Chứng nhận quản lý chất lượng nông sản (GAP) đã được phổ .... An toan cho nong san chat luong cao.pdf · melamine ở Trung Quốc, các vụ ngộ độc thực

Chng nhn qun l cht lng nng sn (GAP) c ph bin cc nc pht trin

THM TNH AN TONCHO NNG SN CHT LNG CAO

2 THM TNHAN TONCHO NNG SN CHT LNG CAO

ay la mot trong cac an pham cua Han Quoc ve ky thuat nong nghiep do Tongcuc Phat trien nong thon trc thuoc Chnh phu Han Quoc phat hanh.

D an KOPIA Viet Nam a dch va xuat ban an pham nay bang tieng Viet enhng ngi lam nong nghiep Viet Nam tham khao. ay la tai lieu tham khao co giatr phuc vu cho phat trien nong nghiep Viet Nam.

This booklet is a series of Korean publications on Agricultural Technologies dis-tributed by the Rural Development Administration of the Korean Government.

It is translated and published in Vietnamese by the KOPIA Vietnam Center for thebenefits of Vietnam Agriculturalists. It will be a good reference in advancingVietnam Agriculture.

MC LC

TM TT....................................................................................................................... 3

I. THC PHM TT L G?....................................................................................... 5

II. TI SAO C TH TIN TNG VO GAP?......................................................... 12

III. XUT................................................................................................................. 22

TM TT

1. Thc phm tt l g?

Thc phm tt ni ngn gn l sn phm nng nghip c gi r v ngon, ch cn nhn

bn ngoi cng thy ti ngon v c th n m khng cn lo lng bt c iu g.

Trong qu kh, tiu chun ca nng sn tt c nhng bc thay i t vic min l

s lng nhiu sang a dng, dinh dng vo nhng nm 80 v n nhng nm 90

th chuyn sang cht hn l lng, a dng hn na v.v... u th k XXI, vn ho

Well-being tc ng mnh ti ton th gii to ra ng c cho khi nim cht lng

cm tnh (Affective Quality) c s dng vi nng sn. Ngoi v vic ng c

melamine Trung Quc, cc v ng c thc phm do nng sn ti xy ra M v

cc nc chu u cng a n mt yu cu cp thit i vi cht lng cm tnh v

an ton trong nng nghip. Theo , chng nhn GAP (Qun l cht lng nng sn)

ra i gip ngi tiu dng c th ch cn nhn bng mt l nhn bit ngay nng sn c

cht lng tt hay khng.

2. Ti sao c th tin tng vo GAP?

Ging nh cu ni Bt u l thnh cng mt na, GAP cng c xut pht im

t vic trng ht ging v cy con trng thi sch bnh. Vic s dng ba bi cc loi

ht ging, cy ging cha qua kim dch l khng c php, bn cnh nu s dng

cc ht ging chng chu su bnh tt hoc cy ging sch bnh s gim thiu tnh trng

s dng thuc bo v thc vt mt cch khng cn thit, t gim ni lo v d lng

thuc bo v thc vt. Mt v d thnh cng in hnh l d n Khoai lang Topmaru

Iksan ang chim 60% lng dy khoai ging sch bnh trn c nc. Khng ch vy,

GAP cn quy nh v vic s dng nc sch v t khng b nhim bi cht ho hc

c hi nhm trnh gy nhng nh hng khng tt ti nng sn. Ngoi ra, GAP cn

qun l cht lng v tnh an ton ca phn bn theo lut qun l cht lng phn bn,

qun l cht ch t khu u vo n khu s dng c hp quy cch theo ng quy nh

khng. Go lt Tan ca nhm sn xut go thin nhin s dng phn bn lng v rm

ti trng la l mt in hnh tin tin cho trng hp ny. Cc quy nh v ghi chp

lin tc v y v vic c tun th tiu chun s dng nng sn an ton sau khi cn

nhc v thi gian cch ly cng nh loi thuc bo v thc vt no c s dng vi

THM TNHAN TONCHO NNG SN CHT LNG CAO 3

liu lng v thi gian s dng nh th no v.v... cng c hon thin, ng thi GAP

cng khuyn khch s dng cc phng php phng tr su bnh sinh hc nhm gim

thiu lng thuc bo v thc vt c s dng. Hi nhng ngi trng l Hyungok

Gyeongju thc hin t vn v chng loi v cch s dng an ton thuc bo v thc vt

cng vi Tamjindeul Kangjin thu nhng chuyn gia v iu khin thin ch l hai

in hnh u t v phng thc ny.

GAP khng ngng m rng phm vi ca mnh, khng ch dng li cc khu sn

xut m cn qun l cht ch cc cht gy hi ti c khu bo qun sau thu hoch. Hi

nghin cu l vng Chubu GAP ly sch lm v kh lin tc chim v tr s 1

cc siu th ln, Nm ng c Iksan qun l cht ch vic bo qun nm nhit

thp, Hip hi phn phi l ca Nng hip Jiksan nng cao hi lng ca khch hng

bng vic thay th thng ng bng cht liu xp v.v... l nhng hnh tng tt ng

c hc hi. Mt khc cng cn b sung vo GAP nhng quy nh v an ton v phc

li c lin quan n cng vic ng ng cho ngi lm nng nghip.

3. xut

nhn rng m hnh GAP, cn qung b n ngi dn c nc GAP l phng

php d dng nht tip cn vi nng sn sch v an ton, c bit l ph bin ti ngi

nng dn rng tuy y l phng php c phn rc ri phin h nhng theo l li ch

kinh t v v vn nhng u im khc. Ngoi ra, chnh ph cng cn c nhiu n lc

trong vic h tr n nh GAP giai on u, xy dng cc nhm t vn v giao nhim

v cho tng c quan ban ngnh c th.


