "SOMETHING" IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES INSTEAD OF THE USUAL "ANY, ANYBODY" AND "ANYTHING" ?

We use "some"... when we expect a positive answer, and especially when we offer something to somebody

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE ! "Would you like some more tea ?" "Did I hear somebody ring the front door bell just then ?"

"Would you like something nice for dinner ?"

907 BARGAIN OVER SECOND-HAND BASEMENT/ targować się o coś używany suterena

GET THE BETTER OF THE BARGAIN wytargować lepiej niż oczekiwano

WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID THAT I HAD HAD TO BARGAIN FOR OVER AN HOUR WHEN I BOUGHT MY SECOND-HAND CAR, BUT EVENTUALLY GOT THE BETTER OF THE BARGAIN?/ If you said that you

had had to bargain ... you would mean that you had bought a car that was not new and that, for more than an hour, you had had to argue about the price, because the

price was not fixed. Eventually, the deal was to your advantage, which meant you got the car cheaper than the expected price ...

WHAT KIND OF GOODS WOULD WE EXPECT TO FIND IN THE BARGAIN BASEMENT OF A SHOP? The kind of goods we'd expect... would be those which the shop was able to sell more cheaply than at the normal price ...

CAUTION ostrożność CAUTIOUSLY ostrożnie

IN WHAT KIND OF SITUATIONS DO PEOPLE MOVE VERY CAUTIOUSLY ? The kind of situations in which people ... is when there's danger ... etc ...

908 HOW MANY TIMES DO THE POLICE CAUTION YOU ABOUT BAD DRIVING BEFORE THEY TAKE AWAY YOUR LICENCE ?/ The police

caution you ... about bad driving before ...

DELIVER MAIL BEFOREHAND SET FREE dostarczać poczta przedtem uwolnić

AT WHAT TIME DO THEY DELIVER THE MAIL AT YOUR HOUSE ? They deliver the ... at about...

IF YOU HAD TO DELIVER A SPEECH, WOULD YOU CAREFULLY PREPARE NOTES BEFOREHAND OR WOULD YOU GIVE IT "OFF THE CUFF" ?/ If I had to deliver a speech, I'd ...

WHICH WOULD SOUND MORE NATURAL ? Delivering the speech off the cuff would sound more natural

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "THE PRISONERS WERE DELIVERED FROM THE ENEMY" ? When we say that the prisoners were ... we

mean that they were set free

CRITIC krytyk

DO YOU THINK CRITICS SERVE A USEFUL PURPOSE ? IF SO, WHAT ? Yes, I think critics ... because they ... or ... No, I don't think ...

909 DO THEY ALWAYS KNOW WHAT THEY ARE TALKING ABOUT ?/

Yes, they always ... or ... No, they don't always ...

IDIOM 40

HARD UP = having very little money spłukany, bez pieniędzy

e.g. I can't let you have any money this week: I'm very hard up.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "HARD UP" MEAN ? The idiom ... "having very ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! We were so hard up we couldn't even buy a newspaper

OPPOSITION opozycja SADLY smutno

DICTATION 77

Some people find it sad/ that the steam engine/ is hardly any longer used/ on the railways these days./ Although he strongly opposed the bill,/ he knew it would be passed/ all the same/ and so, after replying to the opposition,/ he returned sadly to his seat./ The guards were given orders/ to shoot the enemy on sight./1 am an early bird,/ and so feel very bright/ in the morning/ and dull in the evening./ Find out if he is fit/ to do the job first.

LESSON 138

DOUBLE CONTRACTIONS

One of the reasons spoken English is difficult to understand is due not only to contr-actions but to double contractions. For example, "I would have seen him if he had been there" becomes "I'd've seen him if he'd been there." - "I would have" becomes "I'd've."

910 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF A DOUBLE CONTRACTION. An example of a double contraction is "He'd've gone if he'd been able to"

EXPECT = TO LOOK FORWARD TO AN EVENT RELY ON / spodziewać się polegać na

ARE YOU EXPECTING A LETTER FROM ANYONE IN THE NEXT FEW DAYS ? Yes, I'm expecting ... or ... No, I'm not ...

DO YOU THINK A CHILD CAN BE EXPECTED TO STUDY WITHOUT BEING FORCED TO DO SO, EITHER BY HIS TEACHER OR HIS PARENTS ?/

Yes, I think a child ... or... No, I don't think ...

I EXPECT BY NOW THAT YOU UNDERSTAND EVERYTHING I SAY WITH EASE - IS THAT RIGHT ? Yes, that's right... or ... No, that isn't right...

CAN YOU ALWAYS BE RELIED UPON TO DO THINGS THAT YOU HAVE PROMISED SOMEONE YOU WILL DO ? Yes, I can always be relied upon to

... or... No, I can't always be ...

911 FAST FASTEN AEROPLANE TAKEOFF umocowany umocować, zapiąć samolot wystartować

TOUCH DOWN tu: ląduje SAFETY-BELT pas bezpieczeństwa

WHAT DO WE HAVE TO DO IF WE WANT TO HOLD TWO PIECES OF WOOD FAST TOGETHER ? If we want to... we have to hammer a nail into them... etc

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE NOTICE "FASTEN YOUR SEAT - BELTS" THAT APPEARS IN AN AEROPLANE JUST BEFORE THE PLANE TAKES OFF OR LANDS ? The meaning of the notice "Fasten your seat-belts" that appears in

an aeroplane just before the plane takes off or lands is that we must tie our safety-belts around us to hold us fast when the

plane leaves the ground and when it touches down

HASTEN pospieszyć HASTE pośpiech

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO HASTEN A LAZY WORKER?/ The best way to ... is to offer him more money or tell him he will lose his job ...

912 WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "MORE HASTE LESS SPEED" ? "More haste less speed" means that often if we try to do something too fast we finish

by doing it much slower than if we had taken our time

GARDEN GATE = GATE OF THE GARDEN

ELIMINATE PORTER HALL - PORTER wyeliminować portier portier holu

We can often put two nouns together in English and by doing so eliminate the need for the words "of the". For example, "the clock face" means "the face of the clock".

GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF PUTTING TWO NOUNS TOGETHER AND SO ELIMINATING THE WORDS "OF THE" / "Hall-porter" meaning "the porter of

the hall". "Book cover" meaning "the cover of the book". "Table top" meaning "the top of the table"

OVERNIGHT przez noc

IF YOU WERE EVER TO BECOME VERY RICH AND FAMOUS, WOULD YOU PREFER IT TO HAPPEN OVERNIGHT OR LITTLE BY LITTLE? If ever I

were to become ... I'd prefer it to...

913 MERE zwykły, normalny

IS THERE ANY JOB YOU COULD THINK OF THAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO DO, NOT FOR MONEY, BUT FOR THE MERE HONOUR THAT GOES WITH THE JOB ? Yes, there's a job I can think of that I'd like

... or... No, there isn't any job I can ... WHICH JOB ?/

NUISANCE utrapienie

WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST THING TO SAY TO PEOPLE, OR DO WITH PEOPLE, WHO MAKE THEMSELVES A NUISANCE ? I think

the best... is to ...

POST DOORPOST GOAL DIG "DUG-DUG POSTAGE słup słup od drzwi bramka kopać opłata pocztowa

WHAT ARE THESE ? These are doorposts

WHAT DO WE HAVE TO DO WHEN WE WANT TO PUT POSTS IN THE GROUND TO MAKE THE GOALS FOR A GAME OF FOOTBALL OR RUGBY ?/ When we want to put posts in the ground to make the ...

we must dig fairly deep holes in the ground

ABOUT HOW LONG DO YOU THINK IT TAKES TO REACH THE POST OF BANK MANAGER IF YOU START RIGHT FROM THE BOTTOM ?

I think it takes about... years to reach the ...

914 HOW MUCH IS THE POSTAGE FOR A LETTER FROM YOUR COUNTRY TO ENGLAND ?/ The postage for a letter from ... is ...

PUNISH karać

HOW'D YOU PUNISH A PUPIL WHO WAS LACKING IN DISCIPLINE ? I'd punish a pupil who was lacking in discipline by ...

FOLD składać

WHAT AM I DOING? You're folding a page of your book

NATIVE pochodzący z COLONIALISM kolonializm

A native is a person born in a certain country or place. For example, "I'm a native

of...".

WHAT'S A NATIVE ?/ A native is a person born in a certain country or place

TREASURE skarb

IS THERE STILL ANY LOST TREASURE IN THE WORLD? Yes, there's still ... especially at the bottom of the sea where treasure

ships sank during storms in the old days

915 RECEIPT2300 rachunek PROVE udowodnić

WHY DOES ONE ASK FOR A RECEIPT TO BE SIGNED WHEN ONE DELIVERS GOODS ?/ One asks for a receipt to be signed when ... in order

to prove that they have, in fact, been delivered

IDIOM 41

TELL OFF = to speak angrily to someone for doing something wrong skarcić

e.g. The teacher told the pupil off for being late for his lesson.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "TELL OFF" MEAN ? The idiom ... "to speak ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! If I'm not home early at night, I get told off by my mother

DICTATION 78

We spent the whole afternoon/ gathering up the apples/ that had fallen on the ground./ A railway line/ does not have to be level,/ but it cannot climb too rapidly,/ otherwise a train cannot run on it./ As we weighed the cake/ my father gave a cry of surprise./ He had not realized/ it would weigh so much./ The theatre seats were well-made,/ so that the audience/ could relax/ and watch the play in comfort./ For one brief moment,/ I was certain he would obey.

916 LESSON 139

EXCUSE ME I'M SORRY ACCIDENTALLY przepraszam przepraszam przypadkowo

Generally speaking, we use "Excuse me" for something that is not very important and "I'm sorry" for a more important apology. This, however, like so many other things, is only a general rule.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "EXCUSE ME" AND "I'M SORRY" ? The difference ... is that we generally use "Excuse me" for something that is not very important, and "I'm sorry" for a more important apology

WHAT DO YOU SAY WHEN YOU WANT TO PASS BETWEEN TWO PEOPLE WHO ARE SPEAKING TO EACH OTHER ?/ When I want to ... I say

"Excuse me, please"

AND WHAT DO YOU SAY IF, IN PASSING, YOU ACCIDENTALLY STEP ON THE FOOT OF ONE OF THE TWO PEOPLE WHO ARE SPEAKING ?

If, in passing, I accidentally step... I say "Oh, I'm terribly sorry! I hope I havent hurt you"

REJOICE REJOICING WEALTHY DISASTER radować się radosny bogaty katastrofa

917 WHY ARE PUBLIC REJOICINGS NOT AS COMMON NOW AS THEY WERE IN THE PAST?/ Public rejoicings are not as common ... because many

countries in the world today are at peace; and with the progress of science, people are becoming wealthier and healthier

than in the past, and so national disasters such as war, plague, hunger etc., are rarer ...

SCREW śruba SCREWDRIVER śrubokręt

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A NAIL AND A SCREW ? The difference ... is that a nail we hammer into a piece of wood,

whilst a screw we turn and turn with a screwdriver

THEN wtedy, następnie, w przypadku The

word "then" has three meanings:-

1) At that time - e.g. I shall see him on Thursday and will give him the news then.

2) Next - e.g. We'll have dinner first, and then watch T.V.

3) In that case - e.g. If you don't understand, then ask.

WHAT ARE THE THREE MEANINGS OF THE WORD "THEN" ?/ The three meanings ... are "at that time; next; in that case"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE! 1) 1 began studying English last year, and before then (i.e. before that time) did not

know a single word. 2) I shall study first, then go to the cinema. 3) You will find the door locked; then what will you do ?

918 URGE ponaglać

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO URGE SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING HE DOES NOT WANT TO DO ?/ The best way to urge someone to ... is to tell him

how much better everything will be after he has done it...

YOU'RE RIGHT masz rację YOU'RE WRONG mylisz się

AM 1 RIGHT WHEN I SAY THAT THE OPPOSITE OF "BELIEVE" IS "UNBELIEVE" ? No, you aren't right when you say that... but you're wrong,

because the opposite of "believe" is "disbelieve"

AFFAIR sprawa LOVE AFFAIR romans

IS IT WISE TO SPEAK ABOUT ONE'S PRIVATE AFFAIRS IN PUBLIC ? No, it isn't wise to ...

ARE LOVE AFFAIRS ALWAYS HAPPY ?/ No, love affairs aren't...

BASIN WASH - BASIN RIVER BASIN SHAPED LIKE miednica (basen) miednica dorzecze mieć kształt (kogo, czego)

919 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WASH-BASIN AND A RIVER BASIN ? The difference between ... is that a wash-basin is an object in

which we wash our hands and face, whilst a river basin is so called because it is shaped like a basin ...

CHARM CHARMING czar czarujący

MUSICAL muzyczny

SNAKE wąż

SNAKE - CHARMER zaklinacz węży

INSTRUMENT instrument

MAGIC magiczny

WHO'S THE MOST CHARMING PERSON YOU KNOW ? The most charming person I know is ...

WHAPS A SNAKE-CHARMER?/ A snake charmer is a person who charms a snake by playing a musical instrument...

DO YOU BELIEVE THAT THERE ARE PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WHO CAN PUT A MAGIC CHARM ON OTHER PEOPLE ? Yes, I believe that there ...

or ... No, I don't...

WHETHER czy

Just a short note to remind ourselves about the use of the word "whether". With the word "whether" we generally add the words "or not", and it usually expresses a doubt, e.g. "I wonder if Tom will come" or "I wonder whether Tom will come or not." The word "whether" cannot generally be used to express a condition. Only "if" will do in such cases, e.g. If you meet James, tell him to come and see me./

920 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN USE BETWEEN THE WORDS "WHETHER" AND "IF" ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE. The difference in ... is that with

the word "whether" we generally add the words "or not", and it usually expresses a doubt,e.g. "I wonder if Tom ..." or "I

wonder whether Tom ...". The word "whether" can't generally be used to express a condition ...

LAST LATEST LAST BUT ONE ostatni ostatni, najnowszy przedostatni

The difference between "last" and "latest" is that, if I say "Have you read John Brown's last book ?" it usually means John Brown is dead and I am talking about the last book he wrote; whereas, if I say "Have you read John Brown's latest book?" it means that John Brown is still alive and I am talking about the book he has written most recently./

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "LAST" AND "LATEST" ? The difference ... is that if I say "Have you seen Charles Smith's last painting?"

it usually means Charles Smith is dead; whereas if I say "... Charles Smith's latest painting ?" ... he is still alive ...

921 WHICH'S THE LAST LETTER BUT ONE IN THE ENGLISH ALPHABET ? Y's the last letter but...

BLACKBOARD tablica CHALK kreda

WHAT DO WE WRITE ON A BLACKBOARD WITH ? We write on a blackboard with a piece of chalk

EYEBROW EYELASH EYELID LID PAN brew rzęsa powieka pokrywka garnek

WHAT'S THIS? It's an eyebrow

WHAT ARE THESE ?/ Those are eyelashes

WHAT'S THIS? It's an eyelid

DOES WATER IN A PAN BOIL MORE QUICKLY WITH THE LID ON OR WITH THE LID OFF? AND WHY? Water in a pan boils more quickly with the lid on because, with the lid on, the steam and the heat are kept in...

FAVOUR (v) = TO APPROVE OF; TO HELP YACHT faworyzować, darzyć względami jacht

922 WHAT KIND OF FILMS DO THE PEOPLE IN YOUR COUNTRY FAVOUR THE MOST ?/ The kind of films the people ... are ... (westerns, action films,

war films, films about love ...) DOES BAD WEATHER FAVOUR A YACHT IN A RACE AT SEA ? No, bad

weather doesn't... WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU DON'T APPROVE OF SOMETHING ?

When I don't approve ... I... (say so, or shake my head ...)

CLOTHE ubrać, odziać

CAN A WOMAN CLOTHE HERSELF MORE CHEAPLY THAN A MAN?/ Yes, a woman can ... or... No, a woman can't...

ABILITY zdolność, możliwość

HAVE YOU ANY SPECIAL ABILITY THAT MOST PEOPLE DON'T HAVE? Yes, I've a special... or... No, I haven't any...

WHAT?

ENDLESS bez końca

GIVE ME A SENTENCE CONTAINING THE WORD "ENDLESS". There was an endless stream of traffic on the road

923 BUNCH grono, wiązanka GRAPE winogrono

WHICH'D YOU RATHER RECEIVE, A BUNCH OF FLOWERS OR A BUNCH OF GRAPES ?/ I'd rather receive a bunch of...

RESIST RESISTANCE GO QUIETLY opierać się opór iść spokojnie

WOULD YOU RESIST ARREST BY THE POLICE ? Yes, I'd resist... or... No, I

wouldn't resist arrest by the police, but I'd go quietly ...

IDIOM 42

GIVE THE COLD SHOULDER = make to feel unwelcome odwrócić się plecami do kogoś

e.g. I didn't know what I had done wrong, but everyone seemed to give me the cold shoulder.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "GIVE THE COLD SHOULDER" MEAN ? The idiom ... "make to ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! Instead of a friendly welcome we were given the cold shoulder

NOBLE (n) szlachetny REVOLUTION rewolucja

924 DICTATION 79

Lacking central heating,/ we managed to keep the room/ sufficiently warm with an oil heater/ which our next-door neighbour/ had lent us./ The nobles had behaved so wickedly/ that the people marched against them,/ and so a bloody revolution broke out./ The Greeks in the old days/ believed in many gods,/ whereas in the Christian Bible/ there is only one god./ The accident was not really the soldier's fault:/ he simply did/ what the captain commanded him to do./ It was quite plain/ that he was a policeman,/ even though he was not in uniform.

LESSON 140

THE MEALS APPROXIMATE CEREAL przybliżony płatki

FRY - FRIED - FRIED BACON TOAST smażyć boczek tost

MARMALADE SUBSTANTIAL SNACK marmolada zasadniczy przekąska

SANDWICH BREAK (n) SOUP kanapka przerwa zupa

DESSERT TEA TAKE TEA CHEESE deser herbata posiłek o godz. ser żółty

925 SUPPER BISCUIT CHOCOLATE2350 kolacja herbatnik czekolada

Most people in England eat three average meals a day, the names of which depend on what time of the day they are eaten. The following is a list of six possible meals with their approximate times:-

1) 8 a.m. Breakfast - consisting of a cereal with milk; fried eggs and bacon; toast and marmalade, and a cup of tea or coffee, generally with milk and sugar./

The English usually like to face the day with something substantial in their stomachs, as it helps to steady the nerves and keeps them calm. It also means that they do not need to eat too much at midday or in the evening.

WHAT'S THE FIRST MEAL OF THE DAY; AT WHAT TIME DO WE HAVE IT; AND WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF ? The first meal of... we have

it... and it consists of...

2) 11 a.m. Snack - consisting of a cup of tea or coffee and a sandwich, usually taken during a ten or fifteen minute break at work.

WHAT DOES A SNACK CONSIST OF, AND WHEN DO WE TAKE IT ? A snack consists of... and we take it...

3) 1 p.m. Lunch - consisting of soup, meat, vegetables and a dessert. The main meal of the day is called dinner, which means that if lunch is the main meal of the day, then it can be called dinner instead of lunch./

926 WHEN IS LUNCH, AND WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF ? Lunch is at... and it...

WHY IS LUNCH SOMETIMES CALLED DINNER ? Lunch is sometimes ... because it is sometimes the main meal of the day

4) 4 p.m. Tea - consisting of a cup of tea and a piece of cake or a sandwich; again taken during a ten or fifteen minute break at work, or by a housewife together with her friends.

WHAT DOES TEA CONSIST OF, AND WHEN AND BY WHOM IS IT TAKEN ?/ Tea consists of... and it's taken at... by ...

5) 7 to 9 p.m. Dinner - generally speaking it is more the middle and upper classes that have dinner. It consists of soup, meat, vegetables and dessert, etc. Most other people have a large tea, as soon as they arrive home from work at about 6 p.m., consisting of sandwiches, cakes or perhaps something more substantial, such as cheese, fish, meat, etc.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE EVENING MEAL TAKEN BY THE MIDDLE AND UPPER CLASSES AND THAT TAKEN BY MOST OTHER PEOPLE ?/ The difference... is that middle and... eat between 7 and 9 p.m.

and the meal is called dinner, and consists of... whereas that taken by ... is eaten at about 6 p.m., and consists of...

6) 10 to 11 p.m. Supper - consisting of either the same kind of food as at dinner or just something like cheese and biscuits and a hot drink of chocolate etc. It can be taken instead of dinner. Not many people take supper, as they do not like to go to bed on a full stomach.

927 WHEN IS SUPPER, AND WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF ? Supper is at ... and consists of...

WHY DONT MOST PEOPLE TAKE SUPPER?/ Most people dont... because ...

As has already been stated, most English people only eat three times a day, and then these three meals are not usually very big. If they do eat more than three times a day, the meals they have are usually very light.

If they have a fairly large breakfast, they might have no snack at 11 a.m., and have a light lunch. If they have a large lunch, then they will probably have no tea and a light evening meal, and so on.

HOW MANY MEALS A DAY DO MOST PEOPLE GENERALLY EAT ?/ Most people generally eat three...

IF THEY DO EAT MORE THAN THREE MEALS A DAY, WHAT DOES IT MEAN ? If they do eat more ... it means that the meals are very light...

928 DINE jeść obiad DINING-ROOM jadalnia

WHAT'S THE NAME OF THE ROOM IN WHICH ONE DINES ? The name of the room ... is the dining-room

JAM ORANGE PEAR PLUM dżem pomarańcza gruszka śliwka

The difference between marmalade and jam is that marmalade is generally made from oranges whilst jam is made from other fruits, such as pears, apples, plums, etc./

WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MARMALADE AND JAM ? The difference... is that marmalade is generally made

from oranges... jam ... other fruits...

THE COUNTRY wieś VICTORY zwycięstwo

Sometimes we use "the country" not with the meaning of "the opposite of the town" but meaning "the people of a nation", e.g. "The country rejoiced at the news of the victory".

929 HOW ELSE CAN WE USE "THE COUNTRY" BESIDES MEANING "THE OPPOSITE OF THE TOWN" ?/ We can use "the country" besides meaning

"the opposite of the town" with the meaning of "the people of a nation"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! Most of the country was in favour of his election

HEAL uleczyć, uzdrowić

ABOUT HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR A CUT ON THE HAND TO HEAL ? The time it takes for a cut on the hand to heal depends on how deep the cut is...

LIVE (v) LIVE (adj) The "i" is pronounced as in the verb "to lie" żyć żywy

WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIVE (v) AND LIVE (adj)? The difference ... is that "live" is a verb, whilst...

DO YOU THINK ITS ALL RIGHT TO PERFORM EXPERIMENTS ON LIVE ANIMALS ?/ Yes, I think it's all right to ... or ... No, I don't think it's all right to ...

MILD REMARK LOOK(n) STORMY łagodny uwaga, spostrzeżenie spojrzenie burzliwy

WHAT KIND OF REMARK WOULD SOMEONE HAVE TO MAKE TO BRING A MILD LOOK OF SURPRISE TO YOUR FACE ? The kind of remark someone

would ... would be that he has the same Christian name or surname as myself, or that he used to live in the same town as myself... etc.

930 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MILD WEATHER? By mild weather, we mean weather that is not stormy, or very hot, or very cold. In other words, not extreme

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MILD DISCIPLINE ?/ By mild discipline, we mean discipline that is not very severe

AND WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MILD WINE, MILD EXERCISE, ETC. ? By mild wine, we mean not strong wine, whilst by

mild exercise, we mean not violent exercise

PROOF dowód

IN YOUR COUNTRY, DO YOU HAVE TO CARRY DOCUMENTS AS PROOF THAT YOU ARE WHO YOU SAY YOU ARE ? Yes, in my country we have to

carry ... or ... No, in my country we don't...

SAYING powiedzenie

WHAT DOES THIS SAYING MEAN - "A BIRD IN THE HAND IS WORTH TWO IN THE BUSH" ?/ That saying means that what you've actually got in the hand

you can be sure of, and that is worth twice what you might be able to get, because you can't be sure of getting it ...

931 HUNT pościg, poszukiwanie WOULD YOU JOIN THE HUNT FOR A MURDERER ? Yes, I'd join the ... or...

No, I wouldn't...

WHY OR WHY NOT ?

ARMS broń

ARE YOU FOR OR AGAINST THE POLICE CARRYING ARMS WHILST WALKING AROUND THE STREETS ON DUTY ? I'm for the police ... whilst

... or ... I'm against the ...

TRAP pułapka

WHAT FOOD DO WE PUT IN A TRAP TO CATCH A MOUSE ?/ We put cheese in a trap to catch a mouse

WHY ? Because mice like cheese, and cheese has a strong smell, and so attracts the mice to it

IDIOM 43

TOUCH WOOD = what people say when they touch wood in the hope of odpukać w niemalowane preventing bad luck.

e.g. We've been very lucky and everything's gone very well until now; touch wood.

932 WHAT DO PEOPLE DO AND SAY WHEN THEY WISH OR HOPE TO PREVENT BAD LUCK ? When people ... they touch wood and say "touch wood"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! I've been driving now for ten years without an accident; touch wood

DICTATION 80 She picked up her wedding ring/ from the floor/ and put it back on her finger./ A bird has a pair of wings/ and a tail./ The value of goods/ depends a great deal/ on how much they are in demand./ Unless the sea is very rough,/ the ship won't rock and roll very much./ Most people like to live a settled life,/ but often find their lives/ are interfered with/ by those who like to stir up trouble./ A chicken is not a very brave bird.

LESSON 141

"BY" AND ITS MANY USES

GO PAST BY HIMSELF NEARBY przejść obok sam pobliski

The word "by" has many different uses. The following sentences will serve as examples of how it is used:-

1) "I like to sit and watch people pass by my window". "By" in this case means "to go past ".

2) "Mr. Williams lives by himself means that nobody lives with him; whereas, "Mr Williams did the job all by himself" means "without help".

3) "He worked by night and slept by day" means "during the night" and "during the day".

4) "Hamlet was written by Shakespeare" means "Shakespeare was the writer of Hamlet".!

