Research Methods, 9th Edition

Theresa L. White and Donald H. McBurney

Chapter 8NonExperimental Research, Part 1:

Observational, Archival, and Case Study Research

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前言實驗法 :研究行為科學之因果關係最佳之方法但並不是每個情境都可採用實驗法非實驗方法 nonexperimental research

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Non-Experimental Research

Research in which the experimenter does not manipulate the variables or assign subjects to conditions.

Also called qualitative research or correlational research

Hermeneutic Approach Asks what the behavior means rather than

why it happened.

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nonexperimental research

實驗方法研究者可操控自變數研究者對研究情就具有控制力

決定受試者在甚麼時間，接受到甚麼條件 Manipulation

In an experiment, conditions or variables assigned or presented to a participant

Assignment In an experiment, pairing a subject with a

condition or variable, according to the experimenter’s plan

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nonexperimental research

Observation The record of a behavior

特徵 1. 研究者無法對受試者、研究條件進行控制與操控

2.又稱質性研究 qualitative study, correlation research

質性研究較少研究因果關係，較常研究 : 人們如何瞭解自己 (或某標的 )、對某標的的看法與見解

相關研究 : 只能找出變數間連動關係，無法有效證明因果

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nonexperimental research

種類 1. observational research

study method in which the researcher observed and records ongoing behavior but does not attempt to change it

2. archival research Study method that examines existing records to

obtain data and test hypotheses 3. case study

Exploratory study of an existing situation as a means of creating and testing a hypothesis

4. survey

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Observational Research

Watching and recording behavior, but not trying to change it.

Also called unobtrusive or nonreactive research

Naturalistic Observation Subjects watched in natural environment Subjects disturbed as little as possible.

Laboratory Observation Subjects watched in the laboratory

Physical trace(物理性痕跡 ) method examines evidence left behind by behavior

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Participant Observer Research Observer joins a group in order to record

behavior. Most useful when studied group is small or

remote侵犯 participants’ privacy Potential experimenter objectivity difficulties Changing results simply by being a member

of the group.

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Archival Research

Attempting to answer research questions from data that already exists - archival data

Archival Data factual information in existing records or archives

Limitations of Archival Research Data collected for some other purpose Ruling out alternative hypotheses may be difficult 檔案資料可能無法包含所有研究變數

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Case Studies

Observation of a distinctive situation, usually involving a single individual (person, animal, institution, or group).

Characterized by the uniqueness of the individual.

檢視某個組織、個人、現象

可能包含多種研究方法，觀察、問卷、檔案…

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Case Studies

Narrative Case Study Story told first hand that reflects meaning

常用於探索性問題，研究者剛好可分析此研究情境，一旦錯過，可能無法再研究。

埔里作礁柯達效應