I.THC PHM TT L G?

Mi thi i c mt tiu chun v thc phm tt khc nhauo Thc phm tt ni ngn gn l sn phm nng nghip c gi r v ngon, ch cn nhn

bn ngoi cng thy p mt v c th n m khng cn lo lng bt c iu g.

m Tuy nhin, tu theo tng thi k m cc yu t cu thnh nn nng sn tt l r,

ngon, ngon mt, an ton li c th t u tin khc nhau.

- L do l v d sao khi nim tt mang mt ngha rt rng, phn nh gi tr quan

trng nht i vi con ngi thi i .

* V d nh thi k khi nn nng nghip mi ra i th nng sn tt i vingi thi i c l ch l th d dng kim c v gp t nguy him khi snbn hi lm.

o Suy ngh ca mi c nhn thay i theo thi i v c phn nh nh vy to thnh

tro lu (trend) v thc phm cng tn ti khi nim tro lu ny.

m Hn Quc, t thi Joseon c n u thp nin 70, do tnh trng thiu thn lng

thc m tiu chun thc phm tt khi l r m nhiu.

- Cc cuc chinh chin lin tip cc quc gia c i u l nhng cuc chin sinh

tn nhm bo m ngun lng thc v phn lnh th c th dng sn xut ra

lng thc.

- Trong hon cnh , cuc cch mng xanh gip sn lng go tng vt ko

di ti cui thp nin 70.


ng lc thc y cho s pht trin ca lch s c i l cn i ? Cc cuc xm lc tng lm rng ng lch s c i i a s u l s la chn

cui cng ca cc nh thng tr xoa du lng dn hoang mang trc tnh trng

thiu lng thc.

- Lu vc sng Nile ca Ai Cp - ci ni ca nn vn minh c i, sng Lng

H ca Ty , sng Hong H ca Trung Quc, sng n ca n v.v u c c

trng l ly sng lm trung tm vi nn vn ho nng nghip pht trin v lng thc

tr ph, t ko theo s xm lc t cc quc gia Assyria, Babilon, Mng C,

Hung N v.v...

* Vic khng ngi dn phi lo v ci n tr thnh ng c tp trung mihot ng vo vic lm kinh t, chnh l nhng bc u tin trn con ng tnc lc hu i ln thnh nc pht trin.

o Tiu chun ca nng sn tt min l s lng nhiu tr thnh iu kin kinh t

khng ngi dn nhn i ca nhng nm 70 ~ 80 c s thay i sang a

dng, dinh dng.

m Trc nhng nm 70, tiu chun v phm vi ca nng sn tt ch yu xoay quanh

loi cy lng thc chnh l go, trong khi nhng nm 80 li tp trung ch yu

vo tnh a dng v dinh dng.

- S ch v cc loi canh, mn hm, rau trn bt ngun t kim chi - mn tm im

trn bn n ca ngi Hn Quc - bng n khin nhu cu v cc loi rau, hoa qu

v tht cng tng ln.

* Tuy nhin cng c im c bit vi trng hp cc loi cy lng thc, tringc vi go vn u tin cc loi cho v cm ngon hn th hin nay cc nguyn liuthc n vn mang nhu cu r m nhiu cao.

o Bc vo thp nin 90, nhng tiu chun nng sn tt mi nh cht hn l lng,

a dng hn v.v... ln ngi.

m Khi chn go, ngi dn a chung loi go d c t hn nhng cho v cm ngon

hn, cng nh chn cc loi rau c qu ti v c v ngoi ngon mt hn.

* y khng phi l hin tng ch c Hn Quc m l hin tng ph bin trnth gii xy ra khi thu nhp quc dn vt qua con s 20 nghn , iu cho thys n nh v mt kinh t cng em li s thay i v tiu dng.


Nu by gi bit c iu ny th thi i vi ngi thi trc s ra sao? Chui, mt ong, sn v.v cho n nhng nm 80 vn l nhng loi thc phm qu

v t n mc ch c gi lm qu cho nhng nh c ngi ln tui vo dp l

tt hoc mua i thm bnh.

- Nhng nm 70, mt kilgam chui c gi khong 5~7 nghn won, qut 1 thng

(3.75kg) c gi khong 3,000 won, nm 75, 6kg sn c gi khong 60 nghn won,

1 thng l c gi khong 2,100 won l ci gi qu t khi so vi cc mt hng xa

x phm nh m phm ch c gi l 3,000 won, v xe but l 60 won, chn g Lotteria

c gi 450 won v.v... (82, Bo Kyunghyang, 09, Nht bo Trung ng).

Tiu chun v thc phm tt thay i ton b vo nhng nm 2000o Nhng nm 2000, th gii xy ra trng lp rt nhiu s kin lm thay i ci nhn v

thc phm, dn n mt s bin i v cng kch tnh.

m Vn ho Well-being tn cng mnh ton th gii vo u th k XXI to ra

ng c cho vic a khi nim cht lng cm tnh s dng cho nng sn.

o Yu cu ca cht lng cm tnh vt qua c lng () v cht () m cn nhc n

nhng yu t khc nh chc nng ca nng sn, s hon nguyn li ch cho ngi

sn xut, bo v mi trng v.v...

m Vn ho chc nng cho ti nay vt qua khi nim chc nng sc kho tng tn

ti trong dc phm mang mt ngha quan trng, l kho mnh hn nh

vic n nhng nng sn n t t nhin.

m Hon nguyn li ch cho ngi sn xut l vn ho tiu dng xut pht t vic

nng sn c sn xut ti cc quc gia c thu nhp thp c lu thng trn ton

th gii.