5) "He came from a nearby village" - Exactly as we don't say "a far village" but "a distant village" so we don't say "a near village" but "a nearby village".

933 TELL ME THE MEANING OF THESE SENTENCES WITHOUT USING THE WORD "BY":-

"I SAW HIM PASS BY MY HOUSE YESTERDAY" I saw him going past my house yesterday

"HENRY SAT IN THE ROOM ALL BY HIMSELF" Henry sat alone in the room

"HENRY DID THE TRANSLATION ALL BY HIMSELF"/ Henry did the

translation without help

"THIEVES OFTEN WORK BY NIGHT" Thieves often work during the night

"THIS PICTURE WAS PAINTED BY ME" I was the painter of this picture

934 IS IT CORRECT TO SAY "THE MAN LIVED IN A NEAR TOWN" ? No, it isn't correct to...

WHAT MUST WE SAY INSTEAD? We must say "The man lived in a nearby town" instead

POT COOKING - POT FLOWERPOT naczynie garnek do gotowania doniczka

INKPOT INK JAMPOT TEA-POT/ słoik atramentu atrament słoik dżemu czajnik do herbaty

NAME ME SOME DIFFERENT KINDS OF POTS WE CAN HAVE. Some different kinds of pots we can have are cooking-pots,

flowerpots, jampots, inkpots, tea-pots, coffee-pots...

IN RELATION TO RELATIONSHIP RELATIVES w stosunku związek krewni

RELATIVE OVERWEIGHT PYGMY DWARF GIANT względny ważyć za dużo/nadwaga Pigmej karzeł olbrzym

DO YOU THINK MOST PEOPLE ARE OVERWEIGHT OR UNDERWEIGHT IN RELATION TO THEIR HEIGHT ? I think most people are ... in relation...

935 WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP LIKE BETWEEN SERVANT AND MASTER IN THE OLD DAYS ?/ The relationship between servant...

was often not very good, and sometimes quite cruel... WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT EVERYTHING IS RELATIVE ?

When we say that everything is relative, we mean, for example, that a man is only tall because in relation to himself the people around him are

short. Among pygmies or dwarfs a man of normal height would be considered a giant, whereas the same man in Scandinavia

or Texas would be considered short - it's all relative ...

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD WE CAN USE INSTEAD OF "RELATIONS" WHEN TALKING ABOUT THE FAMILY ? Another word we can ... is "relatives"

AT SEA na morzu BY SEA po morzu

HOW LONG ARE YOU AT SEA FOR WHEN YOU TRAVEL BY SEA FROM EUROPE TO AMERICA?/ How long you are at sea when you travel by ...

depends on the ship, but I should think about...

IN SEASON w sezonie OUT OF SEASON po sezonie

936 ARE APPLES IN OR OUT OF SEASON AT THE MOMENT ? Apples are ... season at the moment

THREAD NEEDLE SEW COMPASS INJECTION nitka igła szyć kompas zastrzyk

WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO? You're pretending to thread a piece of cotton through the eye of a needle

ABOUT HOW LONG DOES THE THREAD OF COTTON HAVE TO BE TO SEW A BUTTON ON A SHIRT?/ The thread of cotton has to be about a foot

long to sew a button on a shirt

WHAT OTHER KINDS OF NEEDLES ARE THERE BESIDES SEWING NEEDLES ?/ There are compass needles, and needles for giving

injections ... besides sewing needles

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO SEW" ? The paradigm ... sew - sewed - sewed or sew - sewed - sewn

937 USE UP GO SHOPPING DO THE SHOPPING zużyć iść na zakupy robić zakupy

WHEN ALL THE FOOD IS USED UP AT HOME, WHAT DO YOU HAVE TO DO ? / When all the food is ... I have to go shopping and buy some more ...

WHO DOES THE SHOPPING IN YOUR HOUSE? ...does the shopping in my house

AGENT agent AGENCY agencja

WHEN YOU GO ON HOLIDAY, DO YOU FIX EVERYTHING UP THROUGH A TRAVEL AGENCY BEFOREHAND OR DO YOU JUST GO ? When I go

on holiday, I...

TITLE CHAMPION BOXER DUKE LORD tytuł zwycięzca bokser książę pan

WHAT WAS THE TITLE OF THE LAST BOOK YOU READ ?/ The title of the last book I read was...

WHO, AT PRESENT, HOLDS THE TITLE OF WORLD HEAVYWEIGHT CHAMPION BOXER? At present... holds the title of...

WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE THE TITLE OF DUKE OR LORD ETC. ? Yes, I'd like to have ... or ... No, I wouldn't like ...

938 BELIEF wiara

DO YOU THINK THAT BELIEF IN RELIGION IS INCREASING IN THE WORLD GENERALLY, OR GROWING LESS ? / I think that belief in religion is ...

SHAVE golić się RAZOR brzytwa

WHAT DO WE SHAVE WITH ? We shave with a razor

EFFORT wysiłek

IS IT AN EFFORT FOR YOU TO GET UP IN THE MORNING ? Yes, it's an

effort for... or... No, it isn't an ...

IDIOM 44

KEEP ONE'S FINGERS CROSSED trzymać kciuki

When we wish for something to happen, we cross our fingers like this (second finger over the first).

IS IT THE CUSTOM IN YOUR COUNTRY FOR PEOPLE TO CROSS THEIR FINGERS WHEN THEY WISH FOR SOMETHING. IF NOT, WHAT DO THEY DO INSTEAD ? Yes, if s the custom in my... or... No, it isnt the custom... Instead they...

939 DICTATION 81

The storm had done/ a lot of damage on the beach,/ which took a lot of tidying up./ It was clear/ that the poor fellow/ was suffering from stage-fright,/ as it was the first time/ he had ever spoken in public./ Our plans/ were at a very advanced stage/ of development/ when we had to change them entirely;/ and in doing so received/ a stream of letters in protest./ They all went to the railway station/ to wave goodbye to their guest.

LESSON 142

VERB + AND + VERB E.G. GO AND HAVE idź i weź

GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF A VERB + AND + ANOTHER VERB, PLEASE ! Come and see me next Sunday. Let's wait and see what will

happen. Would you go and buy me a newspaper, please ?

GO AHEAD iść na przód, śmiało JUST THE SAME to samo

WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN WE SEE A NOTICE BY THE SIDE OF THE ROAD SAYING "WARNING - DANGEROUS BEND AHEAD" ?/ When we see

a notice ... it means that further down the road, the road bends suddenly and that we should slow down if

we want to avoid having an accident

940 WHEN YOU WERE A CHILD AND YOUR PARENTS FORBADE YOU TO DO SOMETHING, DID YOU USED TO GO AHEAD AND DO IT JUST THE SAME ? Yes, when I was a child and ... I used to go ahead and ... or ...

No, when I was a child ... I didn't used to go ...

WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES? The consequences were that... my parents scolded me...

BATH BATHE SUNBATHE/ kąpiel kąpać się kąpiel słoneczna

One of the main differences between "bath" and "bathe", apart from the fact that "bath" is generally used as a noun, whilst "bathe" is generally used as a verb, is that we have a bath at home, whilst we go for a bathe in the sea, in a river, or in a swimming pool etc.

WHAT'S ONE OF THE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN "BATH" AND "BATHE" ? One of the... apart from the feet that "bath" is generally used as a noun

whilst "bathe" is generally used as a verb, is that we ...

Other uses of the word "bathe" are, for example, "to bathe a wound with water, to bathe in sunshine" or "to sunbathe"./

941 WHY DO PEOPLE SOMETIMES BATHE THEIR EYES? People sometimes ... because they have some kind of eye illness, or

because their eyes feel tired ...

DO YOU DO ANY SUNBATHING ? Yes, I do some sunbathing ... or... No, I don't do any sunbathing

CHEAT2400 oszust

WHO'S THE BIGGEST CHEAT, OR WHAT IS THE BIGGEST CHEAT, YOU'VE EVER COME ACROSS OR HEARD OF ? The biggest cheat I've ever... was ...

WHAT HAPPENED?

WHAT DO YOU THINK OUGHT TO HAPPEN WHEN A PUPIL IS CAUGHT CHEATING IN AN EXAM?/ When a pupil is caught cheating in an

exam, I think ... he should be sent out of the room...

DIP HORIZON HORIZONTAL zanurzać horyzont poziomy

WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO ? You're pretending to dip your pen into some ink in order to write

WHAT'S MY HAND DOING ? Your hand's moving in a horizontal direction, then suddenly dipping and coming up again

942 DOES THE SUN RISE OVER THE HORIZON IN THE EAST OR THE WEST ? The sun rises over the horizon in the east.

FEED - FED - FED karmić

IF A DOG SITS LOOKING AT YOU WHILST YOU ARE EATING AT TABLE, DO YOU FEED IT WHILST YOU YOURSELF ARE FEEDING, OR DO YOU LEAVE SOME FOOD ON YOUR PLATE AND GIVE IT TO THE DOG AFTER YOU'VE FED ?/ If a dog sits ... I...

HAY STRAW STEM siano słoma łodyga

The difference between hay and straw is that hay is dried grass, whilst straw is the stems of wheat or other types of corn after it has been cut

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HAY AND STRAW? The difference ... is that hay is...

THE USE OF THE APOSTROPHE "S"

943 PREFERENCE upodobanie

TASTE gust

STYLE styl

DETERMINE determinować

RUN biec

Generally speaking, we use the apostrophe "s" for people or animals, e.g. Mr Johnson's tie; my uncle's house; the horse's tail etc., but sometimes we can also use it for things, e.g. "The book's main purpose is to teach", which is the same as saying "The main purpose of the book is to teach". /

WHEN DO WE USE THE APOSTROPHE "S" ? - AND GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! We use the apostrophe "s" for people or animals, e.g. Mr.

Johnson's tie; the horse's tail... also ... for things, e.g. the book's main purpose ...

As with so much else in a language, it is mainly a question of making a pleasant sound, being easy to pronounce, and having a smooth rhythm. For example, we might prefer to say "The history of Athens" rather than "Athens's history" as it runs more smoothly off the tongue. It is often a question of taste or style.

WHAT MAINLY DETERMINES THE USE OF THE APOSTROPHE "S" ?/ The use of the apostrophe "s" is mainly determined by whether or not it makes

a pleasant sound, is easy to pronounce, and has a smooth rhythm

With the names of people, we are almost obliged to use the apostrophe "s", whilst with animals and things we often have the choice. Often, however, even with the names of people, we have a choice. For example, we can say "The works of Shakespeare" if we like, in preference to "Shakespeare's works".

944 WHEN ARE WE ALMOST OBLIGED TO USE THE APOSTROPHE "S", AND WHEN DO WE HAVE THE CHOICE ?/ We are almost obliged to... with the names

of people, whilst with animals and things we often have the choice...

HELP poczęstować się CANT HELP nie przestać

AT A PARTY, DO YOU THINK ITS BETTER TO LET EVERYONE HELP THEMSELVES TO THE FOOD, OR FOR THEM TO BE SERVED BY SOMEONE ? At a party, I think ifs better to let... or... At a party...

for people to be served by someone

IS THERE ANY MISTAKE IN ENGLISH THAT YOU CAN'T HELP MAKING WHEN YOU WRITE OR SPEAK ? Yes, there's a mistake in ... or...

No, there isn't any mistake ...

WHICH ?/

LOAD BARREL ELEPHANT ROD ładunek, ładować lufa słoń pręt

WHICH ANIMAL DO YOU THINK CAN PULL THE HEAVIEST LOAD ? I think the elephant can ...

945 HOW DID THEY USED TO LOAD A GUN IN THE OLD DAYS ? They used to load a gun in the old days first by pouring gunpowder down the barrel

of the gun, then packing the powder down hard with a metal rod ... and then finally dropping the lead ball down the barrel on to the powder

WHAT DO WE USE TO FISH WITH ? We use a rod (a fishing-rod) to fish with

VOYAGE podróż SPACE przestrzeń

WHAT IS A VOYAGE ? A voyage is usually a journey by water, or into space

EXCELLENT wspaniały

CAN WE EXPECT EXCELLENT FOOD IN A FIRST-CLASS RESTAURANT?/ Yes, we can expect...

LOVER kochanek

CAN YOU NAME ANY GREAT LOVERS IN HISTORY ? Yes, I can name ... Casanova, Don Juan, Lord Byron ...

TOUR objazd TOURIST turysta

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN ON A TOUR ? Yes, I've been on ... or... No, I've never...

946 WHERE?

RABBIT królik PET ulubieniec (zwierzę)

DO YOU LIKE RABBITS AS PETS OR AS FOOD ? I like rabbits as ...

IDIOM 45

KICK THE BUCKET = to die umrzeć

e.g The old man had been ill for quite some time, and finally kicked the bucket last night

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "KICK THE BUCKET" MEAN? The idiom ... "todie"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! We hadn't expected him to kick the

bucket so soon

As death is a serious matter, this idiom would only be used on non-serious occasions.

LESSON 143

MILL młyn

WINDMILL wiatrak

WATERMILL młyn wodny

HILLY pagórkowaty

SAIL ramię wiatraka

MILLER młynarz

RUN poruszany

SITUATE sytuować

947 HOLLAND Holandia

MOUNTAINOUS górzysty

CLOTH materiał

PACKET paczka

The difference between a windmill and a watermill is that, although both might contain a machine for grinding, a windmill is worked by the action of the wind on four giant arms called sails, which, turning round in the wind, turn the large stones inside the mill enabling the miller to grind his corn to make flour. A watermill, on the other hand, is run by water, and for this reason is situated by a fast-flowing river or stream. It is worked by a large wheel which is forced round and round by the water./

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WINDMILL AND A WATERMILL ? The difference ... is that a windmill is worked by the action

of the wind ... a watermill... is run by water...

We generally find windmills in flat country where the wind is strong. For this reason there are many in Holland. Watermills we generally find in hilly or moun-tainous country which has a lot of rain and many fast-flowing rivers or streams. Watermills can also be made to produce electricity or to drive various kinds of machines./

WHERE DO WE GENERALLY FIND WINDMILLS AND WATERMILLS ? We generally find windmills in flat country ... Watermills

we generally find in hilly or mountainous country ...

The word "mill" can also be used with the meaning of "factory", but we usually think of a mill in this sense as producing such things as cloth or steel; whilst a factory usually produces a finished article like a car, an electric iron, or a packet of cigarettes, etc.

948 WHAT'S GENERALLY THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MILL AND A FACTORY ? / The difference ... is that we usually think of a mill as producing

such things as cloth or steel, whilst a factory usually produces a finished article like a car...

CONVINCE ADMIT TRY przekonać przyznać się, wpuszczać próbować

WHEN A MAN COMMITS MURDER AND THE LAW CANNOT PROVE HE DID IT, EVEN THOUGH EVERYONE IS CONVINCED HE DID, WHAT HAPPENS? When a man ...the man is set free

AND IF AFTERWARDS HE ADMITS TO THE CRIME, WHAT HAPPENS?/ If afterwards he ... he is still left free, because a man can't be tried

twice for the same crime (unless perhaps further proof can be found)

WHAT MUST YOU BUY IN ORDER TO BE ADMITTED TO THE CINEMA ? You must buy a ticket in order...

RELIEVE PILL RELIEF PARCEL ulżyć, zwolnić pigułka, tabletka ulga paczka

949 IF WE HAVE TOOTHACHE, HEADACHE, STOMACH-ACHE ETC., WHAT CAN WE DO TO RELIEVE THE PAIN?/ If we have toothache ... we can take a

pill etc. to relieve the pain

HOW LONG IS A SOLDIER GENERALLY ON GUARD FOR BEFORE HE'S RELIEVED ? A soldier is generally on guard for perhaps two to

four hours before he's relieved

WHAT'S THE NOUN OF "RELIEVE" ? The noun ... is "relief

DURING A WAR, WHAT DO WE MEAN BY RED CROSS RELIEF? During a war, by Red Cross relief, we mean parcels of food and medicine etc.

sent to the soldiers who are prisoners behind the enemy lines ...

SELF SELFISH SELF-CONTROL CONTROL (v) EMOTION tu: oblicze samolubny samokontrola kontrolować uczucie

WHY IS IT THAT WE SELDOM KNOW ANOTHER PERSON'S REAL SELF ?/ The reason we seldom ... is that most people keep a

part of themselves hidden from others...

WHAT DO YOU THINK A SELFISH NATURE IS DUE TO ? I think a selfish nature is perhaps due to the person being spoilt as a child ...

950 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY SELF-CONTROL? By self-control we mean we control our own feelings, desires and emotions

without discipline coming from others ...

LIE -LAY -LAIN LIE - LIED - LIED LAY - LAID - LAID położyć się kłamać kłaść, położyć (coś)

Three verbs which sometimes get confused with one another are -1) The irregular verb "to lie" as in "to lie in bed", its paradigm being "lie - lay - lain" 2) The regular verb "to lie" meaning "not to tell the truth", its paradigm being "lie - lied - lied" and 3) The verb "to lay" as in "to lay the book on the table", its paradigm being "lay - laid - laid".

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE IRREGULAR VERB "TO LIE" AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN ?/ The paradigm... lie - lay - lain, and it means

... as in "to lie in bed"

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE REGULAR VERB "TO LIE", AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN ? The paradigm ... lie - lied - lied, and it means ...

i.e. "not to tell the truth"

951 WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO LAY" AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN ? The paradigm ... lay - laid - laid, and it means ... as

in "to lay the book on the table"

TIGHT TIGHTLY TIGHT-FITTING AIRTIGHT obcisły, ciasny mocno obcisły hermetyczny

LOOSE-FITTING CONTAINER WATERTIGHT/ luźny zbiornik wodoszczelny

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're holding on tightly to the arm of the chair

WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "TIGHT" ? The contrary ... "loose"

WHICH ARE MORE COMFORTABLE - TIGHT-FITTING OR LOOSE-FITTING CLOTHES ? Loose-fitting clothes are more comfortable

WHY ? Because they allow one to move more easily. In hot weather they keep one cool whilst in cold weather they keep one warm, as they allow plenty of

air between the body and the material the clothes are made of and so act as a form of protection ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY A CONTAINER IS AIRTIGHT AND WATERTIGHT ?/ When we say a ... we mean that no air or water can pass

into it from outside, or vice versa

AIM cel, celować TAKE AIM nacelować

952 WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO? You're pretending to take aim at the window with a gun

HAVE YOU ANY PARTICULAR AIM IN LIFE ? Yes, I've a ... or... No, I haven't a...

WHAT?

DAMP wilgotny

IS IT HEALTHY TO LIVE IN A DAMP HOUSE? No, it isn't healthy to ...

WHY NOT ? Because it can make us ill...

INDEED rzeczywiście, naprawdę

WHAT DOES THE WORD "INDEED" MEAN, AND WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR ?/ The word "indeed" means "really", and we use it for emphasis

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! It's very cold indeed

JAW szczęka

WHAT PART OF THE BODY'S THIS? It's the jaw

LADDER2460 drabina

DESCRIBE A LADDER./ A ladder's two pieces of wood or metal with several smaller pieces put horizontally across the two to act as steps for

climbing when the ladder is leant against a wall...

953 USE OF THE HYPHEN

When to use a hyphen and when not to use a hyphen in English is by no means easy to learn. These days, writers, and sometimes even dictionaries, will disagree about the use of the hyphen. As with most things, it is often safer to observe each individual case and remember it. One point worth noting, however, could be that a hyphen can make a difference in meaning. For example, a "paper-knife" with a hyphen, is a knife which is used for cutting paper, whilst a "paper knife" without a hyphen is a knife made of paper.

TELL ME SOMETHING ABOUT THE USE OF THE HYPHEN IN ENGLISH./ When to use a hyphen and when not to...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF HOW A HYPHEN CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN MEANING. "Paper-knife" with a hyphen means ... whilst the same

words without the hyphen mean ...

954 IDIOM 46

A LOAD OFF ONE'S MIND = a relief from worry kamień spadł. . . z serca e.g.

Now that I know the results at last, it's a great load off my mind.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "A LOAD OFF ONE'S MIND" MEAN ? The idiom "a load off one's mind" means "relief from worry"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! I'm glad you've arrived safely. It's a great load off my mind

DICTATION 82

I am afraid/1 cannot recommend him for the job./ A wound we get from fighting,/ whilst an injury we get by accident./ They decided to separate/ and sit at separate tables./ We generally finish a business letter/ with "Yours faithfully" or "Yours sincerely"./ When we apply for a job,/ the manager, or whoever it might be,/ usually asks for a reference./ The corn stood shoulder high,/ but sad to relate/ was full of weeds./ There is still a chance/ that the envelope containing the money/ might be found./

STAGE 10

955 LESSON 144

SHADE SHADOW OVERHEAD PROJECTOR cień, odcień, osłonić cień nad głową projektor

BEAM SCREEN OLD - FASHIONED wiązka światła ekran staroświecki

WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF "TO SIT IN THE SUN"? The opposite of "to sit in the sun" is "to sit in the shade"

WHAT SHADE OF BLUE DO YOU PREFER-A LIGHT SHADE OR A DARK SHADE ? I prefer a... shade of blue

WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO?/ You're pretending to shade your eyes from the sun

By the word "shadow", we generally mean a dark shape thrown onto a surface by an object standing in front of a light For example, if we put the light on in this room and held our hand over the table, we would be able to see the shadow of our hand upon the table.

WHAT DO WE GENERALLY MEAN BY THE WORD "SHADOW"? By the word "shadow" we generally mean a dark shape thrown onto a

surface by an object standing in front of a light GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ When the sun rises in the morning, the

houses etc. throw long shadows on the ground, whilst at midday, with the sun overhead, the shadows are short

956 AT THE CINEMA, WHEN SOMEONE PASSES IN FRONT OF THE PROJECTOR AND SO CUTS THE BEAM OF LIGHT, WHAT DO WE SEE APPEAR ON THE SCREEN ? At the cinema, when ... we see the shadow of the

person's head appear on the screen

DO YOU LIKE OLD-FASHIONED HOUSES WHERE THE CEILINGS ARE SUPPORTED BY BIG WOODEN BEAMS ?/ Yes, I like old-fashioned ...

or... No, I don't like ... WOULD YOU LIKE TO LIVE IN SUCH A HOUSE ? Yes, I'd like to ... or...

No, I wouldn't...

CHEER dodawać CHEERS CHEER UP! WINNER CONCERT otuchy, skandować okrzyki głowa do góry zwycięzca koncert

HIP! HIP! HURRAY! (OR, HURRAH!) hip, hip, hura

SUPPOSING I WERE THE SPORTS MASTER AT A SCHOOL AND AFTER A GAME I SAID "THREE CHEERS FOR THE WINNERS", WHAT WOULD I THEN SHOUT, AND WHAT WOULD THE PLAYERS SHOUT IN REPLY ?/

Supposing you were the ... you would shout "Hip! Hip!" and the players would shout "Hurray", both you

and the players repeating this three times

957 WHAT DO PEOPLE DO AT A CONCERT WHEN THE PERFORMANCE HAS BEEN VERY GOOD? People cheer at a concert when the performance ...

WHAT DOES IT MEAN : "CHEER UP! THINGS ARE NOT AS BAD AS THEY SEEM" ? "Cheer up! Things are not as bad as they seem" means that someone is telling us not to be so miserable, as the situation that is making us unhappy is not as serious as it appears to be

DIRECT TELEPHONING CONTACT (v) TELEPHONE EXCHANGE bezpośredni telefonując kontaktować się centrala telefoniczna

ENGLISH CHANNEL CHANNEL DOVER CALAIS CURVE Kanał La Manche kanał Dover Calais zakrzywienie

COURSE OFF COURSE CURRENT MAINLAND kurs z kursu prąd kontynent

TAKE THE NAME DIRECTLY STRAITS bierze nazwę bezpośrednio cieśnina

958 WHEN TELEPHONING FROM YOUR HOME TOWN, ARE YOU ABLE TO CONTACT PEOPLE IN OTHER COUNTRIES DIRECTLY-OR DO YOU HAVE TO GO THROUGH THE LOCAL TELEPHONE EXCHANGE ?/

When telephoning from ... I can be put... or ... When telephoning ... I have to go ...

DIRECT ME TO THE NEAREST POST OFFICE FROM HERE, PLEASE ! You go out of the building, turn ...

WHEN SWIMMERS SWIM THE ENGLISH CHANNEL, DO THEY SWIM IN A DIRECT LINE FROM DOVER TO CALAIS ? No, when swimmers ... they don't

swim in ... but they swim in a curve

WHY IS THIS? Because if they tried to go in a direct line, they'd be carried off course by the strong current and land not at Calais

but somewhere further along the coast

Some people wonder what right the English have to call the channel between England and France the English Channel. Usually the water between the mainland and an island takes the name of the island or the name of a town on the island. For example, the sea of Japan, the Straits of Gibraltar or the Straits of Messina.

WHAT DO YOU DO DIRECTLY THE LESSON IS OVER ?/ I... directly the lesson is over ...

959 DO YOU THINK YOU'D BE ANY GOOD AT DIRECTING A LARGE BUSINESS ? Yes, I think I'd be good at... or... No, I don't think I'd be any good at..

FELLOW ASSOCIATE COMRADE FELLOW-WORKER facet, kolega, członek partner towarzysz współpracownik

SCHOOL - FELLOW kolega szkolny SOCIETY stowarzyszenie

A fellow is a male person. We sometimes use the word for a man whose name we don't know, e.g. "Who was that fellow I saw you with yesterday ?" Another meaning of the word fellow is "associate" or "comrade", e.g. fellow-worker, school-fellow, etc. A third meaning of the word fellow is a member of a learned society, e.g. a Fellow of the Royal Society, or a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.

WHAT ARE THE THREE MEANINGS OF THE WORD "FELLOW" ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH. The three meanings of... are:

1) A man whose name we don't know, e.g. Who was that fellow ... ? 2) An associate or comrade, e.g. fellow-worker ... 3) A member

of a learned society, e.g. Fellow of the Royal Society ...

