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全海洋動物プランクトンセンサス(Census of Marine Zooplankton: CMarZ)の成果と展望 誌名 誌名 日本プランクトン学会報 ISSN ISSN 03878961 著者 著者 西田, 周平 Lindsay, Dhugal.J 町田, 龍二 巻/号 巻/号 56巻2号 掲載ページ 掲載ページ p. 139-144 発行年月 発行年月 2009年8月 農林水産省 農林水産技術会議事務局筑波産学連携支援センター Tsukuba Business-Academia Cooperation Support Center, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat

全海洋動物プランクトンセンサス(Census of Marine ...全海洋動物プランクトンセンサス(Census of Marine Zooplankton: CMarZ)の成果と展望 誌名 日本プランクトン学会報

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  • 全海洋動物プランクトンセンサス(Census of MarineZooplankton: CMarZ)の成果と展望

    誌名誌名 日本プランクトン学会報

    ISSNISSN 03878961

    著者著者西田, 周平Lindsay, Dhugal.J町田, 龍二

    巻/号巻/号 56巻2号

    掲載ページ掲載ページ p. 139-144

    発行年月発行年月 2009年8月

    農林水産省 農林水産技術会議事務局筑波産学連携支援センターTsukuba Business-Academia Cooperation Support Center, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research CouncilSecretariat

  • ������������ (Census of Marine Zooplankton:CMarZ)������

    ����1)��Dhugal J. Lindsay2)�����1)

    1) ������� �164�8639 ������ 1�15�12) ����������� !"#$%&� �237�0061 '()*+,� 2�15

    Census of Marine Zooplankton (CMarZ): Accomplishments and prospects

    S=J=:> N>H=>961)�, D=JC9H6N2) 6C9 RNJ?> J. M68=>961)

    1) Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 1�15�1 Minamidai, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164�8639, Japan2) Institute of Biogeosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2�15 Natsushima, Yokosuka 237�0061,

    Japan

    � Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

    Abstract Zooplankton are widely distributed from coastal to oceanic waters, and from sea surface to abyssaldepths. Some of them are known to play important roles in marine ecosystems, including those in thefood-chain and matter transfer, but there are also many species whose distribution and ecology are mostlyunknown. The Census of Marine Zooplankton (CMarZ) is a field project of the Census of Marine Life (CoML),aiming at compiling and expanding information on the biodiversity of marine metazoan plankton, includingtheir taxonomy, distribution, abundance/biomass, community structure, and genetic diversity. Presently 23steering members from 14 countries and ca. 140 network-members are cooperating with CMarZ, promoted bythree o$ces: the main project o$ce (the University of Connecticut, USA), the Asian o$ce (Ocean ResearchInstitute, University of Tokyo, Japan), and the European o$ce (Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and MarineResearch, Germany).

    CMarZ covers the world oceans. Samples have been collected from various sea areas and habitats byutilizing cruises of “ships of opportunity- . Historical collections preserved in universities, museums, etc. canalso be analyzed on demand. Particular e#orts have been paid to .hot spots”, areas where there have been fewstudies due to historical consequences and/or technical di$culties. This resulted in discoveries of more than100 species so far unknown, of which ca. 50 species have been described as new to science, from the estuaries,coral reefs and marginal seas of Southeast Asia, the deep-waters of the tropical-subtropical Atlantic, the ArcticSea, and so on.

    Genes, as well as morphology, provide important information in understanding the biodiversity of zoo-plankton. In addition to the analyses of the relationships between species and phylogeny, genetic informationis used in practical identification of species, such as those in morphologically-similar species and damagedspecimens. CMarZ aims at collecting gene-sequence data (mainly mtCOI) of all zooplankton species. Speci-mens from all over the world are currently being analyzed due to the shared e#orts of the American-,Japanese-, and Chinese teams and sequences from ca. 2,000 out of ca. 7,000 known species of zooplankton havebeen determined. As a result, many cryptic species (species with similar morphology but regarded as di#erentspecies based on their gene sequences) have been revealed in such groups as copepods, chaetognaths, andeuphausiids.

    Special attention has been paid to the biodiversity of gelatinous plankton as major .hotspots- in terms oftaxonomic/ecological groups. This resulted in discoveries of novel cnidarian and ctenophore forms requiringestablishment of new higher taxa and/or revision of the present taxonomic systems, as well as discoveringmany undescribed species, understanding the relationships between regional faunal di#erences according togeological histories and environmental factors, and discoveries of novel relationships between gelatinousplankton and other organisms by the use of newly developed observation techniques.

    CMarZ is also holding training courses on the methods of zooplankton research, in particular those onclassification and practical identification. In Southeast Asia, by cooperation with a program of the JapanSociety for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), we have held courses in five countries, with a total of ca. 120scientists/students/technicians so far having participated.

    /01234 5Census of Marine Life6789:;��"#?@6ABCDEFGH 139

  • The ecological data collected by the project members have been compiled in the CMarZ Database with themetadata for each sample collection, and forwarded to OBIS (Ocean Biogeographic Information System), thecomprehensive database of CoML. For the Asian Region, we are compiling the information on taxonomy,morphology, gene sequences, and ecological data provided by individual laboratories and scientists in theCMarZ-Asia Database. Data assimilation throughout the whole CMarZ projetct is now in progress.

    Key words: zooplankton, molecular genetics, species diversity, database

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    Fig. 3. It is now possible to determine the genesequences of all the species contained in a wholezooplankton sample, a mixture of highly diversegroups of animals. This is a phylogram based on1,336 sequences of the mtCOI gene from a samplecollected in the tropical Pacific. The color of eachcircle indicates the higher taxonomic group estimatedby a search of gene databases. According to thismethod, this sample contained at least 189 zooplank-ton species, including the larvae of fishes and benthosin which the morphology of only the juveniles andadults are known. Although only 10 species have sofar been identified, the number is expected to increaserapidly by expanding the gene database.

    ��'3����º 56» 2¼ (2009)142

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    Fig. 4. PICASSO-1 (Plankton Investigatory Collabora-tive Survey System Operon-1) on board the Rinkai-Maru (17 m, 18 t), a research boat of the MisakiMarine Biological Station, the University of Tokyo.Scenery from a research cruise for in-situ operationand observation of deep-sea plankton.

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