Chu Nghia Hau Hien Dai o Chau Au Mot Vai Phe Phan

CH NGHA HU HIN I CHU U V MT VI PH PHN I VI L THUYT QUAN H QUC T

Nghim Tun Hng

Vin Kinh t v Chnh tr Th gii

Ch ngha hu hin i (CNHH) c coi l mt bc chuyn mi trong nghin cu khoa hc x hi. Mc d cch tip cn ny bt ngun t cc ngnh ngh thut mang tnh sng to nh vn hc, hi ha, kin trc, v.v., nhng vi nhng ng gp ca cc trit gia ngi Php nh Michel Foucault, Jean-Francois Lyotard v Jacques Derrida, trong na cui th k XX, CNHH c p dng rt nhiu trong nghin cu khoa hc x hi v nhn vn ni chung, c bit l trong trit hc v l lun vn hc. Trong nghin cu quan h quc t (QHQT), d mi ni trong khong hai thp nin tr li y nhng CNHH cng c p dng kh rng ri v nh gi l mt l thuyt mang tnh ph phn, c bit ph phn cc i lun thuyt1 ca thi hin i v cc l thuyt 1 Trong nguyn bn ting Php, J.F. Lyotard thng dng cm t grands rcits hoc metrcts, sau c dch sang ting Anh l grand narratives hoc metanarratives. T ny thng c dng trong trit hc nh l nhng t tng thng tr x hi, nhng hc thuyt chnh tr, khoa hc chnh thng (c tha nhn v c hp thc ha bi ton x hi). Nhng h thng ny nh nhng khung bao trm v chi phi mi hot ng tinh thn ca mt hay nhiu thi i khc nhau. Trong l lun vn hc, metrcts thng c dch l i t s. Tuy

QHQT truyn thng. Nhng, trc khi cc hc gi hu hin i sau ny (phn ln cng l ngi chu u) a nhng ph phn dnh cho l thuyt QHQT ni chung, cc hc gi chu u, c bit l ngi Php ni trn a ra nn tng c s l lun cho CNHH v nhng ph phn ca n.

Ch ngha hu hin i l g?

CNHH ang ni ln nh mt l thuyt trong nghin cu khoa hc x hi v nhn vn khong ba thp k tr li y, ch yu l trong trit hc, ngn ng v vn hc. CNHH c coi l s i lp ca nhng l thuyt trit hc truyn thng. Di quan im ny, CNHH l mt tro lu trit hc mang tnh ph phn i vi nhng cu trc v gi nh c bn ca trit hc chnh thng. Chnh v th, CNHH c th c m t nh mt hnh thc th gii quan (hay thm ch l phn th gii quan) mi. Cc hc gi c th gii quan ny thng hoi nghi v kh nng l gii cc hin tng xy ra bng cch

nhin, ph hp vi tnh cht ca ngnh QHQT, bi vit ny s s dng thut ng i lun thuyt hoc i l thuyt.

LCH S - VN HA X HI CHU U

Ch ngha hu hin i... 53

p dng cc m hnh l thuyt thng thng. Cng c th ni, CNHH ph nhn chn l khch quan i vi nhng gi tr v lun im ca trit hc thi k hin i, v d nh nhn loi phi c mt ht nhn hoc c s hay c tnh no phn bit gia con ngi vi ng vt hay lun im cho rng mt dng chnh ph ny c chng minh l tt hn so vi dng khc.

C mt cu hi c t ra, l s tn ti ca Ch ngha hu hin i (Postmodernism) hay Ch ngha hu cu trc (Poststructuralism)? y l cu hi m i khi gy ra s tranh lun khng ch gia nhng ngi ng h v ch trch l thuyt ny m cn xut hin ngay gia nhng hc gi c coi l hu hin i. Thng thng, thut ng hu hin i v hu cu trc c s dng m khng c s phn bit r rng v c th thay th cho nhau. Tt nhin, cng c s phn bit nht nh. CNHH tp trung vo ph phn bn cht v h qu ca thi k hin i cng nh pht trin nhng ph phn dnh cho nhng g c coi l hin i. Cn ch ngha hu cu trc quan tm nhiu hn n vai tr, chc nng v bn cht ca ngn ng vi phng php lun hu cu trc cng cu hi lm th no cc ngha x hi c kin to thng qua ngn ng. Trong tt c cc hc gi p dng cc phng php hu cu trc chu u, trit gia J.F. Lyotard cng khai v i tin phong trong vic bn lun v CNHH, hn na ng gp phn l thuyt ho khi nim

hu hin i v chnh t nhng tc phm ca ng, s phn bit gia CNHH v ch ngha hu cu trc gn nh b xa b.