WILL - WOULD TO BE IN THE HABIT OF/ mieć zwyczaj

960 The words "will" and "would" can be used with the meaning of "to be in the habit or*.

For example, "He will sit in his chair by the fire for hours and hours smoking his pipe and not saying a word", or, "In the old days he would sit in his chair by the fire

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF "WILL" AND "WOULD" USED WITH THE MEAN-ING OF "TO BE IN THE HABIT OF". "The birds will come here every day to be

fed" or "The birds would come here every day to be fed"

CAMERA aparat fotograficzny TAKE A PHOTOGRAPH zrobić zdjęcie

WHAT DO WE DO WITH CAMERAS?/ We take photos with cameras

JUICE sok

WHICH'S YOUR FAVOURITE FRUIT JUICE ? My favourite ...

NEST gniazdo TAKE ADVANTAGE OF skorzystać z

WHAT DO WE CALL THE HOME A BIRD BUILDS FOR ITSELF? We call the home... a nest

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY SOMEONE HAS FEATHERED HIS NEST ? When we say someone has ... we mean, usually in an unpleasant way, that

someone has taken advantage of a certain situation, and all he has thought about is making money out of the situation: he has put the money into the bank in order

to live a comfortable life, rather like a bird that feathers its nest in order to make it comfortable

961 NOON południe

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD FOR MIDDAY ? Another word ... is noon

RARE rzadki

NAME ME A RARE METAL. Gold is a rare metal

DICTATION 83 UNDONE odwiązany, otworzony, nieskończony

The boy whistled to himself/ as he cycled down the empty street./ The evil deed has been done/ and cannot be undone,/ so we must accept the fact/ and stop crying about it./ Every now and again/ we have to grease our cars/ if we want them to run properly./ The girl sat cutting the pink cloth up/ into small pieces./ In the discussion that followed,/ Arthur lost his temper/ and began to quarrel violently.

LESSON 145

JOKE żart

DO YOU LIKE PEOPLE WHO ARE ALWAYS LAUGHING AND JOKING ? Yes, I like people who ... or... No, I don't ...

CAN YOU TELL US A JOKE ? Yes, I can tell you a joke - "A man ..." ... or... No, I can't...

962 HIRE wynająć

The word "hire" is similar in meaning to the words "rent" and "let", but sometimes it is used differently. For example, although we hire or rent a car, we don't hire a house - we rent it. On the other hand we don't rent a servant to help us for a day -we hire him./

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "HIRE" AND "RENT" ? The difference ... is that we hire or rent a car but not a house

... we don't rent a servant... but hire him

LONELY LONELINESS SADNESS SADLY DEFINITION samotny/-ie samotność smutek smutny definicja

HUGE ogromny, wielki EMPEROR cesarz, imperator

The word "alone" means "without company, by oneself, by itself etc For example, "I live alone" or "The house stood alone". The word "lonely", on the other hand, expresses a feeling of sadness which can be caused by being alone. For example, "He sat down sadly by the river looking the perfect picture of loneliness."/

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "ALONE" AND "LONELY" ? The difference ... is that "alone" means "without company"

... whilst "lonely" expresses a feeling of sadness ...

963 Despite these two definitions, it doesn't follow that one feels lonely because one is alone, neither does it mean that one can't feel lonely in company - one is a physical condition, whilst the other is a spiritual condition. For example, one can say "I live all alone, but I never feel lonely" or "I suddenly felt terribly lonely standing there in the middle of that huge crowd."/

DOES IT NATURALLY FOLLOW THAT ONE IS LONELY WHEN ONE IS ALONE, OR THAT ONE CAN'T BE LONELY IN COMPANY ?

No, it doesn't naturally ...

GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! He sat alone, but seemed quite happy. An emperor in the old days must have felt very lonely surrounded by people he could not trust.

BY - AND ITS MANY USES (cont)

BY THE HAND BY BIRTH BY HEART POETRY MEASUREMENT za rękę z urodzenia na pamięć poezja wymiary

NATIONALITY narodowość

The following sentences are examples of some more uses of the word "by":-

964 1) They were walking slowly by the river - meaning "near".

2) We shall have finished the job by this time tomorrow - meaning "before or at".

3) The workmen get paid by the hour. The room was 14 feet by 20 - "by" being used here with measurements.

4) He is Chinese by birth. He can learn poetry by heart very quickly. She led the child by the hand.

WHO'S SITTING BY ME ? ... is sitting by you

WILL THE LESSON BE OVER BY 6 O'CLOCK?/ Yes, the lesson'll be over by ...

WHAT KIND OF PEOPLE GET PAID BY THE HOUR? The kind of people who get... are private teachers, factory-workers...

WHAT ARE THE MEASUREMENTS OF THIS ROOM ? The measurements of this room are ... by...

WHAT NATIONALITY ARE YOU BY BIRTH ? I'm ... by birth

MAKE THE BEST OF OR MAKE THE MOST OF AH, WELL zrobić najlepszy użytek wykorzystać no, tak

"Make the best or* and "make the most or1 are similar in meaning, and we use them when things are not exactly as we would like them to be. For example, if we return home late at night feeling very hungry and we find there's not much food in the house, we might say "Ah, well, we'll just have to make the best of what there is". In other words, we'll have to be content with what there is, and do the best we can with it.

965 WHEN DO WE USE THE EXPRESSIONS "MAKE THE BEST OF" OR "MAKE THE MOST OF" ?/ We use the... when things are not exactly

as we would like them to be

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! If we hadn't very much money, we might say "Ah, well, we'll just have to make the most of what we've got"

WHICH MEANS? To be content ...

REPORT świadectwo REPORTER HEADMISTRESS MISBEHAVIOUR wezwać, raport reporter dyrektorka szkoły złe zachowanie

HAPPENING wydarzenie

IF YOUR SCHOOL REPORT IS (OR WAS) GOOD (OR BAD) WHAT DO (OR DID) YOUR PARENTS SAY ? If my school report ... my parents...

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN (OR WERE YOU EVER) REPORTED TO THE HEAD-MASTER (OR HEADMISTRESS) OF YOUR SCHOOL FOR MISBEHAVIOUR ?/

Yes, I've sometimes been ... or... No, I've never...

966 WHAT'S A NEWSPAPER REPORTER'S JOB? A newspaper reporter's job is to report the news, events and happenings of the day

SET JET SMART WELL-DRESSED zestaw, komplet odrzutowiec elegancki dobrze ubrany

The word "set" as a noun can mean a group of people or things. For example, the "jet set" is a set of very rich people who do a lot of travelling by jet aeroplane, or the "smart set" is a group of people who are rich and well-dressed. For things, we can have a set of tea-cups, that is cups all of the same kind, or a set of stamps, or knives, or false teeth, etc./

WHAT DOES THE WORD "SET" MEAN AS A NOUN ? The word "set" as a noun means a group of people or things

GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE! ... young set... set of handkerchiefs ...

TRACK RUNNING-TRACK PRINT RAILWAY-TRACK RUN ślad bieżnia odcisk szyny kolejowe biegać

HOW IS A TRACK MADE? A track is made by people or animals constantly walking over the same piece of ground

WHAT'S A RUNNING-TRACK? A running-track is a track we find in a sports field, used for foot races...

967 WHAT ARE RAILWAY-TRACKS ?/ Railway-tracks are the lines on which trains run...

HOW CAN WE TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TRACKS OF A HORSE AND THOSE OF A COW ? We can tell the difference ... by the prints.

The prints left by a horse are round like a horseshoe, whilst those of a cow are split down the middle ...

HOW DO THE POLICE TRACK A MURDERER? The police track a murderer mainly by asking people questions ...

ALIKE podobni LIKE EACH OTHER podobni

WHAT CAN WE SAY INSTEAD OF "THEY ARE LIKE EACH OTHER" ?/ We can say "They are alike" instead of "They are like each other"

WHAT CAN WE SAY INSTEAD OF "THIS BOOK'S LIKE THAT BOOK" ? We can say "These two books are alike" instead of "This book's like that book"

PACKAGE PACKET STRING pakunek, paczka paczka sznurek

A package and a parcel are more or less the same thing, though a parcel we think of more as being tied with string. A packet, on the other hand, we generally think of as being a small package, or a container for something we buy, like cigarettes.

968 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PACKAGE, A PARCEL AND A PACKET ?/ The difference ... is that...

CAMP obóz TENT namiot

WHAT DO WE CALL A GROUP OF ARMY TENTS IN A FIELD? We call a group of... a camp

RAKE 2500 grabie

DESCRIBE A RAKE. A rake's rather like a fork, or the spread fingers of a human hand, on the end of a stick. We use it, for example, in the

garden for collecting dead leaves together

SADDLE siodło

WHAT'S A SADDLE? A saddle is a thing, usually made of leather, used as a seat on a horse or on a bicycle

MESSAGE VIA ORAL MESSENGER wiadomość przez ustny posłaniec

HOW DO WE SEND A MESSAGE ? We send a message either in written form or orally, via a messenger; or even via a pigeon

969 DICTATION 84

It was thus decided/ that the best plan/ would be to find/ some kind of natural harbour/ along the coast,/ protected perhaps by some high cliffs,/ and leave the boat there./ It was clear/ that both nephew and niece/ worshipped their uncle./ War was declared/ and all foreigners were seized/ by the police/ and thrown into prison./ The student's lodgings were very poor./ His room was furnished/ with just a bed,/ table, chair/ and a shelf for his books./ The student himself was so poor/ that he scarcely had the money/ to buy stamps/ for any letters/ he might need to write.

LESSON 146

BEAT - BEAT - BEATEN bić, pobić

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're beating your pen on the edge of the table

DOES YOUR TOWN USUALLY GET BEATEN AT FOOTBALL? Yes, my town ... or... No, my town ...

CHIEF CHIEFLY TRIBE wódz, główny głównie, przede wszystkim plemię

WHAT DO YOU FIND TO BE THE CHIEF DIFFICULTY FOR YOU IN LEARNING ENGLISH ?/ I find the chief... to be ...

CAN YOU THINK OF THE NAMES OF ANY CHIEFS OF RED INDIAN TRIBES ? Yes, I can think of... Geronimo, Sitting Bull...

970 HOW DO YOU CHIEFLY SPEND YOUR FREE TIME ? I chiefly spend my free time ... reading, watching TV ...

DISAPPOINT rozczarować DISAPPOINTMENT rozczarowanie

ARE YOU EASILY DISAPPOINTED? Yes, I'm easily disappointed... or... No, I'm not...

WHAT'S THE BIGGEST DISAPPOINTMENT YOU'VE EVER SUFFERED IN YOUR LIFE?/ The biggest disappointment ...was when...

FINE SUPERIOR REFINE(D) rafinowany, pierwszorzędny, wyższy, oczyszczać, rafinować

SKILL SKILLED APPROVAL ADMIRATION zręczność, wprawa wykwalifikowany aprobata podziw

The word "fine" means 1) superior or highly refined, e.g. fine gold, 2) delicate, small or thin, e.g. fine thread, 3) highly skilled e.g. a fine judge of horses, and 4) used when showing general approval or admiration, e.g. a fine piece of work; a fine woman; a fine day.

GIVE ME ONE OF THE FOUR MEANINGS AND AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "FINE". Superior or highly refined, e.g. fine gold

971 HOLLOW pusty, SOLID stały SUNKEN FALL TO PIECES zapadnięty masywny zatopiony rozpaść się na kawałki

SORT rodzaj, gatunek

The word "hollow" means 1) not solid, and 2) sunken

WHAT DOES THE WORD "HOLLOW" MEAN ? The word "hollow" means ...

WHAT SORT OF SOUND DO WE GET WHEN WE HIT SOMETHING HOLLOW ? We get a sort of hollow sound when we hit something hollow

HOW DO PEOPLE GET HOLLOW CHEEKS ? People get hollow cheeks through working too much, not sleeping enough, not eating enough, illness, etc.

AT WHAT TEMPERATURE DOES WATER CHANGE FROM A LIQUID STATE TO A SOLID STATE?/ Water changes from ... at a temperature of nought

degrees centigrade or 32 degrees Fahrenheit

WHEN SOMETHING IS NOT SOLIDLY BUILT, WHAT IS IT IN DANGER OF DOING ? When something is not... it's in danger of

falling down or falling to pieces ...

WOULD YOU LIKE THE JOB OF SORTING LETTERS AT THE POST OFFICE? Yes, I'd like ... or ... No, I wouldn't...

972 WHY OR WHY NOT ?

THE LOT THEY = HE OR SHE THEM = HIM OR HER/ wszystko oni im

IF YOU WERE MAKING A BARGAIN WITH SOMEONE AND THEY SAID "LOOK! HOW MUCH DO YOU WANT FOR THE LOT?", WHAT WOULD THEY MEAN? If I were making ... they would mean that

they were willing to buy all I had ...

We sometimes use the word "they" when we should really use the words "he" or "she". We do this when we are not talking about any man or woman in particular but about people in general, as in the last question, which should really have been "If you were making a bargain with someone and he or she said ... etc.", because the word "someone" is singular and so we shouldn't use the word "they" with it; the word "they" being plural. However, we use the word "they" because, although being grammatically incorrect, it is shorter and easier than saying "he or she" when we don't know if it's a "he" or a "she" we're talking about.

973 WHY DO WE SOMETIMES USE THE WORD "THEY", AS IN THE LAST QUESTION, WHEN TO BE GRAMMATICALLY CORRECT WE OUGHT REALLY TO USE THE WORDS "HE" OR "SHE" ?/ We sometimes use the ...

because it's shorter and easier than saying "he" or "she", especially when ...

LOUD SOFT TURN UP głośny miękki, delikatny zjawić się

ARE YOU THE KIND OF PERSON WHO DOESN'T MIND IF THE RADIO OR THE TELEVISION ETC. IS TURNED UP AS LOUD AS POSSIBLE, OR DO YOU PREFER ALL THE SOUNDS AROUND YOU TO BE SOFT?

Yes, I'm the kind of... or... No, I'm not the ... but I prefer all ...

REPRESENT SYMBOLIZE GENERAL CEREMONY reprezentować symbolizować ogólny, powszechny ceremonia

The verb "to represent" means 1) to symbolize, e.g. The cross on the piece of paper represents the village church, whilst the circle represents the house where I live, 2) to show, e.g. The picture represents Napoleon dressed in his general's uniform, and 3) to act in place of, e.g. The Queen was represented at the ceremony by her cousin./

WHAT'S ONE OF THE MEANINGS OF THE WORD "REPRESENT" ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE. One of the... is "to symbolize". For example, "Good

heavens! What's that drawing supposed to represent ?"

974 ASHAMED SHAME SHAMEFUL INTERNATIONAL zawstydzony wstyd skandaliczny, haniebny międzynarodowy

ON AN INTERNATIONAL SCALE na międzynarodową skalę

HOW DO PEOPLE BEHAVE WHEN THEY FEEL ASHAMED OF WHAT THEY'VE DONE ? When people feel ashamed of... they drop their eyes... become

red in the face... say they're terribly sorry... etc. WHAT DO YOU CONSIDER TO BE THE MOST SHAMEFUL ACT COMMITTED IN RECENT YEARS, EITHER IN YOUR OWN PERSONAL EXPERIENCE OR ON AN INTERNATIONAL SCALE ?/ I consider the most shameful act committed... to be...

CAP czapka, beret

WHAT DO WE CALL THE SMALL ROUND HAT THAT SOME BOYS, ESPECIALLY ENGLISH SCHOOLBOYS, WEAR? We call the small... a cap

975 NONSENSE RUBBISH EXCLAIM nonsens bzdury zawołać, wykrzyknąć

WHAT DO WE EXCLAIM WHEN WE THINK SOMEONE'S TALKING NONSENSE ? When we think someone's talking nonsense, we can

exclaim either "Nonsense!" or "Rubbish!"

RANK ranga ADMIRAL admirał

WHAT'S THE HIGHEST RANK IN THE NAVY?/ The highest rank in the navy is admiral... First Sea Lord... etc.

TAILOR krawiec TAILORESS krawcowa

WHAT DO WE CALL A MAN WHO MAKES CLOTHES? We call... a tailor WHAT DO WE CALL A WOMAN WHO MAKES CLOTHES ? We call... a

tailoress or dressmaker

BAGGAGE (US) bagaż LUGGAGE bagaż

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY BAGGAGE ? By baggage we mean suitcases, packages, parcels, etc., that we travel with

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD FOR "BAGGAGE" ? Another word ... is "luggage"

976 DICTATION 85

The cat followed her mistress/ into the kitchen/ hoping for some food./ I scarcely have the courage/ to tell him that/ he will never be a poet,/ only a writer of third-class verse./1 dare not think/ of the effect it will have on him,/ but he ought to be told./ Even if we get a loan,/ we shall only be postponing the day/ when we have to close the business/ as a complete loss./1 can still see the scene now,/ with the boy almost in tears/ standing before the headmaster's desk, / at the end of his first term at school,/ asking not to be sent away./ It was one of those old country houses/ with suits of armour/ standing in the entrance/ and deer wandering around in the grounds outside.

LESSON 147

IT IS TIME + PAST TENSE

After the words "it is time" we generally use the Past Tense or the Infinitive. For example, we say "Don't you think it's time you had your hair cut ?" or "Don't you think it's time to have your hair cut ?"

WHAT DO WE GENERALLY USE AFTER THE WORDS "IT IS TIME" ? We generally use the Past Tense or the Infinitive after the words "It is time"

GIVE ME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! It's time we went home. It's time to go home

TREAT traktować SHOCK EXCEPTIONALLY TREATMENT leczenie obchodzić się z kimś szok wyjątkowo sposób traktowania

977 DO YOU THINK ONE SHOULD TREAT EVERYONE ALIKE - THAT IS, DO YOU THINK ONE SHOULD TREAT A WAITER AS ONE WOULD TREAT A KING ? Yes, I think one should treat... or... No, I don't...

DO YOU KNOW HOW TO TREAT SOMEONE FOR SHOCK, OR SOMEONE WHO'S FAINTED ? Yes, I know how to ... or... No, I don't...

HOW ?/ By making them comfortable, keeping them warm ...

CAN YOU THINK OF A BOOK OF HISTORY, SCIENCE, ETC. THAT TREATS ITS SUBJECT EXCEPTIONALLY WELL ? Yes, I can think of... or

...No, I can't think ...

WHAT DO YOU THINKS THE BEST TREATMENT FOR A COMMON COLD?

I think the best treatment... is ...

ALLOWANCE przydział, zasiłek

MAKE ALLOWANCE uwzględniać, brać w rachubę

DO YOU THINK IT'S BETTER TO GIVE A CHILD A FIXED WEEKLY ALLOWANCE, OR GIVE HIM MONEY LITTLE BY LITTLE AS HE NEEDS IT ?/ I think it's better to give a child ...

IN OUR TREATMENT OF CRIMINALS, DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD MAKE ALLOWANCES FOR THE FACT THAT THE CRIMINAL HAS PROBABLY HAD A HARD LIFE AS A CHILD ... ETC. ? Yes, in our treatment of... I think

we ... or ... No, in our treatment... I don't think ...

978 BEG błagać FORGIVE FORGIVENESS PARDON żebrać przebaczać przebaczenie wybaczać, przepraszam I BEG YOUR PARDON perzepraszam bardzo

ARE YOU AGAINST BEGGING IN THE STREETS ? Yes, I'm against... or... No, I'm not against...

ON WHAT KIND OF OCCASIONS DO PEOPLE BEG FOR FORGIVENESS ? The kind of occasions people ... are when they have

done something seriously wrong, like ...

When we have not quite heard what someone has said, we either say "I beg your pardon ?" or just "Pardon ?" or "Sorry ?"

WHEN WE HAVE NOT QUITE HEARD WHAT SOMEONE HAS JUST SAID, WHAT DO WE SAY ?/ When we have not... we say "I beg your pardon ?"

or just "Pardon ?" or "Sorry ?"

CLOTH CLOTHE CLOTHING materiał, sukno ubierać, odziewać odzież, bielizna

979 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "CLOTH" AND "CLOTHE"? The difference ... is that "cloth" is material, it's a noun, whilst

"clothe" is a verb meaning "to put on" or "to wear" clothes

ABOUT HOW MANY MORE PIECES OF CLOTHING DOES THE AVERAGE PERSON WEAR IN COLD WEATHER THAN IN HOT WEATHER?

The average person wears about... more pieces of clothing in ...

DISEASE CONTAGIOUS INFLUENZA MALARIA FEVER choroba zakaźna grypa malaria gorączka

A disease is an illness which is sometimes contagious, like influenza, malaria or yellow fever, etc.

YELLOW FEVER febra

WHAT DO WE GENERALLY MEAN BY A DISEASE ? By a disease we generally mean an illness which ...

FIRE ognia!

WHAT ARE THE ORDERS AN OFFICER GIVES HIS MEN WHEN HE WANTS THEM TO FIRE ON THE ENEMY IN A BATTLE ?/ The orders an ... Take aim!

... Steady!... Fire! (or, Ready! ... Aim!... Fire!)

980 ROOM pokój, miejsce SOLUTION255° rozwiązanie

DO YOU THINK THERE IS, AND ALWAYS WILL BE, ENOUGH ROOM IN THE WORLD FOR EVERYBODY ? Yes, I think there is ... or... No, I don't think ...

IF NOT, WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM ? I think the best solution is ...

SHARP ostry, szybki, nagły

The word "sharp" has many meanings, but basically it means "quick - sudden -violent - severe"./

WHAT DOES THE WORD "SHARP" BASICALLY MEAN ? The word "sharp" basically means "quick, sudden, violent or severe"

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SHARP PAIN AND A DULL PAIN ? The difference between ... is that a sharp pain is sudden

and violent, but one that doesn't last long, whereas a dull pain is less violent but more continuous

DOES IT MAKE YOU FEEL A LITTLE ANGRY IF YOU HAVE TO WRITE WITH A PENCIL THAT HASN'T GOT A SHARP POINT, OR CUT WITH A KNIFE THAT HASN'T GOT A SHARP EDGE ?/ Yes, it makes me feel a ... or

... No, it doesn't make ...

981 CAPE przylądek HORN róg

NAME ME SOME FAMOUS CAPES IN THE WORLD. Some famous ... are the Cape of Good Hope, in South Africa; Cape Horn, in South America...

RAW surowy, nierafinowany UNPROCESSED nieprzetworzony

DO YOU EVER EAT RAW MEAT OR VEGETABLES ? Yes, I sometimes... or ... No, I never ...

WHY OR WHY NOT? WHAT DO WE MEAN BY RAW MATERIALS ? By raw materials we mean

materials in their natural or unprocessed state

GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! Coal, wood, metal

SAMPLE próbka BEFOREHAND przedtem, uprzednio, z góry

WHY DOES A BUSINESS SEND ITS CUSTOMERS A SAMPLE OF THE GOODS IT WISHES TO SELL ?/ A business sends its ..., so that the customers can see beforehand what the goods look like before ordering a large quantity

982 UNDERGRADUATE GRADUATE student, studentka osoba, która ukończyła studia

WHAT DO WE CALL A UNIVERSITY STUDENT WHO HAS NOT YET TAKEN HIS DEGREE ? - AND ONE WHO HAS TAKEN IT ? A university student

who has not yet... we call an undergraduate, whilst one who has taken it we call a graduate

VAIN próżny, daremny STRUGGLE (v) usiłować, walczyć

WHAT DOES THE WORD "VAIN" MEAN ? The word vain means ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! They struggled in vain to free themselves from the ropes that bound their hands behind their backs.

He was very vain about his appearance. He was always looking at himself in the mirror

DICTATION 86

A search was made/ to see if the number of mice/ on board the merchant ship/ was excessive./ One of the boxes/ was split open with an axe/ and was found to be full of worms./ Baskets of oranges/ with a leaf or two still on them/ were put on the tables/ in preparation for the village feast,/ and it was felt/ that even the greediest of villagers/ would go away well satisfied./ It was decided/ that the land should be ploughed/ and beans grown on it./ We balanced the log of wood/ on the top of the old oil drum/ and with a lot of cursing/ managed to hammer the bent nail into it./ James, who was too lazy to help,/just sat and laughed/ when the log fell on my toe,/ cutting the leather of my shoe.

983 LESSON 148

TURN TO BADLY MISJUDGE TRAFFIC LIGHTS zwrócić się do źle, kiepsko, licho źle osądzić światła

TURN = CHANGE TURN OUT TO BE DISHONEST QUEUE kolejka odwrócić, obrócić okazać się nieuczciwy stać w kolejce

OUT OF TURN poza kolejką STEP OUT OF TURN wejść poza kolejką

WHOM DO YOU TURN TO WHEN YOU ARE IN TROUBLE OR NEED HELP BADLY ? I turn to ... when I'm in ...

IN WHAT ORDER DO TRAFFIC LIGHTS TURN FROM STOP TO GO AND VICE VERSA; THAT IS, IN WHAT ORDER DO THE COLOURS CHANGE ?/

The order in which traffic lights turn from ... is ...

DO YOU FIND YOU OFTEN MISJUDGE A PERSON YOU MEET FOR THE FIRST TIME ? FOR EXAMPLE, YOU MIGHT THINK HE'S HONEST AND HE TURNS OUT TO BE DISHONEST, OR YOU THINK HE'S NICE AND HE TURNS OUT TO BE THOROUGHLY UNPLEASANT Yes, I often find I... or...

No, I don't often find ... I...

WHAT DO YOU DO, OR HOW DO YOU FEEL, IF YOU ARE IN A QUEUE AND SOMEONE STEPS OUT OF TURN IN FRONT OF YOU?/ If I'm in a

queue and someone steps ... I...

984 ALOUD na głos, głośno

WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "TO READ TO ONESELF" ? The contrary is "to read aloud"...

DO ONE'S BEST robić wszystko co można

DO YOU ALWAYS TRY TO DO YOUR BEST IN EVERYTHING YOU DO? Yes, I always try to ... or... No, I don't...

BEYOND WILD FANTASTIC EXPECTATION poza, za dziki fantastyczny oczekiwanie

IF YOU FACED SOUTH AND COULD LOOK AT THE HORIZON FROM WHERE YOU'RE SITTING NOW, WHICH VILLAGE, TOWN, CITY OR COUNTRY WOULD BE JUST BEYOND THE HORIZON?/ If I faced south and

could ... the village of... would be ...

