第一部分考试简介 - images.china-pub.comimages.china-pub.com/ebook3800001-3805000/3804023/ch01.pdf录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

第一部分考试简介

在准备任何一种考试时，首先要了解该考试的目的、能力标准以及考试形式。对于成熟规范的考试，命题者都会制定考试大纲，对上述内容作详细规定。这样不仅可以确保命题质量，而且也有助于学生进行备考。在第一部分，我们将和大家共同对最新考试大纲的主要内容做些分析，以便做到“知己知彼，百战不殆”。

一、考试性质

考试大纲对考试性质规定如下。

英语（二）考试主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一考试科目。考试目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，规定评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

这里需要注意的是评价标准，即考生需要达到大学英语教学的基本要求。教育部高等教育司在2007年颁发了《大学英语课程教学要求》，将大学英语教学目标分为三个层次，即一般要求、较高要求以及更高要求，其中一般要求和较高要求主要包括以下内容：

• 听力：能听懂英语授课，能听懂英语谈话和讲座，能听懂题材熟悉、篇幅较长的广播电视节目，语速要达到每分钟150～180词。

• 口语表达能力：能用英语就一般性话题进行比较流利的会话，能基本表达个人观点，基本陈述事实和理由，表达清楚，语音、语调基本正确。

• 阅读理解能力：能基本读懂英语国家大众性报刊上一般性题材的文章，阅读速度达到每分钟70～90词。快速阅读速度达到每分钟120词。能阅读所学专业的综述性文献，正确理解大意，抓住主要事实和细节。

• 书面表达能力：能完成一般性写作任务，能写常见应用文。能描述各种图表，能在半小时内写出不少于160词的短文，内容完整、观点明确、条理清楚、语句通顺。

• 翻译能力：能借助词典对题材熟悉的文章进行英汉互译，译文基本正确，无重大理解和语言错误。翻译速度不低于每分钟300词。

• 推荐词汇量：掌握6 395个单词和1 200个词组，其中在口头和书面表达中熟练运用2 200词。这个要求基本上与CET-6要求持平，而我们若想通过考试，应该基本上达到这些要求。

二、考试形式和试卷结构

（一）考试形式

考试形式为笔试。考试时间为180分钟。满分为100分。试卷包括试题册和答题卡。答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2。考生应将英语知识运用和阅读

理解部分的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将英译汉和写作部分的答案按要求写在答题卡2上。

2 第一部分　考试简介

可以看出，考试由主客观两类试题组成，没有听说类试题。时间较长，能够比较充分、全面地测量考生的真实水平。

（二）考试内容与试卷结构考试大纲对于考试的内容和结构进行了比较详细的规定。下面我们和大家一起研究，并用

样题加以解释。1. 英语知识运用

主要考查考生对英语知识的综合应用能力。共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。在一篇约350词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。考生在答题卡1上作答。

这个项目实际上就是很多考试中的完形填空。它建立在阅读的基础上，所谓“综合应用能力”，可以理解为综合运用语法、词汇知识和阅读技能完成任务。尤其要注意的是，大纲中提到的标准是“意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整”，说明我们需要关注意义、篇章和结构等各方面的能力。

2. 阅读理解

主要考查考生获取信息、理解文章、猜测重要生词词义并进行推断等方面的能力。该部分由A、B两节组成，共25小题，每小题2分，共50分。

A节（20小题）

本部分为单项选择题。共四篇文章，总长度为1 500词左右。要求考生阅读文章并回答每篇文章后面的问题。考生需在每小题所提供的选项（A、B、C、D）中选出唯一正确或是最合适的答案。每篇文章设5题，共20题。每小题2分，共40分。考生在答题卡1上作答。

阅读考试是当前英语考试中的主打题型，本小节中的阅读题型与其他主流考试中的题型基本没有区别，相信大家都很熟悉。值得注意的是，这里的四篇阅读分值高达40分，可以说是决定考分最关键的部分，一定要非常重视。

B节（5小题）

本部分有3种备选题型。每次考试从这3种题型中选择其中的一种形式，或者这3种形式中某几种形式的组合进行考查。本节文章设5小题，每小题2分，共10分。考生在答题卡1上作答。

1）多项对应

本部分为一篇长度为450～550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。

这种题型其实也是一种多项选择题，只不过所有备选项集中在一起，因而题目难度比起A

节有所增加。另外，由于备选答案比实际所需答案多两个，我们也不能像做其他搭配型题目那

第一部分　考试简介　3

样，最后剩下的选项就是剩下的那道题的答案，这也会提高本题型的难度。

2）小标题对应

在一篇长度为450～550词的文章前有7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括或阐述。要求考生根据文章内容和篇章结构从这7个选项中选出最恰当的5个概括句或小标题填入文章空白处。

这道题本质上也是选择题，因为大家在读懂每一段的主要内容后，找出一个短语来为这一段作总结。但是由于多出两个干扰项，最后一题仍然不会自动得出答案，难度仍然是很大的。很多考生对这一题型比较担心，但是英语写作非常注重结构和逻辑关系，强调每一段要讨论一个小问题，不同的问题要放在不同段落中讨论，因而只要掌握方法，做一定训练，就可以从容应对。

3）正误判断

在一篇长度为450～550词的文章后有与文章内容有关的5项陈述。要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容，判断各项陈述的内容是“正确”（True）还是“错误”（False）。

正误判断并非陌生题型，大家在读书期间应该会有接触，不算很难。回答这种题目的关键就是在文中找到对应内容，不可想当然或凭印象去做，而是要仔细阅读，关注选项中的每一个词。总而言之，这一小节仍属阅读部分，与前面合起来，阅读部分分值达到全卷的50%，足见

阅读对于这场考试的重要性。这三种题型的难度并不大，但是有些特殊，需要通过练习才能掌握，千万不要采取“裸考”政策。

3. 英译汉

考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将指定部分译成汉语的能力。要求译文准确、完整、通顺。要求考生阅读、理解长度为150词左右的一个或几个英语段落，并将其全部译成汉语。考

生在答题卡2上作答。共15分。

英译汉考试属主观题，难度因人而异。其实对于英语考试来说，英译汉重点考查的是考生能否准确理解原文，汉译英重点考查的是译文语言的规范性，即是否有较多的语言错误。了解了这一点，我们可能就不会太紧张了。我们不用成为翻译家才能通过这项考试，只要基本上能够理解原文的内容，并用通顺的汉语表达出来，便可以大功告成。

4. 写作

该部分有A、B两节组成，主要考查考生的书面表达能力。共2题，25分。

A节

题型有两种，每次考试选择其中的一种形式。备选题型包括：1）考试根据所给情景写出约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和公

务信函、备忘录、报告等。


2）要求考生根据所提供的汉语文章，用英语写出一篇80～100词的该文摘要。考生在答题卡2上作答。共10分。

A节的两种备选题型其实都可以归属应用文写作。这一部分要求写的作文只有100词左右，也就是10句话左右，只要掌握答题重点，难度就不会太大。从以往考试情况看，第一种题型用得比较多。对于第一类题目，关键是了解写作目的，然后只要我们写出的东西能够完成这个目的，基本上就没有问题了。第二类题目我们平时接触可能偏少，关键是读懂原文，概括出原文提纲，再把提纲说出来即可。做几次练习，熟悉之后，你就会发现并不太难。

B节

要求考生根据所规定的情景或给出的提纲，写出一篇150词以上的英语说明文或议论文。提供情景的形式为图画、图表或文字。考生在答题卡2上作答。共15分。

B节考察的是学术写作能力，主要包括两个方面：一是图片或图表解读能力，二是分析讨论能力。作为语言考试，重点是考察大家的英语写作能力，而不是分析复杂问题的能力，所以所给图表都是很简单的，其中的信息基本上一目了然，所以我们不用为读不懂图而担心。同时，需要分析的问题不会很复杂，不管是解释原因还是探讨结果，都不会有太大的挑战。关键是我们能够有条理地组织自己的思想，然后用简单通顺的语言说出来，就可以完成任务。

三、考查内容

考试大纲的第三部分从语言知识和语言技能两个方面对于考查内容作了说明，主要内容如下。

（一）语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：（1）名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法；（2）动语时态、语态的构成及其用法；（3）形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法；（4）常用连接词的词义及其用法；（5）非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法；（6）虚拟语气的构成及其用法；（7）各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等）及强调句型的结构及其用法；（8）倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。2. 词汇考生应能较熟练地掌握常用词汇5 500个左右常用词汇以及相关常用词组。考生应能根据具

体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。

（二）语言技能1. 阅读考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，

第一部分　考试简介　5

体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。根据阅读材料，考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中的具体信息；（3）理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系；（4）根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义；（5）进行一定的判断和推理；（6）理解作者的意图、观点或态度。2. 写作考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或要求完成相应的短文写作。短文中心思想明确，切中题

意，结构清晰，条例清楚，用词恰当，无明显语言错误。这些内容不仅反映了前面提到的课程要求中的内容，同时也是命题教师命题的依据。仔细

阅读这些内容，确保在备考时不留盲点，对于考试成功非常重要。在这里我们仅列出其中的要点，在后面技能讲解时会帮助大家一一梳理，确保大家能够掌握这些能力和技能。

四、附表

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试卷结构表

部分节为考生提供的信息测试要点题型题目数量计分答题卡种类

Ⅰ

英语知识一篇文章英语知识综合运用单项选择（四 20 10

运用（约350词）能力选一）

（10分）

A 4篇文章理解重要信息，掌握单项选择（四

Ⅱ （共约1 500词）文章大意，猜测生词词选一） 20 40

阅读理解义并进行推断等

（50分） B 1篇文章推理、判断、概括选择搭配或正5 10

（450～550词）能力误判断

Ⅲ 一个或几个段落理解和表达的准确、

英译汉（150词）完整、通顺英译汉 1 15

（15分）

A 规定情景或汉语书面表达归纳、概括、应用文（约100

Ⅳ 文章表述词）或摘要写作 1 10

写作（80～100词）

（25分） B 规定情景或提纲书面表达短文写作（1501 15

词以上）

总计 48 100


答题卡Ⅰ（机

器阅卷）

答题卡Ⅱ（人

工阅卷、机器登

分）

第二部分基础知识与应试指导

英语（二）考试大纲对于语法基本知识的要求如下：（1）名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法；（2）动词基本时态、语态的构成及其用法；（3）形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法；（4）常用连接词的词义及其用法；（5）非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法；（6）虚拟语气的构成及其用法；（7）各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等）的基本用法及强调句型的结构；（8）倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。本章根据大纲要求，针对成年人逻辑思维能力较强的特点，注意发掘不同板块英语语法知

识的内在逻辑关系，有重点地扼要归纳英语语法的基础知识，同时通过综合练习帮助考生掌握语法知识。

第一节时　　态

一、一般现在时

一般现在时通常表示习惯动作、一般状态、客观规律和永恒真理。如主语为第三人称单数，动词后需加s或es。

He always gets up late on Sunday. 他星期天总是起得很晚。He lives on a lonely island in the Pacific Ocean. 他住在太平洋中的一个孤岛上。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳从东方升起，在西方落下。[提示]

在以as soon as, when, after等引导的时间状语从句中，或以if, unless等引导的条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

I’ll ring you as soon as he comes back. 他一回来，我就给你打电话。You’ll succeed if you try your best. 如果尽力，你将会成功。

语　　法

第一章

二、现在进行时

现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作，也表示目前一段时间内正在进行的活动。表示后一种情况时，动作不一定正在进行。

The workers are putting up the scaffolding. 工人正在安装脚手架。Steve is learning Chinese in Beijing. 史蒂夫正在北京学习汉语。[提示]

（1）并非所有动词都有进行时，有些表示状态和感觉的动词通常不用进行时，表示特殊意义情况除外。这类动词有be, love, like, hate, believe, think, feel, seem等。

Do you see anyone over there? （你能看到）那里有人吗？I believe that you will succeed in this MBA entrance exam. 我相信你能通过此次MBA入学考试。（2）现在进行时也可表示将来的动作，它指按人们的计划、安排将要发生的动作或指即将

开始的动作。I’m leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我将在明天动身去北京。Imagine I’m seeing the Mona Lisa. 想象一下，我将要去看蒙娜丽莎。（3）现在进行时还可用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。She is always cooking some delicious food for her family.

她总是给家人做一些可口的饭菜。（赞赏）The boss is always finding fault with his employees. 那个老板总是在找员工的茬。（表示讨厌）

三、现在完成时

现在完成时表示目前已完成的动作或刚刚完成的动作，也可表示从过去某一刻发生，现仍延续着的动作或情况。这种时态强调动作对现在的影响。

The conference has lasted for five days. 会议已持续了5天。He’s just bought a beautiful house. 他刚买了一栋很棒的房子。[提示]

（1）当句子中出现表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，谓语动词一般用现在完成时。此类状语有up to (till) now, so far, these days, this summer, for...（后接一段时间的短语），since...等。

We haven’t seen each other since we graduated in 1987. 我们从1987年毕业后就再没见过面。This factory has produced 5,000 TV sets up till now.

这家工厂到目前为止已经生产了5 000台电视机。（2）注意与一般过去式意义上的区别。用一般过去时还是用现在完成时，主要取决于说话

者是讨论动作本身，还是讨论过去动作对当前情况的影响。She talked with me about the meaning of university life.

她和我讨论了大学生活的意义。（仅指出她过去的某一个动作）She had talked with me about the meaning of life, and that helps me a lot.

她此前已经和我讨论过生活的意义，使我受益无穷。（强调她过去的某一动作对我现在的影响。）I moved to Nanjing 15 years ago. 我15年前搬到南京居住。I have lived in Nanjing for 15 years. 我已在南京住了15年。

第一章　语　　法　9

（可以为“我对南京很熟悉”或者“我想换个地方居住”等内容做铺垫。）

四、一般过去时

一般过去时表示过去某个特定时间发生且一下子就完成的动作，也可表示过去习惯性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去发生的事实。

I had a word with Julia this morning. 我今早和朱莉聊了一下。He smoked forty cigarettes a day until he gave up. 在戒烟之前，他每天要抽40支。[提示]

（1）一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用，如yesterday, last week, in 1993, at

that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when等。（2）“used to +动词原形”表示“过去常常”而现在已停止的习惯动作。He used to work fourteen hours a day. 他曾经每天工作14个小时。You used to go swimming when you were at college, usedn’t you?

在读大学时，你曾经经常去游泳，是吗？另外，注意区别“used to”和“be used to”。后者意为“习惯于⋯⋯”，to为介词，后跟名

词或动名词。I am not used to the weather in Shanghai: it’s too hot in summer, and too cold in winter.

我不习惯上海的天气，夏天太热，冬天太冷。Most of us are not used to working on Sunday.

我们大多数人都不习惯在星期天工作。

五、过去进行时

过去进行时表示过去某时正在发生的动作，也可表示过去某段时间内正在发生或反复发生的动作。

When my mother came home, Frank was telling me about his experiences in China.

妈妈到家时，弗兰克正在跟我说他在中国的经历。Bill was coughing all night long. 比尔整晚都在咳嗽。

六、过去完成时

过去完成时表示过去某时之前已完成的动作或状况。在时间上，它属于“过去的过去”。在句中常有明显的参照动作或有表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语。

By the end of the war, the small workshop had become a large factory.

到战争结束时，那家小作坊已经发展成为一家大工厂。They found that a stream had formed in the field. 他们发现田野中已经水流成河。

七、一般将来时

一般将来时表示某个将来时间会发生的动作或情况，也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作。

10 第二部分　基础知识与应试指导

He will take part in an important boat race across the Atlantic.

他将参加一场重要的横渡大西洋的帆船赛。As the company is growing fast, the HR department will recruit 50 people each month.

由于公司在快速发展，人力资源部门每周将招聘50名员工。[提示]

be going to, be to, be about to等也可表示将来发生的动作，但它们常常表示打算、计划、安排和即将要发生的动作。will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的动作或情况。

八、将来进行时

将来进行时表示将来某时正在发生或持续的动作，一般由“will + be +动词的现在分词”构成。I’ll be working this time tomorrow. 明天的这个时候，我将正在工作。Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.

小镇上的年轻人大多会到车站迎接他们。

九、将来完成时

将来完成时表示将来某时前已完成的动作，它也可用来表示推测。They will have stayed here for five years next week. 到下周，他们就将在这里待满5年了。By the end of next month, they will have read twenty short stories.

到下月底，他们将完成20个短篇故事的阅读任务。

十、现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作。此动作或情况可能已停止，也可能继续下去。它也可表示刚结束的动作。

I’ve been working for IBM for 15 years. 我已经在IBM工作15年了。I’ve been waiting for my girlfriend an hour but she still hasn’t come.

我等女朋友已经一小时了，可她依然没有到。[提示]

注意现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别：前者一般表示已结束的动作或情况，它强调对现在的影响。后者一般表示仍在进行或刚刚还在进行的动作或情况，它强调动作的延续性。

I have thought it over. 我已经考虑过这件事了。I have been thinking it over. 我一直在考虑这件事。Remember, Peter has painted the wall. 记着，彼得已经刷好了墙。Be careful! Peter has been painting the wall. 注意！彼得刚才还在给这墙上刷涂料。（油漆未干）

练习一1. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that

television__________the newspaper completely.

A. replaced B. have replaced C. replace D. will replace

2. __________last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.


A. He would leave school B. He left school

C. He had left school D. He has left school

3. It’s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory__________by

about 10%.

A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising

4. They fulfilled the plan earlier than they__________.

A. have expected B. were expected C. were expecting D. had expected

5. Until then, his family__________from him for six months.

A. didn’t hear B. hasn’t been hearing C. hasn’t heard D. hadn’t heard

6. The company__________a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet.

A. is promised B. has been promising C. is promising D. promised

7. In this experiment, they are wakened several times during the night and asked to report what

they__________.

A. had just been dreaming B. have just been dreaming

C. are just dreaming D. had just dreamed

8. He__________in a small workshop, but now he is president of a big business company.

A. used to working B. was used to work

C. used to work D. was used to working

9. The school board listened quietly as John read the demands that his followers__________for.

A. was demonstrating B. demonstrate

C. had been demonstrating D. have demonstrated

10. I__________my breakfast when the morning post came.

A. had B. had been having C. was having D. have been having

11. I’m glad that Peter decided to come to the party because we__________him for several

years.

A. haven’t seen B. don’t see C. didn’t see D. hadn’t seen

12. The conference__________a full week by the time it ends.

A. has lasted B. lasts C. will have lasted D. is lasted

13. The computer, working very fast, __________data at the speed of light.

A. has handled B. handled C. handling D. handles

14. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer that__________in

the public mind today.

A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed

15. Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins__________his experience as a young man.

A. was telling of B. told about C. tell of D. is telling about

第二节语　　态

英语动词从语态上看可以分为主动语态和被动语态。被动语态常用于下列几种情况：（1）动作的执行者无须指出或不明确。


Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术由中国传入欧洲。Rome was not built in one day. 罗马不是一日建成的。（2）为了强调动作的承受者时。Four people were killed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack.

炸弹袭击造成4人死亡，31人受伤。Susan was singled out for praise yesterday. 昨天只有苏珊得到表扬。（3）为了修辞的需要。He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.

他开始抱怨世界的邪恶，但是被敲门声打断了。Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by the President.