C nhiu nh l thuyt hu hin i khng bao gi s dng thut ng ny m thch dng thut ng ch ngha hu cu trc hn, thm ch c ngi dng thut ng gii cu trc (Deconstruction)2. V d, David Campbell li cho rng trong nghin cu QHQT khng tn ti CNHH m ch c ch ngha hu cu trc. Theo hc gi ny, CNHH l mt phong tro ni ln t sau Chin tranh th gii th Hai, din gii v m t nhng s vt, hin tng vn ha ni ln trong thi k Chin tranh Lnh trong nhng lnh vc nh vn hc, ngh thut, kin trc v m nhc. ng thi, Campbell cho rng trong khi thi k hu hin i gn vi nhng dng thc, s vt, s vic ca cc ngnh vn ha, kinh t, chnh tr, x hi ca thi k hin i v xut pht t nhng thay i trong mi quan h khng gian-thi gian th ch ngha hu cu trc l mt cch tip cn mang tnh din gii, phn tch kt qu v hm ca nhng s chuyn i .

Tuy nhin, c l vic phn bit hu hin i hay hu thc chng l khng cn thit. L do mt phn bi chnh cc hc gi hu hin i cng hu cu trc ni chung v cc hc gi nghin cu l thuyt QHQT cng

2 Nhiu ngi nhm ln gia gii cu trc (deconstruction) vi ph hy (destruction). C th coi gii cu trc l mt phng php lun quan trng ca ch ngha hu hin i.

Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No9 (144).2012 54

khng my khi ch vic phn bit rch ri hai khi nim ny, mt phn bi s lin quan cht ch v s tip thu gia chng. V th, chng ti s thng nht s dng thut ng Ch ngha hu hin i.

T tng hu hin i chu u

Xt v tui i, CNHH cn kh non tr nn nhng hc gi ting tm ca l thuyt ny khng c qu nhiu; thm ch, nhiu ngi cha bao gi t nhn mnh l hc gi i theo trng phi hu hin i. Bn cnh , s kh hiu ca CNHH khin nhiu ngi ngi theo ui n. Tuy nhin, cc hc gi hu hin i c in ch yu l nhng ngi Php nghin cu, pht trin v cc cng trnh ca h t nn mng cho CNHH.

Th nht, CNHH ph phn nhng g c coi l chn l hay s tht hin nhin, cho rng vic b qua cc yu t nh, nhng ci b n giu trong tin trnh pht trin ca x hi ni chung l khng tha ng. Cc hc gi hu hin i phn i quan im cho rng nhng ci bn ngoi tn ti c lp vi thc ca con ngi cng nh ngn ng m chng ta s dng din gii t duy . Chnh v th, CNHH cho rng cn phi loi b s phn bit gia l thuyt v thc tin nh truyn thng. CNHH cho rng tt c nhng g c coi l chn l u da trn cc i lun thuyt hay nhng th gii quan m theo nhng gi tr hay chn l c tha nhn hoc b bc b. CNHH tm

kim v thch thc mi lin h gia quyn lc v tri thc, phn i mt i lun thuyt cng nhng sng to ca k nguyn khai sng cng nh coi s tht/chn l nh mt cu trc x hi tm thi b gii hn bi khng gian v thi gian.3 Ph phn hu hin i vi nhng m hnh l thuyt truyn thng cng c cng c khi nhng quan im truyn thng cho rng CNHH l s hoi nghi i vi nhng i lun thuyt. c bit, chng ta phi ch n nhng i lun thuyt trong thi k hin i, nhng l thuyt ln lin quan n bn cht ca mi s vt s vic, tri thc v tin trnh lch s to ra nhng dng chy a dng trong thi k hin i, ng ch l Ch ngha Hin thc (CNHT), Ch ngha T do (CNTD), nhng l thuyt v cch tip cn khc. Nu nh thi hin i c hiu l thi k hp thc ho cc i lun thuyt th thi k hu hin i s lm ph sn ca cc i lun thuyt.

i vi F. Lyotard, cc tc phm ca ng tp trung vo vai tr ca cc tiu t s hay tiu l thuyt (narrative) trong nn vn ha ca con ngi v c bit lm th no vai tr b thay i khi chng ta b thi hin i chuyn sang thi k hu hin i. ng cho rng trit hc hin i hp thc ha nhng chn l tc l nhng i hi