HAS ANYTHING EVER HAPPENED TO YOU WHICH HAS BEEN BEYOND YOUR WILDEST DREAMS - THAT IS, BEYOND YOUR MOST FANTASTIC EXPECTATIONS ? Yes, something has happened to ... or... No, nothing has ever...

WHAT?

985 WHO WOULD YOU SAY WAS BEYOND DOUBT THE GREATEST PERSON ALIVE TODAY ? I'd say that... was beyond doubt the ...

COARSE CULTIVATE CULTIVATED

ordynarny, gruby, szóstki uprawiać,udoskonalać kulturalny

UNCULTIVATED meuprawny;(os) niekulturalna UNREFINED szorstki

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY COARSE CLOTH OR COARSE FOOD ? By coarse ... we mean rough to feel or to taste; not refined ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A COARSE PERSON OR COARSE BEHAVIOUR? By a coarse ... we mean not refined, educated or cultivated;

or, unrefined, uneducated or uncultivated

DOT kropka

WHAT'S THIS? It's a dot

WHERE DO WE PUT DOTS WHEN WE'RE WRITING ? When we're writing, we put dots over the letters "i" and "j"; at the end of

sentences; and in colons and semi-colons

986 FIRM mocny FLESH ciało

IS THE FLESH ON AN OLD MAN'S ARM USUALLY FIRM ? No, the flesh on an old man's arm isn't usually firm. It depends

on how old the man is; how he has lived; whether he's still physically active; whether he takes any exercise, etc....

WOULD YOU SAY THAT YOU WERE FIRM IN YOUR CHARACTER, FIRM IN YOUR DECISIONS, FIRM IN PURPOSE ETC. ? Yes, I'd say I was ... or...

No, I wouldn't say I was ...

WHICH IS THE BIGGEST FIRM IN YOUR HOME TOWN ?/ The biggest... is ...

ROT zgnić ROTTEN zgniły, zepsuty

WHERE DOES MEAT ROT MORE QUICKLY - IN THE HEAT OR IN THE COLD ? Meat rots more quickly in the heat

CAN YOU THINK OF ANY FOOD THAT PEOPLE LIKE TO EAT WHEN IT'S ROTTEN ? Yes, I can think of some food that... certain cheeses, certain birds, etc....

SHEET prześcieradło

987 ARE YOU ABLE TO SLEEP COMFORTABLY IN A BED WITHOUT SHEETS ?/ Yes, I'm able to sleep ... or... No, I'm not able ...

WHICH IS THINNER, A SHEET OF PAPER OR A SHEET OF STEEL ? Usually a sheet of paper, but it depends: a sheet of

metal can be made very thin these days

WHAT HAPPENS TO A SHEET OF WATER WHEN THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR FALLS BELOW FREEZING POINT ? When the temperature ... a sheet of

water freezes into a sheet of ice

RAY promień

WHEN ARE THE RAYS OF THE SUN AT THEIR HOTTEST ?/ The rays of the sun are... at noon

SAUCE sos

WHAT'S YOUR FAVOURITE SAUCE? My favourite ...

VEIL woalka, welon

WHEN AND WHY DOES A WOMAN SOMETIMES WEAR A VEIL ? A woman sometimes ... at a funeral in order to hide

her tears ... sometimes at a wedding ...

YIELD ugiąć się, ustępować KILO (KILOGRAM) kilo

988 IF SOMEONE PUT A 100 KILO OBJECT ON YOUR BACK, WOULD YOUR LEGS YIELD BENEATH THE WEIGHT ?/ Yes, if someone ...

WOULD YOU YIELD TO A THIEF WHO WAS TRYING TO STEAL SOME THING FROM YOU WITHOUT A FIGHT ? Yes, I'd yield to a ... or...

No, I wouldn't...

WHY OR WHY NOT ? Because, if he were carrying some kind of weapon, it'd be too dangerous not to yield ... or... because

I'd be so angry, I wouldn't care if I got hurt

EARNEST poważny, sumienny

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY AN EARNEST PERSON ? By an earnest person, we

mean someone who's serious or sincere

LESSON 149

RUN SHORT OF wyczerpać się, kończyć się

WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU RUN SHORT OF MONEY ? When I run... I borrow some from...

ALTOGETHER zupełnie, razem, całkiem

CAN YOU THINK OF A FILM THAT YOU'VE SEEN THAT WAS ALTOGETHER BAD ? Yes, I can think ... or ... No, I can't...

WHICH? WHY?

989 TAKING THINGS ALTOGETHER, DO YOU THINK LIFE ON THIS EARTH IS WORTH LIVING?/ Yes, taking things ... I think ... or ... No, taking things ...

BITE - BIT - BITTEN ugryźć

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're biting your finger

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO BITE" ? The paradigm ... bite - bit - bitten...

CONFIDENCE SECRET KEEP A SECRET SELF-CONFIDENCE zaufanie sekret dotrzymać tajemnicy pewność siebie

IN CONFIDENCE w zaufaniu IN SECRET w sekrecie

IS THERE ANYONE YOU CAN THINK OF IN WHOM YOU HAVE SUCH CONFIDENCE THAT YOU COULD TRUST THEM TO KEEP YOUR GREATEST SECRETS ?/ Yes, there's someone I can ... or ... No, there isn't anyone ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT SOMEONE IS FULL OF SELF- CONFIDENCE ? When we say that... we mean that he has great confidence

in himself, or in his ability to do something...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY WE SPEAK TO SOMEONE IN CONFIDENCE ? When we say we speak... we mean we speak to them in secret...

990 DRAG wlec FIGURATIVE MEAN TO SAY FALL BEHIND ociągać się (się),ciągnąć przenośny chcieć powiedzieć pozostawać w tyle

BIT kawałek, odrobina COME ON / zbliżyć się, nadejść

WHAT BASICALLY DOES THE WORD "DRAG" MEAN ? Basically, the word "drag" means to pull something heavy along, or to move slowly

We can also use the word "drag" in a figurative sense, e.g. "Whatever you do, don't drag me into the argument"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "DRAG" USED FIGURATIVELY. You mean to say that you've dragged me all

this way just to show me that!

WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "THE FILM WAS QUITE GOOD, BUT IT DRAGGED A BIT IN THE MIDDLE" ? / If you said "The film was ..." you would

mean that it moved a little slowly and heavily in the middle ...

WHAT DOES A MOTHER MEAN WHEN SHE'S OUT WALKING WITH HER CHILDREN AND SHE SAYS "COME ON NOW, DON'T DRAG BEHIND" ?

When a mother's out with ... and she says "Come on now ..." she means that she wants her children to keep near her and not walk slowly and so fall behind and get lost...

991 FLASH błysk LIGHTNING THUNDER THUNDERSTORM błyskać się błyskawica grzmot burza

APPROACH THUNDER ROLL PASS (time) ONCE MORE zbliżyć się, odejście grzmot się rozlega upłynąć jeszcze raz

When there's a thunderstorm, we first see the flash of lightning, then later, after a few seconds, we hear the thunder, even though, in fact, the thunder and lightning happen at the same time. The reason for the delay in hearing the thunder is that sound travels more slowly than light/

WHY IS IT THAT IN A THUNDERSTORM WE FIRST SEE THE FLASH OF LIGHTNING, THEN, AFTER A DELAY OF A FEW SECONDS, WE HEAR THE ROLL OF THUNDER ? The reason that in a ... is that sound

travels slower than light

If we want to find out whether the storm is approaching us or going away from us, all we have to do is count the number of seconds that pass between seeing the flash of lightning and hearing the thunder roll, and then, when the lightning flashes a second time, to count once more. If, the second time, the number of seconds we count between seeing the lightning and hearing the thunder is greater than the first time, then the storm is moving away; if, on the other hand, the number of seconds is less, then the storm is approaching. /

992 HOW CAN WE FIND OUT IF A STORM IS APPROACHING US OR GOING AWAY FROM US ? We can find out if... by counting the number of seconds that pass between seeing the flash of lightning and hearing the thunder roll...

SIGNAL sygnał

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're making a signal for someone to stop

SLIP SLIDE CRASH poślizgnąć się, przesunąć się poślizgnąć się, ześlizgnąć się trzask, grzmot

CRUSH ONOMATOPOEIA BANANA zgnieść, rozgnieść onomatopeja banan

SKIN (of a fruit) skórka z owoca CONNECTION2600 połączenie, związek

There are many words in English that give us an idea of their meaning by their sound. This connection between sound and meaning is known as onomatopoeia. For example, we have the two words "slip" and "slide" which are both similar in meaning, but the word "slip", which has a short, quick sound, we generally use for a short, quick action like slipping on a banana skin in the street, whilst the word "slide", which has a longer and slower sound in its pronunciation, we generally use for a longer and slower action like snow sliding down the side of a mountain./

993 Another two examples of onomatopoeia can be seen with the words "crash" and "crush". For example, "The glass fell on the floor with a crash" and "He crushed the letter angrily in his hand".

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY ONOMATOPOEIA? By onomatopoeia we mean the connection between the sound and the meaning of a word

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ An example is "slip" and "slide". We use "slip" for a short, quick action, like slipping on a banana

skin, whilst we use "slide" for a longer, slower action, like snow sliding down the side of a mountain

WHAT KIND OF SOUND DOES THUNDER MAKE WHEN IT BREAKS ? Thunder makes a crashing sound when it breaks

WHAT AM I DOING? You're crushing a piece of paper in your hand

SLIGHT drobny, mały, nieznaczny UNIMPORTANT nieważny

994 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A "SLIGHT HEADACHE" OR A "SLIGHT DELAY" ? By a "slight headache" or a "slight delay" we mean a headache

which's not very strong, and a delay of a very few minutes WHAT THEN DOES THE WORD "SLIGHT" MEAN ?/ ... light, little, unimportant

AS - AND ITS DIFFERENT USES WHILE chwila, podczas gdy

The different uses of the word "as" are as follows:-

1) With the meaning of "when" or "while", e.g. As I was coming to school it was raining.

2) Used to show a reason for something, e.g. As Mr. Green has not arrived yet, let us go and have a drink whilst we are waiting.

3) With the meaning of "in the same way", e.g. Try and do it exactly as I have done it

4) In comparisons, e.g. I am as tall as my father. It is not as (or so) easy as it appears.

5) In the construction "the same... as", e.g. His hair is the same colour as mine.

6) In the construction "such ... as", e.g. He is not such a bad fellow as he appears to be.

7) Used when giving examples, e.g. We study all sorts of subjects, such as history, science, art, mathematics etc./

995 TELL ME THE SEVEN DIFFERENT USES OF THE WORD "AS", PLEASE ! AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH. The seven different... are 1)...

SAUCER spodek, podstawka TABLECLOTH obrus

WHAT DO WE USE A SAUCER FOR ? We use a saucer to stand a cup on, in order to prevent any of the liquid that might collect round the bottom

of the cup getting onto the table or tablecloth and leaving a mark ...

FADE zwiędnąć, wypłowieć SUNLIGHT światło słoneczne

WHAT MAKES THE COLOUR IN CLOTH FADE?/ Sunlight can make the colour in cloth fade ...

KNOT WORK LOOSE UNDO UNDONE nie zrobiony węzeł, supeł rozluźnić się rozwiązać, rozpiąć, nie załatwiony

WHAT HAPPENS TO A KNOT IF WE DON'T TIE IT TIGHTLY ENOUGH ? If we don't tie ... it will slip, work loose and eventually come undone ...

SCARCE rzadki, niewystarczający

WHY DOES FOOD BECOME SCARCE IN WAR TIME ? Food becomes scarce in war time because the fields get destroyed, there

aren't enough men to work the land, as they're away fighting, and everything's in a general state of confusion ...

996 PLANT roślina

WHICH PLANT DO YOU THINK LOOKS THE NICEST ? I think the ... plant looks the nicest

REGAIN CONSCIOUSNESS BLOODSTREAM odzyskać świadomość strumień krwi

DICTATION 87

We cannot call the man a liar,/ as we have no means of checking/ the truth of his statement./ The actual salary for the job/ is based upon a fixed scale/ which gives the employee/ an increase each year;/ with the amount being settled/ by the government./ The head of the unconscious patient/ was raised/ and a kind of powder/ was anxiously applied to his wound/ with a pad of cotton wool./ When the patient regained consciousness,/ the doctor forbade him all food,/ as he was eager to get him well again/ as soon as possible/ by immediately getting rid/ of whatever poison/ might be in the patient's bloodstream./ He also advised him/ to remain thoroughly idle/ for several days after leaving hospital.

LESSON 150

997 ANNOY BORED BORING PASS (change) dokuczyć, irytować znudzony nudny przejść

FALL ASLEEP FLY UNINTERESTING zasnąć latać nieinteresujący

When people are very annoyed, they can easily pass from being annoyed to being angry, whilst, when people are very bored, they can easily fall asleep.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "TO BE ANNOYED" AND "TO BE BORED" ? The difference ... is that when people are ...

WHAT KIND OF THINGS ANNOY YOU ? The kind of things that... are a fly flying round me whilst I'm trying to sleep ... etc.

WHAT KIND OF THINGS BORE YOU ?/ The kind of things ... are dull people ... uninteresting work... etc.

WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU FEEL BORED ? When I feel bored I... listen to music...

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO DEAL WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE BORING ? The best way to ... is to ... make an excuse and leave ...

ANY SOME WHICHEVER CONSUME

jakiś, który, jakikolwiek tu: jakiś którykolwiek skonsumować

One of the differences between the words "any" and "some" is that we can use "any" in an unlimited sense, for example, "If you could visit any country in the world, which would you choose ?", that is, whichever country you preferred, whilst the word "some" we use in a more limited sense, for example, "There's some country, which I can't think of at the moment, which consumes more coffee than any other

country in the world", that is, a country in particular. When the word "some" is used in this sense, the noun which follows it is singular, e.g. some country, and not some countries. Generally, as we know, "some" is used as the plural of "a", e.g. a book - some books./

998 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "ANY" USED IN AN UNLIMITED SENSE AND "SOME" USED IN A LIMITED SENSE. "If you could have any

book you liked in this library, which would you take ?" and "There's some book in this library in which I saw a photograph of the last king"

APPLAUD APPLAUSE CLAP oklaskiwać, bić brawo oklaski, aprobata klaskać

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're clapping your hands together in applause for something

WHAT DOES AN AUDIENCE DO WHEN IT APPLAUDS A SINGER OR AN ACTOR ETC. ?/ An audience shouts and claps when it...

BLADE SHOULDER-BLADE OAR ostrze łopatka wiosło

WHAT DO WE USE THE WORD "BLADE" FOR? We use the word blade for 1) a blade of a knife, a sword or a razor 2) a blade of grass

3) a shoulder-blade, or 4) a blade of an oar; that is, generally speaking, something which is flat and shaped like these objects

999 SORE bolący

IF YOU SHOUTED TOO MUCH OR RUBBED YOUR FINGER ON THE EDGE OF THE TABLE LIKE THIS, WHAT'D HAPPEN?/ If I shouted too ... I'd get a

sore throat, whilst if I rubbed my ... I'd get a sore finger

CORK korek

WHAT'S A CORK MADE OF, AND WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR? A cork is made of cork, and we use it to put into the neck of a bottle in

order to stop the liquid in the bottle escaping...

DRIVE RUDE OVERCHARGE tu: odstraszać, poruszać niegrzeczny przeciążyć, zedrzeć (pieniądze) HOW DOES A SHOPKEEPER, WITHOUT REALIZING WHAT HE IS DOING, SOMETIMES DRIVE CUSTOMERS AWAY FROM HIS SHOP ? A shopkeeper,

without... by being rude to them, keeping them

waiting too long, overcharging them ... etc.

HOW ARE MOST TRAINS DRIVEN THESE DAYS - BY STEAM OR BY ELECTRICITY ?/ Most trains these days are driven by electricity

SORROW smutek, żal

1000 The difference between "pain" and "sorrow" is that, generally speaking, we use "pain" more in the physical sense, like a pain in the arm, whilst "sorrow" we use in a spiritual sense, like the sorrow a mother feels at the loss of one of her children.

WHAT, GENERALLY SPEAKING, IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "PAIN" AND "SORROW" ? - AND GIVE ME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! Generally speaking

the difference ... is that we use "pain" more in the physical sense ... whilst "sorrow" we use in a spiritual sense ...

FOND OF lubić, być zwolennikiem

ARE YOU FOND OF CHILDREN AND ANIMALS?/ Yes, I'm fond of... or ... No, I'm not...

ARE YOU FOND OF THE THEATRE ? Yes, I'm fond of... or ... No, I'm not...

WIPE FOREHEAD CARPET MAT RUG wytrzeć, otrzeć czoło dywan wycieraczka dywanik, kilim

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're wiping your forehead with the back of your hand

The difference between a carpet, a mat, and a rug is that a carpet is usually quite large, sometimes covering the whole floor of a room; a mat we usually put in front of the door for people to wipe their feet on before entering the house, whilst a rug is usually not very large and is placed in front of the fire or by the side of the bed, and is often made of longer and looser threads than a carpet./

1001 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A CARPET, A MAT AND A RUG? The difference ... is that a carpet is usually quite large ...

SOUR RIPE UNRIPE OVERRIPE kwaśny, cierpki dojrzały niedojrzały mocno dojrzały

WHAT HAPPENS TO MILK IF WE LEAVE IT FOR TOO LONG BEFORE USING IT ? If we leave milk too long before using it, it goes sour (or turns sour)

WHAT'S SOUR FRUIT, AND WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF SOUR FRUIT?/ Sour fruit is fruit that isn't ripe (or is unripe), whilst the

opposite of sour fruit is overripe fruit

APPOINT mianować, ustanowić POSITION położenie, sytuacja

IF YOU COULD CHOOSE, WHAT KIND OF POSITION OR JOB WOULD YOU LIKE TO BE APPOINTED TO ? If I could choose, the kind of... I'd like to be ...

would be that of...

BLAME winić, zganić, zarzut

IN ROAD ACCIDENTS WHO, OR WHAT, DO YOU THINK IS TO BLAME MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE ? In road accidents, I think ... driving too close

... is to blame more than anything else

1002 COURT NOBLE TENNIS-COURT RECTANGLE dwór królewski szlachetny kort tenisowy prostokąt

RECTANGULAR prostokątny NET siatka

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A KING'S COURT ?/ By a king's court, we mean all the important nobles, ministers, or famous men in

the land who collect around the king ... DESCRIBE A TENNIS-COURT. A tennis-court is apiece of ground covered either

with grass or some kind of material. If with grass, it is carefully rolled flat. It's rectangular in shape with white lines painted on it to show the spaces in which

the ball must hit the ground. The rectangle is divided in half by a net... etc.

TAME oswojony, domowy

WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF A WILD ANIMAL? The contrary of... is a tame animal

WAX WOSk

WHAT DO WE USE FOR MAKING CANDLES ? / We use wax for making candles

BANK brzeg

WHAT DO WE CALL THE SIDES OF A RIVER? We call the sides of a river "the banks"

1003 AT LAST wreszcie IN THE END w końcu

We do not use "at last" in negative sentences; instead we would use "in the end", e.g. "At last, we managed to get the tin open", or, "In the end, we didn't manage to get the tin open."

MAKE A SENTENCE USING THE WORDS "AT LAST". After searching all day, we at last realized our mistake in thinking that what we

were looking for could be found without help

MAKE A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "IN THE END". In the end, we did not find what we were looking for

DICTATION 88

The moment the prisoner/ had climbed the high fence/ and made good his escape,/ he went to the place/ where he had been told/ a weapon of some kind/ had been buried for him./ The child got down on his knees/ to look at the poor dog's paw,/ which had a small nail caught in it./ It is a mystery/ why some people live a life of virtue/ whilst others live/ in exactly the opposite way./ From the carriage window/ we had a clear view of the ancient town/ through the gap in the mountains./ Wandering around the village/ we came across a funeral/ at the entrance of a small church./ It was obviously not the funeral/ of any distinguished person,/ as was clear by the humble-looking crowd.

1004 LESSON 151

SPARE zapasowe PUNCTURE przebicie, przedziurawić się

WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "HE CANT SPARE THE MONEY TO BUY HIMSELF A NEW SUIT" ? If you said ... you'd mean he has some money, but

must use it for other things and has none left, or spare, with which to buy himself a new suit

WHAT DO YOU DO IN YOUR SPARE TIME ? I... in my spare time

WHY DO WE CARRY A SPARE WHEEL IN A CAR ?/ We carry a ... so that, if we get a puncture in any of the four we are

using, we can change it immediately ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A SPARE ROOM AT HOME ? By a spare ... we mean an extra room in the house which

we keep empty for guests etc.

FOOL PART (v) IDIOT głupiec dzielić, oddzielić idiota

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY "A FOOL AND HIS MONEY ARE SOON PARTED" ? By a ... we mean that, when an idiot has any money, it is not long before he loses it by doing something stupid with it...

HAS ANYBODY EVER FOOLED YOU ? Yes, I've been fooled by someone ... or... No, nobody has ever fooled me

1005 WHO? WHEN? WHERE? HOW?

SPILL - SPILT - SPILT (OR SPILLED) rozlać

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE POUR TOO MUCH WATER INTO A GLASS ? When we pour too ... some of the water spills over the edge of the glass ...

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "THERE'S NO USE CRYING OVER SPILT MILK" ? "There's no use ..." means that, whatever misfortune it is that has happened

cannot be changed, and so it is a waste of time crying about it...

FORMER LATTER THE FORMER.. THE LATTER poprzedni ostatni poprzedni.. ostatni

WHAT DO I MEAN WHEN I SAY "IN FORMER TIMES MOST PEOPLE HAD TO WALK EVERYWHERE THEY WENT"?/ When you say that in former times

... you mean that in earlier days most... but not nowadays

When we say "Paris and Rome are capital cities; the former is in France whilst the latter is in Italy", we mean that the first mentioned is in France whilst the second mentioned is in Italy.

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "BEETHOVEN AND TOLSTOY WERE BOTH GREAT MEN; THE FORMER WAS GERMAN WHILST THE LATTER WAS RUSSIAN"? When we say "Beethoven ..." we mean the first mentioned

was German whilst the second mentioned was Russian

1006 ARISE BACK(v) BACK OUT/ powstaswać, pojawiać cofnąć, poprzeć, wzmacniać wycofać się

WHEN AN ARGUMENT ARISES, WHAT DO YOU DO ? - DO YOU BACK OUT OF IT BEFORE IT GETS TOO HEATED, OR DO YOU GO INTO IT WITH PLEASURE ? When an argument arises, I ...

BLESS błogosławić, czcić

WHAT DOES A PRIEST DO WHEN HE BLESSES PEOPLE ? A priest... makes a movement with his hand ... when he blesses people

WHICH WOULD YOU RATHER BE BLESSED WITH - HEALTH OR WEALTH ?/ I'd rather be blessed with ...

1007 CRACK rozłupać WORKMANSHIP DAMPNESS DRYNESS trzasnąć wykonanie wilgoć suchość, jałowość

WHIP bat, chłostać

WHAT 'D HAPPEN IF I BIT HARD ON MY PEN (OR PENCIL) ? If you bit ... you'd crack it

WHAT CAUSES CRACKS IN THE WALLS AND CEILING ? Age, dampness, dryness or bad workmanship can cause cracks in walls and ceilings

WHY DOES THE DRIVER OF A HORSE AND CART CRACK HIS WHIP ?/ The driver of a ... to make his horse go faster

without actually having to hit the horse

SPIN - SPUN - SPUN TEAM SPIN-DRIER prząść, obrócić zespół maszyna do suszenia WHAT HAPPENS BEFORE A GAME OF FOOTBALL STARTS? Before a game

of... the captains of the two sides spin a coin to decide which half of the field their team will play in

WHAT'S A SPINNING MACHINE ? A spinning machine is a machine used for spinning wool or cotton thread

WHAT'S A SPIN-DRIER? A spin-drier is a machine for drying clothes

DO YOU PREFER TEAM GAMES OR GAMES IN WHICH YOU PLAY AS AN INDIVIDUAL?/ I prefer ...

1008 FORTH2650 naprzód REPLACE zastąpić

The word "forth" means "forward" or "out". It is one of those words which's used more in written than in spoken English./ In spoken English, we generally replace the word "forth" with the word "out". For example, instead of saying "bring forth, set forth" etc., we say "bring out, set out" etc.

TELL ME ABOUT THE WORD "FORTH", PLEASE ! The word "forth" means "forward" or "out". It is one ...

GIVE ME A SENTENCE CONTAINING THE WORD "FORTH", PLEASE ! The writer set forth his arguments with great skill

SPOT miejsce, punkt

WHY DO WE SOMETIMES CALL A DOG "SPOT" ?/ We sometimes... because it has a coloured spot somewhere on its coat.

If, for example, it's a white dog, it might have a black spot in the middle of its back ... etc.

WHAT KIND OF SPOT DO YOU PREFER FOR A PICNIC ? I prefer... a quiet spot by the sea ... for a picnic

ARRANGE ARRANGEMENT BOOK (v) zaaranżować, planować plan, układ zamówić, rezerwować

IN ANY CASE w każdym razie

WHICH SHOP IN THIS PLACE DO YOU THINK ARRANGES ITS GOODS IN ITS WINDOWS THE BEST, AND WHICH DO YOU THINK ARRANGES ITS GOODS THE WORST ?/ I think the shop in this place which arranges ... is ...

whilst the one which arranges them the worst is ...

1009 HAVE YOU ARRANGED TO DO ANYTHING THIS EVENING ? Yes, I've arranged to ... or... No, I haven't...

WHAT?

DOES A FAMOUS ACTOR, SINGER OR ENTERTAINER GENERALLY MAKE HIS OWN ARRANGEMENTS WITH THE THEATRE WHERE HE'S BOOKED TO PERFORM ? No, a famous actor ... does not generally ... He generally has a

manager who makes all the arrangements for him ...

WHY ?/ Because entertaining is one job, and managing is another, and to do two jobs at the same time could be very tiring. In any case, entertainers are often not

practical businessmen, and so find it rather difficult to run themselves ...