他昨天访问了我们大学，并受到校长的接见。[提示]

（1）除及物动词外，一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可使用被动态形式，除个别情况外，短语动词一般不拆开使用。

This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible. 这件事会尽快得到处理。（2）不及物动词（或相当于一个不及物动词的短语动词）和表示状态的动词（或短语动词）

无被动态形式，前者如happen, rise, occur, take place, break out等，后者如lack, fit, suit, equal,

become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like等。The story took place in 1949. 故事发生于1949年。（不能改为The story was taken place in

1949.）This skirt suits your sister very much. 这条裙子很适合你妹妹。（不能改为Your sister is suited by this skirt very much.）（3）将主动态形式改为被动态形式时，如动词后跟双宾语，就要将其中之一变成主语，

另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变成主语时，保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to。I gave my husband a tie as a birthday present.（我送给我丈夫一条领带作为生日礼物。）→My husband was given a tie as a birthday present.

→A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present.

练习二1. The project__________by the end of 2014, will expand the city’s telephone network to

cover 1,000, 000 subscribers.

A. accomplished B. being accomplished

C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished

2. He returned a week later and found his house__________.

A. had broken into B. was broken into

C. to be broken into D. had been broken into

3. Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university__________.

A. has been accepted B. have been accepted

C. was accepted D. were accepted

4. These oranges__________nice.


A. are tasted B. taste C. is tasted D. tastes

5. Once environmental damage__________, it takes many years for the system to recover.

A. has done B. is to do C. does D. is done

6. In most manufacturing companies, workers__________on a weekly basis.

A. are paid B. are paid for C. get pay D. get paid for

7. Whatever the causes, English at the beginning of the 21th century is more widely spoken

and written than any other language__________.

A. ever was B. had ever been C. has ever been D. would ever be

8. The sixth-generation computers with artificial intelligence__________and perfected now.

A. developed B. will have been developed

C. have developed D. are being developed

9. Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship

between passive smoking and cancer remained__________.

A. to be shown B. to have been shown

C. to have shown D. being shown

10. Though Newton was a great scientist, many of his ideas__________today and are being

modified by the work of today’s scientists.

A. are to challenge B. are challenging

C. may be challenged D. have been challenged

第三节虚拟语气

一、虚拟式用于非真实条件句时的构成

If从句主　句

与现在事实相反动词的过去式（be为were） would(should)+动词原形

与过去事实相反动词的过去完成式 would(should, could, might)＋have＋动词的过去分词

与将来事实相反 1. 动词的过去式（be为were） would(should, could, might)＋动词原形

2. were + 不定式

3. should + 动词原形

下面三个例句中的条件均为不可能出现的条件，所以说话者使用了虚拟语气。If I had time, I would go to the movies with you. 若有时间，我会陪你去看电影。If we hadn’t made adequate preparations, the conference wouldn’t have been so successful.

如果准备不充分，会议不会取得如此大的成功。If it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be put off. 如果明天下雨，运动会就会被取消。[提示]

（1）在非真实条件句中，有时从句的动词所表示的动作和主句的动词所表示的动作并不同时发生，这样的条件句中使用的虚拟式称为混合虚拟式。其构成视具体情况而定。

If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.

如果我今早出门时带了雨衣，就不会被淋得像现在这样湿了。


If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.

如果我是你，就不会错过昨晚的电影。（2）引导非真实条件从句的连词if在正式文体中有时可以省去，were, had, should等非行为

动词这时应提到从句句首。If I were you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.

→ Were I you, I wouldn’t feel sorry. 如果我是你，就绝不难过。（3）有些句子从表层结构上看无if引导的非真实条件句，但从深层意思上看是存在的。这

种情况下主句动词仍需用虚拟式。这类句子中常出现without（如果没有），but for（要不是），otherwise（否则），but that（若不，后接一从句）等词或词组。

But for your help, they couldn’t have succeeded.

要不是你的帮助，他们就不会取得成功。She wasn’t feeling well. Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.

她感到不舒服。不然她不会那么早就离开会场的。

二、虚拟式也可用于其他情况

（1）在It’s necessary (important, natural, essential, proposed, required, suggested, impossible,

strange) that...结构中，that引导的真正的主语从句中动词应用虚拟式，表示必要、应该、建议、要求、惊讶、不相信等意义。

It’s necessary that we (should) set out at once. 我们必须立刻出发。It’s proposed that a committee (should) be set up to look into the matter.

有人建议成立一个委员会调查此事。（2）在ask, require, order, demand, suggest, propose, command, insist等动词表示命令、建议、

要求等意义时，后面的宾语从句也用虚拟式。I suggest that we (should) go camping tomorrow. 我建议大家明天去野营。注意：并不是这些动词如果不是表示说话者的个人建议，后面的宾语从句就不需要用虚拟

形式。例如，若suggest作“暗示”“表明”解，从句则不用虚拟式。对比上句和下面的例句：The statistics suggest that production has been on the increase since May.

数据表明，产量自5月份以来在持续上升。（非虚拟句，后面不能用that production be on the increase。）再看两个关于insist的句子。He insisted that our laboratory reports (should) be handed in the day after the experiment was done.

他坚持要求我们在做完实验后第二天将实验报告交上来。（虚拟句）He insisted that he was right. 他坚持认为他是对的。（非虚拟句，因为这里的insist表示的不是建议，而是观点。）（3）虚拟式可用于wish后的宾语从句中，表示与事实相反的愿望。I wish I had been to the concert last night. 我希望昨晚去听了音乐会。I wish he would forgive me. 我希望他会原谅我。（4）It’s (high, about) time that...的句型要求用sb. did sth.类型虚拟式，表示应该做但还没做的事。

It’s high time that he stopped smoking. 他现在真的该戒烟了。It’s about time that we took our leave. 我们差不多该走了。


（5）在I would (had) rather 后的句子中，动词也要求用sb. did sth.形式的虚拟式，表示说话者的愿望。

I’d rather you left tomorrow instead of today. 我希望你是明天走，而不是今天走。I’d rather he hadn’t done anything like that. 我希望他从未做过那样的事情。（6）在as if (though)引导的状语从句中，如果意义与事实相反，谓语动词用虚拟式。She looks as if she knew all about it. 她貌似了解一切。（事实上她了解得并不多。）They talked as though they had been acquainted with each other for years.

听他们谈话，好像已有多年交情。（事实上他们刚认识不久。）

练习三1. If you__________that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be dozy now.

A. haven’t watched B. didn’t watch

C. hadn’t watched D. wouldn’t have watched

2. __________before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time

together.

A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive

C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive

3. __________the storm, we should have reached our destination.

A. For but B. But for C. In spite of D. In case of

4. Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she__________a job she

probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often.

A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got

5. I wish I__________longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.

A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept

6. __________it left to me to decide, I would not hesitate to prefer the latter.

A. If B. Were C. Had D. Should

7. It is important that you__________to the dean before leaving for your vacation.

A. speak B. spoken C. have spoken D. speaks

8. It’s about time people__________notice of what women did during the war.

A. took B. take C. have taken D. will take

9. It is vital that enough money__________to fund the project.

A. be collected B. must be collected

C. is collected D. can be collected

10. Rebecca__________me earlier if she did not like her house she bought last month.

A. told B. would tell

C. had told D. would have told

11. He__________another career but, at the time, he didn’t have enough money to attend

graduate school.

A. might have chosen B. might choose

C. had to choose D. must have chosen

12. Without computer, medical science__________so much headway in the last few decades.


A. would not made B. will not have made

C. could not make D. would not have made

13. __________for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now.

A. Had it not been B. Weren’t it

C. It were not D. Had not it been

14. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his

insistence that it__________in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.

A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed

C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed

15. It is strange that such a thing__________in your company.

A. will happen B. happens C. happened D. should happen

第四节倒　　装

倒装语序有两类：全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装指谓语部分全部提到主语之前；部分倒装指谓语的一部分提到主语之前。倒装语序常出现在下列情况中。（1）为避免句子部分内容重复，英语中常用倒装句，即so (neither, nor)+be 动词（助动词，

情态动词）+主语。My father is an engineer; so is my husband. 我爸是工程师，我丈夫也是。Jane didn’t attend my class yesterday; nor did Brian. 简昨天没来上我的课，布莱恩也没来。[提示]

如表示赞同别人的陈述，so后面的部分不倒装。—“Jim is a good swimmer.”吉姆游泳不错。—“So he is, and so is Dick.”没错。迪克也一样。（第一部分为赞同，不倒装。第二部分表示省略，要倒装。）（2）具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时，句子一般部分倒装，即将be动词、助动词或情

态动词提到主语前。这类词或短语包括not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means,

under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, no sooner... (than), hardly... (when), not only... (but

also)等。Never has my brother been abroad before. 我弟弟以前从未出过国。Hardly had I sat down when I heard someone knocking at the door.

我还没坐稳，就听到有人敲门。No sooner had he returned to his hometown than he bought a fine house and settled down there.

他一回到家乡，就买了处豪宅，安顿了下来。[提示]

1）如果句首的否定词修饰主语，是主语的一部分，则句子不用倒装。Scarcely a drop of rain fell last month. 上个月几乎滴雨未下。2）as或though引导的让步状语从句常用倒装。一般将一些形容词、副词等置于句首。Prominent as he is in his field, he remains easygoing. 尽管在圈内很有名，他依然待人随和。Wealthy as he is, I don’t envy him. 尽管他很有钱，但我并不羡慕他。


（3）当so, often, only等表示程度或频率的副词置于句首时，句子一般倒装。So great was the destruction that the South took decades to recover.

南方遭受的打击非常沉重，用了几十年才恢复过来。Often does he warn us not to touch the poisonous chemical.

他时常警告我们不要接触那种有毒化学物质。Only in this way can we accomplish the task on time. 只有如此，我们才能按时完成任务。（4）当there, here, then, now等副词置于句首，且谓语动词为come, go, be等词时，句子一般

全部倒装。此类倒装句旨在引起别人注意。但如果主语是代词，句子则不倒装。Look! Here comes the taxi. 快看，出租车来啦！Here are some letters for you to type. 这里有几封信需要你打一下。（5）当out, in, away, up, bang等方位或拟声词置于句首时，句子一般全部倒装。此类倒装

句比正常语序的句子更生动、形象。但如主语是代词，句子则不倒装。Away flew the bird. 鸟儿向远处飞去。Bamg closed the door to the meeting room. 通往会议室的门重重地关上了。Away she went. 她离我而去。

练习四1. Only recently__________to realize the dangers caffeine（咖啡因）might bring to our health.

A. that scientists began B. have scientists begun

C. scientists have begun D. that did scientists begin

2. We don’t need air conditioning, __________.

A. nor can we afford it B. and nor we can afford it

C. neither can afford it D. and we can neither afford it

3. __________for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.

A. Not being B. Had it not been

C. Without being D. Not having been

4. __________as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.

A. Being published B. Published

C. Publishing D. To be published

5. Hardly anything__________more than the happiness of seeing someone using his device for

treatment.

A. please him B. does please him

C. pleases him D. does him please

6. So little__________about physics that the lecture was completely beyond me.

A. I knew B. did I know

C. I had known D. had I known

7. __________fairly recently__________solved, at least partially.

A .Until / that this problem was

B. It was until / that this problem was

C. Not until / was this problem

D. It was not until / when this problem was


8. Only after he has acquired considerable facility in speaking__________to learn to read and

write.

A. he began B. will he begin

C. did he begin D. must he begin

9. Busy__________he is, he can fulfill the task ahead of schedule.

A. because B. as

C. no matter how D. although

10. By no means__________create or destroy energy.

A. we can B. we can’t

C. can we D. shall we

11. So confused__________that he didn’t know how to start his lecture.

A. since he became B. would he become

C. that he become D. did he become

12. Not only__________tolerant of other people’s opinion, but he is also patient.

A. he is B. is he

C. he will be D. will he be

13. __________, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.

A. Although much he likes her B. As he likes her much

C. Much although he likes her D. Much as he likes her

14. __________table tennis was accepted as a regular part of the Olympic Games.

A. Not until 1986 B. It was not until 1986 that

C. It was in 1986 when D. It was until 1986 that

15. __________for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be

so thriving as it is.

A. Had it not been B. Were it not

C. Be it not D. Should it not be

第五节从　　句

从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类：名词性从句、形容词性从句（即定语从句）和副词性从句（即状语从句）。引导从句的词称作关联词。

一、名词性从句

名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括：从属连词that, if, whether；连接代词who, whoever, whom, whomever, which,

whichever, what, whatever, whose; 连接副词where, when, why, how。其中，从属连词只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句法成分，而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用，在从句中又充当一定的成分。

That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising.

欧文和自己的表妹结婚是意料之中的事。（that引导的主语从句）


The fact is that he didn’t go to the dinner party. 实际上他并未参加宴会。（that引导的宾语从句）I don’t know if he will attend the meeting. 我不知道他是否回来开会。（if引导的宾语从句）Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom?

你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗？（that引导同位语从句）[提示]

（1）在含有主语从句的复合句中，为保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语从句置于句末。

It’s well known that water is indispensable to life.

众所周知，水对于生命来说是不可或缺的。（that引导的主语从句）（2）为保持句子平衡，that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替，而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句

末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.

他清楚地表明，他更愿意住在这儿。（that引导的宾语从句）（3）从属连词whether和 i f都作“是否⋯⋯”解，但 i f不可引导主语从句和表语从句。

whether可与or(not)连用，而if较少这样使用。I don’t know whether (if) she is at home. 我不知道她是否在家。（宾语从句）Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 她来不来无所谓。（本句也可以转化成It makes no difference whether she comes or not，或者 It makes no

difference if she comes，但是一般不说If she comes makes no difference。）（4）that和what引导名词性从句的区别：that用于引导陈述句，在从句中不充当成分，而

what在从句中充当一定的成分，如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略，what则不可省。He always means what he says. 他说到做到。She suggested (that) he do it at once. 她建议他立刻行动。（5）同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导，常跟在下列名词后面，如fact, idea, opinion,

news, hope, belief等，that不可省。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.

我们对于所有物质都由原子构成的想法并不陌生。The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.

我们被邀请参会的消息令人振奋。

二、定语从句

引导定语从句的关联词如下所示。（1）关系代词：that, which, whose, who, whom, as。（2）关系副词：when, where, why。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法

成分，关系代词在从句中充当动词的宾语时，一般可省去。关系代词的选用比较复杂，它受下列条件的制约：①先行词是指人还是指物；②关系代词

在从句中的句法功能；③定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。关系代词的选用情况见下表。


先行词在从句中的句法功能用于限定性或非限定性定语从句只用于限定性定语从句

指人指物（指人或指物）

主语 who which that

宾语 whom which that

定语 whose whose(of which)

I know that he is a man who (that) means what he says. 我知道他是个说到做到的人。The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy.

她碰到的那位先生和她说话时彬彬有礼。The watch which (that) was lost has been found. 丢的表找到了。Here is the material which (that) you need. 这就是你需要的材料。You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to. 只有你的建议他才听。关系副词的选用相对来说较简单。如先行词为表示时间的名词，如time, day等，则用when；

如先行词为表示地点的名词，如place, house, area等，则用where; 如先行词为reason，则用why。I’ll never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.

我永远都不会忘记童年时居住过的小山村。I don’t know the reason why (for which) he did that. 我不知他那样做的理由。[提示]

（1）当先行词是all, something, nothing等不定代词时，或先行词前有first, last, only, few,

much, some, any, no等词修饰时，或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，一般只用that而不用which来引导定语从句。

I’ve explained everything (that) I can to you. 我已经向你解释了我能说的一切。The first lesson that I had in MBA was business ethics. 我在MBA上的第一堂课是商业伦理。This is the most beautiful campus (that) I’ve ever been to. 这是我到过的最美的校园。（2）定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，限定性定语从句与主句关系紧密，

为句中不可缺少的部分，如去掉，主句意思不完整。非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散，如去掉，主句内容仍完整。在书面语中，非限定性定语从句一般被逗号隔开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导。引导非限定性定语从句的关系词不可省略。

His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on. 他的演讲让所有人感到乏味，冗长无比。The general’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile.

将军的女儿名叫安娜，对我甜甜一笑。（如果将军只有一个女儿，不用限定。如果将军不止一个女儿，则可以用限定从句加以明确。）（3）先行词也可以是整个句子。这时，一般用which或as来引导定语从句。which在从句中

可充当主语、宾语等，as在从句中一般只充当主语。which与as引导此类定语从句的区别在于：which只能置于句中或句末，而as的位置比较灵活，可置于句中、句末，又可置于句首。

Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.

水由氢、氧两种元素构成，这尽人皆知。As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon at that Olympic Games.

正如大家预料的那样，他在奥运会十项全能比赛中取得第一。He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.


他赢得了金牌，全家都以此为荣。（4）关系代词在定语从句中有时也做介词的宾语。如果介词被置于关系代词前，一般只用

介词+which或介词+whom，而不用介词+that来引导定语从句。如果介词被置于从句句末，则可用that代替which或whom，且that这时可省去。

This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars. 这就是她花1 000美元买来的戒指。One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with will come today.

我有个和你很熟悉的同事将在今天过来。

三、状语从句

在复合句中，起状语作用的从句称做状语从句。根据语义, 状语从句分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句。状语从句可放在句首或句末。如状语从句位于主语前，一般用逗号将其与主句隔开。

（一）时间状语从句When you cross a main road, you must be very careful. 在过大路时，一定要小心。Until we learn the facts, we can’t do anything about it. 在了解真相前，我们无法采取任何行动。[提示]

（1）when, as, while引导时间状语从句时都可以表示主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生，即同时性。它们的区别在于：when和as引导的状语从句中的动作既可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的，即瞬时性的；while引导的状语从句中的动作只能是延续的动作或状态。当主句和从句中的动作均为延续性动作时，一般用while，而不用when或as。当表示两个同时发展、变化的情况时，一般用as, 作“随着”解。

When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you. 她来时，我会告诉她等你。As she got older, she got wiser. 随着年龄的增长，她也变得更聪明。While Peter was reading, his wife was cooking. 彼得读书时，他妻子在烧饭。（2）有些副词和一些表示时间的名词词组也可用作从属连词，引导时间状语从句。如

instantly, immediately, directly, the day, every time, the minute, the second, the moment等。Immediately he arrived, he started describing to us what had happened.

他一到就开始向我们描述发生的一切。The day he returned home, his grandpa was already dead.

当他回到家的时候，他的爷爷已经去世了。

（二）条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有if, unless, as (so) long as, only if (只要)。If you don’t come on time, we’ll start out without you. 如果你不能按时到，我们就不等你了。As (so) long as you keep on trying, you’ll certainly succeed.

只要你坚持不懈地努力，就一定能成功。[提示]

除了以上提到的从属连词外，还有其他的一些词或词组也可引导条件状语从句。如


providing that, provided, supposing that, suppose that, on condition that, in case等。Provided (that) he wins the support of the minority groups, he will be able to win the election.

只要能获得多数派的支持，他就能在选举中取得胜利。

（三）原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有because, since, as, now (that), in that, considering that等。Since the speaker can’t come, we’ll have to cancel the meeting.

由于演讲者无法到达，我们将不得不取消此次会议。[提示]

in that和now (that)的用法：in that引导的从句对主句进行解释和说明，作“在⋯⋯方面，在于⋯⋯，因为”解。now(that)表示“既然”。

Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice.

理论之所以有价值，就在于它能给实践指出方向。Now (that) the weather has improved, let’s go out for a picnic.

既然天气已转好，我们就出去野餐吧。

（四）让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的从属连词有though，although，even if (even though), as，no matter,

despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, while等。Tom went swimming in the bay yesterday even though the sea was rough.

虽然昨天海面上风浪很大，汤姆依然下海游泳。Despite the fact that there exists national differences, certain funny situations have a universal

appeal. 尽管国与国之间会有不同，但是有些滑稽的情况却在各国都会出现。[提示]

一些疑问词在词尾加上ever后，也可引导让步状语从句，相当于“no matter+疑问词”。这些词包括whatever, wherever, whenever, whoever, however。

Whatever he says, don’t believe him. 不管他说什么，都别信他。Whoever you are, you must obey the traffic regulations. 不管你是谁，都必须遵守交通法规。

（五）目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that。They climbed to the top of the building in order that they could get a bird’s eye view of the city.