* Do hp ng vi cc doanh nghip a quc gia m ngi nng dn cc qucgia c thu nhp thp khng nhn c chi ph nhn cng mt cch thch ng, giy thng qua giao dch trc tip hng ho phn li ch ny s c tr li cho h.

m Bo v mi trng xut pht t vic thc c nu s dng vt t nng nghip

mt cch qu mc nhm phc v cho sn xut nng sn th nhng tc hi ca n

ti mi trng s nh hng ti con ngi.

* S pht trin ca cc ch phm nh phn bn ho hc hay DDT em n chocon ngi nng sn di do hn nhng ngc li li gy nh hng xu n mitrng, a n kt cc l tng lai ca nhn loi b e do.


Sch y hc Thcdc ng nguynca phng ng

Thc phm chc nng

Giao dch cngbng C rt

cu vng

Nh hot ng vmi trng

Rachel Carson

Thi i m nng sn cng cn cht lng cm tnho Cht lng cm tnh () ch cht lng khng th din t bng li, l nh

ngha c s dng ch yu bi cc doanh nghip ch to t trn th gii vo nhng

nm 1990.

m Bt u t cc cng ty t trn th gii nh BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Toyota,

Volkswagen v.v...

* Khi bn v cht lng ca mt chic t, khng th khng nhc n cc yu t nhdung tch xi lanh ca ng c, tc ti a, thi gian t vn tc 100km v.v..., tuynhin ch bng cc yu t trn th s cm nhn s gii hn khi m rng th trng.

m i vi t, th cht lng cm tnh c ngha l cht lng cm nhn c ch yu

bng cm gic ca con ngi nh thit k bn ngoi ca chic xe, tin nghi ca

ni tht xe hay thoi mi ca gh ngi.

* Bao gm tt c cc yu t gip ngi tiu dng cm nhn c s khc bit vmt cm gic nh da bc gh t nhin, b lc khng kh, dn m thanh cao cp v.v...vi tiu ch Thit k trn c thit k, Cht lng trn c cht lng.

o T sau nm 2000, do nng sn cng i hi cc vn nh tnh chc nng, tnh cng

bng, bo v mi trng v.v... m dn n nhu cu v cht lng cm tnh.

m Vic tm ra mu cht ngi tiu dng c th thc s cm nhn c nng sn

l tt l trng tm ca cht lng cm tnh, do m yu t tnh an ton c

thm vo.

m Cc v vic ln nh thc phm Trung Quc nhim c, cc v ng c thc phm

chu u v M v.v... xy ra cng khng nh tnh an ton l cht lng hn c

cht lng.


Thc phm Trung Quc dy ln s cnh gic v an ton thc phm Nm 2008, vic pht hin ra cht ph gia melamin c trong sa bt ca Trung

Quc l v vic v an ton thc phm ln nht lm chn ng cc doanh nghip thc

phm trn th gii s dng sa bt Trung Quc lm nguyn liu.

- Sau , nhng v vic e do n an ton thc phm c cng ng mng ln

lt t co nh chn nui b bi rc, trng gi, tht b gi v.v... to nn ln sng

d di ti gii kinh doanh thc phm.

An ton, cht lng vt trn c cht lng nng sn!o Ngoi v vic melamin ca Trung Quc th cc v ng c thc phm bt ngun t

nng sn ti chu u v M xy ra cng cng t ra nhu cu cp thit m bo cht

lng cm tnh v an ton trong nng nghip.

m Ch ring chu u, tnh t nm 2005 th mi nm nhng v vic v mt an ton

thc phm khng ngng tng ln n mc vo nm 2011 cc v ng c thc phm

gy xut huyt rut khin cho ton chu u ri vo khng hong.

m Cng nm , M cng c nhng ng thi thay i nh xit cht lut v an ton

thc phm xut pht t v vic ng c do da b nhim vi khun.

o Theo , s thay i bt u t nm 1995 t yu cu vi ngi sn xut phi cung cp

nng sn an ton hn, ch yu cc doanh nghip phn phi nng sn ln ti chu u.

m Yu cu t ra l cn mt tiu chun mang tnh tng hp mi cho ngnh nng

nghip vn quen dng cc tiu chun ring bit nh kch c, ngt, mu sc

v bng, phng php trng, phc li ng vt v.v...

* Tiu chun mi khng ch p ng nhng yu cu n gin m phi m bo tunth cc tiu chun rt rng v an ton nh t, ht ging, thuc bo v thc vt, phnbn, cng ngh thu hoch, ng gi v.v... phi hon ton m bo c v an ton.

m Chng ch GAP c ngi dn khi u v xy dng khng ch c p dng

cc quc gia chu u m cn c ph bin trn ton th gii vi chng ch GAP

ton cu.

- Hin nay trn 70% nng dn chu u, 75% nng dn Canada, v hn 120 quc

gia trn th gii ang cn nhc v vic p dng chng ch GAP (14.8, SBS

Documentary).


V ng c thc phm gy chn ng ton th gii nm 2011 Thng 5 nm 2011, v ng c thc phm xy ra ti c do nhim khun E.coli

gy xut huyt ng rut khin cho 3.078 ngi b tiu chy, 867 ngi b suy

thn v 53 ngi t vong ch trong vng 2 thng.

- Ngy 31 thng 7 nm 2011, ti M xy ra v vic 33 ngi cht, hn 147

ngi b ng c trong vng 28 tun sau khi n da b nhim khun Listeria ti M.