3 Amitav Acharya & Barry Buzan (eds) (2010): Non-Western International, Relations Theory, Perspectives on and beyond Asia, Routledge, Abingdon, UK, pp. 9-10.


khng da trn cc c s lgic v thc tin m ch yu da trn nhng i lun thuyt (metanarrative) v tri thc v th gii vi nhng cu chuyn ny vi khi nim tr chi ngn ng ca Wittgenstein. ng cho rng trong thi k hu hin i, nhng i lun thuyt ny khng th hp thc ha nhng i hi v chn l; ng thi, vi s sp ca nhng i lun thuyt ny, con ngi s pht trin mt tr chi ngn ng mi, tr chi ny khng i hi mt chn l tuyt i m nh du s ra i ca mt th gii vi nhng mi quan h lun bin i (gia con ngi vi con ngi v con ngi vi th gii).

Th hai, cc hc gi hu hin i nghi ng cc quan nim truyn thng v tin trnh pht trin ca lch s khi cho rng lch s khng pht trin theo ng thng. Cc hc gi hu hin i cho rng th gii ny khng c tc gi, Cha tri khng to ra th gii trong 6 ngy bi ch l mt cu chuyn ngn trong Kinh thnh4; cch din gii ny v th gii ch n vi chng ta qua nhng trang vit ca cc trit gia hoc s gia. Chng ta ch c th c v din gii th gii hoc c v din gii nhng m t khc. CNHH cho rng nhng i lun thuyt trn c hp thc ha tri thc hay cc h thng chnh tr nhng bn thn chng li khng c hp thc ha bi nhng l

4 Jill Steans & Lloyd Pettiford (2005): Introduction to International Relations: Perspectives and Themes (2nd edtion), Pearson, UK, pp. 140.

thuyt khc. Hn na, cc i lun thuyt tn ti c lp nh cc l lun ring r v lun tranh lun, mu thun vi nhau. Khi chng tranh lun, khng c ai ng ra lm trng ti phn bit ng sai. CNHH cng phn i quan im cho rng ch c mt th gii n nht m chng ta ang m t. Khi chng ta chia s nhng ngha vi nhau, nhng ngha ny nn c hiu l s tng tc v mt ngha hn l khm ph ra mt chn l v cc qu trnh, hin tng th gii bn ngoi. C nhiu nhng cu chuyn khc nhau, c nhiu cun sch khc nhau cng nh nhng cch m t, din gii ring bit. Do , ngha xut pht t s tng tc gia c gi v cun sch hay vn bn. Tng t nh vy, th gii cng c to ra t s tng tc gia con ngi vi nhng hot ng bn ngoi. T , c th ni ngha hay s din gii v m t hoc gii trnh ngn ng5 (discourse) kin to nn th gii v x hi.

5 T dng trong ting Php l le discours, dch sang ting Anh l discourse. Theo cch chuyn ngha v hiu thng thng, discourse hay le discoursn gin ch l lun hoc lp lun hay cu chuyn v ai hoc ci g. Theo ngha rng nht, discourse gn vi ngn ng, t ng v vn bn. Nhng trong iu kin hu hin i, discourse l din ngn hoc gii trnh ngn ng. Gii trnh ngn ng bao gm c nhng hot ng thc tin m kin to nn nhng ch th hay cc ti m n m t, mang li ngha cho nhng s vt hay ch th . V gii trnh ngn ng ca ch ngha hu hin i, c hai tn tui ln lun c nhc n l Foucault v Bakhtin. Hai hc gi cng quan nim rng, gii trnh ngn ng l mt qu trnh hnh ng to ngha v mt hin tng, mt vt th hay rng hn v th gii.