他们登上建筑物的最高处，以便能俯视城市全貌。Ask her to hurry up with these letters so that I can sign them. 告诉她快点把信写完，我好签字。Take an umbrella in case it rains. 随身带把伞，以防下雨。[提示]

so that和in order that的区别是：so that更常用，in order that更正式。so that引导的从句一般置于句末，而in order that引导的从句既可置于句首，又可置于句末。

In order that the flowers could bloom again next year, it was necessary that the rocks should

be removed. 为了让花明年依然还能开放，必须把这些石头移走。


She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. 她早早起床，为的是赶第一班汽车。

（六）结果状语从句结果状语从句一般由连词so that, so...that, such...that来引导。He overslept (so) that he was late for work. 他睡过了头，所以迟到了。They got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away.

他们吓坏了，（所以）丢下了包，撒腿就跑。[提示]

（1）so...that和such...that的区别是：so后接形容词或副词，such后接名词。It was so cold that we had to cancel the game. 天太冷了，我们不得不取消运动会。It’s such a good chance that we mustn’t miss it. 这个机会太好了，绝不能错过。（2）so that既可引导目的状语从句，也可引导结果状语从句。so that引导目的状语从句时，

一般从句动词前会出现can (could), may (might), shall (should), 而so that引导的结果状语从句表示客观事实，不会出现上述词语。引导结果状语从句的so that前常有逗号，表示强调。so that

引导的目的状语可置于句首，而so that引导的结果状语从句只能置于句末。He left early so that he could catch the train. 他早早动身，以便能赶上车。（目的）He left early, so that he caught the train. 他早早动身，赶上了火车。（结果）

（七）方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as, as if (though), the way, how等。He made some changes as you had suggested. 他按照你的建议做了些修改。She was behaving as if (though) she hadn’t grown up. 她的行为举止与大人相仿。

练习五1. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, __________

were surprising.

A. as results B. which results C. the results of it D. the results of which

2. __________I admit that the problems are difficult, I don’t agree that they can’t be solved.

A. Suppose B. Because C. While D. Until

3. The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,

__________ is often the case with people in other countries.

A. as B. what C. so D. that

4. She didn’t break the bad news to her mother__________that she might break down.

A. so B. for fear C. in order D. because

5. As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think__________.

A. ought to be said B. must say C. have to be said D. need to say

6. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave__________something occurred which

attracted my attention.

A. unless B. until C. when D. while

7. The world’s greatest sporting event, the Olympic Games, upholds the amateur ideal

that__________matters is not winning but participating.


A. anything B. it C. what D. everything

8. The reason__________I’m writing is to tell you about my examination results.

A. because B. as C. why D. for

9. The tree, the branches__________are almost bare, is a very old one.

A. whose B. in which C. of which D. which

10. British press is unusual__________it is divided into two very different types of

newspapers: the quality press and popular press.

A. in how B. in what C. in which D. in that

11. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication__________the advertiser

pays for the message to be delivered.

A. in that B. in which C. in order that D. on the way

12. An old friend from abroad, __________I was expecting to stay with me, telephoned from

the airport.

A. that B. which C. whom D. who

13. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and it is especially

true__________it comes to classroom tests.

A. before B. as C. since D. when

14. __________a month ago, we had neither instruments nor a director.

A. Till B. For C. Until D. To

15. I’m going to spend the winter vacation in Shanghai, __________I have some relatives.

A. because B. which C. that D. where

第六节强　　调

一、一般强调结构

强调结构为：It is (was)...that...。它可以用来强调句中的某些成分，如主语（从句）、宾语（从句）、状语（从句）等。如果强调主语或宾语，引导词可用that（指人或物）或者who和

whom（指人）。如果强调的是状语，则不能用when, where等，只能用that。注意，强调结构不能用来强调谓语动词和表语。

It was my uncle that (who) sent me the parcel. 送这个包裹给我的是我叔叔。It is this short article that they discussed last week. 他们上周讨论的是这篇短文。It was because he was too careless that he broke all the glasses.

就是因为太粗心，他才打碎了所有的杯子。It is in this room that I was born 30 years ago. 30年前我就出生在这个房间里。

二、谓语动词前用do, does, did表示强调

在肯定句中，可以用do强调谓语部分，可译为“务必”“一定”“真的”“确实”等。这时动词要用原形。


He does like to eat noodles. 他确实喜欢吃面条。She did send me a postcard as I expected. 如我所愿，她的确给我寄了明信片。

练习六1. __________she wondered if she had made a mistake.

A. Not until long afterwards that B. Not long until afterwards

C. It was not until long afterwards that D. It was long afterwards until

2. It was not__________midnight that they discovered the children were not in the beds.

A. before B. at C. after D. until

3. __________by an exercise of self-control__________he allowed himself to raise his eyes as

they came in.

A. It was only / that B. Only / that C. It was only / when D. It was only / had

4. It is__________quite recently that most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside

the home.

A. from B. until C. since D. before

5. __________that should be given priority to.

A. It is the committee has decided B. It is only the committee has decided

C. It is what the committee has decided D. It is what has the committee decided

6. Her uncle told her that it was__________that she was brought up after her mother’s death.

A. a retired old professor B. from a retired old professor

C. with a retired old professor D. by a retired old professor

7. It is__________he is modest and thoughtful that he is respected by his colleagues.

A. for B. as C. because D. since

8. It is earth’s heat__________scientists have developed a sensitive instrument to measure.

A. who B. whom C. that D. what

9. It is on April 15 every year__________income taxes are due, which all people who receive

an income must pay.

A. when B. that C. what D. which

10. It was not until he arrived at the railway station__________he realized he had forgotten his

ticket.

A. before B. since C. when D. that

11. It was with great joy__________he received the news that his long lost son would soon

return home.

A. how B. because C. as D. that

12. It was Einstein__________wrote and published his famous theory of relativity in 1916.

A. which B. whom C. what D. who

13. __________after the Second World War that test pilots first attempted to break the sound

barrier.

A. It was shortly B. There was shortly C. Was shortly D. Shortly

14. It__________only last year__________I made her acquaintance.


A. was...which B. was...that C. was...whom D. is...that

15. __________that called this morning?

A. Who was B. Who it was C. Who was him D. Who was it

第七节一　　致

一致指句子成分之间或词语之间在性、数等方面应保持一致。主谓一致指谓语动词与主语必须在人称、性、数上保持一致。在具体处理一致关系时可遵循以下三个原则：语法一致、意义一致、就近一致。

一、集体名词作主语时，遵循意义一致原则

这类集体名词包括army, audience, class, committee, crowd, crew, couple, family, group, staff,

team, public, cabinet, band等。如集体名词在句中意指整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如在句中意指其具体成员，谓语动词用复数形式。

The population of the earth is increasing very fast. 地球上人口总数在快速增加。One third of the population here are farmers. 这里人口中有1/3为农民。The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.

公众需要对专业骗局引起注意。The public now know the whole story. 现在所有人都知道这件事的前因后果。

二、学科名称和疾病名称作主语时，动词用单数

某些学科名称和疾病名称虽是复数形式，但这些词作主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。例如electronics（电子学），mechanics（力学），classics（古典文学），linguistics（语言学），economics（经济学），statistics（统计学），physics（物理学），mathematics（数学）等。

Electronics is a piece of cake to him. 对他来说，电子学是小菜一碟。Quantum mechanics supplies methods for calculating the results of experiments in all those

realms. 量子力学为所有那些领域中实验结果的计算提供了方法。

三、表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词或词组作主语时，动词用单数

表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词（或词组）作主语时，如只指一种、一本或一个，不论它形式上是单数还是复数，谓语动词只用单数形式。

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by the famous American humorist Mark

Twain. 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》出自美国幽默大师马克·吐温之手。The New York Times is not available here. 本处不出售《纽约时报》。The United States was founded in 1776. 美国成立于1776年。

四、单复数同形的名词作主语时，遵循意义一致原则

单复数同形的名词作主语时，要根据句子意思来确定谓语动词的单复数形式，例如aircraft,

deer, fish, sheep, means, species, series, works, crossroads, headquarters等。


Various means of transport are introduced in this article. 本文介绍了各类交通方式。There are already 137 species of butterflies known in the world today.

现在世界上已知的蝴蝶种类已达137种。

五、表示时间、距离、度量、价值的复数名词作主语时，遵循意义一致原则

这些复数名词，如表示抽象概念，被视作一整体时，谓语动词用单数形式；如表示具体的多少，强调复数意义时，谓语动词用复数形式。

Ten minutes is all that I can spare for you. 我只能给你10分钟时间。Six thousand dollars is a large sum of money to her. 对她来说，6 000美元是一大笔钱。The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours. 冠军在3小时内完成了50英里的赛程。

六、由with, as well as等词或词组修饰的单数名词作主语时，动词用单数

如作主语的单数名词后有某些词或词组修饰时，谓语动词仍用单数形式，具体有with,

along with, together with, besides, as well as, in addition to, accompanied by, rather than, but等。此时也可以理解为遵循语法一致原则。

The teacher as well as the students likes this novel. 老师和学生都喜欢这部小说。A scientist, together with his assistants, was sent to help solve that problem.

一位科学家以及他的助手被派去解决那个问题。The boss, rather than his employees, is to blame. 应该受到指责的是老板，而不是员工。

七、and连接的两个名词作主语时，遵循意义一致原则

一般情况下，and连接的两个名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。但有些情况下，and连接的两个名词意指同一人物、同一事物、同一概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式。通常，如果两个名词只有一个限定词或无限定词修饰时，它们常常表示一个概念，如果两个名词分别有两个限定词修饰时，它们往往表示两个不同的概念。另外，如果and连接的两个单数名词均有each,

every, many a, no等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。War and peace is a constant theme in history. 战争与和平是永恒的历史主题。The wear and tear on the machine is obvious. 机器受到的磨损非常明显。The secretary and manager was present at the meeting. 经理兼秘书参加了会议。Every hour and every minute is vital to me now.

对我来说，每小时每分钟都很重要。（每一分每一秒都很重要。）Many a boy and many a girl has been to the exhibition. 很多男孩女孩参观了展览。

八、连词or等连接两个名词(或代词)作主语时，遵循就近一致原则

连词or, either... or..., neither... nor..., not only... but also... 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词必须和靠它较近的一个名词或代词取得一致，这就是就近一致原则。

Either I or they are responsible for it. 要么是我，要么是他们对此负责。Neither your unkind words nor your unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.

无论是你恶毒的话还是你那冷漠的态度，都不会使我感到一丝不快。


Not only he but also his family members are interested in football match.

不但是他，而且他全家所有人都对足球很感兴趣。

九、其他情况下的主谓语一致

（1）none本身作主语时或它修饰的名词或代词作主语时，如代表不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；如代表可数名词，谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式。

None of workers knows/know how to deal with this problem. 工人中没人知道如何应对这个问题。

None of the bread was ruined. 面包一点都没有受损失。（2）one and a half后接的名词应是复数形式，但谓语动词用单数形式。One and a half years has passed. 一年半已经过去了。（3）more than one后接单数可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，但如果more than

one本身作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。（4）either, neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。（5）one or two后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。（6）one of后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。（7）动词不定式、动名词短语、名词性从句等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。To hesitate means failure. 犹豫不决意味着失败。

练习七1. Professor Wu, with three lecturers, __________attending a symposium (专题讨论会) in

Shanghai on energy now.

A. is B. are C. was D. were

2. It is not I but you who__________the first to run to the goal in that competition.

A. is B. was C. are D. is going to

3. Many a student__________going to take part in CET-6 next month.

A. is B. were C. are D. was

4. Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually__________.

A. generate new seeds B. new seeds generated

C. generates new seeds D. new seeds are generated

5. Passenger ships and__________are often equipped with ship to shore or air to land radio

telephones.

A. aircrafts B. aircraft C. the planes D. also the planes

6. John is the only one of the students who__________to France.

A. has been B. have been C. had been D. has being

7. To drive well and__________within the speed limits__________necessary in today’s traffic.

A. staying /are B. to stay / are C. to stay /is D. staying / are

8. To review and assess achievements and summarize and exchange experience__________the

task of our present congress.

A. are B. is C. have D. were


9. Three hours__________the limit of this examination.

A. is B. were C. are D. was

10. His Selected Poems__________first published in 1992.

A. was B. were C. had been D. are

11. Many a man__________life is meaningless without purpose.

A. think B. thinks C. thought D. has thought

12. Max, along with the three men, __________to represent the union at the meeting.

A. is B. are C. be D. to be

13. There__________more leisure and money about, so travel__________become available to

many people.

A. is / has B. are / has C. is / have D. are / have

14. This is the best one of automobiles that__________in working order.

A. is B. are C. had been D. have

15. The number of transnational corporations__________320 in this country and__________

annual revenues amount to 11 billion US dollars.

A. come to /its B. comes to / its C. come to / their D. comes to / their

第八节非谓语动词

一、非谓语动词作定语和状语

（一）非谓语动词的概念

非谓语动词是指动词不定式、动名词和分词。它们是动词的非限定形式。在句子中它们起

着一些特殊的作用。以下简要介绍它们各自的构成、作用及应用。

（二）动词不定式

不定式是指带to的动词原形（使用中有时不带to），在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可以作

状语和定语。

1. 作定语

（1）动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应

有合适的介词。

He’s a pleasant fellow to work with. 他是个令人愉快的同事/有他做同事很愉快。

There’s nothing to worry about. 无事需要担心/一切顺利。

（2）有些名词后常跟不定式作定语，如time, reason, chance, right, ability, willingness, need,

anxiety, wish, plan等。

Women have the right to receive education. 妇女有权接受教育。

There is no time to hesitate. 没时间犹豫了。

（3）the first, the second, the last, the best等之后用不定式作定语。


The monitor will be the first to come. 班长将第一个到。

He was the last man to blame. 他绝不应该受到责备。

2. 作状语

（1）作目的状语。不定式作状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，一般置于句子末尾。但

是如果表示强调，亦可置于句首。其否定形式为在不定式符号前加not。

He went to Shanghai to visit his parents. 他到上海去看父母。

To save the earth, we must prevent it from being polluted.

为了保护地球，我们必须使它不受污染。

I shut the door quietly so as not to wake the baby. 我轻轻关上门，以免吵醒孩子。

（2）作结果状语。

We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.

度假回家后，发现花园井井有条。

She left home never to return again. 她离家后就再也没有回来过。

（3）作原因状语。不定式作原因状语时，一般放在句子末尾。

She burst into laughter to see his funny action. 看到他滑稽的举动，她忍俊不已。

The boy was shocked to see the frightening scene. 看到这可怕的场面，男孩吓呆了。

（4）作独立成分。有些固定词组带to不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成

分。这些词有to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to get (back)to the point, not to

make much of it, to put it another way, to tell the truth等。To tell you the truth, I have never been to Beijing. 跟你说实话，我从未去过北京。

To be honest, I have never heard of Winston Churchill. 说实话，我从未听说过温斯顿·丘吉尔。

（三）动名词

动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式，由动词原形加“-ing”构成。与现在分词构成法相同。

它同时具有动词及名词特征。以下主要介绍其作定语及状语的情况。

1. 作定语

None is allowed to smoke in the waiting room. 谁也不可以在候车室里抽烟。

Wear shortens the effective working life of machine parts. 磨损会缩短机器零件的有效工作寿命。

2. 作宾语

（1）介词+动名词可以作状语用，表示时间、原因、目的、让步、方式等。

After finishing the job, he went home. 完成工作后，他就回家了。

He was blamed for having done something wrong. 他因犯错误受到批评。

They went to Manchester with the object of winning the World Championship.

他们带着赢得世界冠军的目标动身前往曼彻斯特。

（2）作动词宾词。有些动词要求动名词作宾语，这类动词有admit, advise, avoid, delay,

excuse, finish, imagine, mind, postpone, practise, require, resist, risk, suggest, stand等。

If you practise diving often, you will learn how to do it. 如果你经常练习驾驶，就一定能学会。

Sorry I have delayed answering your letter. 抱歉，未能及时回信。


（四）分词

分词是动词的三种非限定形式之一，包括现在分词和过去分词两种。分词可以在句中作状

语及定语。

1. 现在分词与过去分词的区别

现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动

式外）表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去

分词则表示动作已完成。

developing countries（发展中国家） developed countries（发达国家）

the touching tale（动人的传说） the touched audience（受感动的观众）

2. 现在分词的用法

现在分词可在句中作定语和状语。

（1）作定语。现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词前：

This is a pressing question. 这是一个紧迫的问题。

He asked an embarrassing question. 他提了一个令人难堪的问题。

现在分词亦可置于它所修饰的名词之后：

There were no soldiers drilling. 没有士兵在训练。

现在分词短语一般皆置于其修饰的名词之后：

A little child learning to walk often falls. 学步的孩子常常摔跤。The men working here are all from rural areas. 这里工作的人均来自农村。（2）现在分词作状语。现在分词及其短语从表意的角度看，也可用作状语，表示时间、原

因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语动词之前或之后，也可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生。

1）表示时间。Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.

登上塔顶后，我们看到了一幅壮丽景象。He went out shutting the door behind him. 他走了出去，随手关上了门。强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，现在分词之前可用连词when或while：When leaving the airport, they waved to us again and again.

在离开机场时，他们一次次向我们挥手。While flying over the Channel, the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite.

在海峡上空飞行时，飞行员认为他看到了陨石。2）表示原因。Being sick, I stayed at home. 因为生病，我闭门不出。She caught cold sitting on the grass. 因为坐在草地上，她着了凉。3）表示条件。Adopting this method, we will raise the average yield by 40 percent.

如果采用这一方法，我们可以将产量提高40%。Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage.

看右边，你会发现有一条小路通往他的小房子。


4）表示让步。Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasn’t tried her best.

虽然接受了她的解释，但我依然认为她没有尽力。5）表示结果。It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country. 暴雨倾盆，在该国引发了严重洪灾。It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday.

雨连续下了两个星期，使我们的假期彻底泡汤。6）表示方式或伴随情况。He ran up to her breathing heavily. 他向她跑去，累得上气不接下气。Please fill in the form, giving your name, address, etc. 请填表，提供你的姓名、地址等信息。3. 过去分词的用法（1）作定语。过去分词可以作定语。如果是单词，常置于其所修饰的名词之前，例如：Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier？你去拜祭过无名烈士墓了吗。（2）作状语。过去分词从表意的角度看也可以用作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、

方式或伴随情况等。1）表示时间。Heated, metals expand. 金属在加热时会融化。When seen through a telescope, the sun appears darker near the edge.

从望远镜中看上去，太阳的边缘显得有些暗。2）表示原因。Born and bred in the countryside, he was bewildered by the big city.

他生在农村，长在农村，对大城市中的一切都感到不解。Overcome with surprise, she was unable to utter a word. 她吃惊得说不出话来。3）表示条件。United, we stand; divided, we fall. 若团结，我们必胜；若分裂，我们必败。Given more time, I’ll do it better. 如果时间多一些，我会做得更好。4）表示让步。Badly involved in the accident, the car is still running.

虽然遭遇了事故，但是这辆车依然在运转。5）表示方式或伴随。He came back, utterly exhausted. 他回家时累得筋疲力尽。United as one, the people of the whole country are striving for greater successes in socialist

construction. 人们团结一心，为取得社会主义建设的更大成就努力奋斗。4. 分词独立结构分词短语所表示的动作在逻辑上有主语，且能在同一句中找到。Having finished her homework, she went out to play basketball. 功课做完以后，她出去打篮球。但有时分词短语有它自己独立的主语，这种主语常是名词或代词，且放在分词短语的前面，

这种结构叫做独立结构，它常用做状语，多用于书面语。It being a holiday, I went fishing. 那天放假，我钓鱼去了。


Weather permitting, we shall start tomorrow. 如果天气好的话，我们将明天动身。The plan having been approved, what is most important is to carry it out.