Chng nhn qun l cht lng nng sn (GAP) - B quyt nhn ra nng sntt trong nhy mt!o D thi i c thay i th nng sn tt vn l nng sn ti, ngon v an ton,

tuy nhin trn thc t ngi tiu dng c th la chn nhng nng sn nh vy

l rt kh.

m Mt trong s cc b quyt gip d dng nhn bit nng sn tt chnh l la chn cc

nng sn c chng nhn GAP.

- L do l bi chng nhn GAP qun l tng hp vi cht lng cao l nn tng c

bn, ng thi cn qun l cc yu t gy hi nh thuc bo v thc vt, kim loi

nng, vi sinh vt v.v... trong cc giai on t sn xut, thu hoch, ng gi, lu thng,

tiu th.

* Chng nhn qun l cht lng nng sn (di y gi tt l GAP) ni ngn gnl chng nhn vi nh chuyn n cho ngi tiu dng mt cch an ton nhnght ging tt c nui ln, la chn v ng gi mt cch sch s nht.

- Thm vo , GAP cn bao gm c ni dung qun l ngun gc xut x vi mc

ch phng nhng s c v an ton thc phm, t nng cao tin cy ca

nng sn.

o Trong GAP bao hm ton b nhng ni dung v yu cu cht lng cm tnh c ch

trng t sau nm 2000, ng thi GAP cng ang pht trin tr thnh tiu chun

mi v cht lng nng sn ca th gii.

m Ly an ton lm nn tng c bn, nng sn phi c trng ng k thut v c

phn ngoi quan cng cht lng nh ngt, thnh phn dinh dng v.v... tt,

ng thi cc nh hng xu n mi trng cng cn ti thiu ho.


GAP lm sng t nguyn nhn ca v ng c thc phm honh hnh EU Nhm xc nh nguyn nhn v ngn chn bng pht li v ng c thc phm

do nhim khun E.coli gy xut huyt ng rut tng khng b ton chu u

nm 2011, cc c quan chnh ph v doanh nghip lu thng cc quc gia chu u

thc hin vic truy xt xut x trn nn tng ca GAP.

- Kt qu truy xut ngun gc theo GAP cho thy nguyn nhn l mt nng tri

nm Wilsen, o Niedersachsen ca c s dng ht ging c c ri c xut x

t Ai Cp trng rau mm (14.8, SBS Documentary).

m Xu th hin nay l nng sn cc quc gia chu u, ng Nam , chu Phi c

chng nhn GAP hoc c kim tra bi cc c quan chng nhn c ch

nh mi c cho php nhp khu.

Ti sao GAP (Good Agricultural Practice) li cn thit?o L do cn phi gn cht GAP vi nng nghip l do hin thc kh khn m nng

nghip ang phi i mt c lin quan n cht lng cm tnh.

m Th nht, y l phng php hp l chu trch nhim v tin cy ca nng

sn do nc sn xut v ngi tiu dng c th an tm s dng.

- Hiu qu c chng thc chu u, Canada v.v v GAP c trin vng ng

vai tr ln ti vic xut nhp khu v nng cao tin cy ca ngi dn vo nng

sn ca quc gia mnh.

m Th hai l v GAP chun b trc nn tng nng nghip c th canh tc bn vng

trn mnh t ca chng ta v bo v mi trng t nhin v th h tng lai.

- Khng ch dng lng phn bn, thuc bo v thc vt c th s dng cho tng

loi cy trng m cn cn p dng cc bin php phng tr thch hp nht, nh

m ti thiu ho nh hng ti t v mi trng t nhin.

m Th ba, GAP khng ch tr li li ch cng bng cho ngi nng dn m cn ng

gp vo vic xy dng mt x hi kho mnh khi cn nhc n c phng din sc

kho v phc li.

- GAP khng ch quan tm n nhng khu sau thu hoch m t trc n nay chng

ta cha tng n nh thit b x l, ch bin v bo qun v.v... m cn nh gi

sc kho ca ngi lao ng, vn v sinh khu v sinh v.v...


Logo GAP V d nh logovo sn phm

GAP ca chu u

Biu th truy xutngun gc GAP


* T chc Nng Lng Lin hp quc (FAO) c bo co rng yu t cu thnhquan trng ca GAP khng ch c vn v sinh lao ng m cn c kh nng tlp v kinh t ca ngi nng dn (11, RDA).

II. TI SAO C TH TIN TNG VO GAP?

Gi tr chn chnh ca nng sn c chng nhn qun l cht lng (GAP) l g?

V GAP ch s dng ht ging v cy ging tht s kho mnh!o Cng ging nh cu thnh ng Bt u l thnh cng mt na, vic s dng ging

tt trong nng nghip l mt na thnh cng, v khi u chnh l ht ging v cy

ging phi trng thi sch bnh.

m GAP khng cho php s dng cc ht ging hay cy ging cha qua kim dch

nc ngoi hay cc loi cy hoang d cha c phn bit.

- V vic 53 ngi cht do rau mm cc nc chu u nh c v.v... vo nm

2011 c xc nhn l do s dng ht ging nhp khu b nhim khun i trng

(E.coli O104:H4) mang mm bnh.

- Nhng v ng c hng nm do t n nm hay thc vt mc di xy ra cng cho

thy kh nng pht sinh vn v an ton thc phm cao, v GAP c quy nh

cm rt nghim ngt v vn ny.

m Nu s dng cc ging khng bnh mnh hoc ging sch bnh th c th gim bt

vic s dng thuc bo v thc vt khng cn thit, t gim bt ni lo v d

lng thuc bo v thc vt.

