Chapter8 (Cont’d)Language-focused LearningDeliberate Teaching

Nation & Newton. (2009). Teaching ESL/EFL Listening and Speaking. Routledge.

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Types of Grammar Instruction

1. Exploring Collocation Patterns

2. Learning Explicit Grammatical Rules

• Consciousness Raising Activities

• Language-focused Correction

CR Activities

1. having to underline or note examples of an item in a text

2. being given examples and having to construct a rule

3. having to classify examples into categories such as countable/uncountable or active/passive

4. performing rule based error correction

5. using a rule to construct a sentence

6. recognising instances of a rule in operation.

Correcting Grammar Errors

Table 8.1 Causes and Examples of Second Language Errors

1. Interference from the first language

2. Interference from the second language

3. Reduction to increase efficiency

4. Accidental error

Task-based Sources of Error

1. The learners were not sufficiently prepared for the task, or the control of the task was not sufficient.

2. The other learners in the group did not provide support or feedback.

3. The task was not guided enough; the contribution that the learner had to make was too great.

4. The learner’s self-monitoring and coping strategies were not sufficient.

Useful Discourse Features

• how to take a long turn, how to bid for a turn in a conversation, how to be vague and imprecise (Brown, 1979), how to encourage others to continue speaking, and how to turn to different topics.

• Stenstrom (1990) (p. 146)