Theo , J.F.Lyotard cho rng, hu hin i l thi k ca s phn mnh v a nguyn, ng vit: Trong x hi v vn ho hin nay, tc trong x hi hu cng nghip v vn ho hu hin i, vn hp thc ho ca tri thc c t ra mt cch khc. i t s mt i tnh ng tin ca n, bt k n c xp vo phng cch nht th ho no: t s t bin hoc t s gii phng.6 CNHH cho rng nhng i lun thuyt vn c cho l mang tnh gii phng thc t l mang tnh p t. c bit, nhng gi tr t do thc t li sinh ra nhng dng lng ci mi, v d CNTD gii phng chng ta khi ch phong kin nhng ch dn chng ta n ch ngha t bn. Khoa hc hin i b qua v gt ra ngoi l nhng dng tri thc tin hin i. Ni hm khi nim i lun thuyt loi b quan nim v ci khc bi ci khc khng ph hp vi dng thc y. Nhng ci b loi tr c th b n p. Do , s tht hay chn l thc t ch l chic mt n ca quyn lc. Michel Foucault cho rng bn cht ca lch s, trong ng cho rng, cc s gia ti to lch s l mt cng vic ho huyn, nu khng mun ni l s nh la cng chng mt cch u tr v gii trnh ngn ng lch s l mt gii trnh ngn ng hin ti, phc v cho hin ti, to ra mt ngha no cho con ngi hm nay, c mt hiu bit no , v nhng

6 Jean Franois Lyotard (2007): Hon cnh hu hin i, Nxb Tri thc, H Ni, tr.151 - 152.

du tch kho c li t nhng sinh hot m nhn loi thu lm c t qu kh.

Th ba, cc hc gi hu hin i p dng hai phng php lun l gii cu trc, gii trnh ngn ng v truy nguyn trong cc tc phm ca mnh tm kim nhng yu t b n giu, nhn thc r qu trnh kin to s vt, s vic hay ch th, ng thi tm ra nhng yu t b lch s lng qun.

Hc gi Jacques Derrida l ngi khi xng phng php gii cu trc/gii kin to (Deconstruction), mt phn nhnh ca hu hin i hoc cng c coi l mt l thuyt c gng lm cho ci b n giu trong vn bn (theo ngha hp) v trong cuc sng ni chung (theo ngha rng) ni ln. Theo Derrida, cc cu trc lun lun gi nh mt trung tm ca ngha. Trung tm ny tr v cu trc nhng bn thn n khng l i tng cho bt k mt s phn tch cu trc no. Chnh v th, khi c mi vn bn hay tm hiu mt s vt, s vic, chng ta phi i tm ci trung tm, ct li ca n. Vn bn s ch l vn bn n thun nu ngi c khng thy c quy lut b cc v quy tc kt cu ca n. l c im ca gii cu trc. Gii cu trc l lm sng t ci g hm n, b che giu bn trong vn bn hay cc s vic, tm kim nhng ci khng th c nhn ra trong ln c hoc ln nghin cu u tin xem xt li cc tin gi nh v m ra nhng hng i mi.


T l lun v gii trnh ngn ng lch s, Foucault i su hn v khi nim gii trnh ngn ng, gii thch rng phng php ny khng phi ch c trng cho chc nng ngn ng, m tt c nhng g con ngi c th lm kin to ngha v th gii. Foucault chng minh rng, nhng hin thc khch quan, nhng i tng nghin cu khoa hc ca ch ngha hin i, nh nhng nim v bn ng, quc gia, ngn ng, tr tu, gii tnh, ti phm, nhng nh chun t nhin, v.v, thc cht l nhng cu trc c th ca lch s, hay sn phm ca lch s, khng thuc v i tng ca gii trnh ngn ng nhn loi. ng ch n ci gi l khoa hc hin tng tm ngha thng qua gii trnh ngn ng, t nghin cu nhng phng php l thuyt ca qu trnh to ngha bi s tng tc gia con ngi v gii trnh ngn ng i vi s vt. Vi gii trnh ngn ng ca Foucault hay tr chi ngn ng (language game) (J. F. Lyotard khai trin thm), CNHH bc hn sang mt ng r khc trong qu trnh quan st v to ngha, mt qu trnh hon ton loi tr khi nim ci biu t v ci c biu t ca ch ngha hin i tp trung xy dng mt cch din t ngha mi v th gii v v tr.