GAP l li cam kt vi ngi tiu dng ging nh vic con ngi ta ai cng phi

gi nhng ch thuc v gi tr chn chnh nh Hiu (), Trung (), Hu i ().

- Gi tr ng nhin m ai cng bit v trn thc t thc hin v tip tc gi

gn c n l rt kh nh hiu tho, trung tn, tnh anh em bn b v.v... mang

nhng gi tr cao v con ngi u sng bi nhng gi tr ny.

- GAP cng gi gn nhng gi tr ng nhin trong nng nghip v nng sn,

t c gi tr chn chnh trong vic nhn c s tin tng ca ngi tiu dng

v mang n s pht trin nng nghip cng nh nng cao tim lc kinh t cho

nng dn.

V GAP nui cy bng t an ton v ngun nc sch!o GAP tun th nghim khc tiu chun ch s dng nc sch v t khng b nhim

bi cc cht ho hc c hi do lo ngi nh hng khng tt n cht lng nng sn.

m (t) Khu vc xung quanh t canh tc phi khng c bi chn lp rc hay m

khong sn b khng, cng nh phi la chn ni cha tng c s dng lm khu

luyn kim.

- Theo , nhng khu vc nghi b nhim kim loi nng hoc b nhim do nc

thi bt buc phi thc hin phn tch t u tin khi c nh s dng lm t

nng nghip.

* Theo tiu chun v nhim cht c hi trong t (mg/kg), hm lng cc cht lcadmium 4, ng 150, asen 25, thu ngn 4, Pb 200, 6 K Crom 5, km 300, flo 400,cyan v.v... nu vt qu cc con s trn th khng th chng nhn GAP.

- Vi nhng khu vc b ngp nc hoc c kh nng b nhim nc thi sinh hot

bt buc phi thng qua kim nh t mi c trao t cch ng k GAP.

m (Nc dng trong nng nghip) Khi s dng nc dng cho nng nghip, cn

tin hnh kim tra cn thn xem ngun nc u, i theo con ng no ti nng

tri, c phi l nc sch hay khng.


Khoai lang Topmaru Iksan, chim 60% th phn dy ging cnc nh ging sch bnh Theo nh s tay hng dn sn xut, doanh nghip

ny qun l thng qua vic xy dng cc nhm cy

trng v hi kinh doanh, t h tr cho nng dn ging

sch bnh, phn bn hu c v h tr cy xi t.

- Khng ch vy, doanh nghip ny cn thc hin

ng b ton b qu trnh t thit b chng nhn GAP

cho ti cc khu thu mua, bo qun, ct gi, lm sch,

phn loi, ng gi, xut xng.

- Sn phm khng ch c bn thng qua hi lin

hip lu thng Topmaru m cn thm nhp vo th trng

mua bn online, homeshopping, cc siu th va v nh,

ch mua bn trc tip v.v...

- C th p dng cc tiu chun v cht nc theo tng loi nc nh nc sng,

nc h, nc ngm v.v... Khuyn khch vic qun l khng vt cht nhim

xung quanh xm nhp vo ngun nc.

* Nc sui, h phi theo tiu chun cp 4 ca tiu chun mi trng sinh hot,nc ngm phi ph hp vi tiu chun v cht nc dng trong nng nghip cnu trong quy nh c lin quan n bo tn cht nc ngun nc ngm.

- i vi rau mm, gi v.v... cn qun l theo tiu chun nc ung ca con ngi.

V GAP ch s dng loi phn bn c cho php v tun th ng liu lngs dng!o GAP qun l tnh an ton v cht lng ca phn bn theo lut qun l phn bn, ng

thi qun l cht ch vic mua v s dng phn bn c ph hp vi quy cch quy nh

hay khng.

m GAP ch s dng nhng loi phn bn ph hp quy cch quy nh v hm lng

ca thnh phn chnh tu tng loi phn bn, hay khng c thnh phn gy hi nh

kim loi nng hay vi khun gy ng c v.v...

- GAP quy nh bt buc phi xc nhn phiu bo m khi mua phn bn, theo

nng dn phi ghi li thng tin c ghi trn phiu qun l.

* Vic qun l ghi chp c thc hin theo nguyn tc ghi chp tn phn bn, lngthnh phn bo m, tn nguyn liu v t l phi hp, ngy thng nm sn xut (vngy thng nm nhp khu), hn s dng v.v...

m Phn bn t ph phm ch s dng nhng loi t yu cu theo lut qun l phn

bn, trng hp ngoi l th cn phi xc nhn phn bn c trn ln vi cc thnh

phn khng xc nh c hay khng.


Tiu chun nh gi nc v t c b nhim hay khng theo GAP l g? Vic t c nhn nh l c hay khng nhim c da trn cc quy tc c

lin quan nh lut bo tn mi trng t; cht nc ca nc dng trong nng

nghip th da trn lut c bn v chnh sch mi trng v lut bo tn cht nc

ngun nc ngm v.v...!

- nhn c chng nhn GAP, cn np bn kt qu phn tch t v cht nc

trong vng 4 nm tr li y hoc ban thm nh s la chn v tin hnh phn tch

mu t v cht nc.

- Phn bn t ph phm l phn bn tn dng cc loi ph phm t cng nghip, ch

to, kinh doanh nng lm, chn nui thu hi sn hay phn, nc tiu, thc n tha,

vi sinh vt t, cht hot tnh trong t v.v...

- Nghim cm tuyt i cc loi phn bn t ph phm c nguyn liu l thuc bo

v thc vt, cn trng su bnh hi, gia sc v ph phm t cc l m, cht kt dnh,

sn, du, g bn v.v...