计划被批准以后，最重要的是付诸实施。She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手交叉在胸前。有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句中没有逻辑上的主语。它们实际上已经变成习惯用语：Generally speaking, we now live in a comparatively peaceful and rich world.

总的说来，我们现在生活在一个相对和平、富有的世界。Judging from what you said, he is a stone-hearted person.

从你的话看来，他是个铁石心肠的人。分词短语自己的主语还可以由with引出：“with +名词或代词（宾格）+分词”结构，一般

也用做状语，表示伴随状态：He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他灯都没熄就睡着了。The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing. 天气晴朗，清风阵阵。

二、非谓语动词作动词宾语和宾语补足语

（一）非谓语动词（短语）作动词宾语1. 要求动词＋ing作宾语的动词有些动词只要求动词+ing作宾语，这类动词有admit, advise, advocate, allow, anticipate,

appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, imagine,

include, involve, justify, keep, mind, miss, pardon, permit, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, regret,

require, resent, resist, risk, stop, suggest, understand, can’t help（couldn’t help), stand等。例如：I couldn’t help feeling proud of our country. 我禁不住为祖国感到骄傲。Someone suggested organizing an outing to the Western Hills.

有人建议组织一次到西山区的出游。某些动词词组也要求动词+ing作宾语，如give up, leave off, put off（注：这些动词短语均

为动词+副词结构）以及amount to, attend to, be accustomed to, be used to, be opposed to, devote

to, feel like, look forward to, object to, resort to, submit to等。例如：Mr. Smith followed his doctor’s advice and gave up smoking.

史密斯先生听从了医生的建议，戒了烟。Do you feel like having a walk with us in the woods by the sea?

你想和我们一起到海边树林里散散步吗？Some people in the rich world are opposed to doing business with poor countries.

发达国家中的一些人反对和贫困国家做生意。有时在形容词后面也要求用动词+ing，如busy, worth, worthwhile等。例如：Is it worthwhile making such an experiment? 做这个实验值得吗？还有在point, trouble, difficulty 等名词后，也用动词+ing。例如：There is not much point (in) thinking about it. 考虑那件事没什么意义。American businessmen have difficulty (in) understanding their Japanese counterparts.

美国商人发现日本商人（的言行）很难理解。


注：在it’s no use, it’s not much use, it’s no good后要求用动词+ing。但是在it is of no use 后则要用动词不定式。例如：

It’s no use crying about it. You must do something. 哭是没用的。你必须采取行动。It’s no good writing to him; he never answers letters.

给他写信没任何好处，因为他从来都不回信。It’s of no use to cry over spilt milk. 牛奶泼了，哭也没用。2. 要求动词不定式作宾语的动词有些动词后面可以跟动词不定式，这类动词有afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, assist,

attempt, (can’t) bear, beg, begin, bother, care, cease, choose, claim, continue, dare, decide, demand,

deserve, desire, determine, dislike, endeavour, expect, fail, fear, forget, hate, help, hesitate, hope,

intend, learn, like, long, love, manage, mean, need, neglect, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend,

promise, propose, refuse, regret, remember, require, seek, start, strive, swear, tend, think, threaten,

try, undertake, want, wish等。例如：Don’t hesitate to ask me questions if you don’t understand. 如果不明白，尽管问我。He endeavoured to adopt a positive but realistic attitude to the issue.

他尽力以积极现实的态度对待此事。Philip politely pretended not to have heard this remark. 菲利普很有礼貌地假装没听到这句话。3. 在有些动词后面既可以跟动词＋ing，也可以跟动词不定式这类动词有attempt, (can’t) bear, begin, cease, continue, deserve, dislike, dread, fear, forget,

hate, intend, like, love, need, neglect, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, require, start, try,

want等。在有些动词后面，两种结构之间的意义差别不大。例如：He prefers writing (to write) an outline before he writes a summary.

他喜欢在写总结之前先列提纲。He had really intended staying (to stay) longer. 他确实想多待一段时间。但在某些动词之后，两种结构之间的意义差别较明显：We must try to solve this problem. 我们必须设法解决这个问题。We can try solving this problem in other ways. 我们可以试用另一些方法来解决这一问题。I must remember to pay you for the ticket. 我一定要记住把电影票的钱支付给你。I don’t remember paying you for the ticket. 我不记得已把电影票的钱支付给你了。这类词还有forget, mean, regret等。demand, deserve, need, require, want等词既可以要求动词+ing作宾语，也可以要求动词不定

式的被动式作宾语。例如：John’s house in the country wants painting. 约翰在乡下的房子需要粉刷了。John’s house in the country wants to be painted. 约翰在乡下的房子需要粉刷了。这两种结构意义相同。还有像go on, stop这类动词如果后接动词+ing则表示继续（做某事）或停止（做某事）；而

如果后接动词不定式则表示前面一个动作已结束或停止，继之做另一个动作。例如：The robot first reads the engineering drawing and then goes on to assemble the parts according

to the drawing. 机器人首先阅读工程图纸，然后根据图纸安装零部件。Some students went on working on their compositions when the bell rang.


当铃声响的时候，一些学生还在继续做考试题。

（二）非谓语动词作宾语补足语要求动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：feel, have, hear, let, listen to, look at, make,

notice, observe, see和watch。在这些动词后面，作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to。例如：I’ll try to have someone repair the recorder for you. 我会安排人为你修理录音机。Electricity makes the motor run. 电驱动电动机。但是当这些动词用于被动语态时，后面的动词不定式则必须带to。例如：The motor is made to run by electricity. 电动机是依靠电来驱动的。在cannot but, do nothing but (except), had better, had best, rather than, would rather...than和

would sooner than等结构后要求不带to的动词不定式。例如：I have done nothing except do what I should. 我只做了我应该做的事。要求动词+ing（短语）作宾语补足语的动词有discover, feel, find, have, hear, keep, leave,

like, need, notice, observe, report, see, smell, spot, want, watch等。例如：Male secretaries sometimes find themselves mistaken for higher-status professionals.

男秘书有时发现自己会被当作高级专业人员。You can have your tape recorder repaired in the shop over there.

你可以在那家店找人修理你的录音机。其中，在see, hear, feel, observe, watch, notice等动词后，既可以用不定式作宾语补足语，

也可以用动词+ing作宾语补足语。前者强调动作发生的事实（即动作全部过程结束），后者则强调动作的进行过程（即动作正在进行）。

Tom saw his parents get into the car and drive off. 汤姆看着自己的爸爸妈妈上了车离开。I saw him making the experiment. 我看到他正在做实验。注意：如果是过去分词作宾语补足语，则表示过去分词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的

动作发生之前已经完成。例如：We found the work completely done. 我们发现工作已经被做完了。

练习八1. Where shall I put my boxes? The drawer is the place__________.

A. to put them B. putting them in C. to put in them D. to put them in

2. She has no pencil__________.

A. to write about B. to write with C. to write D. to write in

3. Though small, the room is comfortable__________.

A. to live B. to live in C. living in D. live in

4. The girl walked quietly into the room__________awake her roommates.

A. so as to B. in order not to C. so as to not D. for to not

5. We were surprised at__________the exam.

A. him not pass B. his passing not C. his not passing D. him not to pass

6. __________one’s work properly may be worse than not doing it at all.

A. Not to do B. Doing not C. Doing D. Not doing


7. He prided himself on__________at chess.

A. having never beaten B. having been never beaten

C. having never been beaten D. never have been beaten

8. “How did you learn to drive？”“__________strict obedience to my trainer.”A. Giving B. By giving C. Give D. To give

9. __________in ancient times, the book still appeals to readers today.

A. Though it written B. Though written C. It was writer D. Written it was

10. Television has become a major instrument of communication, __________us to see as well

as to hear all kinds of programs.

A. to permit B. permitted C. being permitting D. permitting

11. The decision__________, what is to be done now is how to carry it out.

A. been made B. has been made

C. having been made D. having been making

12. Some people are sitting on the grass; others are strolling along the lake side, __________.

A. chatting and to laugh B. to chat and to laugh

C. chatting and laughing D. chatting and laughed

13. Electrical resistance is a common property of all materials, __________.

A. only differs in degree B. only in degree it differs

C. differing only in degree D. and differing in degree only

14. That the brain, once__________oxygen, dies has been proved.

A. depriving of B. deprived C. being deprived D. deprived of

15. __________, the mountain looks like an elephant.

A. Having seen from a distance B. Having been seen from a distance

C. Seeing from a distance D. Seen from a distance

16. She had said little so far, responding only briefly when__________.

A. speaking B. spoken to C. spoken D. speaking to

17. __________, Hong Kong serves as a gateway into and out of Taiwan.

A. Strategically located B. It is located strategically

C. Where strategically located D. Because located strategically

18. In the 1850’s Harriet Beecher Stow’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin became the best seller of the

generation, __________a host of imitators.

A. inspiring B. inspired C. inspired by D. to inspire

19. His remarks left me__________about his real purpose.

A. wondered B. to wonder C. wonder D. wondering

20. Maggie ran back to the kitchen, __________carefully in her hands.

A. eggs to be held B. holding the eggs C. eggs were held D. held the eggs

21. The speaker, __________for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.

A. having known B. being known C. knowing D. known

22. In the course of a day students do far more than just__________classes.

A. attend B. attended C. to attend D. attending


23. __________with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.

A. When compared B. Compare C. While comparing D. Comparing

24. A new technique__________, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.

A. working out B. having worked

C. having been worked out D. to have been worked out

25. __________after a long walk, Harry called and said he couldn’t come.

A. Having worn out B. Be worn out C. To wear out D. Worn out

26. __________to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage.

A. Turned B. Turning C. To turn D. Being turned

27. He bought that house, __________that he would inherit money under his uncle’s will.

A. assumed B. assuming

C. being assumed D. having been assumed

28. I have heard both teachers and students__________well of him.

A. to speak B. to have spoken C. spoken D. speak

29. __________from the hilltop, the lake scenery is beyond description.

A. To see B. Having seen C. Seeing D. Seen

30. It__________now pretty late, the party broke up and we all went home.

A. is B. being C. having been D. been

31. When__________with a strong enemy, they always retreated.

A. being faced B. facing C. faced D. being facing

32. After__________for the job, you will be required to take a language test.

A. being interviewed B. interviewed

C. interviewing D. having interviewed

33. Nobody enjoys having a tooth__________.

A. drill and fill B. drilling and filling

C. to drill and fill D. drilled and filled

34. The revolutionary fighter would rather die with his head high than__________with his

knees bent.

A. to live B. living C. live D. lived

35. I forgot__________her that my coat buttons need to be sewn on.

A. reminding B. having reminded

C. to remind D. to have reminded

36. As we approached the village we saw many new houses__________.

A. built B. build C. being built D. building

37. Would you mind__________quiet for a moment? I am trying__________a form.

A. keeping/ filling out B. to keep/ to fill out

C. keeping/ to fill out D. to keep/ filling out

38. I don’t remember__________to professor Brown during my last visit to Harvard.

A. having introduced B. having been introduced

C. to have introduced D. to have been introduced


39. “Why did you leave the meeting early?”“I found the discussion __________.”A. boring B. bored C. bore D. boredom

40. The electric shaver needs__________before it can be used.

A. repairing B. to repair C. being repaired D. to be repairing

41. I dread__________to pay another visit to the graveyard.

A. having B. to had C. having had D. have

42. The younger the child, the more readily the mother gives in to his demands to avoid

__________him.

A. disappointing B. to disappoint

C. disappoint D. to have disappointed

43. John made it clear that he objected to__________the English system to the metric system.

A. being converted B. convert C. converting D. have converted

44. I would appreciate__________it a secret.

A. you to keep B. that you keep

C. your keeping D. that you will keep

45. This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, __________both wind-resistant and

adapted to the same type of soil.

A. being B. been C. to be D. having been

46. The house was very quiet, __________as it was on the side of a mountain.

A. isolated B. isolating

C. being isolated D. having been isolated

47. __________in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.

A. The girl was educated B. The girl educated

C. The girl’s being educated D. The girl to be educated

48. All flights__________because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but

take the train.

A. had been canceled B. having canceled

C. were canceled D. having been canceled

49. He gives people the impression__________all his life abroad.

A. of having spent B. to have been spent

C. of being spent D. to spend

50. The police accused him of setting fire to the building but he denied__________in the area

on the night of the fire.

A. to be B. to have been C. having been D. be

51. In reading stories we anticipate what is to come__________on our memory of what has

gone before.

A. based B. basing C. to base D. to be based

52. Many visitors praised the magnificent architecture of the Palace, __________.

A. known to foreigners for the Forbidden City

B. known for foreigners to be the Forbidden City


C. known to foreigners to be the Forbidden City

D. known for foreigners as the Forbidden City

53. The background music in an assembly line is designed__________.

A. not being listened to B. being not listened to

C. not to be listened to D. to be not listened to

54. Greater effor ts to increase agricul tural product ion must be made i f food

shortage__________ avoided.

A. is to be B. can be C. will be D. has been

55. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, __________insufficiently

popular with all members.

A. being considered B. considering

C. to be considered D. having considered

56. This crop is similar to the previous one in many ways, __________both wind-resistant and

adaptable to the same type of soil.

A. being B. to be C. been D. have been

57. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free owing to its always__________with other

elements, most commonly with oxygen.

A. combined B. having combined C. combine D. being combined

58. The students are forbidden, unless they had special passes, __________after 11 p.m..

A. staying out B. from staying out C. stay out D. to stay out

59. I would appreciate__________it a secret.

A. your keeping B. that you keep

C. you to keep D. that you will keep

60. No matter how frequently__________, the works of Beethoven always attract large

audiences.

A. performing B. to be performed

C. performed D. being performed

第九节形容词、副词比较级

一、等比句句型

下面这种句型主要表示人或物的性质、特征等方面有某些近似或相等：主语+谓语+as+形容词/副词+as+比较对象We have accomplished as much in the past three months as would have taken ten years in the

past. 过去3个月里我们完成的工作与以往10年才能完成的工作一样多。句子中两个as作用不同，前一个as是副词，含“如此”的意思；后一个as是连词，表示

“比”或“如同”的意义。下面这种句型的意思是“不比⋯⋯多”或“不少于⋯⋯”：主语+谓语+no more/less+形容词／副词比较级+than+被比对象


是表达“相等”或“近似”的一种说法。例如：She is no less diligent than her classmates. 她和班上其他同学一样努力。

二、比较级句型

比较级句型用于表示两个人或事物之间的差别。它包括两个方面：一是优等比较，即“甲胜于乙”；一是次等比较，即“甲不及乙”。比较级句型结构是：

主语+谓语+形容词／副词比较级+(名词)+than+被比对象或：主语+谓语+more/less+形容词／副词+than+被比对象

Facts speak louder than eloquence. 事实胜于雄辩。The new edition of the dictionary is more expensive than the old one. 新版词典比老版贵。“否定的同等比较”也用于表示两个人或事物之间的差别。例如：John doesn’t work so hard as Henry. 约翰工作起来没有亨利卖力。

三、最高级句型

最高级句型用于表示某一事物在一定范围内最突出或某一动作达到最高程度的句子。一般要有一个表示范围的词组。

...the +形容词/副词最高级+(名词)+范围词1. Jane is the tallest girl in the department of public relations. 简是公关系最高的女生。2. Of all the students, Beth works hardest. 在所有学生中，贝思学习最努力。注：引导范围的介词，如果为同一范畴用of，如例2；否则用in，如例1。⋯⋯否定词⋯⋯+比较级⋯⋯该句型的原意思是“再没有⋯⋯比⋯⋯更⋯⋯”，也表示“最”的概念。There is nothing in the world more potent and more impotent than words.

在这个世界上，最有力的是语言，最无力的也是语言。

四、The...the...结构

该句型表示“越⋯⋯，越⋯⋯”。The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 你工作越努力，取得的成就将会越大。

五、少数形容词比较级不用连词than

superior(优于), inferior (低于), senior(年长于), junior(年幼于)等词之后用to，而不用than。His strength is superior to mine. 他的力量比我大。My knowledge is inferior to his. 我的知识不如他。

六、一些表示两者之间有所比较和选择的句型

Better to do well than to say well. 说得好不如做得好。I would rather join you in research work than go on holiday to the seaside.


我宁愿和你们一起参加科研工作，而不愿到海滨去度假。I prefer to work rather than sit idle. 我宁愿工作，也不愿闲坐着。He would sooner resign than take part in such dishonest business deals.

他宁愿辞职，也不愿参与那样不诚实的买卖。

练习九1. To the best of my knowledge, the climate in Arizona is better year round__________.

A. than any other state B. than other states

C. than in any other state D. than is any other state

2. Dried foods take up less room and weigh__________than the same foods packed in cans,

and they do not need to be stored in special condition.

A. few B. fewer C. little D. Less

3. The new method for refining aluminum was__________that it became practical for many

purposes, one of which was for making pots and pans.

A. so more cheaper B. so much cheaper

C. so many cheaper D. such much cheaper

4. To clarify the circumstances requires more effective measures than__________.

A. have supposed B. have been supposed

C. has supposed D. has been supposed

5. As far as this model of color TV sets is concerned, the home-made sets are by no

means__________those made in Japan.

A. less inferior to B. less inferior than C. inferior than D. inferior to

6. Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure

__________.

A. than more on efficiency B. than efficiency

C. and more on efficiency D. and more than efficiency

7. He often sat in a small bar drinking considerably more than__________.

A. he was in good health B. his good health was

C. was good for his health D. his health was good

8. Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often__________or better than an

actual performance.

A. as good as B. good C. as good D. good as

9. The t rumpet player was cer ta inly loud. But I wasn’t bothered by his loudness

__________his lack of talent.

A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as

10. There are few electronic applications__________to raise fears regarding future

employment opportunities than robots.

A. likely B. more likely C. most likely D. much likely

11. If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, __________would be getting sick.

A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us


C. a lot of us more D. a lot more of us

12. Melted iron is poured into the mixer much__________tea is poured into a cup from a

teapot.

A. in the same way like B. in the same way which

C. in the same way D. in the same way as

13. The boy students in this school are nearly__________as the girl students to say they

intended to get a college degree in business.

A. as likely twice B. likely as twice

C. as twice likely D. twice as likely

14. I tried to relax because I knew I would use up my oxygen sooner__________.

A. the more exited I got B. I got excited more

C. and more I got excited D. and I got more excited

15. Even though she looks very young, she is__________my twenty-year-old sister.

A. twice older than B. twice as old as

C. twice as older as D. twice old than

第十节情态动词的一些特殊用法

情态动词本身有语义，表示说话人的语气或情态，但语义不完整，不能单独作谓语动词，一般只能与动词原形一起构成谓语动词。现就考试中出现频率高的情态动词及其用法作些说明。

一、must

与must有关的题型经常与其后面应跟什么时态有关。在有must的句中，常表示说话人在进行依据较充分的推测。至于用哪些时态，则有两个参考标准：句中的时间状语和句间的关系。

You look so sleepy. You must have sat up late last night.

你看上去这么困倦，昨晚一定睡得很晚。I mailed that letter a week ago. He must have received it.

我一周前就发出了那封信，想必他一定收到了。must + have +过去分词：用于肯定句，表示对过去情况的推测，意为“肯定，一定”。You had only a little egg at breakfast today. You must be hungry now.