VESSEL naczynie BLOOD-VESSEL naczynie krwionośne

A vessel is any kind of container, such as a cup, a bottle, a drum etc. We also call a ship a vessel, and also have "blood-vessels" in the body.

WHAT IS A VESSEL? A vessel is any kind ...

1010 WARMTH ciepło

WHAT'S THE NOUN OF THE ADJECTIVE "WARM"? The noun of ...is "warmth"

MEANWHILE tymczasem

MAKE A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD "MEANWHILE". James was still eating, so meanwhile, I decided to finish the little piece of sewing I still had to do

PECK dziobać BEAK dziób

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT A CHICKEN PECKS THE GROUND? When we say that... we mean that it picks

up food from the ground with its beak

POLITENESS uprzejmość JEALOUSY zazdrość

DICTATION 89

Although it was freezing cold/ outside the hut,/ inside we were all sweating with the heat./ We found that we could grind the com/ with reasonable ease/ between two stones/ and produce enough flour/ for several loaves of bread/ which, when they had been baked,/ we piled neatly one on top of the other./ It was clear/ that they were rivals,/ for one could see that/ beneath their politeness to each other/ they suffered from a bitter jealousy/ and envy./1 was given my pint of beer/ in a thick glass/ which felt as heavy as lead/ and had a large handle to it./ The path turned at an angle/ of ninety degrees/ and passed between rows of flowers/ which gave off a strong scent.

1011 LESSON 152

BLOCK kloc, blok, blokować

WHAT CAN WE USE A BLOCK OF WOOD FOR? We can use a block of wood for putting under the wheels of a car to stop it running down

hill... under the leg of a table which is not level... etc.

WHY DO THE POLICE SOMETIMES BLOCK A ROAD ? The police sometimes... because an accident may have happened further up the road

... they may be looking for a criminal... part of the road might be in danger of sliding down a hill... etc.

CREAM śmietana

WHAT IS CREAM AND WHERE DOES IT COME FROM ? Cream is the fat part of the milk which rises to the surface, or

anything which looks like it in appearance

WHY DO SOME PEOPLE RUB CREAM INTO THEIR HANDS AFTER DOING ROUGH OR DIRTY WORK ? Some people rub ... in order to help clean

their skin and keep it smooth ...

SPRING - SPRANG - SPRUNG JACK-IN-THE-BOX SPRING (n) skoczyć, skakać niespodzianka w pudełku wiosna

CURIOUS ciekawy, osobliwy UNFASTEN odwiązać

1012 A "Jack-in-the-box" is one of those surprise boxes in which there is a head made of paper, or some such material, fixed on a spring, so that when someone, curious to know what is inside, unfastens the lid of the box, the head suddenly springs out and makes the person jump with fright.

WHAT'S A "JACK-IN-THE-BOX" ?/ A "Jack-in-the-box" is one ...

WHAT'S THE MOST CURIOUS THING THAT HAS EVER HAPPENED TO YOU ? The most curious thing...

ARTICLE przedmiot, artykuł

ABOUT HOW MANY ARTICLES WOULD YOU SAY THERE WERE IN THIS ROOM ? I'd say there were about... articles in this room

WHAT KIND OF PEOPLE WRITE ARTICLES IN NEWSPAPERS ? The kind of people who ... are professional writers, or people

who have special knowledge of particular subjects ... etc.

BOLD COURAGEOUS DENTIST IMPRISON śmiały, zuchwały odważny, mężny dentysta uwięzić

IMPRISONMENT REMEDY SHAMELESS uwięzienie lekarstwo, środek bezwstydny

STRIKING WELL-DEFINED uderzający, zdumiewający dobrze zdefiniowany

1013 The word "bold" is similar in meaning to the word "brave"; both have the meaningof courageous, without fear etc., but, like so many words which are similar in meaning, they are often used differently. "Bold" we use more with the meaning of being confident and going forward without fear of danger; whereas one can be brave without even moving - for example, when face to face with one's dentist, or when suffering from an illness that has no remedy, or when facing the possibility of imprisonment for one's beliefs etc.

Another two meanings of the word "bold" are- "shameless", e.g. a bold dress; and -"clear, striking" or "well-defined", e.g. "The name over the shop was written in bold letters."/

WHAT DOES THE WORD "BOLD" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME EXAMPLES. The word "bold" means being confident and going forward without fear of

danger, e.g. The soldiers marched boldly forward to meet the enemy; "shameless", e.g. She wore a very bold dress; and "clear, striking,

well-defined", e.g. The house was painted in very bold colours

STAIN WOODWORK REMOVE DRY CLEANER'S plama stolarka, drewno usunąć pralnia chemiczna

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "TO PAINT A TABLE" AND "TO STAIN A TABLE" ? The difference ... is that paint does not enter into the woodwork

of the table, but forms a covering or coat, which can be scraped off. Stain, on the other hand, is a thinner liquid which

enters into the woodwork and colours it 1014 HOW CAN ONE REMOVE A STAIN FROM ONE 'S CLOTHES ? One can

remove ... by using a stain remover; depending on what kind of stain it is. Usually it is easier to take the clothes to the dry cleaner's ...

CREEP - CREPT - CREPT pełzać

The word "creep" means either to move like a snake with the body close to the ground, or just to move slowly and cautiously.

WHAT DOES THE WORD "CREEP" MEAN ? The word "creep" means ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE! 1) The thief s hand crept across the table to steal the woman's handbag. 2) Because the road

was blocked, the cars were creeping slowly forward

STEPS STAIRS UPSTAIRS DOWNSTAIRS SIMILAR/ kroki schody na górze na dole podobny

The two words "steps" and "stairs" are similar, but we generally think of steps leading up to a public building or down the mountain-side to a beach; whilst stairs we think of as being indoors, like the stairs leading from one floor of a building to another. When talking about steps we say "go up the steps" and "go down the steps", but when talking about "stairs" we say "go upstairs" and "go downstairs".

1015 WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "STEPS" AND "STAIRS" ?/ The difference ... is that we generally think of "steps"

as being out of doors ... "stairs" being indoors ...

PASSAGE przejście, korytarz, wyjątek EXTRACT wyjąte/c

A passage is a very narrow way, generally between two houses, or inside a house, like a corridor. We can also use the word with the meaning of "sea passage", or with the meaning of a short extract taken from a speech or a piece of writing.

WHAT DOES THE WORD "PASSAGE" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES. The word ... "a very narrow way" ... also ... For example,...

corridor... sea passage ... piece of writing...

STEER sterować, kierować

WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO ?/ You're pretending to steer a car, a bicycle or a ship

ASIDE na bok, na boku DRAW ASIDE odciągnąć na bok

The word "aside" means "on one side" or "to one side".

WHAT DOES THE WORD "ASIDE" MEAN ? The word ... "on one ..."

DO YOU PUT MONEY ASIDE EACH WEEK FOR ANY SPECIAL PURPOSE? Yes, I put money aside ... for a special purpose ... or... No, I don't...

1016 AT A PARTY, WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN A MAN DRAWS ANOTHER MAN ASIDE FROM THE REST OF THE CROWD ?/ At a party, when a ... it means

he has something to say to him that he does not want the others to hear...

STICK-STUCK-STUCK PIN OPPOSITION wetknąć, wbijać szpilka, przypiąć opozycja

WHAT DO WE DO WITH A STAMP? We stick a stamp on an envelope

WHAT DO WE DO WITH A PIN? We stick a pin into two pieces of paper or cloth to hold them together. We also use a type of

pin for pinning notices onto notice-boards ...

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "STICK" ? The paradigm ... stick - stuck - stuck ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY A MAN STICKS TO HIS OPINIONS ?/ When we say ... we mean his opinions remain fixed and he

refuses to change them against strong opposition

BORDER granica, skraj, graniczyć

ARE THE POLICE ALLOWED TO FOLLOW A CRIMINAL ACROSS THE BORDERS OF THEIR OWN COUNTRY INTO ANOTHER COUNTRY ?

No, the police aren't...

1017 WHY NOT ? Because the police of one country have no right to enter another country without the permission of that country

WHAT MUST THEY DO INSTEAD? They must ask the other country to help them catch the criminal instead

WHAT DO WE GENERALLY FIND ALONG THE BORDERS OF A FIELD?/ We generally find a hedge or a fence along the ...

PATTERN wzór

DO YOU PREFER PLAIN CLOTHES OR CLOTHES WITH A PATTERN ON THEM ? I prefer ...

WHO DO YOU THINK SHOULD BE MORE RESPONSIBLE FOR SETTING THE CORRECT PATTERN OF BEHAVIOUR FOR A CHILD - ITS PARENTS OR ITS TEACHERS ? I think a child's ... should be more responsible ...

WEAVE - WOVE - WOVEN tkać, knuć, pleść

WHAT AM I DOING?/ You're weaving the first finger of your right hand over and under the fingers of your left

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "WEAVE" ? The paradigm ... weave - wove - woven

WHAT KIND OF THINGS DO WE MAKE BY WEAVING ? We make cloth, baskets etc. by weaving

1018 RUIN (S) ruina, ruiny FINANCIAL finansowy

HOW CAN DRINK CAUSE A PERSON'S FINANCIAL RUIN ?/ How drink can cause a person's financial ruin depends a lot, of course, on the individual; but

a person who drinks constantly often smokes constantly, both of which habits can be very expensive. Also a person who's constantly drunk can lose

his job or his position in society. On the other hand, some of the wealthiest members of society are heavy smokers and drinkers

ARE THERE ANY OLD RUINS IN YOUR HOME TOWN ? Yes, there are ... or ... No, there aren't...

WHAT KIND ? HOW OLD ?

WHISPER szept, szeptać

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're whispering

WHY DO PEOPLE WHISPER? People whisper because they don't want others to hear what they say

LAMP lampa

HOW DO YOU PREFER TO SEE A ROOM LIT - WITH OVERHEAD LIGHTS OR WITH LAMPS ? I prefer to see a...

GARAGE garaż

1019 DO MOST PEOPLE IN YOUR TOWN KEEP THEIR CARS IN GARAGES OR LEAVE THEM IN THE STREET? Most people in my ...

UNSCREW odkręcić (śrubę) ON RECEIPT OF po otrzymaniu...

DICTATION 90

We managed/ to unscrew the lid of the box/ with the point of a knife,/ and, instead of the treasure/ we had expected to find inside,/ found nothing but a heap of coins,/ which, after scraping away the dirt/ that had collected on them,/ we saw were not even very old./ Perhaps some thief? had already stolen/ whatever else had been inside./ On receipt of the news,/ given us by an eye-witness,/ that our side had won the battle,/ there was great rejoicing/ in the streets./1 scratched the back of my head,/ and fancied that some kind of trick/ must have been employed/ in order to have got the licence,/ and so began to make enquiries/ which I knew might be rather risky/ and lead to trouble.

LESSON 153

STIFF WORK PASTE REFUSAL sztywny, twardy praca, pracować pasta odmowa

The word "stiff* means "not easily bent", like a stiff piece of wire, or a stiff neck from reading too long; or it can mean "not easily worked", like a stiff paste. We can also use the word figuratively. For example, "The man had a stiff manner".

WHAT DOES THE WORD "STIFF" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES. The word ... "not easily ...". For example, a stiff arm,

a stiff piece of card, a stiff refusal...

1020 ASTONISH zadziwiać, zdumiewać

WHAT DO PEOPLE SAY AND DO WHEN THEY ARE ASTONISHED ?/ When people are astonished, they open their eyes, and perhaps their mouths,

wide, raise their hands and say something like "Good heavens!"

BOUND granica, OUT OF BOUNDS BOUNDARY odbić się, ograniczyć zakaz przekraczania granica/graniczny

IS SPAIN BOUNDED ON ALL SIDES BY THE SEA ? No, Spain isn't... but a lot of it is

WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN WE SEE A SIGN SAYING "OUT OF BOUNDS" ? When we see a... it means it is forbidden to go beyond that point...

HOW DOES ONE GENERALLY MARK THE BOUNDARY OF ONE'S PROPERTY ?/ One generally marks ... with a boundary-wall, fence, hedge etc....

BEE STING - STUNG - STUNG SENSATION SLAP pszczoła użądlić uczucie klaps, dawać klapsa

IODINE jodyna

WHAT'S A BEE LIKELY TO DO IF IT LANDS ON YOU WHILST YOU'RE SUNBATHING AND YOU DISTURB IT ? If a bee lands on you whilst...

it's likely to sting you

1021 WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO STING"? The paradigm ... sting-stung-stung

FROM WHAT ELSE DO WE GET A STINGING SENSATION ?/ We get a stinging sensation when someone slaps our face, or when we cut ourselves

and have to put some iodine on the cut to clean it... etc.

CURL 2700 zwinąć, falować, lok

WHAT DO WE CALL A PIECE OF HAIR THAT FORMS THE SHAPE OF A RING? We call a piece of hair that ...a curl CAN SMOKE CURL UPWARDS WHEN THERE'S A STRONG WIND?

No, smoke can't curl...

WHY NOT ? Because the wind straightens the smoke out and sends it flying across the sky ...

STORE dom handlowy, VARIETY TINNED FOOD/ zapas, zaopatrywać różnorodność żywność w puszkach

A store is a shop which sells a great variety of goods. It can either be a very large shop in the city, which sells food, clothes, furniture and almost anything you can think of; or it can be a shop in a village, which sells all sorts of articles that the people in the village might need - that is, anything from eggs to shoes. The word "store" is often used in the plural.

1022 WHAT'S A STORE (OR STORES)? A store is a shop which sells a great variety of goods. It can either...

The verb "to store" means to collect and keep for future use, whilst the noun "store" means a collection of something or other for future use./

WHAT DOES THE VERB "TO STORE" MEAN ? The verb ... "to collect..."

AND THE NOUN? A collection of...

DO YOU (OR YOUR MOTHER OR YOUR WIFE) KEEP A STORE OF TINNED FOOD AT HOME ? Yes, I keep a ... or ... No, I don't...

ATTEMPT próba MOUNTAINEER góral, alpinista, taternik

WAS MOUNT EVEREST CONQUERED AT THE FIRST ATTEMPT?/ No ... but many teams of mountaineers had attempted to climb it

for many years before it was finally conquered ...

BOW(n) BOW(v) BOW TIE RAINBOW łuk, smyczek kłaniać się, schylać się muszka (na szyję) tęcza

1023 The noun "bow" and the verb "bow" are different in pronunciation. A "bow" (n) we use for firing arrows, and to describe anything which is bow-shaped, such as a "bow tie" or a "rainbow"; whilst the word "bow" (v) means to bend the body into the shape of a "bow" (n), for example, when one bows before the king.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "BOW" (n) AND "BOW" (v) ?/ The difference ... is that... for firing arrows ... to bend the body ...

STOVE piec RUN ON tu: ogrzewać

A stove can either be used for heating or for cooking, and can run on gas, electricity or wood etc.

WHAT DO WE USE A STOVE FOR, AND WHAT DO WE RUN IT ON ? We use a stove for ... and we run ...

CURRENT prąd, bieżący, aktualny

The word "current", apart from meaning the current of a river or of the sea, is also used with the meaning of current events, and current opinions etc.

WHAT DOES THE WORD "CURRENT" MEAN ?/ The word "current", apart fiom...

STRETCH wydłużyć, naprężyć, wyciągać się

1024 The basic meaning of the word "stretch" is "extend".

WHAT'S THE BASIC MEANING OF THE WORD "STRETCH" ? The basic ...

WHAT AM I DOING? You're stretching yourself

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're stretching out your hand to take something

WHAT AM I TRYING TO DO? You're trying to stretch your tie, pullover, dress etc.

HOW FAR DOES THE ROAD OUTSIDE THIS BUILDING STRETCH ? The road outside... stretches as far as...

AWKWARD CUPBOARD EMBARRASS / niezgrabny kredens zakłopotać

The basic meaning of the word "awkward" is "difficult" or "having little skill".

WHAT'S THE BASIC MEANING OF THE WORD "AWKWARD" ? The basic...

WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE AWKWARD IN THEIR MOVEMENTS? The reasons some people are ... could be many and various. Perhaps they

are suffering from an illness, or perhaps as a child they played very little sport or the usual games that children play and so never

developed an easy movement of the body ... 1025 WHAT'S THE MOST AWKWARD THING YOU HAVE AT HOME-THAT IS,

THE MOST DIFFICULT THING TO USE, LIKE A CUPBOARD THAT WON'T OPEN PROPERLY ?/ The most awkward ... is ...

WHAT HAS BEEN THE MOST AWKWARD MOMENT OF YOUR LIFE, THAT IS, THE MOST EMBARRASSING MOMENT ? The most awkward ... was ...

WELL studnia

WHAT DO WE CALL A HOLE IN THE GROUND FROM WHICH WE GET WATER ? We call a hole in ... a well

DECREASE maleć, spadać

WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF THE WORD "INCREASE"? The opposite of... "decrease"

FAN kibic, miłośnik, wahlować

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're fanning yourself with your book

ARE YOU A FAN OF ANY FOOTBALL CLUB (OR FILM STAR ETC.)?/ Yes, I'm a fan ... or... No, I'm not a...

GOAT ROCKY HILLSIDE koza skalisty, chwiejny stok

1026 TELL ME SOMETHING ABOUT GOATS (DESCRIBE THEM ETC.). Goats have two horns, a beard, give milk, often live on mountains or rocky hillsides ...

PINCH szczypać, uszczypnąć

WHAT AM I DOING? You're pinching your cheek

WHY DID WOMEN IN THE OLD DAYS SOMETIMES PINCH THEIR CHEEKS ? Women in the old ... pinched their cheeks in

order to bring some colour to their faces

PROPOSE proponować, oświadczyć się

"To propose" means to suggest or to intend, e.g. "This is the plan I propose", or, "Next year they propose to go to Ireland for their holiday."

WHAT DOES "TO PROPOSE" MEAN ? "To propose" means ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE ! This is the ... and ... Next year...

DICTATION 91

The doctor gave Edward/ some liquid/ with which to bathe/ the lids of his eyes./ The river descended slowly/ through a kind of chalk basin/ and only began/ to hasten itself/ when joined by a second river./ The boy had cut/ a branch off the tree/ with his knife,/ which had an edge on it/ like a razor,/ and was using it/ as a fishing rod./ It is very easy/ to be cheated/ and deceived,/ especially if one receives/ no warning./ One can think that/ what one has bought/ is quite without value./ 1 was urged/ to try and get on/ the town council/ by my friends,/ but it would have been/ a great nuisance/ for me to have to attend/ the meetings.

1027 LESSON 154

SWING - SWUNG - SWUNG TO AND FRO huśtać się, kołysać tam i z powrotem WHAT AM I DOING ? You're swinging your pen to and fro; holding it

between your finger and thumb

WHAT'S MY PEN DOING ? Your pen's swinging to and fro ...

BOWL czara, miska, kula SUGAR - BOWL cukierniczka

WHEN WE PUT SUGAR ON THE TABLE, WHAT DO WE CALL THE CONTAINER IT'S IN? When we put... a sugar-bowl

FUN PLAYFULNESS FUNNY PUZZLE intrygować zabawa, żart figlarność, swawolność śmieszny łamigłówka

JIGSAW układanka

1028 CARDBOARD CROSSWORD PUZZLE ACCOMPANY/ tektura, pudełka kartonowe krzyżówka towarzyszyć

CLUE trop, ślad

The word "fun" means amusement; sport; playfulness etc. For example, "It was nothing serious; we just did it for fun."

WHAT DOES THE WORD' "FUN" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE. The word ... "Our dog enjoys all kinds of fun and games"

The word "funny" has two meanings, either "amusing", in which case we laugh or smile, for example, "Charlie Chaplin made some very funny films"; or "strange", in which case we look puzzled, for example, "It's very funny that we haven't received a letter from Richard for over a week. I wonder what has happened" /

WHAT DOES THE WORD "FUNNY" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME EXAMPLES. The word ... "He looks so funny; I can't keep a straight face whenever I look

at him" ... "It's very funny weather we're having for this time of year"

A jigsaw puzzle consists of many little pieces of wood or cardboard of different shapes and sizes, which, when fitted slowly and correctly together, form a complete picture of something.

A crossword puzzle, on the other hand, consists of a large square divided into many small squares. Into each square we write a letter of the alphabet in order to form words. Accompanying the large square is a list of clues, the answers to which determine the words we form in the squares. For example, clue number one might be "The capital of Japan (5 letters)", and so we write in the squares the word "Tokyo"; or it might be "A queen of ancient Egypt (9 letters)", and we write the word "Cleopatra". /

1029 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A JIGSAW PUZZLE AND A CROSSWORD PUZZLE ? ... consists of little pieces of wood... consists of a large square...

SWEAR - SWORE - SWORN EVIDENCE jawność, COPY (n) przysiąc, kląć oczywistość, dowód kopia

Before a witness gives evidence in an English court of law, he is obliged to put his hand on a copy of the Bible, or on a book of his own religion, and say, "I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, so help me God."/

BEFORE A WITNESS GIVES EVIDENCE IN AN ENGLISH COURT OF LAW, WHAT'S HE OBLIGED TO DO AND SAY ? Before a witness... he's obliged to put...

Another meaning of the verb "swear" is to use bad language. For example, some people swear when they are angry or hurt.

WHAT'S ANOTHER MEANING OF THE VERB "SWEAR", AND WHEN DO PEOPLE SWEAR ?/ Another meaning ... and people swear... WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "SWEAR" ? The paradigm ... swear - swore - sworn

1030 BREATH BREATHE OUT OF BREATH oddech, tchnienie oddech,powiewać bez tchu

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're breathing

AND WHAT'S THIS COMING OUT OF MY MOUTH? Your breath is coming...

The difference between "breath" and "breathe" is that "breath" is the noun whilst "breathe" is the verb.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "BREATH" AND "BREATHE"?/ The difference ... is that...

HOW LONG CAN YOU HOLD YOUR BREATH FOR ? I can hold my ... WHY DO PEOPLE GET OUT OF BREATH? People get out of breath through

running, climbing the stairs ... etc.

STRIP obnażyć, STRIPE STRIPED UNDRESS SERGEANT rozebrać pas pasiasty rozebrać się sierżant

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD FOR "UNDRESS" ? Another word ... is "strip" WHAT AM 1 ABOUT TO DO? You're about to tear a strip of paper

out of your book ... DO YOU PREFER A STRIPED TIE OR A SPOTTED ONE ?/ I prefer a ...

1031 WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN WE SAY A SERGEANT IS STRIPPED OF HIS STRIPES ? When we say a ... we mean that he has done something wrong

and in consequence loses his stripes and rank of sergeant

BURST PAPER BAG BURST INTO TEARS wybuchnąć, wysadzić torebka papierowa rozpłakać się

WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO? You're pretending to blow up a paper bag and burst it

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "TO CRY" AND "TO BURST INTO TEARS" ?/ The difference ... is that a person can cry without trying to control himself, whilst one generally bursts into tears after having tried to control oneself...

SWELL - SWELLED - SWELLED (OR SWOLLEN) puchnąć

SWELLING AREA INSECT FLOOD opuchlizna obszar insekt powódź

WHAT USUALLY HAPPENS TO THAT AREA OF THE BODY WHERE A BEE OR SOME OTHER INSECT HAS STUNG US? That area of the

body where ... usually swells

WHAT DO WE DO WITH THE SWELLING? We either do nothing and let it go away by itself or put something on it - a cream or something ...

1032 WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "SWELL" ?/ The paradigm ... swell - swelled - swelled (or swollen)

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A RIVER SWELLS AND BURSTS ITS BANKS ? When a river ... the land around becomes flooded ...

TOWEL ręcznik

AFTER WASHING, WHAT DO WE WIPE OUR HANDS AND FACE ON ? After washing we ... a towel

TOY zabawka

WHAT WAS YOUR FAVOURITE TOY AS A CHILD ? My favourite ... was ...

FRAME ramka FRAME OF MIND nastrój

WHAT DO WE CALL THE WOODEN OR METAL BORDER ROUND A PICTURE OR WINDOW ?/ We call the wooden ... a frame

CAN YOU THINK OF ANOTHER USE OF THE WORD "FRAME" ? Yes, I can think ... the frame of the human body

WHAT FRAME OF MIND DO YOU USUALLY FEEL IN WHEN YOU GO TO WORK (OR TO SCHOOL) ? I usually feel in a... frame of mind when ...

1033 LUMP gruda, guz, kostka

DO YOU PREFER SOUP WITH LUMPS OF MEAT AND VEGETABLES IN IT, OR DO YOU PREFER JUST PLAIN SOUP ?/ I prefer...

SHALLOW płytki, powierzchowny

WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "DEEP"? The contrary of... is shallow

TRAIN pociąg

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO TRAIN A DOCTOR ? It takes about... years to train...

TRAY tacka

WHAT DO WE USE A TRAY FOR ? We use a tray to carry cups and saucers etc., on...

CLAY glina

WHAT DO WE MAKE WITH CLAY ? We make cups, saucers, bowls etc. with clay

CLERK urzędnik

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A CLERK?/ By a clerk we usually mean a man who works with a pen in an office ...

1034 HOOK hak

WHAT DO WE USE A HOOK FOR ? We use a hook for hanging things on; or we use it on the end of a line for catching fish with ...

RESIGN rezygnować

WHY DOES ONE RESIGN FROM ONE'S POST? One resigns from one's post either because one has done something wrong, or because one

doesn't agree with the people one has to work with ...

TREMBLE drżeć

WHAT'S MY HAND DOING ? Your hand's trembling

WHAT MAKES PEOPLE TREMBLE? Fear makes people tremble

BERRY jagoda

WHAT CAN WE MAKE WITH BERRIES?/ We can make jam with berries

DITCH rów EXCESS nadmiar, nadwyżka

WHY DO THEY OFTEN PUT A DITCH ROUND A FIELD? They often put a ... to take away the excess water from the field ...

1035 PASTRY ciasto, klej

"Paste" is a mixture of flour and water etc., which is used either for making pastry for cooking, or for sticking things together like paper on walls etc.