* Vi nhng sn phm ca doanh nghip c sn lng phn bn t ph phm bnhqun di 1.5 tn/ngy hoc vi cc loi phn bn c chia cho min ph v khngc qun l theo lut qun l phn bn nn phi t tin hnh kim tra.

o phng trnh tnh trng tch lu thnh phn dinh dng trong t v nhim mi

trng do lm dng phn bn, cn lp v thc hin theo k hoch s dng phn bn

c lin quan n vic tng hoc gim thnh phn no mt cch thch hp.

m Ngay trc khi xy dng k hoch s dng phn bn, cn thng qua kim nh

thnh phn t trc qua cc ch s nh m, ln, kali, nng pH v.v... t xc

nh ch s dng lng phn bn cn thit.

- Sau khi kim nh, thng qua c quan phn tch, cn tho lun xem s dng kt

qu phn tch th no vo vic qun l phn bn, t quyt nh lng s dng

cui cng.


Go GAP Go thin nhin canh tc bng phn bn lng vrm ti Nng nghip tun hon t nhin s dng phn bn

lng t chn nui v chn vo t rm r ti cha phi

kh cn tha sau thu hoch cu ly ngun dinh dng

t. Khng ch vy trong thi gian la pht trin, hai th

ny cn ng vai tr lm phn bn lt trong thi gian

gieo m.

- Nm 2009 bt u t 11ha vi 10 h nng dn tham

gia, n nm 2014 pht trin u n n mc c th

sn xut 2.599 tn go t chng nhn GAP t 414ha t

vi 164 h nng dn tham gia.

Go ChuCheongTanhyun

* Trng hp gp kh khn trong vic kim nh t, c th s dng lng phn bntiu chun theo hng dn trng tiu chun ca tng loi cy hay tiu chun bnphn theo tng loi cy (2010, RDA).

o Bo qun cng l mt khu qun l quan trng, nh gi k cng xem nng sn c b

ra di nc ma hay khng, c tip xc vi bao b, thuc bo v thc vt, ht ging,

cc loi xng du v.v... hay khng.

m Nu phn bn b r r ra ngoi th khu vc xung quanh t canh tc s b ph dng

v ngun nc dng trong nng nghip c kh nng b nhim rt cao.

- phn bn khng b tip xc vi t va c tc dng ci thin mi trng lm

vic cn xp phn bn ln gi chuyn dng cht hng ho.

* Nu phn bn b ln vi bao b v sn phm thu hoch th khng ch cht lngb tn hi m cn gy nh hng khng tt n sc kho ca ngi tiu dng.

* Trong trng hp ca vi sng, nu trn vi nc c th sinh nhit, kali nitrat nugp xng du c th gy ra n rt nguy him, cn ch .


C th lp cng thc lng s dng phn bn cho rung cachng ta bng Smartphone khng? C th nhn c cng thc lng s dng phn bn

tu theo loi cy trng v m l t nu s dng ng

dng h thng thng tin mi trng t c tn

Heuktoram (http://soil.rda.go.kr).

- Cng thc s c xc nh thng qua internet sau

khi nhp vo phn loi t canh tc (t la, t mu,

nh knh, t trng cy n qu, t khai hoang), khu vc,

m l t (a ch), loi cy trng v.v...

- Cng thc lng s dng phn bn do Heuktoram

cung cp bao gm c thng tin v kt qu kim nh t

v lng phn bn xut cho tng loi cy.

Hy s dng thuc bo v thc vt ch khi tht cn thit!o Lun ghi chp cn thn v vic c tun th tiu chun v thi gian cch ly, lng phun

hay khng, s dng loi thuc bo v thc vt no vi lng bao nhiu v.v... m

bo khng t mc gy hi n sc kho con ngi.

m Cn kim tra t m xem nng sn thu hoch c tun th tiu chun s dng

an ton thuc bo v thc vt nhm m bo khng vt qu mc d lng

thuc bo v thc vt cho php.

* Tiu chun s dng an ton thuc bo v thc vt l tiu chun xut cn ctrn kt qu th nghim giai on phun thuc cui cng trc thu hoch (s ngy thuc phn hu t nhin) v s ln phun theo tng loi cy trng.

m Bt buc bo qun ghi chp v lch s s dng trong vng 1 nm k t ngy

xut kho c th tm hiu nguyn nhn trong trng hp pht sinh vn do

thuc bo v thc vt.

o hn ch ti a vic s dng thuc bo v thc vt, cn chn nhng ging cy c kh

nng khng su bnh hi tt hoc p dng nhng phng php k thut canh tc mi

gip ci thin mi trng.


Gyeongju Hi trng l Hyungok - hnh mu ca vic sdng thuc bo v thc vt Thng qua hp ng hng dn k thut vi Ecoline

(T vn tng hp nng nghip xanh), s nhn c t

vn v cch s dng an ton cng nh liu lng s

dng thuc bo v thc vt.

- Nht k canh tc nh nng l c bn, trong ghi

chp t m phn vic phng tr su bnh hi cho vn

l xut khu sang i Loan.