你早餐只吃了一个很小的鸡蛋，现在肯定饿了。must加动词原形，表示对现在发生动作和事物的猜测，有“一定，准是”的意思。其他情态动词如may(might), should(ought to), can(could), need的用法分列如下。

二、may(might)

may(might) + have +过去分词：用于肯定句和其他否定句，表示对已发生事情的不肯定的推测，意为“可能、大概”，其中might较may语气更弱，把握更小。

They may have derived inspiration from these words. 他们可能从这些话语中获得了灵感。


Our manager may(might) have gone to Guangzhuo to attend Spring Fair there last week.

我们经理可能已于上周去广州参加春季交易会了。

三、should

除了其一般的用法以外，should也表示说话人的感情如愤怒、惊奇、失望等。I am sorry that he should be so stubborn. 他居然如此固执，我对此感到很抱歉。Why should I go there while she stays home? 为什么我得去那儿，而她却能待在家里?

should (ought to) + have +过去分词句型：指过去的事情。如果是肯定句，表示过去本应发生的事却没有发生，含“遗憾、责备、建议或指正”等意味；如果是否定句，则表示已发生了本不该发生的事。

You should have told him the paint on that seat is wet. 你本应告诉他座位上的油漆未干。They shouldn’t have left so soon. 他们不该这么早就离开。

四、can (could)

用于否定或疑问句中，后面跟动词的完成式时，表示对过去发生的事件的“怀疑或不肯定”。could比can更表示说话人语气的不肯定。

Nobody could have foreseen all this. 当时无人能预见到所有这一切。It couldn’t have been Mr. Smith. He has gone to China. 不太可能是史密斯先生。他已去了中国。

五、need

needn’t + have +过去分词：表示过去做了但不必做的事情，意为“其实不必”。You needn’t have walked up, you could have taken the lift.

你本不必走上来，你本来可以乘电梯的。You needn’t have watered the vegetables, as it is going to rain.

你本不必给蔬菜浇水，因为天要下雨了。

练习十1. The room is in such a terrible mess. It__________cleaned as the landlady said.

A. mustn’t be B. mustn’t have been C. can’t be D. can’t have been

2. We__________her letter last week. We don’t know what has happened to her.

A. must receive B. must have received

C. ought to receive D. ought to have received

3. There__________be an open window somewhere, I can feel cold air coming in.

A. should B. must C. seem D. ought

4. If the doctor had been available, the patient__________.

A. could not have died B. should not have died

C. wouldn’t have died D. would not die

5. Since it’s snowing so hard, we__________at home.

A. had better staying B. should stay C. had better to stay D. might as well stay


6. The wine bottle is nearly empty; you__________a lot.

A. may have drunk B. ought to have drunk

C. must have drunk D. could have drunk

7. According to western culture, you__________ask a woman her age; it is impolite.

A. needn’t B. don’t have to C. mustn’t D. have not got to

8. She didn’t know you were here; otherwise she__________to meet you.

A. would have come B. had come C. must have come D. would come

9. Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what

we__________during the day.

A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D. must have done

10. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you__________now.

A. wouldn’t be smiling B. couldn’t have smiled

C. won’t smile D. didn’t smile

11. It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you__________it.

A. mustn’t B. wouldn’t have done

C. mightn’t have done D. didn’t have to do

12. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he__________himself.

A. injure B. had injured C. injured D. would injure

13. From the tears in Nedra’s eyes we can tell that something sad__________.

A. must have occurred B. would have occurred

C. might be occurring D. should occur

14. As it turned out to be a small house party, we__________so formally.

A. needn’t dress up B. did not need have dressed up

C. did not need dress up D. needn’t have dressed up

15. The alarm clock didn’t ring this morning. You__________it last night.

A. need to have forgotten to wind B. may have forgotten winding

C. ought to have forgotten to wind D. must have forgotten to wind

综合练习1. We__________play on the town square when we were children.

A. are used to B. were used to C. used to D. use to

2. He__________the danger that doesn’t exist.

A. forever imagines B. is forever imagining

C. imagines forever D. forever is imagining

3. The point is worth__________.

A. being mentioned B. mentioning

C. to mention D. mentioned

4. The f i rm decided af ter a board meet ing that the old machinery in the

factories__________with.

A. do away B. would be done away


C. should do away D. should be done away

5. I got a headache. Otherwise I__________to the lecture.

A. would go B. would have gone C. went D. have

6. It’s high time that the girl__________sent to school.

A. were B. was C. be D. is to be

7. They have all got up, and__________.

A. Jack has too B. so has Jack C. also has Jack D. Jack hasn’t

8. Never before that night__________the extent of my own power.

A. did I feel B. had I felt C. I had felt D. I did felt

9. Earthworms occur__________adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions

are found.

A. but B. where C. however D. and

10. Jackson is not__________as you imagine.

A. so a big fool B. so big a fool C. such big a fool D. a such big fool

11. It was when he took a job in a company__________he began to learn English.

A. when B. that C. which D. what

12. It was president of the union__________the students elected him.

A. who B. whom C. which D. what

13. Nancy is so poor that even fifty dollars__________a big sum to her.

A. is B. are C. add D. equal

14. Truthfulness and honesty__________always the best policy.

A. are B. is C. have been D. be

15. They found the conditions there__________.

A. much improve B. much to improve C. much improved D. be much improved

16. There was no reason__________the meeting yesterday.

A. for your not attending B. for your not to attend

C. for your not attend D. for you to not attend

17. I remember__________the novel some years ago It was very interesting.

A. to read B. reading C. read D. to have read

18. I felt like__________to him, “Don’t be such a complainer all the time.”A. say B. to say C. saying D. said

19. Why is there__________traffic on the streets today than yesterday?

A. less B. little C. fewer D. Few

20. Black people are by no means__________white people.

A. inferior over B. more inferior than C. inferior to D. more inferior to

21. The construction of the building__________by the end of this month.

A. will have completed B. will have been completed

C. will be completed D. will completed

22. Ted Robinson__________these days.

A. was worried B. is worried


C. had been worried D. has been worried

23. She had her finger__________when she was cutting paper.

A. cut B. cutting C. to cut D. cuts

24. This material__________well.

A. wears B. is worn C. worn D. is wearing

25. He insisted that all of them__________present at the banquet.

A. are B. were C. be D. are to

26. It is necessary that an efficient worker__________his work on time.

A. accomplishes B. can accomplish C. accomplish D. has accomplished

27. My sister can’t cook; __________.

A. my brother can’t too B. either can my brother

C. neither can my brother D. nor my brother can

28. __________, they have boldly undertaken the construction of a 26 storied building.

A. As they are young B. Young as they are

C. They are as young D. As young as they are

29. China is no longer__________it used to be.

A. what B. of what C. if D. which

30. To a highly imaginative writer, __________is a pad of paper and a pen.

A. all are required B. all required is

C. all is required D. all that is required

31. It was__________he was too clumsy to drive a car that Jim hadn’t learned to drive.

A. as B. for C. because D. because of

32. You are mistaken. She__________like you.

A. really B. do C. does D. is

33. The secretary and the manager__________present at the meeting yesterday.

A. was B. were C. have been D. has been

34. Each one of us who__________now living is destined to witness remarkable scientific

discoveries.

A. is B. are C. have being D. were

35. __________that they are fresh from university, the young people have done a good job.

A. Giving B. Because C. Given D. As

36. If the work__________by the end of the month is delayed, the construction company will

be fined.

A. to be completed B. will be completed

C. has been completed D. being completed

37. Mark often attempts to escape__________whenever he breaks traffic regulations.

A. having been fined B. being fined

C. to have been fined D. to be fined

38. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy__________for

her examination.


A. to prepare B. preparing C. to be prepared D. being prepared

39. __________all the writers of the time, Lu Xun enjoyed the greatest popularity among the

people.

A. In B. About C. Of D. Over

40. “There is nothing I dislike__________children who are dishonest.”This sentence means

that I most dislike children who are dishonest.

A. more B. than C. more than D. As

41. He will come to call on you the moment he__________his work.

A. will finish B. had finished C. finishes D. finished

42. When I come back in ten years’ time，all those old houses__________down.

A. will have pulled B. will have been pulled

C. will be pulling D. will be pulled

43. The exhibition of paintings bored me to death. I wish I__________to it.

A. have not gone B. did not go

C. had not gone D. could not have gone

44. The boy__________by the peddler (小商贩) to carry goods for him.

A. made use of B. made used C. was made use D. was made use of

45. “Are you going to take the post Mr. Smith offered you?”“I don’t know, but it is worth__________about, isn’t it?”A. to think B. of thinking C. thinking D. to be thought

46. The book is not__________what we paid.

A. worth B. value C. valuable D. cost

47. I’d rather you__________me. You’ve made the matter all the worse.

A. had not helped B. did not help

C. will not help D. would not have helped

48. __________the English exam I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.

A. In spite B. But for C. Because of D. As for

49. He speaks French as if he__________a Frenchman.

A. is B. be C. is being D. were

50. Hardly__________time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.

A. he had B. he had had C. had he had D. had he

51. __________had I reached school than the bell rang.

A. No sooner B. Only C. Hardly D. Rarely

52. __________, he faced the difficult situation calmly.

A. As he was young B. Young was he

C. Young as he was D. He was young

53. There is some evidence__________dishonesty may ebb and flow.

A. why B. how C. when D. that

54. All__________is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.

A. what is needed B. the time needed


C. for our needs D. that is needed

55. __________the train accident was a miracle.

A. The child would survive B. Why the child survived

C. That the child survived D. When the child survived

56. It__________by the end of last year__________the new student dormitory building had

been completed.

A. was...which B. was...that

C. had been...which D. had been...that

57. It was in 1978__________the Whites settled down in France.

A. that B. at the time C. when D. by the time

58. __________you go on the earth, there is always gravity to keep your room from falling

off.

A. When B. Whenever C. Since D. Because

59. One or two friends__________coming over for supper soon.

A. is B. are C. has been D. who are

60. Ever since Picasso’s paintings were on exhibition, there__________large crowds at the

museum every day.

A .is B. have been C. has been D. are being

61. He as well as I__________you on that point.

A. agree with B. agree to C. agrees with D. am to agree

62. Such__________the case, there were no grounds for justifying your complaints.

A. was B. were C. would be D. being

63. He often attends public lectures at the university of California chiefly__________his

English.

A. to improve B. as to improve C. except D. except for

64. “Do you have any clothes__________today？”The maid asked.

A. wash B. washing C. washed D. to be washed

65. Sometimes very young children have trouble__________fact from fiction and may believe

that such things actually exist.

A. separating B. having separated C. to separate D. for separating

66. Many students suggested__________a boat trip on the Huangpu River.

A. to organize B. organize C. organized D. organizing

67. I appreciated__________to the United States to study five years ago.

A. to have sent B. be sent C. being sent D. to have been sent

68. It is more important that she should be free__________she should live a luxurious life.

A. than what B. that C. more than D. than that

69. It is said that John is taller than__________in the school.

A. all students B. any other student C. all the students D. any student

70. There are__________the three-year-old child can count.

A. far more than toys B. toys far more than


C. far more toys than D. far more than toys

71. The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as__________its soils and the water of its

lakes, rivers and oceans.

A. are B. is C. do D. has

72. Once they had fame, fortune, and secure futures; __________is utter poverty.

A. now that all is left B. now all that is left

C. now all which is left D. now all what is left

73. Life is a candle__________to burn ever brighter.

A. being meant B. meaning C. to mean D. meant

74. She is pleased with what you have given him and__________you have told him.

A. that B. which C. all what D. all that

75. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, __________a sudden

loud noise.

A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been

76. The project requires more labor than__________because it is extremely difficult.

A. has been put in B. have been put in C. being put in D. to be put in

77. The local health organization is reported__________twenty-five years ago when Dr. Ardon

became its first president.

A. to be set up B. being set up C. to have been set up D. having been set up

78. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, __________all

practical value by the time they were finished.

A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost

79. Scientists generally agree that the earth’s climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100

years__________it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.

A. as long as B. as much as C. as soon as D. as well as

80. __________is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth

development of production.

A. What B. That C. It D. As

81. My pain__________apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met

asked sympathetically: “Are you all right? ”

A. must be B. had been C. must have been D. had to be

82. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone__________to the

system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program turned out.

A. adding B. to have added C. to add D. added

83. Last year, Susan earned__________her brother, though her brother has a better position.

A. twice as much as B. twice as many as

C. twice than D. twice as more as

84. Scarcely had the boat reached the open water__________it encountered high winds and

heavy seas.

A. than B. as C. when D. since


85. No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country;

__________is this more true than in Europe.

A. hardly B. little C. seldom D. nowhere

86. It is highly desirable that he__________the symposium to be held in Beijing next Monday.

A. attend B. will attend C. would D. must attend

87. We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we__________him.

A. would have telephone B. would telephone

C. must have telephoned D. had telephoned

88. One needs to acquire the appropriate manner__________in the negative when offered

something.

A. which to respond B. in which to respond

C. to which to respond D. in which to be respond

89. __________I had lost his address, I did not know where I could find him.

A. Due to that B. Owing to that

C. Due to the fact that D. Owing to the fact that

90. Chinese farmers are earning__________money per capita today as they did fifteen years ago.

A. more than twice B. as twice

C. twice more than D. more than twice as much

91. When Mohammed, a friend of mine from the Middle East, first went to the United

Kingdom to attend the university, __________with women in the same class.

A. he’d never before studied B. he would never before study

C. he couldn’t before study D. he hasn’t before studied

92. It seems to me that the main requirement of an international language is that it__________easily

learned.

A. can be B. be C. must be D. is

93. Two scores more, __________we could have won the last game.

A. but B. so C. and D. or

94. Alec’s keen eyes will not overlook__________the letter in the wrong place, yet he

purposely keeps silent for politeness.

A. you placing B. you to place C. your to place D. you have placed

95. America will never again have as a nation the spirit of adventure as it__________before

the west was settled.

A. had B. did C. was D. would

96. He__________another career but, at the time, he didn’t have enough money to attend

graduate school.

A. might have chosen B. might choose

C. had to choose D. must have chosen

97. Whatever the causes, English is currently more widely spoken and written than any other

language__________.

A. ever was B. has ever been C. had ever been D. would ever be


98. __________your opinions are worth considering, the committee finds it unwise to place

too much importance on them.

A. As B. Since C. Provided D. While

99. Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-effect relationship

between smoking and cancer remains__________.

A. to be shown B. to have shown

C. to have been shown D. being shown

100. The world’s greatest sporting event, the Olympic games, upholds the amateur ideal that

__________matters is not winning but participating.

A. anything B. it C. what D. everything

练习答案与解析

练习一1. D。unlikely表示“不太可能的”，是指将来不可能发生的事。因此，主语从句的谓语动

词应是一般将来时形式。2. B。根据此句前一分句中的时间状语last year即可选出正确答案。如果句中有表示过去某

时间的状语，谓语动词一般用过去时。3. A。如表示到将来某个时间为止完成的动作或状况，谓语动词一般用将来完成时形式。

根据时间短语by the end of this month判断，从句的谓语动词应为将来完成时形式。4. D。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”。使用过去完成时时，句中常有明显的参照动作或有

表示到过去某时为止的时间状语。5. D。如句中有表示一段时间的时间短语，谓语动词一般用完成时形式。根据题中时间短

语for six months，该句谓语动词应用完成时形式。根据句首时间短语until then，该句谓语动词应为过去完成时形式。

6. B。根据时间短语for ages判断，前一分句的谓语动词应为完成形式。根据but后一分句的内容可知：“该公司一直允诺加薪（到现在仍然如此）。”因此，空当处动词形式应为完成进行时形式。

7. B。四个选项中都有just一词，一般情况下，如句中出现just一词，该词所在句谓语动词一般用完成时形式。因此可先排除C。该题主句的谓语动词形式为一般现在时形式，根据一致原则可排除A和D，从而得出B为正确答案。B选项的完成进行时形式表示刚刚完成的动作或情况。

8. C。“used to+动词原形”从表示“过去常常”而现已不复存在的动作或状态。“be used

to+名词或动名词”表示“习惯于⋯⋯”。9. C。根据题意，空当所在部分为一定语从句，先行词为demands。根据一致原则，可将B

和D先排除。as从句中，read这一动作明显先于demonstrate这一动作，因此C为正确答案。10. C。如果从句动作和主句动作几乎同时发生，并且从句动作发生在主句动作延续期间，

主句谓语动词用进行时。11. A。根据because从句中的时间状语for several years可推断动词用完成式。参阅第3题的

解析。


12. C。根据句中时间状语by the time it ends可推知谓语动词用将来完成时。13. D。题中无任何时间状语，它说明一般情况，用一般现在时。14. A。从题意来看，空当所在部分为一定语从句。根据定语从句中now一词可判断，从句

的动词形式应为一般现在时形式。从句先行词为risk，因此正确答案为exists。15. A。过去进行时表示过去某个时间正在发生的动作。

练习二1. C。该句主谓齐全。从意思上判断，空当的内容与后面的时间短语作定语，修饰 the

project. accomplish与project存在逻辑上的主谓关系，因此，accomplish应为被动形式。因主句的谓语动词为将来时形式，根据这一点排除表示动作正在进行的B以及表示动作已完成的D。A

和C两选项中，只有C 表示将来的情况，因此正确答案为C。2. D。做此题可用排除法。根据题意，房子是被盗，因此排除主动形式A。因为房间被盗

在先，发现在后，因此B的时态不对。不定式可以作宾语补足语，但C的时态不对，应为过去完成时had been broken into。

3. C。选项中提供的动词accept与该句的主语存在逻辑上的动宾关系，因此谓语动词的形式应为被动形式。accept这一动作在apply之后发生，apply用的是过去完成时形式，那么，accept

就应该用简单过去时形式。该句主语为neither，根据主谓一致原则，谓语动词应为单数形式的，因此正确答案为C。

4. B。少数表示感觉的动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义，如smell, feel, taste等。5. D。四个选项中都包含动词do，它与空当前的动词damage存在逻辑上的动宾关系，因此

从句中的谓语动词应为被动行式。因此得出唯一表示被动的D选项为正确答案。6. A。pay的用法为pay sb. for sth. 该句型的被动语态应为sb. is paid for sth. 所以只有A为正

确答案。7. C。四个选项中都出现了ever一词。它一般跟动词的完成时形式连用，因此排除A和D。

B和C的区别在于时间，是过去完成还是现在完成。根据主句的时态可知，比较状语从句中谓语动词也应该是现在完成时形式。从句主语与省略掉的谓语动词之间存在动宾关系，因此谓语动词应是被动形式。C为正确答案。

8. D。四个选择都是动词谓语形式，都有develop一词，据此可断定develop为谓语动词，题中主句主语为computer。计算机被开发，因此排除主动式，即A和C。B和D区别在于时态。根据题中now一词，即可得出正确选择D。题意：具有人工智能的第六代计算机现在正在被开发和完善。

9. A。从这个句子的意思来看，remain与后面部分的意思是“有待进一步表明”。它在时间上指将来。D不能表示将来，可以先排除。Show与relationship存在逻辑上的动宾关系，show应为被动形式，因此B可排除。remain与show不存在明显的先后关系，show不必用完成时形式。因此，正确答案为A。

10. D。思想受到挑战，因此排除主动式，即A和B。根据题意，牛顿的想法正得到修改，因此，已不是“可以受到挑战”，即C，而是“已经受到了挑战”，即D。

练习三1. C。此题考混合虚拟式。本题中if从句是与过去事实相反的假设，而主句内容与现在事实


相反，因此if从句中的动词用过去完成式。2. D。主句谓语动词为典型虚拟句主句谓语动词的形式。它可能是对现在情况相反的假设

或是表示将来不太可能发生的情况。根据逗号前面部分的时间短语the day after tomorrow推断，该虚拟句是表示将来不太可能发生的情况。如表示将来不太可能发生后的情况，if从句谓语动词有三种虚拟形式：should+动词原形；动词的过去式；were+不定式。四个选项中只有D符合以上第三种形式，它是进行了部分倒装后的形式。