WHAT IS "PASTE", AND WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR ? "Paste" is a mixture

... and we use it either...

LESSON 155

STRICT ścisły, całkowity DISOBEY nie słuchać, być nieposłusznym

WHY MUST DISCIPLINE IN THE ARMY BE VERY STRICT ? Discipline in the... because soldiers must be trained to behave, not as individuals, but as one

solid mass. For this reason the individual's personal wishes have to be strictly controlled. He must be so conditioned to taking orders that, in the heat of battle,

he will be more afraid of disobeying an order than he will of the enemy, and will behave not as an individual, but as part of a body ... etc.

Another meaning of the word "strict" is "exact".

WHAT'S ANOTHER MEANING OF THE WORD "STRICT" ? Another meaning ... is "exact"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ "What you say is not strictly true"

1036 REVENGE2750 REPAY SATISFYING WRONG odwet, zemsta, pomścić spłacać, zwrócić zadowalający źle

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE EXPRESSION "REVENGE IS SWEET"? By the expression ... that, when we have been wronged by somebod;

it is very pleasant and satisfying to repay the wrong, or in oth< words to get our revenge against him; althougl

of course, it is not very civilized .

TRIP wycieczka

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A TRIP? By atrip we mean a short journey

DIVE nurkować ADVISABLE słuszny, roztropny

IS IT ADVISABLE TO DIVE INTO SHALLOW WATER? No, it isnt advisable to.

WHY NOT ?/ Because you'd hit your head on the bottom, perhaps drown ... etc

COMMITTEE komitet PARLIAMENTARY parlamentarny

A committee is a group of people appointed to attend to some kind of special business. Usually this group is appointed by some larger group, to which it belongs. Foi example, we have university committees, trade-union committees, parliamentary committees, and so on.

1037 WHAT'S A COMMITTEE ? AND GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! A committee is a ... Some examples are university committees ...

COUGH kaszel

WHAT AM I DOING ?/ You're coughing

REWARD nagroda

DO YOU THINK CHILDREN SHOULD BE GIVEN A REWARD FOR BEHAVING THEMSELVES PROPERLY ? IF SO, WHAT KIND OF REWARD ? OR DO YOU THINK CHILDREN SHOULD BE TAUGHT TO BEHAVE CORRECTLY BECAUSE IT IS THE RIGHT THING TO DO AND NOT JUST FOR THE SAKE OF RECEIVING A REWARD ? I think children ...

TWIST skręcić, zwinąć

WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO?/ You're pretending to twist a piece of paper in your hands, perhaps so that it can be used to get a light from a fire

COMPLAIN skarżyć się TO ONE'S TASTE w czyimś smaku; guście

IN A RESTAURANT, WHEN THE FOOD IS EITHER NOT GOOD ENOUGH OR NOT TO YOUR TASTE, DO YOU CALL THE WAITER AND COMPLAIN, OR DO YOU JUST STAY QUIET AND EAT WHAT YOU'RE GIVEN ?

In a restaurant, when the food ... I...

1038 COWARD tchórz

WHY DO YOU SUPPOSE SOME PEOPLE ARE COWARDS WHILST OTHERS ARE BRAVE ?/ I suppose the reason some people ... is that some people are ...

smaller, weaker, more afraid to die ...

RUST rdza, rdzewieć

WHAT HAPPENS TO IRON WHEN IT IS LEFT IN A DAMP ATMOSPHERE ? When iron is left ... it rusts

STROKE głaskać, uderzyć, kreska

WHICH WOULD CUT DEEPER INTO WOOD: A STROKE FROM A SWORD OR FROM AN AXE, AND WHY ? A stroke from an axe would cut deeper, as an

axe is heavier than a sword

HOW MANY STROKES OF THE PEN DOES IT TAKE TO FORM THE CAPITAL LETTER "N" ?/ ... three ...

WHY DOES A CAT LIKE TO BE STROKED ? ... it is said that it probably reminds it of when it used to be cleaned by its mother's tongue ...

ROAR ryknąć, wrzasnąć, ryk, huk

1039 WHAT KIND OF NOISE DOES A LION MAKE? The kind of noise ... is a roaring noise

SHOWER prysznic

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A RAIN SHOWER ? By a rain shower we mean a very short period of rain

WHICH DO YOU PREFER: A BATH OR A SHOWER ? 1 prefer a ...

SLOPE BRAKE STEEP zbocze, stok hamować, hamulec stromy, urwisty

WILL A CAR STAND STILL ON A SLIGHT SLOPE WITHOUT ITS BRAKES ON ? / No, a car won't stand ... WHAT HAPPENS TO IT? It begins to slide (or roll) slowly down the slope

AND IF THE SLOPE IS VERY STEEP WHAT HAPPENS ? If the slope is ... the car gathers speed and probably finishes up by crashing into

something and causing a fairly serious accident

SOIL gleba, ziemia

IS THE SOIL DEEP ON THE SIDE OF A MOUNTAIN ? No ... but it 's shallow or thin

WHY? / Because it gets carried away by the rain ...

1040 COAT OF ARMS DESIGN SHIELD herb projektować tarcza

A coat of arms is a design, generally in the shape of a shield, used by a noble family, a town or a university etc. as its symbol.

WHAT'S A COAT OF ARMS? A coat of arms is a ...

BLEED - BLED - BLED krwawić

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT SOMEBODY BLEEDS TO DEATH ?/ When we say that... we mean that, being so badly injured or

wounded, they lose so much blood that they die

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "BLEED" ?/ The paradigm ... bleed - bled - bled

SPIT - SPAT - SPAT pluć

IS IT FORBIDDEN TO SPIT IN THE STREETS IN THIS COUNTRY ? Yes, it's forbidden ... or... No, it isn't...

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "SPIT"? The paradigm ... spit-spat-spat

RICE ryż

1041 IN WAR TIME, WHY ARE MESSAGES SOMETIMES WRITTEN ON RICE PAPER ?/ In war time, the reason messages ... is that, if the messenger

gets caught by the enemy, he can eat the message

TYPEWRITER maszyna do pisania

WHAT DO WE USE A TYPEWRITER FOR? We use a typewriter for typing

COMB czesać

HOW MANY TIMES A DAY DO YOU COMB YOUR HAIR ? I comb my hair about... a day

RUBBER RUB OUT TYRE guma wytrzeć, wymazać opona

WHAT DO WE USE RUBBER FOR? We use rubber for making car or bicycle tyres etc., and for rubbing out mistakes if we are working in pencil...

DAYBREAK świt, brzask INKY atramentowy

DICTATION 92

The girl's eyebrows and eyelashes/ were very dark,/ whereas her hair was fair./ The sailors' ship/ had been wrecked/ near the shore of the island,/ and they managed to walk/ to the land/ in the pale light/ of a silvery moon,/ as the water was only/ waist deep./ Next morning at daybreak/ they came across/ some of the natives/ of the island - / strange-looking people/ with feathers in their hair;/ one of them/ with an inky black monkey/ on one shoulder,/ which was tearing at a small bunch/ of bananas/ the native was holding in his hand./ This man, it appeared,/ was addressed by the others/ with some kind of title,/ and it seemed/ that they spoke to him/ with great caution,/ afraid perhaps of his temper/ and the punishment/ he was able to order for them/ with a mere word.

1042 LESSON 156

RIBBON wstążka, taśma TIE UP zawiązać

WHAT DO WE USE RIBBON FOR ? We use ribbon for tying up presents. A girl uses it to tie up her hair, and we also use it in a typewriter

STUFF materiał, surowiec MANUFACTURE produkować, wyrabiać

The word "stuff1' we use for anything liquid or solid, raw or manufactured, and esp-ecially anything for which we cannot think of the name at the moment of speaking. For example, in a shop we might say "I wonder if you have any of that stuff used for fixing glass in a window ?"

WHAT DO WE USE THE WORD "STUFF" FOR ?/ We use the word "stuff1 for...

ROAST piec OVEN piekarnik

HOW DO WE ROAST MEAT? ...by holding it before or over a fire, or by putting it in an oven

1043 TRUNK DESTINATION SEPARATELY TRUNK-ROAD

pień, tułów przeznaczenie osobno szosa główna

CALL rozmowa telefoniczna, wołać

TRUNK - CALL tel. rozmowa długodystansowa

WHAT DO WE CALL THE MAIN PART OF THE BODY, THAT IS, THE BODY WITHOUT HEAD, ARMS OR LEGS ? We call the main ... the trunk

CONSEQUENTLY, WHAT IS A TREE TRUNK ?/ A tree trunk is the main part or body of a tree

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A TRUNK USED FOR TRAVELLING? By a trunk used ... we mean a large, strong box (often wooden) in which

we put the main part of our clothing when we travel. We usually send it on to our destination separately, whilst we

ourselves just travel with a suitcase.

The word "trunk" therefore we generally use for the main part of anything. For example, a trunk-road is a main road, whilst a trunk-call on the telephone is a long-distance call. We also call an elephant's nose a trunk

WHAT ARE THE OTHER USES OF THE WORD "TRUNK" ?/ The other uses of ... are ... trunk-road ... trunk-call...

SHELL muszla, pancerz OUTER zewnętrzny

1044 WHAT DO WE CALL THE OUTER COVERING OF AN EGG OR A NUT ? We call the outer... the shell

SOW - SOWED - SOWED (OR SOWN) siać

AT WHAT TIME OF THE YEAR DOES THE FARMER SOW HIS WHEAT SEED IN YOUR COUNTRY-AND HOW DOES HE SOW IT?/ The fanner

sows his ... in ... - and he sows it... by machine ...

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "SOW"? The paradigm ... sow - sowed - sowed

(or sown)

WRAP pakować, owijać WRAP UP zapakować

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're wrapping ...

WHAT DO WE USE TO WRAP UP A PARCEL? We use cardboard, paper, string etc. to wrap up a parcel

DO YOU WRAP UP WELL WHEN YOU GO OUT IN COLD WEATHER ?/ Yes, I wrap up ... or... No, I don't...

BRIBE łapówka

1045 IF YOU WERE IN A HIGH POSITION, WOULD YOU ACCEPT BRIBES? Yes, if I were in ... or... No, if I were ...

THREATEN zagrozić, zagrażać THREAT groźba, pogróżka

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're threatening to hit somebody with your hand

HAS ANYBODY EVER THREATENED YOU WITH A KNIFE OR A GUN ? Yes, somebody has ... or... No, nobody has ever ...

WHAT HAPPENED ? OR, WHAT'D YOU DO IF THEY DID ?/ ... If they did, I'd give them whatever they wanted ...

ACCORDING TO THE LAW IN YOUR COUNTRY, DO YOU KNOW IF A THREAT IS CONSIDERED AS SERIOUS AS AN ACTUAL DEED ? - IN OTHER WORDS, IF A MAN THREATENS TO KILL ANOTHER MAN, DOES A COURT OF LAW CONSIDER THAT AS SERIOUS AS IF THE MAN HAD ACTUALLY COMMITTED THE DEED ? According to the law in my ...

CHEST kufer, DRAWER CHEST OF DRAWERS skrzynia, klatka piersiowa szuflada komoda

WHERE ARE THE HEART AND LUNGS SITUATED IN THE BODY ?/ The heart and lungs are situated in the chest...

1046 A chest is also a large, strong box, usually made of wood, which we use for storing things in, like clothes, tools, medicine, money etc. A chest of drawers is a chest with drawers in it. It is usually a piece of furniture in which we keep clothes.

WHAT'S ANOTHER MEANING OF THE WORD "CHEST"; AND WHAT IS A CHEST OF DRAWERS ? Another meaning of... is "a large, strong ...",

whilst a chest of drawers is ...

CROP 2800 plon, zbiór

WHAT KIND OF CROPS DO THEY GROW WHERE YOU LIVE ?/ The kind of crops ... are ...

STOCK STOCK SIZE IN STOCK zapas normalny rozmiar w zapasie

OUT OF STOCK CURE STOCK - CAR zapas wyczerpany leczyć, kurować, lekarstwo zwykły samochód

The word "stock" means "a store of goods", but when used as an adjective, it means "regular, normal, usual" etc.

WHAT DOES THE WORD "STOCK" MEAN ? The word "stock" means ...

1047 DO MEN'S CLOTHES SHOPS SOMETIMES STOCK WOMEN'S CLOTHES AS WELL; AND VICE VERSA ?/ Yes, men's clothes shops ... or ... No, men's ...

SUPPOSING A PERSON IS STOCK SIZE AND HE GOES TO BUY CLOTHES FROM A SHOP, DO YOU THINK HE'S MORE LIKELY TO FIND HIS SIZE IN STOCK THAN IF HE WERE AN EXCEPTIONALLY BIG PERSON OR AN EXCEPTIONALLY SMALL PERSON ? Yes, supposing a person is ... I think ...

WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF "IN STOCK"? The opposite ... "out of stock"

WHAT'S THE STOCK CURE FOR A HEADACHE OR FOR A COMMON COLD ?/ The stock cure for a headache is to lie down and take a pill,

whilst for a cold it is to go to bed and take medicine ...

Stock-car racing is racing in which the kind of car that is used is not a special racing car but basically a normal car made for the road.

WHAT'S STOCK-CAR RACING ? Stock-car racing is ...

COPPER miedź, miedziak REDDISH czerwonawy

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY COPPER-COLOURED HAIR? By copper-coloured hair we mean hair which is the colour of

copper; that is, a reddish brown colour

1048 SOAP mydło

WHAT'S THE NAME OF THE SOAP YOU GENERALLY USE? The name of... is

SPADE łopata

WHAT DO WE USE A SPADE FOR ?/ We use a spade for digging

BRASS mosiądz

WHAT COLOUR'S BRASS ? Brass is a yellowish golden colour

BUCKET wiadro, kubeł

WHAT DO WE USE A BUCKET FOR ? We use a bucket for carrying water, sand

and so on in

MECHANIC mechanik MECHANICAL mechaniczny

WHAT KIND OF WORK DOES A MECHANIC DO? A mechanic repairs machines ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY WE DO SOMETHING IN A MECHANICAL MANNER ? When we say we ... we mean we do it as if we were a

machine, or were like a machine; in other words, without thinking about what we're doing

1049 DICTATION 93 SWITCH (n) trzasnąć, kierować, przełączyć

The cinema queue/ extended down the street/ and curved round the corner./ It was one of those rare films which can be enjoyed/ by different types of people./ The knife was not sharp enough/ to cut the piece of raw meat./ We were relieved to find the baggage/ where we had left it./ George touched the light switch/ and got a shock/ from the electric current./ The racecourse had been closed/ for a whole season./ In the shadows,/ leaning against a wooden beam,/ was a ladder./ A piece of straw/ is really the stem of a wheat plant./ If you give me/ a needle and thread,/ I will sew up the hole/ in your shirt./ A nurse's job/ is to help to heal people/ who are sick.

LESSON 157

SHELTER schronienie

WHAT IS A SHELTER ? A shelter is a small construction, built for protection against the weather. For example, at a bus stop we might find a small

construction of some kind which shelters us from the wind and rain whilst we are waiting for a bus. This is called a bus shelter

AVENUE aleja

An avenue is a road with trees on either side, or it can be a wide street (with or without trees) with buildings on either side.

WHAT'S AN AVENUE ? An avenue is a...

1050 BREADTH szerokość

WHAT'S THE NOUN OF THE WORD "BROAD" ? The noun of... is breadth ...

BUNDLE tobołek, plik

A bundle is a number of articles or objects fastened together. For example, a bundle of sticks, or a bundle of clothes./

WHAT'S A BUNDLE? A bundle is a ...

ANYHOW byle jak, w każdym razie ADMIT przyjąć, przyznać

Three examples of the use of the word "anyhow" are as follows:-

1) Anyhow, you must admit he's a bit of a fool (meaning "in any case, at least"). 2) He's such a careless worker, he does things just anyhow ("carelessly"). 3) I've tried very hard, but I can't get it to work anyhow ("in any way whatever").

GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF THE WORD "ANYHOW", PLEASE ! Three examples of... are 1)...

SAW piła

A saw is a tool used for cutting (or sawing) wood or metal etc.

1051 WHAT'S A SAW?/ A saw is a...

COTTAGE dom na wsi

WHAT IS A COTTAGE? A cottage is generally thought of as a small house

in the country

FLAVOUR smak,zapach ICE-CREAM lody

WHAT'S YOUR FAVOURITE FLAVOUR OF ICE-CREAM ? My favourite ... is ...

CROWN korona

WHAT DOES A KING WEAR ON HIS HEAD FOR CEREMONIAL OCCASIONS?

A king wears a crown on his...

CURTAIN zasłona DRAW THE CURTAINS zaciągnąć zasłony

WHEN AND WHY DO PEOPLE DRAW THEIR CURTAINS ? People draw... when it's dark and when they switch their lights on, because they

don't want people from outside to see into their room ...

FUR futro

"Fur" is the thick, soft hair of animals like that on a cat.

WHAT IS "FUR" ? "Fur" is the ...

1052 STRAP rzemyk STRIP (n) WRIST-WATCH taśma, pasek, przywiązać pasek, taśma, listwa zegarek na rękę

A strap is a strip of leather or some such material. We use a strap, for example, for a wrist-watch.

WHAT'S A STRAP, AND WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR?/ A strap is a... and we use...

WHY DO PEOPLE STRAP THEMSELVES INTO A CAR ? People strap ... so that if there is an accident, they will not be thrown about... etc.

CUSHION poduszka

WHY AND FOR WHAT DO WE USE A CUSHION? We use a cushion to sit on or kneel on ... to cover a hard surface and

make us feel more comfortable ... etc.

SUCK ssać

WHAT AM I DOING? You're sucking your thumb, or the end of your pen

AT ABOUT WHAT AGE DO CHILDREN USUALLY STOP SUCKING THEIR THUMBS ?/ Children usually stop ... at about...

1053 FATE zguba, przeznaczenie EXTRAORDINARY niezwykły

AS THOUGH (OR, AS IF) jak gdyby DESTINY przeznaczenie, los

By fate we mean that the events of our lives are not controlled or determined by ourselves, no matter how hard we try, but by some power beyond ourselves...

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY FATE ? By fate we ...

Napoleon believed in fate, or destiny. Probably because his life was so eventful, and the events so extraordinary, with so much depending on mere chance, that it must have seemed to him as though he were in the hands of fate.

WHY DOES A MAN LIKE NAPOLEON BELIEVE IN FATE ?/ A man like ... because his life is so eventful...

WHAT EVENTUALLY WAS NAPOLEON'S FATE? Napoleon's fate was eventually to be defeated in battle

MEANTIME tymczasem, w międzyczasie

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD "MEANTIME". If, in the meantime, it starts to rain, we shan't go

PERCENTAGE procent, odsetek PER CENT od stu, procent

1054 WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION DO YOU THINK SMOKES ? I think about... per cent of ...

SWEEP - SWEPT - SWEPT BROOM zamiatać miotła

WHAT DO WE SWEEP THE FLOOR WITH?/ We sweep ... a broom

SWALLOW połykać

WHAT'S THE DANGER OF LETTING A BABY SUCK THINGS, LIKE COINS AND OTHER BITS OF METAL? The danger of... is that it might swallow them

OUNCE (oz.) POUND (Ib.) STONE (st.) uncja funt 14 funtów

HUNDREDWEIGHT (cwt.) cetnar = 112 funtów TON tona

16 OUNCES = 1 Pound (453.6 grams) 14 POUNDS = 1 Stone

8 STONES = 1 Hundredweight 20 HUNDREDWEIGHTS = 1 Ton

1055 HOW MANY OUNCES MAKE A POUND ? 16 ounces make a pound

HOW MANY POUNDS MAKE A STONE ?/ 14 pounds ...

HOW MANY STONES MAKE A HUNDREDWEIGHT ? 8 stones ...

HOW MANY HUNDREDWEIGHTS MAKE A TON ? 20 hundredweights make a ton

HOW MANY GRAMS ARE THERE IN A POUND? There are 453.6 (453 point 6) grams in a pound

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS FOR OUNCE; POUND; STONE AND The signs HUNDREDWEIGHT ? ... are oz., Ib., St., and cwt....

NEGLECT zaniedbać DECAY niszczyć, gnić, chylić się ku upadkowi

WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU NEGLECT TO CLEAN YOUR TEETH EACH DAY?/ If you neglect... they will decay ...

RATE proporcja, tempo, stawka

AT WHAT RATE DO YOU THINK THE AVERAGE PERSON WALKS ? I think the... at about 4 miles (about 6.5 kilometres) per hour perhaps

1056 PATIENCE cierpliwość PATIENT cierpliwy, wytrzymały

DO YOU AGREE THAT PATIENCE IS A VIRTUE ? Yes, I agree that... or... No, I don't...

ARE YOU PATIENT ? Yes, I'm ... or... No, I'm not...

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN A PATIENT IN A HOSPITAL ? Yes, I've been ... or ... No, I've never...

REFRESH odświeżyć REFRESHMENT odświeżenie, zakąska

HOW DOES ONE REFRESH ONESELF?/ One refreshes oneself by eating, sleeping and drinking

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY REFRESHMENTS ? By refreshments we mean food and drink

WHAT ARE THE REFRESHMENTS LIKE IN THE REFRESHMENT ROOM AT THE STATION OF YOUR HOME TOWN ? The refreshments in the refreshment

room at... are ... quite good ...

PAUSE 285° pauza, przerwa

DO YOU LIKE PEOPLE WHO GO ON TALKING WITHOUT A PAUSE FOR HOURS AND HOURS ?/ Yes, I like ... or ... No, I don't... or... I don't

mind ... if they are interesting

1057 JEWEL klejnot, kamień MONARCH monarcha

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE CROWN JEWELS OF ENGLAND? By the Crown Jewels ... we mean the jewels which belong to the

monarch and which are kept for safety in the Tower of London

DELIGHT zachwycić się, ucieszyć się

WHAT KIND OF WORK DELIGHTS YOU MOST ? The kind of work which... is...

PRESSURE ciśnienie, nacisk

TELL ME WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE? High blood pressure ... can be caused by overeating, not enough exercise ...

BEAST zwierzę, bestia

NAME A WILD BEAST. The lion, the tiger...

POINT punkt, sedno SCREEN (v) ekran, zasłona, zasłonić

DICTATION 94

As we sat on our caps/ on the slightly damp grass,/ in the shade of a tree,/ screened from the wind/ by a thick hedge,/ we ate our sandwiches/ and drank fruit juice,/ which cheered us up,/ even to the point of telling each other jokes./ We had hunted all that morning/ but with little success,/ as our aim on occasions/ had not been very straight./ Sometimes we had fired our guns/ without realizing/ that they had not been loaded;/ and so, apart from a rabbit/ that we had caught in a trap,/ we had very little to show/ for our efforts./ We continued eating our cheese sandwiches/ until our jaws began to ache,/ and thought of the soup and meat/ that awaited us at home.

1058 LESSON 158

ABSENCE nieobecność

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "ABSENCE MAKES THE HEART GROW FONDER" ? "Absence makes ..." means that, if we don't see a person for

some time, we feel more fond of him ...

DO YOU AGREE ? Yes, I agree ... or... No, I don't agree ....

ABSOLUTELY absolutnie "czywiście

IS THERE ANYTHING YOU'RE ABSOLUTELY SURE OF, BESIDES DEATH ? Yes, there's something ... or ... No, there isn't...

WHAT?

BACKBONE kręgosłup RUN biec

WHAT'S THE BACKBONE? The backbone is the bone that runs down the middle of the back

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT A MAN HAS NO BACKBONE?/ When we say... we mean that he is weak in character and has no courage...

1059 CALCULATE kalkulować

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY SOMEONE IS CALCULATING ? When we say... we mean he has little feeling for others, or

that he calculates and plans everything in advance ...

CANAL kanał SHIPPING flota handlowa, statki

WHAT IS A CANAL ? WHAT IS IT USED FOR ? AND NAME A FAMOUS CANAL. A canal is a sort of man-made river used for shipping. A famous canal

is the Panama Canal (or the Suez Canal)

CAPITAL kapitał

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE TALK ABOUT CAPITAL FOR STARTING A BUSINESS?/ When we talk... we mean the money required in order to rent a place (office, shop etc.), furnish it, pay for advertising ... etc.

IMITATE naśladować GROWN UP dorosły

WHY DO CHILDREN IMITATE THEIR PARENTS ? Children imitate ... because it's a natural way of learning, and children like to

pretend that they too are grown up...

1060 IMMENSE ogromny, niezmierny

DO YOU THINK ITS RIGHT THAT CERTAIN PEOPLE SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO POSSESS IMMENSE PERSONAL WEALTH ? Yes, I think it's ... or...

No, I don't... DO YOU THINK YOUR OPINION WOULD CHANGE IF YOU YOURSELF SUDDENLY CAME INTO POSSESSION OF IMMENSE PERSONAL WEALTH ?/

Yes, I think my ... or... No, I don't think ...

JOY radość

WHAT'S THE GREATEST JOY OF YOUR DAILY LIFE? The greatest joy of... is...

QUALIFY określić, zdobyć kwalifikacje

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE A PERSON TO QUALIFY AS A DOCTOR ? It takes a person about... years to ...

SACRED poświęcony, święty

WHICH ANIMAL'S SACRED IN INDIA ? The cow is sacred in India

SACRIFICE poświęcenie, ofiara LESSEN zmniejszać, skrócić

WHY DID PEOPLE IN THE OLD DAYS MAKE SACRIFICES TO THE GODS ?/ People in the... to thank them; to lessen the anger of the gods, etc.

1061 WHAT'S THE BIGGEST SACRIFICE YOU'VE EVER MADE IN YOUR LIFE? The biggest sacrifice I've ... was ...

GAY wesoły, barwny

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY GAY COLOURS? By gay colours, we mean bright colours

INSTANT natychmiastowy, moment

DO YOU ANSWER LETTERS THE INSTANT YOU RECEIVE THEM, OR DO YOU WAIT A DAY OR TWO ?/ I answer... or... I wait...