- Khi phun thuc bo v thc vt, bt buc phi s

dng bo h lao ng v tin hnh kim tra phn tch

cc yu t nguy hi nh d lng thuc bo v thc vt

Vin Nghin cu an ton thc phm Nonghyup.

m (Ging khng su bnh hi tt) Su bnh hi phn b tu thuc vo c im ca

tng a phng, do vy cn chn trng nhng ging khng su bnh hi tt ph

hp vi mi trng v th nhng ca a phng.

m (Ci thin mi trng) gim tnh trng pht sinh bnh do m cao cn

thng xuyn thng kh, duy tr khong cch va gia cc cy.

m (Kh trng bng nh sng mt tri) Khc vi cc phng php kh trng trc

y l tiu c bng xng khi hay st khun cao p, kh trng bng nh sng mt

tri c khuyn khch dng do va khng git cht cc vi sinh vt c li m cn

tit kim chi ph.

m (By pheromon) L phng php phng chng cn trng thn thin vi mi

trng, thu ht cn trng c hi bng cch b pheromon gii tnh do con cn

trng ci tit ra khi mun thu ht con c vo trong by.

m (Phng bnh sinh hc) Gn y, k thut s dng thin ch thay th cho thuc

bo v thc vt c s dng nhiu trong vic trng cy nh knh v nh mng, xu

hng ny ang ngy mt pht trin rng ri.


in hnh ca phng tr su bnh bng thin ch -Kangjin Tamjindeul a phng ny va sp xp cc chuyn gia vn

hnh thin ch nhm qun l thin ch v cn

trng hi, va ti thiu ho vic s dng thuc bo

v thc vt bng cch phng tr cn trng su hi

bng thin ch.

- Khng ch s dng thin ch, ni y cn trang

b h thng xut nhp kho s dng h thng lm mt,

phn loi nghim ngt nhm loi b bi bn c vi th.

* Bt u t nm 1996, 7 php nhn kinh doanh

nng nghip t hp ca 3 qun (Kangjin, Jangheung,

Goheung) lin kt vi nhau v t 10 t won v

doanh s bn hng.

V sinh! Li l vn v sinh! Qun l sau thu hoch mt cch sch s khc bit!o Nu chn mt nng sn tt th nhng loi cy c trng hu c hay trng theo

phng php canh tc t nhin l mt la chn tt, nhng ni n mt im mnh

m ch GAP mi c th chnh l qun l sau thu hoch.

m nng sn khng b nhim cc cht c hi, cn phn loi cc khu vc cha nng

sn thu hoch nh khu vc thng, khu vc sch phn loi, lm sch, khu vc

sch ng gi cui cng v.v...

- khu vc lm vic khng c nu nng v ht thuc, nc dng ra bt phi

qun l ring, i vi cc nc chu u, ch ring khu vc nh v sinh c khong

20 mc v qun l v sinh.

m Qun l v sinh c nhn mt cch trit nh khi x l nng sn cn ra tay sch

s v eo gng tay, mc qun o v sinh.

- L do cn ra tay v eo gng tay l vi khun t cu vng - mt trong cc loi vi

khun gy ng c thc phm - thng xuyn c pht hin c trn tay.

o c nng sn sch hon ho, t khu lm lnh s b n khu la chn v ng gi

xut xng cn qun l trit v y l nhng khu v cng quan trng.

m (Lm lnh s b v bo qun nhit thp) y l qu trnh bt buc phi lm

nhm c ch vi sinh vt pht trin nh h thp nhit ca nng sn thu hoch

v duy tr ti ngon trong mt thi gian di.


Hi nghin cu l vng Chubu GAP - in hnh v v sinh Hi nghin cu ny chim v tr s 1 v th phn

sn phm l vng vi 4 trn tng s 5 doanh nghip

cc siu th ln m v kh l s sch s.

- L vng c ng trong thng thu hoch sch,

khu vc lm vic phn loi v thit b ra bng tay c

trang b y m bo v sinh nh nng c sau khi ra

sch s c sy kh. S dng nc ra tay v cht kh

trng. Khi tin hnh thu hi phi i m v mc qun o

v sinh.

- Nh vy m so vi nm 2014 doanh thu t 9,2 t

won, tng 20%.

m (Ra sch v kh trng) Ch s dng nc sch qua kh trng, thanh trng

phng nhim vi sinh vt, ch s dng sn phm kh trng c cho php

trnh gy ng c thc phm.

m (Chn la v ng gi) khng pht sinh vn nhim do vi khun gy bnh

bi s bin cht khi nng sn b c st hay chn p, cn tun th cc hng mc qun

l ra.


Kho bo qun nhit thp c qun l nh th ny! -Nm ng c IksanKho bn qun nhit thp c t trong cc to nh

v lp ca ra vo 2 lp ng vt khng th xm nhp.

- Khi khng cha trong kho bo qun, phi tin

hnh m phng v tiu c kh trng, qun l cht ch

khng b nhim bi cc loi tp khun trong thi

gian bo qun.

* Trc khi c chng nhn GAP (0510), n gi

bnh qun trn 1kg l 4,767 won, tuy nhin sau khi c

chng nhn (1114) n gi tng 59% ln 7,564 won.

Thnh cng nh hp an ton khi vn chuyn - Hip hiphn phi l ca Nonghyup Khi tin hnh mua bn giao hng, hip hi ny

thay thng giy bng thng xp, khc phc c vn

h hng do vn chuyn.

- Khng ch c vy, nh hiu qu gi nhit m sn

phm v ng c bo qun tt, cng ca hp cng

m bo cho vic xp hng v bo qun, nh m

hi lng khch hng cng tng ln.

* Chi ph ng gi (trn 1 thng) so vi cc loi

thng bnh thng r hn 590won, n gi bn li ch c

7,600 won (7.5kg) cng to ra gi tr chnh lch ln hn.