3. B。but for意思上相当于一个if引导的虚拟条件句，作“若不是，要不是”解，谓语动词应该用虚拟式。题意：若不是暴风雨，我们本该到达目的地了。

4. C。空当所在部分为一由that引导的宾语从句。该宾语从句由一主从复合句构成。从该主从复合句的主句的谓语动词判断，它是一典型的虚拟从句。从空当前动词thinks判断，该虚拟句是对现在情况进行相反的假设。因此if从句的谓语动词应为动词的过去式，C即是正确答案。

5. A。从but后面分句内容可知：“我”今早没能多睡一会儿。因此but前面分句是对过去未实现情况的一种期望：“我但愿今早能多睡一会儿的。”所以，wish后从句的谓语动词应为虚拟式，而且应采用与过去事实相反的假设虚拟句主句的谓语动词形式。A符合以上条件，因此A

为正确答案。6. B。主句的谓语动词为虚拟式，这时就应考虑到前面应为一虚拟条件句，如没有if，就应

考虑到if省略、从句部分倒装的情况。7. A。本题考虚拟式在主语从句中的应用。8. A。It’s about (high) time that...句型中，that从句一般用虚拟式。9. A。虚拟式除了用于典型的虚拟句中，也可用于一些从句中。其中之一是用于某些主语

从句中。使用的条件之一是主句谓语部分为系表结构。表语是important, necessary, vital,

essential这样一些形容词。这时主语从句的谓语动词的虚拟形式一般为should (可省) + 动词原形。该题正符合上述条件，因此正确答案为A。注意，动词前的should 可省去。

10. D。根据空当前后以及四个选项中都包含的tell一词可知该句的意思：“如果Rebecca不喜欢她上个月购买的房子，她会更早一点告诉我的”。因此可以推知，该句为典型的混合虚拟句。从句是对现在情况相反的假设，主句是对过去事实相反的假设。因此正确答案为D。

11. A。从but后面的分句说：“当时他没有足够的钱读研究生学位。”由词可知，but前面为一隐含了非真实条件从句的虚拟句：“如果他当时有足够的钱读研究生学位，他就可能选择另外一种职业。”因此，空当处动词的形式应为虚拟式，表示与过去事实相反。

12. D。without作“如果没有”解，表示一种与事实相反的假设，意思上相当于一个if引导的虚拟条件句。这时句中谓语动词应用虚拟式。根据题中 in the last few decades可看出，without computer是对过去事实相反的假设，因此主句应用would (should, could, might) + 动词的完成式。A、B、C、D四个选择中，只有D合题意，所以正确选择为D。

13. A。题中逗号前为一省略了 i f并部分倒装的虚拟条件句，表示一与过去事实相反的假设。

14. C。虚拟式可用于宾语从句中。其条件是：它们作suggest, order, demand, require, insist

（坚持要求）等动词的宾语。如果这些动词转化成名词，那么这些名词后的同位语从句的谓语动词仍然须采用虚拟式，即should + 动词原形。空当所在部分为一同位语从句，修饰insistence。因此，正确答案为C。其中，should已省去。

15. D。此题考虚拟式在主语从句中的使用。


练习四1. B。so, often, only等表示程度或频率的副词置于句首时，句子需部分倒装，将be动词、

助动词或情态动词提到主语前。此题中，only被置于句首，因此，应将助动词have提前。这样，得出正确选择B。

2. A。四个选项中都包含表示“也不”的词：nor和neither. 因此，本题意思应是：“我们不需要空调，也买不起它。”如欲表示“也不”，一般将连词neither或nor置于句首，并且后面的部分需进行部分倒装。四个选项中只有A满足此要求。因此，A为正确答案。

3. B。从主句谓语动词的形式看，该句是一虚拟句，而且是对过去事实相反的假设：“要不是因为我生病，我那时就会帮他一把的”。如欲表示“要不是因为”，可用短语but for，也可用if 引导非真实条件句。四个选项中，只有B符合以上一个条件。该选项中的if连词已省去，并且从句进行了部分倒装。

4. B。显然，该句的从句进行了部分倒装。as在引导表示让步的状语从句时才要求部分倒装。因此，该句意思应是：“虽然他的作品发表在这样的一个时期候，但却吸引了很多的注意”。根据这个意思可判断，B为正确答案。

5. C。一般情况下，表示否定意义的副词置于句首时，句子应部分倒装。但如果否定的副词修饰主语，是主语的一部分，句子就不必倒装。本题中hardly修饰主语anything，因此句子不必倒装，用正常语序。题意：几乎没什么比看到有人将他的设备用于治疗更令他开心了。

6. B。此题中so表示程度，因此句子需部分倒装。B和D都是倒装句，区别在于时态。7. C。until可以与not 连用，表示“直到⋯⋯（才）”。如果not until放到句首，其后面部分

须部分倒装。根据这一点，可得出C为正确选项。8. B。only置于句首，句子要部分倒装。因从句中动词为现在完成时，所以得出正确答

案为B。9. B。A、B、C、D四个选择项都为从属连词，但只有as引导让步状语从句时才会部分倒

装。although引导让步状语从句一般不倒装。因此，此题正确答案为B。注意，只有as和though

引导让步状语从句时，从句才部分倒装。一般将形容词或副词提到从句首。10. C。by no means意为“绝不”，相当于一否定副词。当它置于句首时，句子应部分倒装，

因此排除A和B。根据题意，D又可排除，因此得出正确答案为C。题意：我们决不能创造或毁灭能量。

11. D。so如果用作程度副词，修饰另一副词或修饰一形容词，并且放到了句首，这时其所在句必须进行部分倒装。B和D都是倒装形式，但根据上下文，该句是一陈述过去情况的陈述句，谓语动词的形式应为简单过去式，所以D为正确答案。

12. B。一看到not only，就该立刻想到句子需部分倒装。因此，排除A和C。B和D区别在于时态，再根据but并列的后一分句中动词的形式is，即可选出正确答案B。题意为：他不仅能容忍别人的意见，并且还很耐心。

13. D。这是由as引导的让步状语从句，将副词much置于句首。14. B。15. A。四个选项都是倒装形式，可推知，该句一定要求用部分倒装形式。根据逗号后面部

分谓语动词的形式推知，该句为一虚拟句，是对过去事实相反的假设。前面部分是if从句的倒装形式。根据这些可得出正确答案为A。


练习五1. D。空当前为一逗号，空当后为一动词的谓语形式，因此推知逗号后为一从句或一分句。

结合四个选项中的result一词可知，空当处以及后面部分为一非限定性定语从句。只有B和D两

选项包含关系代词which，但B显然不对。因为which 作为关系代词不能用来修饰名词，而只能

用whose。所以正确答案是D。

2. C。四个选择项都是从属连词，都可引导状语从句。题意：虽然我承认这些问题很难解

决，但我不同意说这些问题不可解决。

3. A。空当前为一齐全的主谓结构，因此，后面部分应是一从句。从空当前后的内容看，

空当后面部分是一定语从句，表示“在其他国家情况也如此”。显然，空当处的关系代词的先

行词为空当前的全部内容，并且它本身在从句中作主语。四个选项只有as满足以上要求，因此

A为正确答案。

4. B。从句法上看，D首先可以排除。A、B、C均可填入空当处，但从前后意思上判断，

只有B合适。for fear that作“以免，以防”讲，它引导的从句的动词要求用虚拟式。题意：她

没将坏消息透露给母亲，以防她会精神崩溃。

5. A。该题中有两个由what引导的宾语从句，它们都作介词with的宾语。根据题意，空当

部分的谓语动词应是被动形式，因此可将B和D两选项排除。A和C的区别在于：前者表示“应

该说什么”，而后者表示“不得不说什么”。显然A合题意：“作为教师，我们应该关注的是我们

说些什么，而不是我们认为应该说些什么。”

6. C。空当前后都是齐全的主谓结构，显然，空当处应填入一连词。根据题意，该连词应

表示“就在这时”。四个选项中，只有C符合要求。因此C为正确答案。

7. C。显然，该题中ideal一词后为一由that引导的同位语从句，意思是：“重要的不是赢，

而是参与”。该从句中又包含一个由what 引导的主语从句，因此正确答案为C。

8. C。reason后如接从句，说明具体内容，只用why。因此即可将A、B、D排除。本题中

why从句可以视为一定语从句，也可视为一同位语从句。

9. C。根据空当前后内容可推知题意：那棵树枝几乎光秃的树是棵很老的树。逗号隔开的

为一非限性定语从句，空当处应填关系词，whose不行，因它一般修饰名词。B、C、D区别在

于介词。因树枝和树为所属关系，因此选C。the branches of which也可用whose branches代替。

10. D。从结构上看，空当前后主谓齐全，因此，空当处应填入一连词。从意思上看，空当

后面是具体解释说明前面的情况。in that可起到连词的作用，用来引导原因状语从句，说明理

由或原因。所以，正确答案为D。

11. A。in that可引导原因状语从句，对前面的内容加以解释和说明，可译为“在于，因为”。

B、C、D不合题意，均可排除。

12. C。根据空当前后内容可推知：空当处缺少一关系代词引导非限定性定语从句，此关系

代词指人，在从句中作宾语。A、B、C、D中，只有whom合适。that不可引导非限定性定语从

句，因此C为正确答案。

13. D。此题考固定结构：when it comes to，其意是“说到⋯⋯”。题中and后一分句的意思

应市是：“说到课堂测试，情况更是如此”。因此，D为正确答案。

14. C。此题考not...until的结构。题中时间状语被提前，主句中的否定意思用neither和nor

表示。这其实是not...until的一种变化形式。注意till和until的区别：until可置于句首，而till不可


置于句首，因此正确答案为C。

15. D。如先行词为表示地点的名词，其后的定语从句一般用where引导。从空当前后部分

的内容推知，逗号后为一非限定性定语从句。因先行词表示地点，因此D为正确选择。

练习六

1. C。结合四个选项可推知本题题意：“直到很久以后她才开始疑惑自己是否犯了一个错误”。

如果not until 放在句首，该句应部分倒装，因此A和B可以排除。D选项意思不通。正确答案为

C。该句为一强调句，具体强调时间短语“直到很久以后”。

2. D。四个选项逐一代入，只有D符合题意：“直到半夜他们才发现孩子们不在床上”。因

此，正确答案为D。

3. A。only一词放在句首时，其所在句应进行部分倒装。因此，可将B先排除。其余选项中

都包含it was，再结合可能的题意推知，该句为一强调句，具体强调的是方式状语。因此，正

确答案为A。该题题意：“他们进来时，他是尽量地控制住自己才让自己抬起双眼的”。

4. B。这是强调结构，强调状语“until quite recently”。A、C、D均不可以与recently搭配。

5. C。四个选项中都包含it is，空当后又出现that一词，因此，该句很可能是一强调句，强

调的是句子的主语。且该主语是一由what引导的主语从句：“委员会所决定的事才是首先必须

考虑的事”。因此，正确答案为C。

6. D。该题为一主从复合句，宾语从句中包含it is...that...的结构。结合空当前后以及选项

的意思可推知该宾语从句的意思：“她母亲去世后，是一位退休的老教授将她抚养成人的”。此

从句是一强调句，所强调的是状语。因此，正确答案为D。

7. C。从本题意思来看，该句是一强调句。强调的是原因状语从句。C和D都可表示原因，

但because 语气更强，用来说明比较直接的原因。从本题题意判断，C显然为正确答案。

8. C。根据空当后内容得知强调的是句子的宾语，从空当前内容得知此宾语指物。因此，

可以将指人的A和B排除。强调结构中一般不用what指物，因此D亦可排除。正确选择为C。

9. B。此题为一强调句，强调部分为句子的时间状语，故只能用that。

10. D。从空当前后内容来分析，本题为强调句。从空当前内容得知，所强调的是时间状语

从句，因此，得出正确选择D。

11. D。本题强调的是表示方式的状语。强调状语时，强调结构中的that不能用其他词替代，

无论是时间、地点。

12. D。此题为一强调句，强调的是句子的主语，指人，因此D正确。

13. A。此题为一强调句，强调的是时间状语。因此A为正确选择。B、C、D放入空当处时，

句子无论内容还是形式上都讲不通，因此都可排除。题意：这是在第二次世界大战后不久试飞

员首次尝试突破声碍。

14. B。通过考察得知，此题为一强调句，强调的是时间状语，因此排除A和C。B和D区别

在于时态，根据句中made的形式，可知B为最佳选择。

15. D。可将A、B、C、D放入空当中逐一考察。A置入空当时，句子在语义上和语法结构

上均不能成立，故排除。B置入空当时，问句不能成立，因为特殊疑问句要求倒装。故排除。

C置入空当时，语法上有问题（him应是he），故排除。D置入空当时，句子无论在语法上还是

语义上都成立。即本题为强调句的特殊疑问句形式。题意为：是谁上午打电话来的？


练习七1. A。如单数名词作主语时，后有下列词或词组with，as well as, besides, but, together with

等作修饰，谓语动词仍用单数形式。题中主语为单数，后虽有with three lecturers修饰，谓语动

词仍用单数，故排除B和D。依据题中now一词，又可排除C，故A为正确选择。

2. C。定语从句的谓语动词的性数应与其先行词保持一致。该题中who引导的定语从句的

先行词是you ，因此，从句谓语动词的性数应与you保持一致。所以正确答案为C。

3. A。many a后接单数名词做主语时，虽然意思上表示“许多”，但仍用单数。因此正确选

择为A。C为复数可排除。B和D时态不对。

4. A。从内容上看，选项中都包含的generate一词与空当前的fall和take并列。因此，它应

采用动词的谓语形式，且和前两个动词的形式一样，都是一般现在时，非第三人称单数形式。

因此，正确答案为A。

5. B。根据空当前后部分内容和所给四个选择，and后名词也应是复数形式。aircraft一词的

单复数形式相同，都为aircraft，因此A可排除。C虽然为复数形式，但定冠词the不必要，亦可

排除。D亦可同时排除，因此，正确选择只能是B。题意：客船和客机常备有船上到岸上、空

中到陆地的无线电电话机。

6. A。定语从句中谓语动词的性和数应与先行词的性和数取得一致。解此题的关键是要弄

清先行词是the only one还是the students。

7. C。该题主语为该题主语为由and并列的两个短语。根据并列结构相似原则，空当处也应

是不定式短语。因此，可先排除A和D。B和C区别在于谓语动词的单复数。从概念上看，主语

为两个不同的要求：“首先，车技要好；另外，不能超车。”因此，正确答案为C。

8. B。虽然该句主语较为复杂，但它只用了一个不定式符号，表示它是一件任务。并且空

当后的表语为单数名词task。因此，该句谓语动词应采用单数形式。所以，正确答案为B。本

题题意：“对成绩进行回顾和评估，并且总结和交流经验，这是我们目前国会的任务。”

9. A。某些表示时间、距离等的复数名词作主语时，如只表示一整体概念，不强调复数意

义，谓语动词应用单数形式。本题中，three hours被视为一整体，因此谓语动词不用复数形式，

B、C即可排除。因句中没表示过去某时的时间状语，故D可排除，得到最佳选择A。

10. A。书名、报名、国家名等作主语时，如只指一本或一个或一种，即使它是复数形式，

谓语动词也用单数形式。据此，可排除B和D，因题中有表示过去某时的状语，所以排除C，得

出A为正确选择。

11. B。many a后接单数名词做主语时，谓语动词应用单数，据此可排除A、B、C、D区别

在于时态。因本题讲述一般的情况，故可排除C和D，得出B为正确答案，题意：许多人认为，

人生没有目的就没有意义。

12. A。由as well as或along with连接两个主语，该句谓语动词的性数一般与前一个保持一

致。因此，该句谓语动词应与max在性数上保持一致。所以，正确答案为A。

13. A。There be这种句型的谓语动词的性数应与be动词后面的主语保持一致。如be动词后

面有两个由and并列的主语，那么be动词的性数应与靠近的一个取得一致，即采用就近原则。

因此，前一空当应填入is，后一空当所在句的主语为不可数名词，其谓语动词的性数应采用单

数形式，即has，所以，正确答案为A。14. B。解此题关键在于弄清 that从句的先行词是哪一个。根据题意，先行词应是


automobiles，而非前面的the best one。15. D。虽然该句前一分句中修饰主语的介词短语包含复数名词corporations，但主语是

number，从概念上看它是一个单数。因此，该分句的谓语动词应为单数形式。第二分句的主语annual revenues是前面所提的transnational corporations的。因此，后一空当处应采用复数形式的形容词性物主代词their。因此，正确答案为D。

练习八1. D。动词不定式作后置定语，如果动词为不及物动词，其后必须有介词。2. B。分析同第1题。3. B。分析同第1题。4. B。不定式的否定形式是在to 之前加not。5. C。作介词宾语用，其否定形式为在其前加not即可。6. D。分析同第5题。7. C。根据题意，应当用动名词的完成被动式，故应为C。题意：他对自己在下象棋上，

从来没有人打败过他感到自豪。8. B。介词+现在分词表示方式。9. B。过去分词作让步状语，意思为“虽然⋯⋯但是⋯⋯”。10. D。现在分词作条件状语。11. C。该选择为独立主格结构，表示原因。12. C。现在分词在句中作伴随状语。13. C。现在分词短语作让步状语，全句意思为：电阻是所有金属的共性，只是存在大小差

异罢了。14. D。过去分词短语作条件从句，因含有被动之意，故选D。B、C之后少了of。15. D。过去分词短语作条件从句，因含有被动之意，故不用C。16. B。过去分词作时间状语，有被动之意。全句意思为：她一直很少说话，只是当有人与

她讲话时才做简短回答。17. A。过去分词短语作伴随状语。18. A。现在分词短语作伴随状语。19. D。现在分词作宾语补足语。20. B。现在分词短语作伴随状语。21. D。过去分词短语作定语，相当于一个定语从句，等同于who is known for。22. A。more than之后跟不带to的不定式。23. A。分语短语作时间状语时，前面可以加连接时when或while，而本句中分词短语与句

子主语之间为动宾关系，应选用过去分词，所以应选择A。24. C。分词独立结构作原因状语。25. D。过去分词短语作原因状语。26. B。现在分词短语作条件状语。27. B。现在分词短语作条件从句，作“假如”讲。28. D。hear后面的动词不定式作宾语补足语时省略to。29. D。


30. B。独立分词结构，作原因状语。31. C。过去分词短语作时间状语。相当于when they were faced。32. A。动名词短语作after的宾语。因有被动之意，故用being+过去分词。33. D。动词have作使役动词用时，其句型为have sth. done或have sb. do sth。34. C。在would rather...than后面的动词要用动词原形。35. C。在动词forget后面用不定式作宾语，表示不定式所表示的动作还未做，汉语意思为

“忘记去做”。36. C。在动词see后面用动词+ing作宾语补足语，强调该动作正在进行。由于动词+ing表示

的动作与宾语houses之间是动宾关系，故用动词+ing的被动形式。37. C。非谓语动词用法中mind+doing是固定的用法，表示介意做某事。try后的宾语用

不定式时，意思是“试图，设法”。全句的意思为：你们安静一会儿可以吗？我正要填写一个表格。

38. B。在动词remember之后接不定式表示将要发生的动作，而接动词+ing则表示已发生的动作。此题后面有明确表示过去的时间状语，表明动作已经发生，所以C、D选项可以排除。由于introduce是一个及物动词，选项A中缺少宾语。故也可以排除。