ORNAMENT ornament, ozdoba PURELY....czysto, wyłącznie, całkowicie

DO YOU BELIEVE THAT EVERY PIECE OF FURNITURE IN A ROOM SHOULD HAVE A USE, OR DO YOU BELIEVE THAT CERTAIN PIECES CAN BE PURELY ORNAMENTAL? I believe that...

PEARL perła

WHAT'S A PEARL DIVER? A pearl diver is a person, often a woman, who dives down to the bottom of the sea in order to look for pearls

which are found in certain kinds of shellfish ...

1062 EXPLORE odkrywać, badać UNIVERSE/ wszechświat

DO YOU BELIEVE THAT ONE DAY MAN WILL BE ABLE TO EXPLORE THE WHOLE OF THE UNIVERSE ? Yes, I believe that... or... No, I don't...

ACCUSE oskarżać

WHAT WOULD YOU DO IF YOU WERE WRONGLY ACCUSED OF A CRIME ? If I were wrongly ... I'd try to get a good lawyer to defend me ...

DICTATION 95

William lit a match/ and, heating the wax with it,/ put the melted wax/ over the knots/ on the coarse string/ round the parcel,/ accidentally dropping/ some of the wax on the rug./ Jane had been out shopping all day./ Refusing to hire a car,/ she had walked everywhere/ and, now, where the bare flesh of her feet/ had been rubbing against her shoes,/ she felt quite sore, which made her earnestly regret/ not having hired a car./ The surface of the water/ lay like a sheet of glass/ and the distant bank/ was veiled in darkness./ Beyond this, all was silent./ The soldiers stood/ in order of rank,/ waiting for the command/ to attack the enemy's castle,/ which was like a small dot in the distance.

LESSON 159

PATRIOTISM NATIONALISM DISTINCTION patriotyzm nacjonalizm różnica, wyróżnienie się

1063 PATRIOT DEFENCE NATIONALIST DIMMISH patriota obrona nacjonalista zmniejszać

Patriotism and nationalism often appear similar in meaning, but perhaps we could make a distinction by saying that patriotism is more the love of one's country, whilst nationalism is often the hatred of another country. A patriot will die in the defence of his country, whereas a nationalist will die in attacking another country.

HOW PERHAPS MIGHT WE DEFINE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM ?/ We might perhaps ... by saying that

patriotism is more the love of one's own country, whilst nationalism is often the hatred of another country ...

DO YOU AGREE WITH SUCH A DEFINITION ? Yes, I agree... or... No, I dont agree...

DO YOU THINK THERE'S MORE PATRIOTISM THAN NATIONALISM IN YOUR COUNTRY OR IN THE WORLD GENERALLY? Yes, I think there's

... or... No, I don't think... DO YOU THINK NATIONALISM IS INCREASING OR DIMINISHING IN THE WORLD THESE DAYS ?/ I think nationalism is ... in the world these days

GLORY chwała

WHAT DO SOLDIERS MEAN BY "DEATH OR GLORY"? By "Death or Glory" soldiers mean that they will either die in battle or will win

the battle; but will never accept defeat...

1064 PERMANENT TEMPORARY PICK (fruit) stały tymczasowy zbierać (owoce)

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PERMANENT JOB AND A TEMPORARY ONE ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH.

The difference ... is that a permanent job is one that can last for years, like that of an office-clerk, whilst a temporary job is just for a

short period of time, like fruit-picking during harvest time...

PERMIT (v) pozwolić, zezwolić PERMIT (n) pozwolenie

HOW OLD MUST A PERSON BE BEFORE HE'S LEGALLY PERMITTED TO DRIVE A CAR, BUY CIGARETTES, OR DRINK ALCOHOL IN THIS COUNTRY ?/ A person must be...

DO YOU THINK THAT'S REASONABLE ? Yes, I think that's... or... No, I don't...

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN PRONUNCIATION BETWEEN "PERMIT" USED AS A VERB AND "PERMIT" USED AS A NOUN? The difference... is

that, as a verb, the stress is on the second syllable, whilst as a noun, it's on the first

REDUCE zredukować

WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST WAY TO REDUCE ONE'S WEIGHT? I think the best... is to ...

SCENERY sceneria, otoczenie

WHAT KIND OF SCENERY DO YOU PREFER ? The kind of scenery ... is ... mountain scenery...

ADMISSION wstęp GALLERY galeria

DO YOU THINK THAT ADMISSION TO MUSEUMS, ART GALLERIES ETC., OUGHT TO BE FREE AND THAT THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD PAY TO MAINTAIN SUCH PLACES ?/ Yes, I think that... or... No, I don't...

BARBER POLE SURGICAL fryzjer męski biegun, pal, Polak, Polka chirurgiczny

WHAT WAS THE OLD SIGN FOR A BARBER'S SHOP ? The old sign ... was a red and white striped pole which was hung outside the barber's shop

WHAT DID THE COLOUR RED REPRESENT, AND WHY ? The colour red represented blood, because in the old days the barber, apart from

cutting hair, also used to perform small surgical operations

ELASTIC elastyczny

WHAT DO WE USE ELASTIC BANDS FOR ? We use ... for wrapping round things like banknotes etc., in order to keep them together

ENCOURAGE zachęcić

HOW CAN WE ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO STUDY ?/ We can encourage ... by offering them a reward, or by explaining that the

more we know, the easier life can become...

GRACE wdzięk, gracja GRACEFUL wdzięczny, pełen wdzięku

WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST GRACEFUL ANIMAL IN ITS MOVEMENTS ? I think the ... is the most... WHAT DO WE MEAN BY "THE GRACE OF GOD"? By "the grace of God" we

mean that God will favour us and give us what we wish ...

LIBERTY STATUE TORCH 290° wolność, swoboda statua latarka

WHERE'S THE STATUE OF LIBERTY? The statue of... is at the entrance of New York harbour

1067 DESCRIBE IT./ It's a huge statue of a woman representing freedom, which was given to America by France. In one hand Liberty holds a lighted torch ...

TEMPT DONKEY CARROT nęcić, kusić osioł marchewka

WHAT'S THE CLASSIC WAY OF TEMPTING A DONKEY TO MOVE ? The classic way of... is by tying a carrot onto the end of a piece of string, then

tying the other end of the string onto the end of a stick, and hanging the carrot just in front of the donkey's nose so that he is tempted to

move forward to take it. As the stick's tied to the donkey's own back, the carrot will move forward with the donkey,

and so the donkey has to move forward again and again and, of course, he never reaches the carrot

FIRMNESS RUDENESS WHIP (v) stanowczość, stałość, jędrność niegrzeczność bat, bicz

DICTATION 96 As the blade of the oar/ dipped into the water,/ it hit the side/ of the strange-looking vessel,/ which was shaped like a saucer/ and seemed to be made of cork./ The chickens wander about/ pecking and biting at plants./ Remaining seated in the saddle,/ the rider produced the parcel/ and the message/ from under his huge cape./ The poor tailor worked day and night,/ despite having a fever./ His cheeks had become hollow/ and the flesh on his face/ had lost its firmness./ The chief of the tribe/ ordered the men to be whipped/ for their shameful behaviour./ Some begged for mercy,/ but the chief would not yield./ The court blamed the accident/ and the prisoner's rudeness,/ on the fact that/ the prisoner was over-fond of drink.

1068 LESSON 160

GUIDE przewodnik HISTORIC historyczny

WHEN YOU VISIT A PLACE OF HISTORIC INTEREST DO YOU PREFER TO HAVE A GUIDE ? Yes, when I... or... No, when I...

WHY OR WHY NOT?

ENGINEER inżynier

WHAT KIND OF WORK DOES AN ENGINEER DO? The kind of work ... is building houses, bridges, ships etc....

GRATEFUL wdzięczny

WHAT KIND OF GIFT WOULD YOU BE MOST GRATEFUL TO RECEIVE ?/ The kind of gift I'd be ... would be ...

URGENT pilny

WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN A PARCEL OR A LETTER ETC. IS MARKED "URGENT" ? When a parcel or... it means that the person who's sending

it wants it to arrive and be attended to as soon as possible

DEPARTMENT wydział

WHICH DEPARTMENT OF A LARGE STORE WOULD YOU PREFER TO WORK IN ? The department of... I'd prefer to ... would be the ... department

1069 EXPLODE eksplodować WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD FOR "BLOW UP" ?/ Another word ... is "explode"

PRECIOUS cenny WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST PRECIOUS THING ON EARTH, OR THAT YOU PERSONALLY POSSESS ? I think the most... is ...

HESITATE wahać się

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "HE WHO HESITATES: IS LOST" ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ "He who..." means that, although, generally speaking,

it is better to think carefully before making a decision, there are certain occasions in life when, if we hesitate, we lose our courage. For example, to dive into

cold water in a swimming pool, especially from a high diving-board, needs a bit of courage, particularly if one's not used to it, and the

more one hesitates the more difficult it becomes to do...

PUMP pompa, pompować

WHAT DO WE USE A PUMP FOR ? We use a pump to pump water or air etc. into or out of something. For example, when we pump up

a football, or pump water out of a boat

1070 TOTAL całkowity, kompletny BILLION miliard

WHAT'S THE TOTAL POPULATION OF THE WORLD ? The total... about ... billion...

HALLO HELLO HULLO cześć

WHAT ARE THE THREE SPELLINGS OF THE WORD "HALLO" ? The three ... are...

REPRODUCE reprodukować, odtwarzać REPRODUCTION reprodukcja

DO YOU PREFER TO SEE ORIGINAL, BUT THIRD CLASS, PAINTINGS HANGING ON THE WALLS IN A HOUSE, OR GOOD REPRODUCTIONS OF GREAT AND FAMOUS MASTERPIECES ? I prefer to see ...

TUBE SQUEEZE TOOTHPASTE rura, wąż, tubka ścisnąć pasta do zębów

ARE YOU THE TYPE OF PERSON WHO SQUEEZES A TUBE OF TOOTHPASTE IN THE MIDDLE, OR DO YOU PRESS IT AT THE END OF THE TUBE ? I'm the type of person ...

1071 DISGUST wstręt, odraza, budzić wstręt

WHAT DISGUSTS YOU MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE ? The thing that disgusts ... is ... bad manners ...

COLLAR kołnierzyk

WHAT'S THIS?/ It's the collar of your....

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A WHITE-COLLAR WORKER? By a white-collar worker we mean someone who works wearing a white collar;

that is, has a clean job, such as in an office

CONGRATULATE gratulować

ON WHAT KIND OF OCCASIONS DO WE CONGRATULATE PEOPLE ? The kind of... are when they have won a

prize, passed an exam, got married etc.

SOLEMN uroczysty, solenny

ON WHAT KIND OF OCCASIONS DO PEOPLE SPEAK SOLEMNLY AND WEAR SOLEMN FACES ?/ The kind of occasions on which... are funerals, state

ceremonies etc....

FRESH świeży

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A FRESHMAN AT UNIVERSITY? By a freshman ... we mean a first-year student; that is, someone

who's new or fresh to the university...

1072 WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF FRESH FRUIT ? The opposite of fresh fruit is tinned fruit, dried fruit, or fruit that is old and losing its taste ...

SUBSTANCE substancja

WHAT SUBSTANCE IS THIS TABLE MADE OF ?/ The substance this table is made of is wood

BAY zatoka WHICH DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL BAY IN THE WORLD ?

I think the Bay of... is the ...

ESSENCE istota

WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE ESSENCE OF CIVILIZATION ? I think the essence ... is good manners; that is, consideration for others,

trying to disturb or upset others as little as possible

CANVAS WATERPROOF NYLON CAMPING płótno nieprzemakalny nylon obozowanie, kamping

DESCRIBE A TENT. A tent is made of waterproof canvas, or nylon, supported on poles, and is used for sleeping in when we go camping ...

DESPAIR rozpaczać

1073 DO YOU DESPAIR EASILY ? Yes, I despair ... or ... No, I don't...

LESSON 161

PREJUDICE uprzedzenie

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY PREJUDICE ? By prejudice we mean we form an opinion for or against someone or something before we have

sufficient knowledge of the person or thing ...

WHAT KIND OF PREJUDICES DO PEOPLE SUFFER FROM ? The kind of prejudices people ... are against other nations; people they've heard

about but never met; certain kinds of music or books ...

MODEL model REPRESENTATION reprezentacja, wzór

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE MODEL OF AN AEROPLANE ? By the model of... we mean a small representation of a real aeroplane

that we often put on a table or desk as an ornament...

HOW OFTEN DOES A CAR COMPANY CHANGE ITS MODELS ?/ A car company changes its models about once every ... years

WHAT'S YOUR IDEA OF A MODEL HUSBAND OR WIFE ? My idea of a... is one who ...

1074 PURPLE fioletowy, liliowy

DO YOU LIKE PURPLE ? Yes, I like purple ... or ... No, I don't...

REPUBLIC republika

WHAT'S A REPUBLIC? A republic is a country that's run by a government elected by the people, with the head of state also being elected and not

necessarily permanent, unlike a king or a queen ...

TUNE melodia

WHAT'S YOUR FAVOURITE TUNE ? My favourite ...

DOZEN tuzin

WHAT'S A BAKER'S DOZEN? A baker's dozen is thirteen. A dozen is twelve of anything, but a baker's dozen is thirteen

WHAT DOES IT MEAN : "TO TALK NINETEEN TO THE DOZEN" ?/ "To talk ..." means to talk very quickly without stopping, and usually too much

COMPLICATED skomplikowany

WHAT'S THE MOST COMPLICATED THING YOU'VE EVER HAD TO LEARN ? The most complicated thing I've ever had to learn was ...

SPLENDID wspaniały

1075 WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST SPLENDID BUILDING IN THE WORLD? I think ... is the most...

EXCELLENT doskonały, znakomity

WOULD YOU SAY THAT YOUR ENGLISH WAS EXCELLENT NOW ?/ No, I wouldn't say ... but I'd say it was very good, or at least quite good ...

FAMILIAR poufały, zażyły, obeznany

WHY MUSTN'T AN ARMY OFFICER GET TOO FAMILIAR WITH HIS MEN ? An army officer mustn't... because if he becomes a

friend, they may not obey him ...

TEST test, próbować, zbadać INADVISABLE nie godne polecenia

WHY WOULD IT BE INADVISABLE TO BUY A SECOND-HAND CAR WITHOUT FIRST GIVING IT A THOROUGH TEST ? The reason it'd be

inadvisable ... is that appearances can easily deceive, and there might be a lot of things wrong with it that are not obvious

DIAMOND diament

WHY DO WE SAY "DIAMONDS ARE FOREVER" ?/ We say ... because they don't wear out and seldom lose their value

PROCESSION procesja

1076 WHAT DO PEOPLE DO IN THIS COUNTRY WHEN A FUNERAL PROCESSION PASSES BY? People in this country ... when a funeral...

MODEST LUXURY SHOW EXAGGERATE skromny luksus pokaz, popis przesadzać

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A MODEST WAY OF LIVING ? By a modest... we mean a type of living without luxury or too

much expense or excessive show ... WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A MODEST PERSON ?/ By a modest... we mean

someone who doesn't boast of, or exaggerate, his achievements...

REPUTATION 2950 reputacja

HOW CAN A HOTEL (RESTAURANT, SHOP, SCHOOL, ETC.) GET A BAD REPUTATION ? A hotel... can get... by behaving badly to

the public, cheating, not giving good value, etc....

CONSCIENCE sumienie

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A GUILTY CONSCIENCE? By a guilty conscience, we mean that we have done something wrong and are worried

about it. Usually we have not been found out or punished, but we still feel uncomfortable about it...

SUSPECT podejrzewać

1077 WHAT DO THE POLICE DO WHEN THEY SUSPECT A MAN OF COMMITTING CRIMES BUT HAVE NO PROOF ?/ When the police suspect...

they watch his every movement...

EXCHANGE wymiana, wymieniać

WHAT'S THE RATE OF EXCHANGE IN THIS COUNTRY FOR THE POUND? The rate of... is ...

IS THERE ANYTHING YOU OWN THAT YOU WOULDN'T EXCHANGE FOR ALL THE WORLD ? Yes, there's something ... or... No, there ...

WHAT? WHY?

PROGRAMME program

WHAT'S YOUR PROGRAMME FOR THIS EVENING?/ My programme for... is...

DO YOU KEEP AT HOME THEATRE PROGRAMMES, FOOTBALL MATCH PROGRAMMES, ETC. OF SPECIAL OCCASIONS YOU HAVE BEEN AT (OR TO) ? Yes, I keep at home ... or... No, I don't...

MOTION NOTE DOWN REORGANISE CUT DOWN ruch, poruszenie, bieg zanotować reorganizować zredukować

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A "TIME AND MOTION" MAN IN INDUSTRY ? By a "time ..." we mean a man who goes around with a watch and a piece of paper and notes down how long each job takes. Then, by reorganising the job, he cuts down the time it takes ...

1078 PROMPT szybki, skory, skłonić, podpowiedzieć

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF DOING THINGS PROMPTLY INSTEAD OF LEAVING THEM TILL TOMORROW?/ The advantages of...

are that we get them out of our mind ...

MOTOR motor, silnik

WHAT DO WE USE A MOTOR FOR? We use a motor for driving a car, a bus, a bicycle etc.

SUSPICION podejrzenie

CAN THE POLICE IN THIS COUNTRY HOLD YOU IN PRISON JUST UNDER SUSPICION ? Yes, the police can ... or ... No, the police ...

MULTIPLY mnożyć

MULTIPLY 30 BY 3, PLEASE ! 30 multiplied by 3 equals 90

MUDDY REPLAY DOORMAT2963 ubłocony odpowiedzieć wycieraczka

1079 DICTATION 97

As the team came forth/ onto the field/ the crowd applauded by clapping and shouting./ Within minutes/ the ball was in the net/ for the first goal./ Courageously, the opposing side/ fought back, looking for revenge./ The game dragged a little,/ and then, to everyone's annoyance,/ a storm began to approach/ with scarcely a second or two passing/ between the flash of lightning/ and the crack of thunder./ The game had to stop,/ because the field soon became/ a muddy paste/ and arrangements had to be made/ for a replay./ Fortunately, my friend had brought/ a spare raincoat,/ which he was able to lend me./ Leaving the ground, we signalled a taxi/ and went home./ When we arrived home,/ we were careful to wipe our shoes/ on the doormat/ before entering the house.

Lesson No. ABILITY 139 ARTICLE 152 BORED 150 CHEEK 13

6ABOUT 129 AS - AND ITS BORING 150 CHEER 14ABOVE ALL 135 DIFFERENT USES 149 BOUND 153 CHEER UP! 14ABSENCE 158 AS IF 157 BOUNDARY 153 CHEERIO 13ABSOLUTELY 1S8 AS THOUGH 157 BOW(N) 153 CHEERS 134 ,14ABSORB 128 ASHAMED 146 BOW(V) 153 CHEESE 14ACCIDENT 125 ASIDE 152 BOW TIE 153 CHEST 15ACCIDENTALLY 139 ASLEEP 150 BOWL 154 CHEST OF DRAWERS 15ACCOMPANY 154 ASSOCIATE 144 BOXER 141 CHIEF 14ACCORDING TO 129 ASTONISH 153 BRAKE 155 CHIEFLY 14ACCOUNT 131 AT ALL 125 BRASS 156 CHOCOLATE 14ACCUSE 158 AT EASE 130 BREADTH 157 CLAP ISACT 133 AT LAST 150 BREAK (N) 140 CLAY 15ACTION 133 AT SEA 141 BREATH 154 CLERK ISADDITION 129 ATTACK 126 BREATHE 154 CLEVER 13ADJECTIVE + ATTEMPT 153 BRIBE 156 CLOSELY 13INFINITIVE 127 AVENUE 157 BRING AN ACTION CLOTH 143, 14ADMIRAL 146 AWKWARD 153 AGAINST 133 CLOTHE 139,147 ADMIRATION 146 BROOM 157 CLOTHING 132,147 ADMIRE 129 BACK (V) 151 BUCKET 156 CLUE 15ADMISSION 159 BACKBONE 158 BUNCH 139 COARSE 14ADMIT 143,157 BACKGROUND 125 BUNDLE 157 COAT OF ARMS 15ADVANCE 135 BACON 140 BURST 154 COLD SHOULDER ADVANTAGE OF 144 BADLY 148 BURST INTO TEARS 154 (Idiom 42) 13ADVERTISE 137 BAG 154 BURY 126 COLLAR 16ADVERTISEMENT 137 BAGGAGE 146 BY ACCIDENT 125 COLONIALISM 13ADVERTISING 137 BANANA 149 BY AND COMB 15ADVICE (N) 132 BAND 129 ITS MANY USES 141 COME BACK 13ADVISABLE 155 BANK 150 BY AND ITS COME DOWN 13ADVISE (V) 132 BAR 133 MANY USES (CONT ) 145 COME IN 13AEROPLANE 138 BARBER 159 BY BIRTH 145 COME ON 14AFFAIR 139 BARE 135 BY CHANCE 128 COMMERCIAL 13AFRAID OF 127 BARELY 135 BY DEGREES 135 COMMITTEE 15AFRAID THAT 127 BARGAIN 137 BY HEART 145 COMPARATIVES AND AFRAID TO 127 BARREL 142 BY HIMSELF 141 SUPERLATIVES 12AGENCY 141 BARRISTER 133 BY NOW 134 COMPASS 14AGENT 141 BASEMENT 137 BY SEA 141 COMPLAIN 15AGREE ABOUT 126 BASIN 139 BY THE HAND 145 COMPLICATED 16AGREE THAT 126 BATH 142 BYE-BYE 134 COMPOUND WORDS 12AGREE TO 126 BATHE 142 COMRADE 14AGREE WITH 126 BAY 160 CAGE 133 CONCERT 14"AH, WELL" 145 BEAK 151 CALAIS 144 CONFIDENCE 14AHEAD 142 BEAM 144 CALCULATE 158 CONFIDENT 12AIM 143 BEAST 157 CALL 156 CONFUSION 13AIRTIGHT 143 BEAT 146 CAMERA 144 CONGRATULATE 16ALIKE 145 BEATEN 146 CAMP 145 CONNECTION 14ALL RIGHT 136 BEE 153 CAMPING 160 CONSCIENCE 16ALLOWANCE 147 BEFOREHAND 137,147 CANAL 1S8 CONSCIOUSNESS 14ALOUD 148 BEG 147 CANDLE 130 CONSUME 15ALTOGETHER 149 BEG PARDON 147 CANT HELP 142 CONT ACT (V) 14ANCIENT 125 BEHIND 149 CANT MAKE HEAD NOR CONTAGIOUS 14ANGER 126 BELIEF 141 TAIL OF IT (Idiom 33) 130 CONTAINER 14ANGLE 135 BENEATH 133 CANVAS 160 CONTENT (N) 13ANNOY ISO BERRY 154 CAP 146 CONTENT (V) 13ANNOYANCE 129 BEST 148 CAPABLE 133 CONTINUATION 12ANTICLOCKWISE 132 BEST OF 145 CAPE 147 CONTRACTIONS ANXIETY 125 BEYOND 148 CAPITAL 158 (DOUBLE) 13ANXIOUS 125 BILLION 160 CARDBOARD 154 CONTROL (SELF-) 14ANY 150 BIRTH 145 CARE FOR 126 CONTROL (V.) 14ANY CASE 151 BISCUIT 140 CARPET 150 CONVINCE 14ANYHOW 157 BIT 149 CARRIAGE 129 COOKING - POT 14APOSTROPHE "S" 142 BITE 149 CARROT 159 COPPER 15APPLAUD 150 BITTEN 149 CART 133 COPY(N) 15APPLAUSE 150 BITTER 129 CASE 135 CORK 15APPLY 125 BLACKBOARD 139 CAUTION 137 CORNER 12APPOINT 150 BLADE ISO CAUTIOUSLY 137 COTTAGE 15APPROACH 149 BLAME 150 CENTIGRADE 136 COTTON 12APPROVAL 146 BLED 155 CEREAL 140 COTTON - WOOL 12APPROVE OF 139 BLEED 155 CEREMONY 146 COUGH 15APPROXIMATE 140 BLESS 151 CHALK 139 COUNCIL 13AREA 154 BLOCK 152 CHAMPION 141 COUNTRY 14ARISE 151 BLOOD - VESSEL 151 CHANCE 128 COUPLE 13ARM - IN - ARM 130 BLOODSTREAM 149 CHANNEL 144 COURAGEOUS 15ARMS 140 BOLD 152 CHARM 139 COURSE 14ARRANGE 151 BOMB 131 CHARMER 139 COURT ISARRANGEMENT 151 BOOK (V) 151 CHARMING 139 COWARD 15ARREARS 135 BORDER 152 CHEAT 142 CRACK 15

Lesson No CRASH 149 DOCUMENTS 131 EXPLAIN TO 126 FRIGHT 136 CREAM 152 DONT MENTION IT 136 EXPLODE 160 FRIGHTEN 136 CREATURE 136 DOORMAT 161 EXPLORE 158 FROZE 136 CREEP 152 DOORPOST 138 EXPLOSION 131 FROZEN 136 CREPT 152 DOT 148 EXTRACT 152 FRY 140 CRITIC 137 DOUBLE CONTRACTIONS EXTRAORDINARY 157 FUN 154 CROP 156 138 EYEBROW 139 FUNERAL 127 CROSSWORD PUZZLE 154 DOUBLING CONSONANTS EYELASH 139 FUNNY 154 CROWN 157 128 EYELID 139 FUR 157 CRUSH 149 DOVER 144 CULTIVATE 148 DOWNSTAIRS 152 FACE (V) 126 GALLERY 159 CULTIVATED 148 DOZEN 161 FACE TO FACE 126 GALLON 135 CUPBOARD 153 DRAG 149 FADE 149 GAP 127 CURE 156 DRAW ASIDE 152 FAHRENHEIT 136 GARAGE 152 CURIOUS 152 DRAW THE CURTAINS 157 FAILURE 130 GARDEN GATE 138 CURL 153 DRAWER 156 FAINT 133 GATE 138 CURRENT 144,153 DRESSMAKER 146 FALL ASLEEP 150 GATHER SPEED 128 CURTAIN 157 DRIVE ISO FALL BEHIND 149 GAY 158 CURVE 144 DRY CLEANER'S 152 FALL TO PIECES 146 GENERAL 146 CUSHION 157 DRYNESS 151 FAMILIAR 161 GENEROUS 129 CUSTOM 130 DUG 138 FAN 153 GENTLE 130 CUT DOWN 161 DUKE 141 FANCY 135 GET 135

