Chn Transcultural Nursing

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Nations of Origin Communication Space Time Orientation Social Organization Environmental

Control

Biological Variations

Asian

China

Hawaii

Philippines

Korea

Japan

Southeast Asia

(Laos,

Cambodia,

Vietnam)

National language

preference

Dialects, written

characters

Use of silence

Nonverbal and

contextual cuing

Noncontact

people

Present Family:hierarchical

structure, loyalty

Devotion to

tradition

Many religions,

including Taoism,

Buddhism, Islam, and

Christianity

Community Social

Organizations

Traditional

health and illness

beliefs

Use of

traditional

medicines

Traditional

practitioners:

Chinese doctors

and herbalists

Liver cancer

Stomach cancer Coccidioidomycosis

Hypertension

Lactose intolerance

Africa

West coast (as

slave)

Many Africancountries

West Indian

Islands

Domnican

republic

Haiti

Jamaica

National

languages

Dialect: pidgin,

creole, Spanish,and French

Close personal

space

Present over

future

Family: many

female, single

parent

Large, extendedfamily networks

Strong church

affiliation within

community

Community social

organizations

Traditional

health and illness

beliefs

Folkmedicine

tradition

Traditional

health:

rootworker

Sickle cell

anemia

Hypertension

Cancer of theesophagus

Stomach

cancer

Coccidioido

mycosis

Lactose

intolerance

Europe

Germany

England

Italy Ireland

Other European

Countries

National

languages

Many learn

Englishimmediately

Nonontact people

Aloof

Distant

Southerncountries: closer

contact and touch

Future over

present

Nuclear families

Extended families

Judeo-Christian

religionsCommunity social

organizations

Primary

reliance on

modern health

care system Traditional

health and illness

beliefs

Some

remaining folk

medicine

traditions

Breast cancer

Heart disease

Diabetes

mellitus Thalassemia

American Indian Tribal languages Space very Present Extremely family Traditional Accidents


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500 American

Indian tribes

Aleuts

Eskimos

Use of silence

and body

language

important and

has no

boundaries

oriented

Biological and

extended families

Children taught to

respect traditions

Community social

organizations

health and illness

beliefs

Folk medicine

tradition

Traditional

healer: medicine

man

Heart disease

Cirrhosis of the

liver

Diabetes mellitus

Hispanic countries

Soain

Cuba

Mexico

Central and

South America

Spanish or

Portuguese

primary language

Tactile

relationships:

Touch

Handshakes

Embracing

Value of physical

presence

Present Nuclear family

Extened families

Compadrozzo;

godparents

Community social

organizations

Traditional

health and illness

beliefs

Folk

medicine

tradition

Traditional

healers:

curandero,espiritista,

partera, senora

Diabetes

mellitus

Parasites

Coccidioido

mycosis

Lactose

intolerance

Cultural Group Cultural Variations

(common belief/practices)

Nursing Implications

African-Americans Dialect and slang terms require careful

communication to prevent error (e.g.,bad may mean good)

Question the clients meaning or intent

Mexican Americans Eye behavior is important. An individualwho looks at and admires a child without

touching the child has given the child the

evil eye.

Always touch the child you are examiningor admiring

American Indians Eye contact is a sign of disrespect and is

thus avoided

Recognize that the client may be attentive

and interested even though eye contact isavoided

Appalachians Eye contact is considered impolite or a Avoid excessive eye contact. Clarify


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sign of hostility. Verbal pattern may be

confusing.

statements.

American Eskimos Body language is very important.

The individual seldom disagrees publiclywith others. Client may nod yes to yes to

be polite, even if not in agreement.

Monitor own body language l\closely as

well as clients to detect meaning.

Jewish Americans Orthodox Jews consider excess touching,

particularly from members of the opposite

sex, offensive.

Establish whether client is an Orthodox

Jew and avoid excessive touch.

Chinese Americans Individual may nod head to indicate yes or

shake head to indicate no.Excessive eye contact indicates rudeness.

Excessive touch is offensive

Ask questions carefully and clarify

responses.Avoid excessive eye contact and touch.

Filipino Americans Offending people is to be avoided at allcost.Nonverbal behavior is very important.

Monitor nonverbal behaviors of self andclient, being sensitive to physical andemotional discomfort or concerns of the

client.

Haitain Americans Touch is used in conversation.

Direct eye contact is used to gain attentionand respect during communication.

Use direct eye contact when

communicating.

East Indian Hindu Americans Women avoid eye contact as a sign of respect.

Be aware that men may view eye contactby women as offensive. Avoid eye contact.

Vietnamese Americans Avoidance of eye contact is a sign of

respect.The head is considered sacred; it is not

polite to pat the head.An upturned palm is offensive in

communication.

Limit eye contact.

Touch the hand only when mandated andexplain clearly before proceeding to do so.

Avoid hand gesturing.

Important Definitions:


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1. Culture: is a patterned behavioral response that develops over time through social and religious customs and intellectual and

artistic activities; a result of acquired mechanisms that may have innate influences but are primarily affected by internal andexternal environmental stimuli.

2. Cultural values: unique, individual expressions of a particular culture that have been accepted as appropriate over time. Theyguide actions and decision making that facilitate self-worth and self-esteem.

3. Cultural behavior: how a person acts in certain situations, is socially acquired, not genetically inherited.

4. Transcultural Nursing: is viewed as a culturally competent practice field that is client centered and research focused. Everyindividual is culturally unique, and nurses are no exception. Therefore, nurses must use caution to avoid projecting their own

cultural uniqueness and world views on the client if culturally appropriate care is to be provided.

5. Ethnicity: is frequently, and perhaps incorrectly, used to mean race. The term ethnicity includes more than biologicalidentification. Ethnicity in its broadest sense refers to groups of whose members share a common social and cultural heritage

that is passed on to successive generations. The most important characteristic of ethnicity is that members of an ethnic groupfeel a sense of identity.

6. Race: in contrast to ethnicity, race is related to biology. Member of particular group share distinguishing physical featuressuch as skin color, bone structure, or blood group.

7. Ethnocentrism: Looking at the world from their own particular cultural viewpoint.

8. Stereotyping: is the assumption that all people in a similar cultural, racial, or ethnic group are alike and share the same valuesand beliefs. A excellent example of stereotyping is an African-American nurse being assigned to care from an African-

American client simply because of ethnicity and race.

Documents

Chn Transcultural Nursing