39. A。题中的A项“boring”作find的宾语补足语，根据find+sth.+动词+ing，故A为正确答案。全句的意思为：“你为什么提早离开会议？”“我觉得讨论乏味。”

40. A。need作为实义动词时，主语若是物，则要用动词+ing或不定式的被动形式作宾语。全句的意思为：电动剃须刀要修理后才能使用。

41. A。动词dread后接动词+ing或不定式作宾语，意义相差不多，表示害怕、讨厌（做某事），实际还未做，故B和C项可以排除。全句的意思为：我不愿不得不再一次去墓地。

42. A。动词avoid后面只能接动词+ing作宾语，所以B、C和D项均可以排除。全句的意思为：孩子年龄越小，做母亲的就越容易屈服于孩子的要求以避免使他感到失望。

43. C。在动词词组object to中，to是介词，后面需接动词+ing作宾语，故选项B和D可以排除。选项A为动词+ing的被动形式，而句中后面已有宾语，故可以排除。

44. C。动词appreciate后面要接动词+ing作宾语，动词+ing短语可以有自己的逻辑主语，由所有格代词充当。appreciate后面习惯上不接that从句，所以B和D项可以排除，appreciate后习惯上也不接不定式，故A项也可排除。

45. A。从结构上看，空当及后面部分是一短语，对前面的内容进行补充说明。不定式用于目的或结果，因此可先排除C。be动词与主句谓语动词无明显先后关系，因此，可将D排除。been 根据上下文显然不合适，所以，正确答案为A。

46. A。isolate 一词修饰the house。它们的逻辑关系是动宾关系，因此isolate应为过去分词，表示“受到隔离的”，所以正确答案为A。

47. C。从结构上看，was前面部分的内容是：“她在一个简朴的生活环境中受到教育”。A

不对，它缺少引导主语从句的关联词。B显然不对，它既缺少关联词，语态又不对。D也不对，因为不定式的逻辑主语一般由for引出，并且，这种形式的不定式作主语时经常是用it做形式主语，而把它放到句末。C为正确答案，它是动名词加上其逻辑主语的形式。

48. D。从结构上看，逗号前面部分为一短语，而非从句或分句。因此，cancel动词的形式应为非谓语形式，因此，A和C均可排除。而flights与cancel为动宾关系，故B也可排除。D为正确答案。它与空当前面部分构成分词的独立结构做状语，表示原因。


49. A。impression一词后一般不接不定式作定语，而用of介词短语作定语。因此，可先将B

和D排除。C显然不对，因为spent与句子主语he的逻辑关系是主谓关系。因此spent应为主动式而不是被动式，所以，正确答案为A。

50. C。某些动词，如果后面接另一动词，该动词形式一般为动名词形式。deny即为此类型动词之一，因此，可排除A、B和D，得出C为正确答案。

51. A。base与该句宾语部分what is to come存在逻辑上的动宾关系。因此，base一词应为过去分词形式，因此，可排除B和C。D也不合适，anticipate后一般不接不定式作宾语补语。所以正确答案为A。

52. C。如欲表示“知道⋯⋯是⋯⋯”，英语一般用know...to be的结构。如We all know him

to be a good player. 根据这个结构，可排除A和D。B和C的区别在于介词的不同。根据题意，此介词的意思应为“对于⋯⋯来说”。根据此意，介词应为to，因此正确答案为C。

53. C。空当处的内容表示目的，应采用不定式的否定形式。因此，可排除A和B。D选项中虽然有表示否定的副词not，但位置显然错了。C为正确答案。

54. A。be动词加上不定式常表示一种安排、责任、义务或要求。该句中的if从句显然表示一种义务或要求：“如果要（必须）避免食物短缺。”因此，A为正确答案。其余选项意思均不合题意。

55. A。从结构上看，逗号后为一短语。根据题意，此短语表示原因：“因为人们认为他在成员中的人缘不够好。”considering 表示“考虑到”，意思不对，可以排除。不定式不可用来表示原因，因此，C也可排除。D也不行，它与主句主语并没有明显的先后关系。正确答案为A。现在分词短语作状语，表示原因。

56. A。现在分词短语，表示伴随情况。57. D。owing to为一介词短语，表示“由于，因此”。其宾语应为名词或动名词短语。这

样，A和C可以排除。combine与it (aluminum) 是动宾关系。因此其动词应为被动形式，得出D

为正确答案。58. D。forbid后常常接动词不定式表示“禁止⋯⋯干⋯⋯”。该题题意应是：“除非学生们

有特殊的通行证，否则他们晚11时后禁止外出。”因此，正确答案为D。59. A。动词appreciate要求v-ing作宾语，而一般不后接宾语从句。60. C。主句中主语the works of Beethoven与动词perform为动宾结构，所以C为正确选择。

练习九1. C。在比较级的句子中，所比较对象需在同一范围。本句中“亚利桑那州的气候”和

“其他各州的气候”相比较。第二个climate 后面由于有介词短语in any other state，习惯上省略。全句的意思为：就我所知，亚利桑那州全年的气候，比任何其他州的气候都要更宜人。

2. D。本题是有关副词比较级的句子，few是形容词，不能修饰动词weigh。因为后面有than，是个比较级句子，所以应选择less。

3. B。在英语中，习惯上可用于修饰比较级的副词不多，主要有much, far, even和still等，以加强比较级，表示“⋯⋯得多，更⋯⋯”的意思。故A、 C选项可以排除。such是一个形容词，不可用于修饰cheaper，故也可排除。

4. D。连词than后的动词的数须根据所省去的词的数而变化，另外，than后从句中的动词如果是take，那么必须用复数，如果是suppose, imagine, expect, thank, believe等，则必须是单数。


在本题中than后省略了it，than后从句中的动词是suppose，所以，than后面的动词必须是第三人称单数。又由于than后面动词suppose与measures之间是动宾关系，所以要用完成式的被动语态。这样，只有D为正确答案。

5. D。inferior to是少数形容词比较级不用连词than中的一个。所以选项A、B和C均可以排除。

6. C。在本题中，less emphasis on pressure 和more emphasis on efficiency是两个并列成分，做with的宾语。只是在后者中省略了emphasis on。选项A、B和D均无法与less emphasis on

pressure一起作with的宾语，故均可排除。7. C。在本题中drinking considerably more than was good for his health可看作drinking

considerably more than it was good for his health的省略形式，此处的it替代drinking短语，所以Ｃ为正确答案。

8. A。本题中的意思是I find records are often as good as an actual performance or better

than an actual performance。选项B、C和D均不符合语法。9. D。从题意看，空当所在句为一比较句。A和C显然不对，可排除。not ...so much as为

一固定短语，表示“与其说⋯⋯不如说⋯⋯”。将其代入空当后，该题意思贴切：“这号手吹得真是响。但与其说他吹得响得让人烦，还不如说他缺乏才华让人反感。”而B选项的意思正项反，表示既没有因为吹得响也没有因为号手缺乏才华而反感。这显然不和题意。因此，正确答案为D。

10. B。空当前为一完整的there be的句型。因此，后面部分为一短语。从意思上分析，该短语做定语，修饰限定electronic applications。从选项中的likely以及该短语中的than分析，该定语是一形容词短语，并且含有一比较级。因此，B为正确答案。该题题意为：“就未来就业机会而言，没有什么电子应用的例子比机器人更可能给人们带来恐惧了。”

11. D。该句显然是一虚拟句。意思是：“如果自来水就像一些人认为的那样危险，那么我们就会有更多的人得病。”a lot可以用来修饰比较级放在其前后。因此，正确答案为D。

12. D。从空当前后的内容可知，该句含有一同级比较。同级比较可用the same... as.... 四个选项只有D符合以上情况，因此，D为正确答案。本题题意：“熔铁倒进混合器与茶壶中的茶倒进茶杯大同小异。”

13. D。此题考倍数的表达。四个选项中都包含有likely, as和twice，只是它们的排列顺序不同。结合题意及选项内容可知：该句中含有一形容词likely的同级比较，另外还须表示“两倍的可能”。as likely as可用来表示同级比较。如欲表示几倍的可能，可以在第一个as前加上表示倍数的词。因此，正确答案为D。该题题意：“在这个学校里，男生几乎比女生有两倍的可能说他们想要获得一个商学学位。”

14. A。该句的原因状语从句中包含一副词比较级，四个选项也都包含一形容词比较。根据从句内容，它是“the more...the better”句型的一种变化形式。意思是：“我越激动，氧气就会越快用完。”四个选项只有A符合以上句型，因此，A为正确答案。

15. B。此题考倍数。A不对，它的意思是前者比后者大两倍，即是前者的三倍。显然不符合现实。C也不对，它既有表示同级比较的as...as...，又有表示比较级的older。D也错，它有表示比较的than，却无形容词的比较级。因此，正确答案为B。说明可参见题5。


练习十1. D。此题前面一句表明，房间肯定没有打扫。因此，空当处应填入表示“不可能清扫过”

的词语。表示非常肯定的“不可能”只能用can’t，而不用mustn’t（表示不可以、不应该）。根

据这一点，A和B即可以排除，C和D区别在于时态。如对过去的情况进行猜测，can’t后面应接

have + 过去分词；如对现在的情况进行猜测，can’t后面应接动词原形。本题是对过去的情况进

行猜测。因此C可以排除，得出D为正确答案。

2. D。根据此题后面一句可推知前句的内容是：我们本该上周就收到她的信（但是事实上

没收到）。表示过去本应该发生却没有发生的事应使用should或ought to + have + ed分词的句型。

根据这一点就可得出正确答案D。注意，B选择项表示对过去的情况非常肯定的猜测，意思是

肯定收到了，显然与题意不符。

3. B。根据此题后面部分内容可推知，前面部分是对现在的情况进行肯定的猜测，即肯定

在某处有窗户开着。如需对现在的情况进行非常肯定的猜测，句中谓语动词应当使用must加动

词原形。根据这一点就可以得出正确答案B。

4. C。此题是情态动词用于虚拟句的一例。如果是对过去的情况进行相反的假设，那么if从

句的谓语动词应该用过去完成式，主句谓语动词用would (could, might, should)+have +过去分

词。根据此题if从句中谓语动词的时态以及可能的题意可以推知，这是一虚拟句，是对过去情

况的相反的假设。因此D可以排除，A、B和C意思不一样。A的意思是：病人不太可能死（不

太肯定的猜测）；B的意思是：病人本不应该死（此处应该表示一种责任、义务）；C的意思是：

就不会死。显然，A、B、C中，C为正确答案。

5. D。might (may) as well为一固定短语，意思是“不妨；还是⋯⋯的好”。将D填入空当处，

题意很清楚：既然雪下得这么大，我们还是待在家中为好。had better加上动词原形可以表示

“最好还是⋯⋯”，但A和C中had better后接的不是动词原形，而是动词非谓语形式，因此均可

排除。B项填入空当处时，题意不通，因此，正确答案只能是D。

6. C。对过去的情况进行非常肯定的猜测一般用must + have +过去分词的句型。根据此题

前一分句可推知，后一分句是对过去的情况的非常肯定的猜测，即肯定喝了许多酒。因此，C

为正确答案。A也可表示猜测，但语气不太肯定；B意思是本应该喝很多酒（而没喝）；D意思

是本可以喝很多（而没喝）。根据此题前一分句，A、B、D均可以排除。

7. C。此题考needn’t和mustn’t的语义区别。前者表示不必，后者表示不可以、不应该。根

据空当前后的内容，显然应填入表示“不可以”“不应该”的词语。因此，A、C之间C为正确

答案。此题不包含“不得不”“必须”的意思，因此B、D均可排除。此题题意：根据西方文化，

你不可以询问女士的年龄，这样做是不礼貌的。

8. A。此题也是情态动词用于虚拟句中的一例。解此题关键在于理解otherwise一词的含义。

otherwise字面意思为“否则”。根据此题前一分句，它的含义是：如果当时她知道你在这儿。

这是对过去事实相反的假设，是一典型的虚拟条件句，因此后一分句谓语动词应采用would +

have +过去分词的形式。因此A为正确答案，C表示对过去情况非常肯定的猜测，不合题意。因

此可以排除。

9. C。该题包含一宾语从句。从句的谓语动词为阐述语气，因此可将表示虚拟语气的A和B

两个选项排除。从意思上看，D显然不合适。所以，正确答案为C。从句的意思：“无论白天可

能做了什么，我们每天夜里都会做上两个小时的梦。”


10. A。该题考虚拟语气。此句是一典型的混合虚拟句。从句对过去的情况进行相反的假使，主句对现在的情况相反：“如果当时在你摔下梯子时我不站在梯子下，你现在就不会笑眯眯的了。”首先排除非虚拟形式的C和D。A和B的区别在于：前者与现在的情况相反而，后者与过去的情况相反。根据题意，排除B，得出A为正确答案。

11. D。从but并列的前一分句的内容看，后一分句的内容应是“你本不必做的”，为陈述语气。A选项不对，其意是“不可以（不应该）做”。B和C选项中动词均为虚拟式，均可排除。D为正确答案，表示“本不必”。

12. A。连词lest引导的从句一般用虚拟形式，即should + 动词原形。其中should 可省。因此，正确答案为A。

13. A。deduce意思是“推论出⋯⋯”。从介词短语的内容可以判断，that引导的宾语从句是对过去情况非常肯定的猜测：“一定发生了悲伤的事情。”一般用must + 动词的完成时表示对过去情况进行非常肯定的猜测。因此，正确答案为A。

14. D。从该题的原因状语从句的内容推测，主句的内容应是：“我们本不必穿得如此正规。”一般用needn’t have done 或didn’t have to来表示“本不必干⋯⋯”。因此，正确答案为D。

15. D。从该题前一句可知，后一句是对过去事情非常肯定的猜测。因此，D为正确答案。

综合练习1. C。题意：孩提时，我们常在市镇广场上玩耍。2. B。现在进行时可以表示某种感情色彩，如赞扬、厌恶、埋怨等。这时，句中常出现表

示频率的副词，如always，forever等。根据本题空当前后内容以及四个选择项中都包括forever

一词判断，本句含有一种埋怨的感情色彩：他总是杞人忧天。因此排除A和C。B和D区别在于副词的位置。表示频率的单个副词做状语应置于助动词与行为动词之间。因此B为正确选择。

3. B。worth后一般接动名词，且动名词主动形式可表示被动意义，因此，此题正确选择为B。

4. D。do away with作“废除，去掉”解。根据题意，机器应被处理掉，因此do away with

应为被动式，由此得出正确选择D。题意为：公司在开完董事会后决定，旧的机器应该处理掉。5. B。题中otherwise为信号词，这意味着本句为虚拟句，类似的词或词组还有without, but

for, but that等。题意为：我当时头痛,否则我就会去欣赏那场音乐会了。6. A。7. B。8. B。表示否定意义的副词置于句首时，句子要求倒装。据此，可将C和D排除。A和B区

别在于时态。因句中有时间状语before that night，所以feel这个动作在时间上属于“过去的过去”，动词应用过去完成时。据此，A可排除，得出B为正确选择。题意：在那晚之前我从未感到我的威力有多大。

9. B。从空当前后内容可推知，空当及后面部分为一地点状语从句，因此，B为正确选择。题意：蚯蚓一般出现在湿气足、有其需要的食物并且有必备的土壤条件的地方。

10. B。so...as...和such...as...两个结构中，as都为连词，引导比较状语从句。如as前为一可数名词并且有形容词修饰，so后一般接形容词，such后一般接不定冠词，如so big a problem,

such a big problem，据此，得出B为正确选择。11. B。稍作分析，即可看出此题为一强调句，强调的部分为句子的状语。如强调句强调部


分为状语，It’s...that...结构中的that不可用其他词代替。因此B为正确选择。12. C。此题显然为一强调句，强调的部分为宾语补足语，在It is(was)...that...结构中，如强

调的是名词或代词，那么that可以用which (指物)或who, whom(指人)代替。本题中强调的是一职位，因此可用which代替that，C即为正确选择。

13. A。fifty dollars虽为复数形式，但它被视作一整体，即一笔钱，因此，谓语动词应是单数形式。因此排除B，得出A为正确选择。C和D均不合题意。

14. B。and并列两个名词，如只有一个限定词，或没有限定词，它们常常表示一个概念。truthfulness and honesty虽为两个单词，但表示一个概念，因此谓语动词用单数，A由此可排除。C和D亦可轻易排除。题意为：真诚总是上策。

15. C。过去分词作宾语补足语。16. A。for之后用动名词作宾语，否定式为在其前加not即可。17. B。动词remember后接动词+ing表示动作已做过，其含义为“记得曾做”。而接不定式

时，其含义为“记住去做”，由于句中有表示过去的时间状语last month。接不定式则不符合逻辑，所以A和D项可以排除，C则不符合语法。

18. C。在动词词组feel like中，like为介词，后面需接动词+ing形式。故选项A、B和D均可以排除。全句的意思为：我想对他说“不要总是这样抱怨”。

19. A。traffic是一个不可数名词，只可用little 来修饰，而因句子中有than，所以就应该有more，故选项A是正确答案。

20. C。inferior是形容词比较级，不用连词than，所以选项C为正确答案。21. B。如句中出现表示到将来某时为止的时间状语，谓语动词一般用将来完成时。22. D。23. A。分词可用作宾语补足语。如宾语和宾补的逻辑关系为主谓关系（即宾语是动作的发

出者），宾补用现在分词；如宾语和宾补的逻辑关系为动宾关系（即宾语是动作的承受者），宾补用过去分词。

24. A。某些及物动词转化而来的不及物动词在句中可表示被动意义，如read, open, wash,

pay等。此题就是一例。因此排除被动形式，即B和C。因本题说明一般情况，因此排除D得出正确选择A。题意：这种料子耐磨。

25. C。insist如作“坚持要求”解，后接的宾语从句要求用虚拟式，即：(should)+动词原形。因此C为正确选择。

26. C。在It’s necessary (important, essential, vital) that的句型中，that引导的真正的主语从句要求用虚拟式，即(should) + 动词原形。因此C为正确选择。

27. C。表示“⋯⋯也不如此”可用neither (nor) +倒装句表示。因此，C为正确选择。28. B。as作为从属连词引导让步状语从句时，从句一般要求倒装，即将形容词或分词提到

从句前，B符合这一要求，将其置入空当中，句子内容讲得通，因此B为正确选择。C和D置入空当中，句意都不通，因此均可排除。题意为：虽然他们很年轻，但却大胆地承担了一栋26层楼的建设任务。

29. A。根据空当后出现谓语动词可知，空当及后面为一表语从句。空当处缺少一连接代词，因连接代词在从句中作be的表语，因此，A为正确选择。

30. D。根据空当后内容可推断，空当部分为主语。A和C为主谓结构，不能充当主语。B中多了动词is，因此，也可排除。D可充当主语，all后为that引导的定语从句，因此D为正确选择。


31. C。一看题意即可看出本题为强调句，所强调的是原因状语从句。强调原因状语从句时，此从句只能由because引导，因此排除A、B、D，得出C为正确选择。

32. C。动词的助动词提到动词前可以表示一种强调意思。此题就是这种情况。因此C为正确选择。

33. B。and并列的两个名词，如分别都有定冠词修饰，一般指两个不同的事物。据此，可以将A和D排除，根据题中时间状语yesterday，可将C排除。因此B为正确选择。题意为：秘书和经理昨天都出席了会议。

34. B。根据题意，who引导一定语从句，其谓语动词的性数应与定语从句所修饰的先行词取得一致。根据题意，who引导的定语从句的先行词为us，因此A可排除。根据定语从句中now

一词，C和D可以排除，B为正确选择。35. C。过去分词短语做条件状语。全句意思为：如果考虑到他们刚从大学毕业，那么这些

年轻人就干得很不错啦。36. A。动词不定式的被动语态作定语。37. B。动词escape后要接动词+ing形式，故C与D选项可以排除。escape后一般不接动词

