Update: 2012/3/2
(1.1).
(1.2).
(1.3). (1.3.1).
251 atm 1.184 kg/m3
2510 atm 0.1184 kg/m3
251 atm 997.1 kg/m3
2510 atm 997.5 kg/m3
(1.3.2).
(1.3.3).
(1.3.4).
(1.3.5).
()(
)()
(1.4). (1.4.1).
(1.4.2).
(1.4.3).
(1.4.4).
(1.4.5).
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
(1.5).
(1.5.1).
dudy
N/m2
kg/m-scentipoise Kinematic Viscosity 1 centi Stoke (cSt) = 1 mm2/s. Dynamic Viscosity 1 centi Poise (cP) = 10-3 Pascal second (Pa.s)
(1.5.1.1).
0.86 cP@27 0.43 cP@65
10b
T ca a = 2.41410-5 N/s-m2b=247.8 Kc = 140 K 0.0185 cP@27 0.0267 cP@500 K
0.5
1
aTbT
a = 1.45810-6 kg/m-s-K0.5b=110.4 K
1.5.1
MATERIAL VISCOSITY (cP) Water 1 to 5 Blood 10 Ethylene Glycol 15 Motor Oil SAE10 50 to 100 Motor Oil SAE30 150 to 200 Motor Oil SAE40 250 to 500 Motor Oil SAE60 1,000 to 2,000 Honey 2,000 to 3,000 Molasses 5,000 to 10,000 Chocolate Syrup 10,000 to 25,000 Ketchup 50,000 to 70,000 Peanut Butter 150,000 to 250,000
=1~5 cP =2000~3000 cP =150000~250000 cP
1.5.2 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1 10 300
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SAE
SAE J 300 Effective June, 2001 SAE
Viscosity Grade
Low Temperature
Cold Cranking ViscosityA
cPs, max. at C
Low TemperaturePumping ViscosityB
cPs, max. at C
Kinematic ViscosityC
cSt @ 100C min. max
High Temperature High ShearD
Viscosity cPs @ 150C, max.
0 W 6,200 at 35 60,000 at -40 3.8 - -
5 W 6,600 at 30 60,000 at 35 3.8 - -
10 W 7,000 at 25 60,000 at 30 4.1 - -
15 W 7,000 at 20 60,000 at 25 5.6 - -
20 W 9,500 at 15 60,000 at 20 5.6 - -
25 W 13,000 at 10 60,000 at -15 9.3 - -
20 - - 5.6
(1.5.1.2).
(dilatant)(shear thickening)
(torque converter)
(pseudoplastic)(shear thinning)
1.5.2
(Power-law fluid)
nuKy
1nuKy
n>1
n=1
n
(1.5.2).
mV
(kg/m3) Vvm
(m3/kg)
(1.5.2.1).
PRT
101.3/0.287/298 = 1.184 kg/[email protected], 298K
101.3/4.157/298 = 0.0818 kg/[email protected] kPa, 298K
LPG 101.3/0.189/298 = 1.799 kg/[email protected] kPa, 298K
LPG
(1.5.2.1).
1000 kg/m3,@ 4 oC, 958 kg/m3,@ 100 oC
0
01 ( )T T
= volumetric temperature expansion coefficient (m3/m3 oC)
water : 0.8810-4 (m3/m3 oC)
ethyl alcohol : 11010-5 (m3/m3 oC)
oil : 63.310-5 (m3/m3 oC)
0
01 ( ) /P P
Bulk Modulus 1
TT
vv P
1s
s
vv P
1.5.1 Bulk Modulus - SI Units (Pa, N/m2) x 109
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.32 Ethyl Alcohol 1.06
Gasoline 1.3 Glycerin 4.52 Mercury 2.85
SAE 30 Oil 1.5 Seawater 2.34
Water 2.15
0 0 0
1[1 ( )][1 ( ) / ]T T P P
1.5.3
(1.5.3).
(1.5.3.1).
Tq kx
W/m-K 0.614 W/m-K@27 0.659 W/m-K @65 0.02624 W/m-K @27 0.04038 W/m-K @500 K
0.85
00
Tk kT
(1.5.4.2).
dTQ mcdt
kJ/kg-K (cp)(cv) 1.006 kJ/kg-K0.7475 kJ/kg-K
p
v
cc
=1.4
4.179 kJ/kg-K 4.179 kJ/kg-K @27 4.183 kJ/kg-K @65 1.006 kJ/kg-K @271.030 kJ/kg-K @500 K
Gases Cp Cv k
Acetylene C2H2 1.69 1.37 1.232 Air 1.01 0.718 1.40
Alcohol C2H5OH 1.88 1.67 1.13 Alcohol CH3OH 1.93 1.53 1.26
Ammonia NH3 2.19 1.66 1.31 Argon Ar 0.520 0.312 1.667
Benzene C6H6 1.09 0.99 1.12 Blast furnace gas 1.03 0.73 1.41
Bromine 0.25 0.2 1.28 Butatiene 1.12 Butane C4H10 1.67 1.53 1.094
Carbon dioxide CO2 0.844 0.655 1.289 Carbon monoxide CO 1.02 0.72 1.40
Chlorine Cl2 0.48 0.36 1.34 Chloroform 0.63 0.55 1.15
Ethane C2H6 1.75 1.48 1.187 Ether 2.01 1.95 1.03
Ethylene C2H4 1.53 1.23 1.240 Freon 22 1.18 Helium He 5.19 3.12 1.667 Hexane 1.06
Hydrogen H2 14.32 10.16 1.405 Hydrogen Chloride HCl 0.8 0.57 1.41 Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 1.32
Hydroxyl OH 1.76 1.27 1.384 Methane CH4 2.22 1.70 1.304
Methyl Chloride CH3Cl 1.20 Natural Gas 2.34 1.85 1.27
Neon 1.03 0.618 1.667 Nitric Oxide NO 0.995 0.718 1.386
Nitrogen N2 1.04 0.743 1.400 Nitrogen tetroxide 4.69 4.6 1.02
Nitrous oxide N2O 0.88 0.69 1.27 Oxygen O2 0.919 0.659 1.395 Pentane 1.07 Propane C3H8 1.67 1.48 1.127
Propene (propylene) C3H6 1.5 1.31 1.15 Water Vapor
Steam 1 psia. 120 600 oF 1.93 1.46 1.32
Sulfur dioxide SO2 0.64 0.51 1.29
(1.5.3.3).
kc
m2/sec 1.4710-7 m2/sec @27 2.210-5 m2/sec@ 27
(1.5.4).
(1.5.5.1). Prandtl number
Prandtl number: _Pr_
momentum diffusionenergy diffusion
Prandtl number5.85 @27 2.73 @65 Prandtl number0.708 @270.680 @500 K
(1.5.5.2). 2 _Re
_lu u inertia force
u viscous forcel
Re2300 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 cm 1 m/sec -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1.5.4.3). Nusselt number
hdNuk
kh Nud