DWARF 141 FANTASTIC 148 GET HOLD OF THE DAMP 143 FAST 138 WRONG END OF DAMPNESS 151 E ACH OTHER 145 FASTEN 138 THE STICK (IdiomJS) 132 DARING 126 EAGER 126 FATE 157 GET ONE DAYBREAK 155 EARNEST 148 FAVOUR 136 DOWN (Idiom 31) 128 DEAR 130 EASE 130 FAVOUR(V) 139 GET RID OF 135 DEBT 132 EASY 130 FEAR 133 GET THE BETTER OF DECAY 157 EDGE 125 FEATHER 133 THE BARGAIN 137 DECEIVE 133 EFFORT 141 FED 142 GIANT 141 DECREASE 153 EGYPT 125 FEED 142 GIRLFRIEND 130 DEFENCE 159 EITHER OF THEM 128 FEEL UPSET 137 GIVE AWAY 133 DEFINED 152 EITHER SIDE 133 FELLOW 144 GIVE OFF 134 DEFINITION 145 ELASTIC 159 FELLOW-WORKER 144 GIVE THE COLD DEGREE 135 ELEPHANT 142 FENCE 127 SHOULDER (Idiom 42) 139 DELICATE 131 ELIMINATE 138 FEVER 147 GLASSES 133 DELIGHT 157 EMBARRASS 153 FIGURATIVE 149 GLORY 159 DELIVER 137 EMOTION 143 FINANCIAL 152 GO AHEAD 142 DENTIST 152 EMPEROR 145 FINE 146 GO AND HAVE 142 DEPARTMENT 160 ENABLE 130 FINGERS CROSSED GO BACK 135 DESCEND 135 ENCOURAGE 159 (Idiom 44) 141 GO BAD 134 DESIGN 155 ENDED 127 FIRE 147 GO DOWN 135 DESIRE 134 ENDLESS 139 FIRM 148 COIN 135 DESPAIR 160 ENERGETIC 133 FIRMNESS 154 GO PAST 141 DESSERT 140 ENGAGED 132 FITTING 143 GO QUIETLY 139 DESTINATION 156 ENGINEER 160 FLASH 149 GO RIGHT 134 DESTINY 157 ENGLISH CHANNEL 144 FLAVOUR 157 GO SHOPPING 141 DETAIL 128 ENGLISH MONETARY FLESH 148 GOAL 138 DETERMINE 142 SYSTEM 128 FLOOD 154 GOAT 153 DIAMOND 161 ENQUIRE 130 FLOUR 136 GOLDEN 132 DIG 138 ENQUIRY OFFICE 130 FLOWERPOT 141 GOOD HEAVENS ! 129 DIMINISH 159 ENTER 135 FLY 150 GRACE 159 DINE 140 ENTERTAIN 125 FOLD 138 GRACEFUL 159 DINING • ROOM 140 ENTERTAINMENT 125 FOND OF 150 GRADUATE 147 DIP 142 ENTRANCE 127 FOOL 151 GRAPE 139 DIRECT 144 ENVY 132 FOR HEAVEN'S SAKE GRATEFUL 160 DIRECTLY 144 EQUALLY 128 (Idiom 29) 126 GREET 134 DISAPPOINT 146 ESCAPE 130 FOR SALE 137 GREETINGS 134 DISAPPOINTMENT 146 ESSENCE 160 FOR WEEKS AND GRIND 136 DISASTER 139 EVERY OTHER DAY 1 32 WEEKS 129 GROUND 136 DISEASE 147 EVIDENCE 154 FORBADE 128 GROWNUP 158 DISGUST 160 EXAGGERATE 161 FORBID 128 GUIDE 160 DISHONEST 148 EXCELLENT 142,161 FORBIDDEN 128 DISOBEY 155 EXCEPTIONALLY 147 FOREHEAD 150 HABIT OF 144 DISORDERLY 132 EXCESS 154 FORGIVE 147 HALL 127 DISSATISFACTIO 129 EXCHANGE 144,161 FORGIVENESS 147 HALL - PORTER 138 DISTINCTION 159 EXCITEMENT 133 FORMER 151 HALLO 160 DISTINGUISH 129 EXCLAIM 146 FORTH 151 HAND - IN - HAND 130 DISTURBANCE 129 EXCUSE (N) 135 FOUR WAYS OF FORMING HAND (V) 130 DITCH 154 EXCUSE (V) 135 THE FUTURE 134 HANDLE (V+N) 130 DIVE 155 EXCUSE ME 139 FRAME 154 HAPPEN TO 133 DO ONE'S BEST 148 EXPECT = TO LOOK FRAME OF MIND 154 HAPPENING 145 DO SOMEONE A FORWARD TO AN EVENT FREE 137 HARD UP (Idiom 40) 137 FAVOUR 136 138 FREEZE 136 HARM 136 DO THE 141 EXPECTATION 148 FRESH 160 HARMFUL 136 DO WITH WHO 136 EXPERIENCE 132 FRIED 140 HARMLESS 136

Lesson No. HASTE 138 INKY 155 LESSEN 158 MERCY 134 HASTEN 138 INQUIRE 130 LIAR 128 MERE 138 HAY 142 INQUIRY OFFICE 130 LIBERTY 159 MESSAGE 145 HEADMISTRESS 145 INSECT 154 LICENCE (N) 132 MESSENGER 145 HEAL 140 INSTANT 158 LICENSE (V) 132 MICE 127 HEAP 136 INSTRUCTION 130 LID 139 MILD 140 HEART 145 INSTRUMENT 139 LIE 143 MILITARY 129 HEDGE 127 INSULT 126 LIED 143 MILL 143 HELLO 160 INSURE 127 LIGHT 130 MILLER 143 HELP 142 INTEND 125 LIGHTNING 149 MIND(N) 154 HELP(V) 139 INTEREST 131 LIKE EACH OTHER 145 MINE 135 HELPFUL 125 INTERNATIONAL 146 LIKELY 136 MINER 135 HESITATE 160 INTERNATIONAL LIQUID 127 MISBEHAVIOUR 145 HID 128 SCALE 146 LIT 130 MISFORTUNE 137 HIDDEN 128 INTERROGATIVE LITRE 135 MISJUDGE 148 HIDE 128 SENTENCES 137 LITTLE BY LITTLE 125,138 MODEL 161 HIGHLY 125 INTERRUPT 132 LIVE(ADJ) 140 MODEST 161 HILLSIDE 153 INTERRUPTION 132 LIVE(V) 140 MONARCH 157 HILLY 143 INWARD(S) 133 LOAD 142 MONETARY 128 HIP! HIP! HURRAY! 144 IODINE 153 LOAD OFF ONE'S MONETARY SYSTEM 128 HIRE 145 IRON (V+NV 136 MIND (Idiom 46) 143 MONKEY 133 HISTORIC 160 ISH 137 LOCK 133 MOST OF 145 HITCH - HIKE 131 IT IS NOT SO 134 LONELINESS 145 MOTION 161 HOLLAND 143 IT IS PROBABLE 126 LONELY 145 MOTOR 161 HOLLOW 146 IT IS TIME + LONG - HAIRED 127 MOUNTAINEER 153 HOOK 154 PAST TENSE 147 LOOK 140 MOUSE 127 HORIZON 142 IT IS WELL TO. 127 LOOK FORWARD MUDDY 16! HORIZONTAL 142 IT NEVER RAINS BUT TO AN EVENT 138 MULTIPLY 161 HORN 147 IT POURS (Idiom 37) 134 LOOSE 149 MUSICAL 139 HOW ARE YOU ? 129 IT SO HAPPENS 134 LOOSE - FITTING 143 MYSTERY 127 HOW DO YOU DO? 129 ITS NOTHING 136 LORD 141 HUGE 145 LOSE ONE'S TEMPER 134 NATIONALISM 159 HULLO 160 JACK - IN - THE - BOX 152 LOT (THE) 146 NATIONALIST 159 HUMBLE 127 JAM 140 LOUD 146 NATIONALITY 145 HUNDREDWEIGHT JAMPOT 141 LOVE AFFAIR 139 NATIVE 138 (CWT) 157 JAW 143 LOVER 142 NATURAL 128 HUNT 140 JEALOUS 135 LOVINGLY 130 NEARBY 141 HUNTING 127 JEALOUSY 151 LUCKY NEAT 129 HURRAH! 144 JET 145 BREAK Idiom 34) 131 NEEDLE 141 HURRAY! 144 JEWEL 157 LUGGAGE 146 NEGLECT 157 HUT 132 JIGSAW 154 LUMP 154 NEITHER OF THEM 128 HYPHEN (USE OF) 143 JOKE 145 LUNG 135 NEST 144 HYPHENATED 128 JOY 158 LUXURY 161 NET 150 HYPHENED (OR JUDO 127 NEXT 128 HYPHENATED) JUICE 144 MADNESS 126 NICE TO SEE 127 COMPOUNDS 128 JUST 131 ,134 MAGIC 139 NOBLE 139,150

JUST THE SAME 142 MAIL 137 NOISELESSLY 127 1 BEG YOUR PARDON 147 MAINLAND 144 NONSENSE 146 1 DARE SAY 126 KEEP A SECRET 149 MAKE + SOMEBODY NOON 144 ICE - CREAM 157 KEEP ONE'S FINGERS OR SOMETHING + NOT EITHER 133 ILL AT EASE 130 CROSSED (Idiom 44) 141 ADJECTIVE OR NOT NOR 131 I'M SORRY 139 KICK THE INFINITIVE 127 NOT AT ALL 136 IMITATE 158 BUCKET (Idiom 45) 142 MAKE ALLOWANCE 147 NOTE DOWN 161 IMMENSE 158 KILO (KILOGRAM) 148 MAKE HEAD NOR NOTHING TO DO IMPRISON 152 KIND 134 TAIL OF IT (Idiom 33) 130 WITH IT 134 IMPRISONMENT 152 KNEE 127 MAKE THE BEST OF 145 NOUGHT 136 INA KNEEL 127 MAKE THE MOST OF 145 NUCLEAR 131 NUTSHELL (Idiom 38) 135 KNELT 127 MALARIA 147 NUISANCE 138 IN ADVANCE 135 KNOT 149 MANKIND 133 NYLON 160 IN ANY CASE 151 MANUFACTURE 156 IN ARREARS 135 LADDER 143 MARMALADE 140 OAR 150 IN CASE 135 LAID 143 MAT 150 OBJECT 128 IN CONFIDENCE 149 LAIN 143 MATCH 127 OBSERVE 13! IN RELATION TO 141 LAMP 152 MATE 133 OFF COURSE 144 IN SEASON 141 LAND IN PRISON 126 MAY AS WELL AS 131 OFF THE CUFF IN SECRET 149 LARGELY 131 MEALS 140 (Idiom 39) 136 IN STOCK 156 LAST 139 MEAN (ADJ) 136 OLD - FASHIONED 144 IN THE END 150 LAST BUT ONE 139 MEAN TO SAY 149 ON ACCOUNT OF 131 IN VAIN ' 147 LATE = ENDED 127 MEANTIME 157 ON AN INTERNATIONAL INADVISABLE 161 LATE= MEANWHILE 151 SCALE 146 INDEED 143 RECENTLY DEAD 127 MEASUREMENT 145 ON MY INDOOR (S) 127 LATELY 127 MECHANIC 156 OWN ACCOUNT 131 INFLUENZA 147 LATEST 139 MECHANICAL 156 ON RECEIPT OF 152 INJECTION 141 LATTER 151 MELT 134 ONCE MORE 149 INJUSTICE 134 LAY 143 MEND 132 ONE ON TOP OF INK 141 LEAD 133 MENTION 132 THE OTHER 136 INKPOT 141 LEAN 133 MERCHANT 125 ONOMATOPOEIA 149

Lesson No OPPOSITION 137,152 POINT 136,157 REMARK 140 SCENT 134 ORAL 145 POLE 159 REMEDY 152 SCHOOL - FELLOW 144 ORANGE 140 POLITENESS 151 REMOVE 152 SCRAPE 136 ORGAN 135 POOL 127 REORGANISE 161 SCRATCH 136 ORNAMENT 158 PORTER 138 REPAY 155 SCRATCH OUT 136 OTHERWISE 132 POSITION ISO REPLACE 151 SCREEN 144,157 OUNCE (OZ.) 157 POST 138 REPLAY 161 SCREW 139 OUT OF BOUNDS 153 POSTAGE 138 REPORT 145 SCREWDRIVER 139 OUT OF BREATH 154 POT HI REPORTER 145 SEA 141 OUT OF DOORS 127 POUND (LB ) 157 REPRESENT 146 SEAT - BELT 131 OUT OF SEASON 141 POVERTY 129 REPRODUCE 160 SECOND - HAND 137 OUT OF STOCK 156 PRACTICE (N) 132 REPRODUCTION 160 SECRET 149 OUT OF TURN 148 PRACTISE (V) 132 REPUBLIC 161 SELF 143 OUTDOOR (S) 127 PRECIOUS 160 REPUTATION 161 SELF - CONFIDENCE 149 OUTER 156 PREFERABLY 131 REQUIRE 126 SELF - CONTROL 143 OUTWARD(S) 133 PREFERENCE 142 RESIGN 154 SELFISH 143 OVEN 156 PREJUDICE 161 RESIST 139 SELLER 131 OVER 137 PREPARATION 136 RESISTANCE 139 SENSATION 153 OVERCHARGE 150 PRESERVE 131 RESPONSIBLE 136 SEPARATELY 136 OVERCOME 128 PRESSURE 157 RETURN 135 SERGEANT 154 OVERHEAD 144 PRINT 14S REVENGE 155 SET 145 OVERNIGHT 138 PROCESSION 161 REVOLUTION 139 SET FREE 137 OVERRIPE ISO PRODUCT 137 REWARD 155 SEW 141 OVERWEIGHT 141 PROGRAMME 161 RIBBON 156 SHADE 144

PROJECTOR 144 RICE 155 SHADOW 144 PACKAGE 145 PROMPT 161 RID 135 SHALLOW 154 PACKET 143,145 PROOF 140 RIDER 134 SHAME 146 PAD 128 PROPOSE 153 RIGHT 139 SHAMEFUL 146 PALE 136 PROVE 138 RIGHT ANGLE 135 SHAMELESS 152 PAN 139 PUMP 160 RIGHT WAY UP 132 SHAPE 129 PAPER BAG 154 PUNCTURE 151 RIPE 150 SHAPED LIKE 139 PARCEL 143 PUNISH 138 RISK 135 SHARES 131 PARDON 147 PURPLE 161 RIVAL 131 SHARP 147 PARLIAMENTARY 155 PUZZLE 1S4 RIVER BASIN 139 SHARPEN 136 PART (V) 151 PYGMY 141 ROAR 155 SHAVE 141 PASS (CHANGE) 150 ROAST 156 SHEET 148 PASS (TIME) 149 QUALIFICATION 132 ROB 130 SHELL 156 PASSAGE 152 QUALIFY 158 ROCKY 153 SHELTER 157 PASTE 153 QUALITY 131 ROD 142 SHIELD 155 PASTRY 154 QUEUE 148 ROOM 147 SHILLING 128 PATH 127 QUIETLY 139 ROT 148 SHIPPING 158 PATIENCE 157 ROTTEN 148 SHIPWRECK 137 PATIENT 157 RABBIT 142 ROW 132 SHOCK 147 PATRIOT 159 RAILWAY - TRACK 145 RUB 126,132 SHOPPING 141 PATRIOTISM 159 RAINBOW 153 RUB OUT 155 SHORT OF 149 PATTERN 152 RAKE 145 RUBBER 155 SHORTHAND 130 PAUSE 157 RANK 146 RUBBISH 146 SHOULDER - BLADE ISO PAW 131 RARE 144 RUDE 150 SHOW 161 PEAR 140 RATE 157 RUDENESS 159 SHOWER 155 PEARL 158 RAW 147 RUG 150 SICILY 137 PECK 151 RAY 148 RUIN (S) 152 SICKNESS 136 PECULIAR 128 RAZOR 141 RUN 142.143,145 SIGNAL 149 PECULIARITY 128 REACH OUT 128 RUN A RISK 135 SILENCE (V) 135 PENCE 128 RECEIPT 138,152 RUN OVER 126 SILKEN 132 PENNY 128 RECORD (N) 132 RUN SHORT OF 149 SIMILAR 152 PERCENT 157 RECORD (V) 132 RUNNING - TRACK 145 SITUATE 143 PERCENTAGE 157 RECTANGLE 150 RUST 155 SITUATION 135 PERFORM 132 RECTANGULAR 150 SIZE 156 PERFORMANCE 132 RED - CROSS 143 SACRED 158 SKILL 146 PERMANENT 159 REDDISH 156 SACRIFICE 158 SKILLED 146 PERMIT (N) 159 REDUCE 159 SADDLE 145 SKIN (OF A FRUIT) 149 PERMIT (V) 159 REFINE(D) 146 SADLY 145 SLAP IS3 PET 142 REFRESH 157 SADNESS 137,145 SLIDE 149 PICK (FRUIT) 159 REFRESHMENT 157 SAFETY-BELT 138 SLIGHT 149 PICK AT 134 REFUSAL 153 SAIL 143 SLIP 149 PICK OUT 134 REGAIN 149 SALE 137 SLOPE 155 PICKUP 128 REGARD 134 SAMPLE 147 SLOW DOWN 128 PIGEON 133 REGRET 130 SANDWICH 140 SMART 145 PILE 136 REJOICE 139 SATISFYING 155 SNACK 140 PILL 143 REJOICING 139 SAUCE 148 SNAKE 139 PIN 152 RELATION TO 141 SAUCER 149 SNAKE - CHARMER 139 PINCH 153 RELATIONSHIP 141 SAW 157 SNAP PINT 135 RELATIVE 141 SAYING 140 DECISION (Idiom36) 133 PLANT 149 RELATIVES 141 SCALE 128,146 SO AND ITS MANY PLAYFULNESS 154 RELIEF 143 SCARCE 149 USES (CONT ) 134 PLUM 140 RELIEVE 143 SCATTER 132 SO KIND AS 134 POETRY 145 RELY ON 138 SCENERY 159

Lesson No "SO, YOU STUFF 156 TENT 145 TUNE 161 HAVE COME !" 134 STUNG 153 TERRIBLY 137 TURN - CHANGE 148 SOAP 156 STYLE 142 TEST 161 TURN ON 132 SOCIETY 144 SUBSTANCE 160 THAT'S ALL RIGHT 136 TURN OUT TO BE 148 SOFT 146 SUBSTANTIAL 140 THE THE 136 TURN TO 148 SOIL 155 SUCK 157 THE BROWNS 125 TURNUP 146 SOLEMN 160 SUFFIX 128 THE COUNTRY 140 TWIST 155 SOLID 146 SUGAR-BOWL 154 THE FORMER THE TYPEWRITER 155 SOLUTION 147 SUGGEST TO 126 LATTER 151 TYRE 155 SOME 150 SUNBATHE 142 THE LOT 146 SOME IN INTERROGATIVE SUNKEN 146 THE SOONER ... UNCULTIVATED 148 SENTENCES 137 SUNLIGHT 149 THE BETTER 136 UNDERGRADUATE 147 SOMEWHAT 125 SUNNY 128 THEM = HIM OR HER 146 UNDERNEATH 129 SORE 150 SUPERIOR 146 THEN 139 UNDO 149 SORE POINT (Idiom 30) 127 SUPERLATIVES 125 THERMOMETER 128 UNDONE 144,149 SORROW ISO SUPPER 140 THEY = HE OR SHE 146 UNDRESS 154 SORRY 139 SURGICAL 159 THIEF 130 UNFASTEN 152 SORT 146 SUSPECT 161 THOUGHTFUL 134 UNFINISHED SENTENCES SOUP 140 SUSPICION 161 THOUGHTLESS 136 ENDING WITH " TO " 128 SOUR 150 SWALLOW 157 THREAD 141 UNIMPORTANT 149 SOW 156 SWEAR 154 THREAT 156 UNINTERESTING 150 SOWED 156 SWEAT 129 THREATEN 156 UNIT 128 SOWN 156 SWEEP 157 THUNDER 149 UNITY 125 SPACE 142 SWEET 134 THUNDER ROLL 149 UNIVERSE 158 SPADE 156 SWELL - 154 THUNDERSTORM 149 UNLIKELY 136 SPARE 151 SWELLED 154 TIDINESS 131 UNPROCESSED 147 SPAT 155 SWELLING 154 TIE UP 156 UNREFINED 148 SPILL 151 SWEPT 157 TIGHT 143 UNRIPE 150 SPILLED 151 SWIMMER 131 TIGHT -FITTING 143 UNSCREW 152 SPILT 151 SWIMMING POOL 127 TIGHTLY 143 UP 136 SPIN 151 SWING 154 TIME (IT IS ) 147 UP TO 126 SPIN - DRIER 151 SWITCH 156 TIN 125 UPRIGHT 135 SPIT 155 SWOLLEN 154 TINNED FOOD 153 UPSET 137 SPLENDID 161 SWORE 154 TIP 131 UPSIDE - DOWN 132 SPOON 128 SWORN 154 TITLE 141 UPSTAIRS 152 SPOT 151 SWUNG 154 TO AND FRO 154 URGE 139 SPRANG 152 SYMBOLIZE 146 TO BE IN THE URGENT 160 SPRING 152 SYMPATHY 125 HABIT OF 144 USE OF THE SPRING (N) 152 TO BE OBLIGED 130 APOSTROPHE "S" 142 SPRUNG 152 TABLECLOTH 149 TO DO WITH 134 USE OF THE HYPHEN 143 SPUN 151 TAILOR 146 TO ONE'S TASTE 155 USE UP 141 SQUEEZE 160 TAILORESS 146 TOAST 140 USUAL 137 STAIN 152 TAKE A BATH 128 TON 157 STAIRS 152 TAKE A TOOTHPASTE 160 VACUUM 133 STATUE 159 PHOTOGRAPH 144 TORCH 159 VAIN 147 STEAL 130 TAKE ADVANTAGE TORE 136 VARIETY 153 STEEP 155 OF 144 TORN 136 VEIL 148 STEER 152 TAKE AIM 143 TOTAL 160 VERB + AND + VERB 142 STEM 142 TAKE BY SURPRISE 128 TOUCH AND GO VERBS , NOUNS AND STEP BY STEP 135 TAKE CARE 126 (Idiom 32) 129 ADJECTIVES ENDING STEP OUT OF TURN 148 TAKE HOLD OF 128 TOUCH DOWN 138 IN"Y" 131 STEPS 152 TAKE INTO ACCOUNT 131 TOUCH WOOD VESSEL 151 STICK 152 TAKE OFF 138 (Idiom 43) 140 VIA 145 STIFF 153 TAKE TEA 140 TOUGH 135 VICTORY 140 STILL 129 TAKE THE NAME 144 TOUR 142 VIEW 128 STING 153 TAKE TO (BOATS) 137 TOURIST 142 VOYAGE 142 STOCK 156 TAME 150 TOWEL 154 STOCK - CAR 156 TAP 132 TOWN HALL 127 WAIST 135 STOCK SIZE 156 TASTE 142 TOY 154 WAISTCOAT 135 STONE (ST) 157 TASTE (N) 155 TRACK 145 WANDER 129 STORE 153 TEA 140 TRAFFIC LIGHTS 148 WARMTH 151 STORMY 140 TEA - POT 141 TRAIN 154 WARN 134 STOVE 153 TEAM 151 TRAP 140 WAS + INFINITIVE 133 STRAITS 144 TEAR 136 TRAY 154 WASH - BASIN 139 STRAP 157 TEARS 154 TREASURE 138 WASH UP 134 STRAW 142 TELEPHONE TREAT 147 WATCH 157 STRESS 129 EXCHANGE 144 TREATMENT 147 WATERMILL 143 STRETCH 153 TELEPHONING 144 TREMBLE 154 WATERPROOF 160 STRICT 155 TELL OFF (Idiom 41) 138 TRIANGLE 134 WATERTIGHT 143 STRIKING 152 TEMPER 134 TRIBE 146 WAX 150 STRING 145 TEMPORARY 159 TRICK 132 WE MAY AS STRIP 157 TEMPT 159 TRIP 155 WELL GO 131 STRIPE 154 TEMPTATION 128 TRUNK 156 WE MAY GO 131 STRIPED 154 TEN - MINUTE TALK 128 TRUNK - CALL 156 WEALTHY 139 STROKE 155 TEND 135 TRUNK - ROAD 156 WEAPON 135 STRUGGLE 147 TENDER 130 TRY 143 WEAR 132 STUCK 152 TENNIS - COURT 150 TUBE 160 WEAVE 152

Lesson No WEEKS AND WEEKS 129 WELCOME 136 WELL 153 WELL-DEFINED 152 WELL - DRESSED 145 WELL-TIMED 127 WHAT ABOUT (YOU) 129 WHAT AND WHICH 133 WHAT HAS THAT GOT TO DO WITH IT? 134 WHETHER 139 WHICH 133 WHICHEVER 150 WHILE 149 W H I P 1 5 1 , 1 5 9 WHISKERS 127 WHISPER 152 WHO 136 WHY ON EARTH (Idiom 28) 125 WILD 148 WILL-WOULD 144 WINDMILL 143 WINNER 144 WIPE 150 WITNESS 135 WOODEN 132 WOODWORK 152 WOOLLEN 132 WORK 153 WORK LOOSE 149 WORKOUT 135 WORKMANSHIP 151 WORN-OUT 132 WOULD 144 WOVE 152 WRAP 156 WRAP UP 156 WRECK 137 WRIST-WATCH 157 W R O NG 1 3 9 , 1 5 5 YACHT 139 YELLOW FEVER 147 YET 129 YIELD 148 YOU'RE RIGHT 139 YOU'RE WRONG 139 ZERO 136