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Research Methods, 9th Edition
Theresa L. White and Donald H. McBurney
Chapter 8NonExperimental Research, Part 1:
Observational, Archival, and Case Study Research
2
Theory Development and Testing in observational and archival research
一般研究方法 提出假說 實驗收集資料 統計分析 假說檢定
3
Theory Development and Testing in observational and archival research
觀察研究 有時甚至研究之初,還無明確之研究問題 Process is more flexible with non-experimental
designs but still involves hypothesis testing ( 命題 , proposition).
Two approaches: Mathematical approach toward combating threats
to internal validity Inductive process of hypothesis generation and
modification
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Theory Development and Testing in observational and archival research
觀察研究 根據過去研究 / 觀察,建立假設 收集資料 透過觀察,持續收集新資料,修訂假設、理論
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Recording Methods
Field Notes Be systematic
Categories of behavior Length of observation period Checklists
Be selective Take samples of behavior
Make use of recording devices
評分者信度 (rater reliability) Use at least two coders to increase reliability
6
Content Analysis
Evaluation of a hypothesis using publicly available pictures and language
Manifest Content Measures the frequency of some word, image,
phrase, or action
Latent Content Measures the appearance of themes, as determined
by the researcher
評分者信度 (rater reliability) Use at least two coders to increase reliability