Mc tiu ca GAP khng ch c ngi tiu dng m cn c hnh phc ca nginng dn!o L do ln nht m cc quc gia pht trin s dng GAP l v quy trnh t m v qun l

cc yu t nguy hi ti sc kho v an ton ca ngi lao ng trong nng nghip.

m (S dng thuc bo v thc vt) Khi phun thuc bo v thc vt lun lun phi

s dng khu trang v mc qun o bo h, phi mc kn c phn c tay v c chn.

* Nguyn nhn gy ng c khi phun thuc bo v thc vt theo th t l bo h

khng y (37,4%), tnh trng sc kho (15,7%), khng ch (14,0%) v phng

php phun (7,5%) v.v...

m (Vn hnh my mc nng nghip) Khng c vn hnh my mc nng nghip

trong tnh trng ang ung ru hoc nc thuc, cn i giy bo h trnh chn

thng v phng trn trt.

- My mc nng nghip khi vn hnh trn ng cn gn cc thit b n chiu sng

nh n xi nhan, n nhp nhy, n hng v.v...

* Hng nm c 100 v tai nn th c 0.7~0.8 v xy ra l cc v tai nn lin quann my mc nng nghip (12 RDA).

m (T th lm vic) Cn ra phng php phng trnh cc bnh v xng khp

cho nhng ngi lao ng nng nghip ln tui lm vic vi t th khng ph hp

c th mc phi trong mt thi gian di.


Vic ng ng nguy him ti mc no?! So vi cc ngnh khc, c mt s tht l vn an ton ca nhng ngi lm vic

trong lnh vc nng nghip tn ti kh nhiu yu km v mc quan tm v vn

ny cng cn kh thp.

- T chc Lao ng Quc t ca Lin hp quc (ILO) phn loi ngnh xy

dng, ngnh khai thc m v ngnh nng nghip l ba ngnh ngh nguy him nht

th gii.

- T l tai nn ngh nghip trong lnh vc nng nghip Hn Quc gp 2,2 ln

bnh qun t l ca tt c cc ngnh, t l t vong do tai nn gp 2,8 ln so vi mc

bnh qun (12, B Lao ng).

- i vi nhng cng vic phi ngi lm vic trong thi gian di, cn s dng

loi gh c gn bnh xe hoc gh m, cn dnh thi gian ngh ngi y v

hp l.

* T nhng nm 80, RDA pht trin cc mn th thao phng chng bnh xngkhp, gh lm vic, dng c h tr v.v... nhm bo v ngi lao ng v tp huno to ngi qun l an ton lao ng.

III. XUT

Nhn thc gi tr ca GAP l quan trng nhto Chng nhn qun l cht lng nng sn (GAP) so vi tnh cn thit ca n th vic

nng cao nhn thc cho ngi dn cng nh ngi nng dn v GAP mi l iu quan

trng nht.

m Cn qung b cho ngi dn bit im mnh ca GAP l phng php d nh tr

bn tay chn c nng sn an ton ang c quan tm trong bi cnh nng sn

nhp khu trn lan trn th trng.

* Cc im qung b vn hnh theo phng thc t cc im bn hng thng trcti cc doanh nghip lu thng ln m ngi dn thng xuyn tm n s c hiuqu cao.

m Cn nhn mnh rng tuy GAP c th gy thm nhiu phin h cho ngi nng dn

nhng kt qu cui cng khng ch l li ch m cn v vn cc im mnh khc

nh nng cao cht lng cuc sng, m bo th trng n nh v.v...

Cn s tp trung h tr ca cc cp chnh quyn n nh v tr ca GAP sm nhto n nh GAP lin quan trc tip n nhng v vic v an ton thc phm xy ra trong

v ngoi nc, nng cao tin cy ca ngi tiu dng vo nng sn quc gia v cnh

tranh trn th trng quc t, do vy cn s h tr mang tnh h thng.

m Cn tp trung u t cho lc lng nghin cu v pht trin trong lnh vc pht

trin k thut m bo tnh an ton ca nng sn theo tiu chun quc t, ng thi

y mnh h tr cho vic tp hun o to nng dn, ph cp pht trin k thut

thc hnh GAP.


* Vic pht trin k thut GAP l bc khi u nn tng cho qu trnh m bo tin cy cho ngi tiu dng v tng cng xut khu nng sn.

m Khi cn nhc n kinh nghim ca EU trong vic m rng GAP sang c lnh vc

cy hoa v kh nng GAP c p dng bc tng phi thu quan l cao th cn

chn ra cc i tng bt buc ca GAP nh doanh nghip xut khu nng sn,

hi cy trng quy m ln, cc hi kinh doanh nng nghip mi v.v v tp trung

qun l.

m Cn tng cng lin kt vi cc c quan ban ngnh nh buc nguyn liu cho

ngnh ch bin thc phm t chng nhn HACCP phi t chng nhn nng sn

GAP nhm cung cp thc phm an ton hn cho ngi tiu dng v.v...

* S dng nng sn GAP lm nguyn liu cho sn phm c sn ca a phng:nng cao gi tr ca thng hiu khin ngi tiu dng nhn thc c Thng hiutruyn thng a phng = Thc phm an ton v ng gp vo vic pht trinngnh cng nghip ch bin.


KOPIA VIETNAM CENTER

D N NNG NGHIP QUC T CA HN QUC TI VIT NAM

Gim c:

TS. Park Kwang Geun

Ph trch bin tp:

Nguyn Thanh Phng

Dch bn in:

Nguyn Thy An

Lng Thc Anh

THM TNH AN TONCHO NNG SN CHT LNG CAO

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Chứng nhận quản lý chất lượng nông sản (GAP) đã được phổ .... An toan cho nong san chat luong cao.pdf · melamine ở Trung Quốc, các vụ ngộ độc thực