+ing的完成形式。选项A可排除。全句的意思为：每当违反交通规则时，马克常常试图逃避被罚。

38. B。be busy+动词+ing是习惯用法，故选项A和C可排除。在该习惯用法中，主语与动词+ing具有主谓关系，所以可以排除D项。全句的意思为：简昨晚没有时间去听音乐会，因为她正忙于复习迎考。

39. C。在最高级的句子中，of和in均可用来说明一个范围。如果这两个介词后的名词与句子主语属同一范畴用of，否则用in。本题中Lu Xun was a writer，所以属同一范畴，故C项为正确答案。

40. C。在英语比较级句子中，more和than一般均需同时使用，如果只有more没有than，或反之，一般均为错句，所以本题的正确答案为C。

41. C。某些表示时间的名词加上the后可以引导时间状语从句。如the minute, the moment,

the second等。题中，the moment后即为一时间状语从句。42. B。四个选择都为将来时。根据题意，主句中谓语动词应为被动式，因此排除主动式，

即A和C。根据从句的内容，可排除D，从而得出正确选择B。43. C。根据题中前一句内容，说话者的愿望与过去事实相反。因此wish后从句应用虚拟式，

即动词的过去完成式。故正确选择为C。44. D。根据空当前后内容以及四个选择项内容可推断，句中动词应为被动式，因此排除A、

B。短语动词改为被动式时，一般将其看作一整体，不拆开或去掉任何部分，因此C排除，得出D为正确选择。题意为：小贩子利用这个男孩为他搬运物品。

45. C。题意为：“你打算接受史密斯先生给你提供的职位了吗？”“我不知道，但这还是值得考虑的，是不是?”

46. A。47. A。I’d rather (that)后接的从句的动词应该用虚拟式，表示一种不符合事实的愿望。48. B。题中主句部分的谓语动词为虚拟式，前面部分应为if虚拟条件句或意思上相当于一

虚拟条件句的短语。四个选择中，只有B符合上述要求。but for作“若不是，若非”解。49. D。as if或as though引导的方式状语从句常常用虚拟式，表示一种很可能与客观事实不


相符的假设。从句动作如先于主句动作，谓语动词用过去完成式。从句动作如与主句动作几乎同时发生，无明显先后关系，谓语动词用一般过去时（be为were）。本题中动作几乎同时发生，无明显先后关系，因此，谓语动词用一般过去时。

50. C。hardly为表示否定意义的副词，放在句首时，所在句要求部分倒装，据此，排除A

和B。C和D区别在于时态。在hardly...when...的结构中，主句谓语动词一般为过去完成时，从句谓语动词一般为简单过去时。题意为：他还没来得及安顿下来就又将房子卖了，并离开了这个国家。

51. A。本题主句为倒装句，助动词had被提前，A、B、C、D四个选择都符合倒装这一要求，但只有no sooner才可以和 than连用。因此A为正确选择。注意：no sooner.. . than.. .和hardly ...when...为固定搭配。

52. C。53. D。根据空当后内容判断，它解释说明空当前evidence的具体内容，因此，空当以及后

面应为一同位语从句，同位语从句一般由that引导。注意，reason后的同位语从句才由why来引导。题意为：有迹象表明，不诚实行为有消有长。

54. D。空当后出现的谓语动词和空当前的all组成一完整的主谓结构。据此推断：空当处为一定语或定语从句。what不可引导定语从句，A即可排除。B和C语义不通，也可排除。因此，D为正确选择。that引导定语从句，在从句中作主语。题意为：所需要的一切是不断提供基本的生活必需品。

55. C。根据四项选择及空当后内容可推知题意：小孩在火车事故中幸免于难，这真是奇迹。据此题意，was前为一主语从句。A无引导词，故排除。B和D虽有引导词，但语义不通。C为正确选择。that引导主语从句，在从句中不充当成分。

56. B。显然本题为一强调句，强调的是时间状语从句，因此，首先排除A和C。因为强调状语时，不能用其他词代替that。强调结构中be动词只有两个形式：is和was，如强调现在的情况，be为is；如强调过去的情况，be用was。因此，排除D，得出B为正确选择。

57. A。强调的是时间状语，所以A为正确选择。58. B。A、B、C、D四个选择都为关联词，句法上都可置入空当处，但C和D置入后，句

子意思不通。A和B可以置入，但意思略有区别：whenever具有强调意义，它相当于no matter

when。根据主句中always一词可推断，原题具有强调意味，因此B为正确选择。题意：无论你何时行走在地球上，总有重力使你不至于从地球上掉下去。

59. B。one or two后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。据此，可排除A，C和D显然不通。因此B为正确选择。现在进行时可表示即将发生的动作。

60. B。在there be... (表示“存在有⋯⋯”)结构中，be动词的性数应与它后面的真正的主语取得一致。本题主句中的真正主语为large crowds，据此，可排除A和C。根据ever since引导的从句可判断主句应为完成时，因此排除D，得出B为正确选择。

61. C。“赞成某人意见”用agree with sb来表达，据此，可将B和D排除。作主语的名词或代词后如有as well as, with, but等修饰时，其所在句的谓语动词仍和前面的部分取得一致，所以，排除A，得出C为正确选择。

62. D。该部分作独立结构用，表示原因。63. A。不定式作目的状语。64. D。不定式作clothes的定语。


65. A。have trouble +动词+ing是习惯用法，故C和D项可以排除。在此用法中，动词+ing

一般不用完成形式，故B也可排除。66. D。suggest后面需接动词+ing作宾语，故A、B、C选项均可排除。67. C。动词appreciate后面需接动词+ing作宾语，故A、B、D选项均可排除。由于动词

+ing与主语之间为动宾关系，所以用动词+ing的被动形式。68. D。根据相比较对象一致的原则，本题是一句that she should be free 与 that she should

live a luxurious life之间相比较的句子，所以选项D为正确答案。69．B。在英语比较句中，比较级+ than any other + n.（表示在一定的范围中比其他都⋯⋯）

也可以用来表达最高级的含义，选择项C和D都包括John，同一事物进行比较不符合逻辑，故可以排除。

70. C。要注意词序，more要放在被修饰词的前面，而far则修饰more，故应置于more的前面，所以正确答案为C。

71. A。题中as much...as是一固定结构，意思是“和⋯⋯一样，正如⋯⋯”。后一个as引出的是一个主谓倒装的比较从句。根据主句的结构，比较从句中的谓语应为连系动词be 。从句中的主语是soils and water，谓语要用复数形式。所以，Ａ为正确答案。该题译文：“大气是地球的一部分，同样，土壤及湖泊、河流和海洋中的水也是地球的一部分。”又如：Small as it is,

the ant is as much as a creature as are all other animals on the earth.（不管怎么小，蚂蚁和地球上所有别的动物一样，是一种生物。）

72. B。题中空当处须填入一个可以充当主语的成分。只有B选项合适。第二个分句主语为all that 引导的定语从句。C和D错在引导定语从句的关系代词错了。先行词为all, everything之类的定语从句的关系词要用that（that有时可以省略），而不能用which或what。再看上下文，Ｂ也合题意：“他们一度有过声望、财产和可靠的前途：而现在剩下的只是赤贫。”Ａ选项错在that和all 的位置颠倒了。如将now that 理解为既然，则在语法结构上无法与空当后面的部分相连。意思上也无法与空当前面的内容想衔接。

73. D。从语法结构上说，四个选项都可以作candle的定语，但从题意来看，只有D才符合。mean一词可以表示“打算，主观希望，预计要使⋯⋯（成为⋯⋯或怎么样）”，这时，它常常用被动语态。如：He was meant to become a great man.人们原先希望他成为一个伟大的人物。（不是他自己想成为，而是别人有这样的打算或希望）。因此，Candle is meant to burn ever brighter.

意思是：“人们希望蜡烛（或蜡烛应该）越燃越亮。”本题从空当部分到最后是一过去分词短语，作定语，修饰限定candle。整个句子也可写成Life is a candle ( which is ) meant to burn ever

brighter。题意为：“生命是一支应该越燃越亮的蜡烛。”74. D。本题测试介词with后面能跟什么样的宾语和宾语从句。题意为：“她对你所给予他

的和告诉他的一切感到高兴。”A选项的that和B选项的which前面都需要有先行词，若在前面加上the things则可成立。C选项中若去掉all，则与第一个what从句并列，也可成立。D选项中的all等于all the things，不作任何改动即可成立，因此Ｄ为正确答案。

75. B。本题主句的谓语动词is为一般现在时，而在that 引导的同位语从句中，谓语动词的could be frightened 却与其不一致，这时就必须考虑虚拟语气的问题。在非真实条件句中，虚拟语气将来时的形式之一是should + 主语 + 动词原行；若连词if 省略，则主谓语部分倒装，成为should + 主语 + 动词原形。B选项与此相符，为正确答案。

76. A。根据空当前的more labor than 可知，空当中缺少一个比较状语从句。四个选项是动


词的不同形式，都没有主语。这是因为比较状语从句常常是省略句，其主语有时也可以省略（也有人将than看作从句的主语）。如：More middle-aged persons suffer from heart trouble than

is generally realized.许多中年人心脏有毛病，其数量比人们一般料想的要多。省略了主语的比较状语从句中，其谓语动词应当与省略了的主语取得一致。解此题的关键是搞清省略的主语是什么。根据本题题意，比较从句中省略了的主语是it（指代labor），因此谓语动词应是单数。只有A符合此标准，因此A为正确答案。

77. C。该句是一被动句。空当中填入的是主语补足语。report不属于see、hear、find那一类“感官”动词，不能与-ing而只能跟不定式作主语的补足语（与report的这种用法类似的动词还有say，think等）。根据这一点，可将B和D排除。剩下的两个选项的差别在于时态。解此题的关键是看不定式表示的动作与主句的动作是同时发生，还是在其之前发生。本题中的时间状语twenty-five years ago 明确表示不定式动作发生在主句动作之前，应该用完成时。因此，C

为正确答案。78. B。解此题的关键是要清楚该句是一个隐含了非真实条件句的虚拟句。had they been

done by hand 是一省略了连词if、主谓语进行了部分倒装的非真实条件句。从该条件句的谓语动词的时态来看，此虚拟句是对过去事实相反的假设，因此主句的谓语动词应该是would

(could, should, might等) + 动词的完成式。因此，B为正确答案。本题题意为：“如果用人工来进行这些数以百万次计的计算，那么当这些计算完成时，它们也失去了任何实际意义。”

79. B。解此题可用排除法。能够使空当前后的意思有机地联系起来的选项就是正确答案。as long as作“只要”解，as soon as作“一⋯⋯就”解。将它们代入题中，意思都不通，因此A

和C可以排除。B和D都表示同级比较，但D选项中的well不能用来修饰warm，而B选项中的much却可以，因此B为正确答案。本题题意为：“科学家一般都认为，在未来的50～100年内，地球气候变暖的程度将与自冰河时期以来的两万年地球变暖的程度差不多。”

80. D。该句中的逗号前后都是主谓结构，逗号后没有连词。因此，空当处填入的词除了能作主语外，还必须能起连接两个主谓结构的作用，也就是它必须是连词。根据这一点可将C排除。what只能引导名词性从句，但逗号后的结构中并不缺少主语或类似成分，因此A不合适。that在句中担任主语时引导的只能是定语从句，该从句必须位于所修饰的名词之后，因此B也不行。as可用做关系代词，在定语从句中作主语，它所修饰的一般是整个主句，这时它的位置很灵活，可以在句首、句中或句末。将as 填入空当处，正合适。因此D是正确答案。

81. C。四个选项中A、C含有情态动词must，表示“推测”（一定是），而B、D的动词为陈述形式。解此题的关键在于作出判断：谓语中应用何种形式？本题为由for 连接的并列句。根据后一句括号中的内容：“Are you feeling all right?”可以推知：“我的疼痛一定是一眼就可看出的了。”因此，可将陈述形式的B、D排除。从for的含义也可得出相同的结论。for虽与because 同义，但它不表示直接的因果关系，而是对前文提出证据或解释，因而上文中谓语常常可以表示“推测”，例如：It must have rained last night, for the streets are wet. A和C的区别在于表示的时间不同。前者表示对目前情况的猜测，后者则表示对过去情况的猜测。从第二个分句的时态判断，正确答案为C。

82. D。四个选项中有两个是不定式，两个是分词。解此题首先要考虑空当中需填入不定式还是分词。假如知道在with+名词后一般跟分词而不跟不定式，那么就可以排除B、C。A和C的区别在于语态。新的电话机自然是由人并入电话网络，所以动词应是被动形式。因此答案显然是D。


83. A。四个选项都表示比较。根据题意，所比较的是赚钱多少。因此，可先排除Ｂ，因为钱为不可数名词，不能用many。C选项中出现了表示比较的连词than，但前面缺少比较级，因此也可排除。D选项中既有同级的比较as...as，又有表示不同级的比较more，显然不妥。A为正确答案，意思是：“（所赚的钱）是⋯⋯的两倍。”注意，如果C选项加入more一词，也即twice

more than意思是：“（所赚的钱）是⋯⋯的三倍。”84. C。此题考的是这样的固定结构：hardly (或barely, scarcely) + had + sth. + done + when

(或before) + sth.+ did。意思是：“一（刚）⋯⋯就⋯⋯”。与此相类似的结构还有：No sooner +

had +sht. + done + than +sth. + did。请注意此题句首的副词与引导从句的连词的搭配。该题意思是：“船刚驶到开阔的水面就遇到了大风和句浪。”

85. D。从结构上看，四个选项都符合本题第二个分句的要求。它们都是表示否定的副词，后面的主句要部分倒装。解此题只能从题意上去分析。根据than后面的内容可知，该句比较的是地方，因此只能选D。该题题意：“对计算机的贡献不再仅限与某一国家，没有什么地方比欧洲更是如此了。”

86. A。该题考的是虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用。在It is...that...的句型中，如果表语是类似desirable（值得想要的，值得弄到手的）这类表示欲望或要求等的形容词，那么主语从句的动词需用虚拟式，即（should）+ 动词原形。这类动词还有：advisable（可取的，适当的），essential, important, necessary, preferable（更可取的，更好的）urgent（紧急的，急迫的），vital（至关重要的）。该题题意是：“你很应该去参加下周一在北京举行的研讨会。”

87. A。otherwise后是一句与过去事实相反的虚拟语气句子，表示“我们并没有给他打电话”。88. B。本题空当前主谓齐全。四个选项都和空当后面的部分构成形式各异的不定式短语复

合形式。从本题大概的题意可推知：后面的不定式在句中作定语，修饰manner。解此题关键是看哪一个不定式符合题意的要求。“以⋯⋯方式作出否定的反应”要求用介词in，因此，A和C

首先排除。respond一词作“反应解”时，它只能是不及物动词，因此排除D，得出B为正确答案。该题题意：“人们需要学会在别人给你东西时以恰当的方式予以拒绝。”in the negative 为一固定短语，意思是“否定地”。

89. D。四个选项都包含表示原因的短语，不同之处是A和B选项在短语后直接用that 引导一个名词性从句，而C和D选项是先跟了一个名词，再跟一个同位语从句。如果知道在介词后必须接名词加同位语从句，那么就可将A和B先排除。C和D的区别在于位置。due to 在句中可以充当状语或表语，但一般不置于句首，而owing to却可以置于句首。因此D为正确答案。

90. D。该题是有关农民收入比较的。从空当后面部分的as一词可判定，该题一定包含一个as...as的比较结构。根据这一点可排除A和C。如果用as...as来表示倍数，一般是将表示倍数的词直接放在第一个as前，意思是：“是⋯⋯的几倍”。因此B也可排除。D为正确答案。more

than相当于over。本题题意：“中国农民现在的人均收入是五十年前的两倍多。”91. A。该题考的是时态。主句谓语动词的时态很大程度上取决于它与从句谓语动词的关系。

该题从句谓语动词是简单过去式，主句谓语动词study发生在从句谓语动词go之前，即过去的过去，因此A为正确答案。该题题意是：“穆罕默德，我的一位来自中东的朋友，初次去联合王国（英国）上大学之前从未与女生同班学习过。”

92. B。此题考的是虚拟语气在一些名词性从句中的使用。我们知道：在require, demand,

suggest, order 等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词应该用 (should) + 动词原形这种虚拟形式。当这些动词的名词形式后接同位语从句或表语从句时，其从句的谓语动词仍然要采用这种虚拟形


式。因此B为正确答案。本题题意：“在我看来，对一种国际语言的主要要求是它应该易学。”93. C。祈使句+ and + 一主谓结构（常为虚拟式） = if 从句 + 一个主句。有时，祈使句也

可以是一名词短语。该题正是这种情况。此句相当于：If we had got two scores more, we could

have won the last game. 因此，正确答案C。再如：Five minutes earlier, we could have caught

that train. （如果早来五分钟，我们就可以赶上那趟车。）94. A。overlook为及物动词，意思是“忽略”，它后面一般接名词或动名词，而不接不定

式。因此，B、C和D都可以排除。A选项的动名词带有自己的逻辑主语you。也可以用your来代替you。

95. A。四个选项都跟动词有关，因此推知本题第二个as 是连词，引导一个从句。解此题关键在于弄清as引导的状语从句的谓语动词是什么。从题意得知，它引导一个表示比较的状语从句。主句的谓语动词为have，从句的谓语动词也应该是它。再根据as从句中的状语从句中的谓语动词的时态推知，as从句的谓语动词形式应是过去完成时，即：had had。第二个实义动词had可省去，只留下助动词had，因此，A为正确答案。本题题意：“作为一个民族，美国将不再具有其西部还未有人定居前它所具有的冒险精神。”

96. A。根据but后面的内容可知：当时如果他有足够的钱就可能去读研究生，然后选择另外一种职业。因此but前面要表达的意思应该是：“他当时很可能会选择另外一种职业的。”根据这个意思，得出Ａ为正确答案。D不对，因为它表示对过去事情非常肯定的猜测。显然不合题意。

97. B。四个选项中都包含ever一词。ever一般与完成时连用，因此可将A和D先排除。B和C的区别在于时态。主句的时态为一般现在时。根据一致原则，从句的时态只能是现在完成时。因此B为正确答案。

98. D。此题考连词的使用。从逗号后的内容可判断，主句与从句的关系是转折关系，即：“虽然你的意见值得考虑，但委员会发现过于重视这些意见也不明智。”四个连词只有while可以表示转折，因此D为正确答案。provided也可作连词，但它一般引导条件状语从句，相当于if。

99. A。结合选项的意思可以看出该题的大概意思，即：“有些人对这些结果持谨慎态度，认为吸烟与癌症的因果关系有待证实。”关系是被证实，属于被动，因此将主动的B先排除。有待证实是将来的事，动词的形式应是不定式，因此D也可以排除。A和C的区别在于时态。根据题意，显然A为正确答案。

100. C。空当前的that引导一同位语从句，修饰ideal。空当后出现两个动词的谓语形式，这其中肯定包含一从句。从谓语的意思可判断，空当部分与matters构成一主语从句。根据这一点可得出C为正确答案。因为只有what是连词，它可以引导主语从句，在从句中有可充当主语。


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第一部分 考试简介 - images.china-pub.comimages.china-pub.com/ebook3800001-3805000/3804023/ch01.pdf录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

第一部分考试简介 - images.china-pub.comimages.china-pub.com/ebook3800001-3805000/3804023/ch01.pdf录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。