Bn cnh , bi nghi ng cc i lun thuyt v cch hiu chung v tin trnh pht trin ca lch s nn cc hc gi hu hin i s dng phng php truy nguyn (genealogy) tm nhng yu t khc bit v

nhng ci b lng qun. Nh Foucault ch ra trong tc phm Nietzsche, Genealogy, History, t tng ca ng v truy nguyn b nh hng mnh bi cc cng trnh nghin cu m Nietzsche thc hin v ti s pht trin ca o c thng qua quyn lc. Foucault cng m t truy nguyn nh mt phng php iu tra c bit vi nhng nhn t m chng ta c xu hng cm thy khng c s hin din ca lch s.7 Nhng nhn t ny rt a dng trong cuc sng hng ngy. Truy nguyn khng hn l tm kim ngun gc v cng khng phi l cu trc ca s pht trin theo ng thng m l phng php ch ra s a dng, i khi l i lp m din t nhng du vt ca tc ng m quyn lc t vo s tht/chn l. Vi t cch l mt phng php lun quan trng, truy nguyn g cu trc ca nhng g c coi l s tht/chn l, cho rng s tht c phi by mt cch ngu nhin, c chng bi s thc thi quyn lc hay tnh ton li ch. Do , tt c s tht hay chn l u ng nghi ng. Ch ra tnh khng ng tin ca s tht/chn l, l thuyt ca Foucault ph nhn hon ton tnh ng nht v quy lut ca lch s, nhn mnh tnh cht bin i v phi quy lut ca s tht/chn l cng nh phn i quan im cho rng lch s pht trin theo ng thng.

7 Michel Foucault (1980). Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 139.


Nhng ph phn chung i vi l thuyt QHQT

Trong nhng nm 1960 v 1970, trong khi nhng ngnh khoa hc x hi khc chp nhn nhng thch thc v nghin cu v CNHH th ngnh nghin cu QHQT vn tt li pha sau. Ch trong khong 20-30 nm tr li y, nhiu hc gi QHQT s dng nhng cch tip cn c m t l hu hin i hoc hu cu trc. Tuy nhin, phi n khi tc phm The Geopolitics of Geopolitical Space: Toward a Critical Theory of International Relations ca Richard Ashley c cng b th CNHH mi bt u c nhn nhn mt cch thn trng trong nghin cu QHQT.8 Tip thu v p dng t tng ca cc trit gia ngi Php trnh by trn, cc hc gi hu hin i nh R. Ashley, R. Walker hay D. Campbell tp trung nhiu vo nghin cu l thuyt v ph phn, nghi ng nhng lun im cng gi nh ca cc l thuyt x hi v chnh tr t u th k trc c mc nhn l ng v cho n nay vn khng h b cc l thuyt QHQT ng i nghi vn; ng thi s dng cc phng php lun hu cu trc khai thc nhiu vn thc tin. Ni cch khc, CNHH a ra cch nhn khc cng mt s lun im ph phn cc l thuyt QHQT.

8 Collin Galster (2010): Daring to Deconstruct: The Rise of Postmodern in Theory, Havard International Review, Winter 2010, pp. 32.

Th nht, CNHH coi cc l thuyt QHQT l i tng phn tch v cc l thuyt cng thc tin QHQT ni chung u c kin to thng qua gii trnh ngn ng ng thi ph phn vic cc hc gi ca mi trng phi l thuyt ch p dng mt l thuyt duy nht hiu v phn tch QHQT. Hiu gii trnh ngn ng nh mt biu hin c th ha hn l cu trc ngn ng s a chng ta vt qua quan nim cho rng gii trnh ngn ng ch l ci c nhng ch th QHQT s dng. Chng ta cn xem xt nhng gii trnh ngn ng kin to bi cnh QHQT (bi cnh m t cc l thuyt QHQT bt u c nhng nh gi, phn ng). Nhng thc tin bao gm cc hot ng vn ha, kinh t, chnh tr, x hi to ra mt ch th no , v d nh cc hot ng thc tin kin to nn nh nc hay bt c mt ch th phi quc gia no khc. Vic phn tch v xc nh li s xut hin cng vai tr ca cc l thuyt bt ngun t vic coi CNHH nh mt cch tip cn c s dng ph phn hn l mt l thuyt t bn thn n mang tnh ph phn.

CNHH cho rng vic cc hc gi ca mi trng phi l thuyt ch p dng mt l thuyt duy nht hiu v phn tch QHQT gp nhiu vn trong khong hn 20 nm tr li y, nht l sau khi bc tng Berlin sp . Bi ly xung t Trung ng chng minh cho quan im ny. Chng ta chng kin s m rng dn ch khu vc nh quan im ca Francis


Fukuyama v h thng dn ch ton cu, nhng nhiu ngi li cho rng nhng s pht trin thiu nh hng nh vy ng b nghi ng. Trong khi , xung t Trung ng gia Israel vi th gii rp cng hnh ng can thip qun s ca cc nc phng Ty vo Iraq hay Afghanistan r rng ng nh nhng g Samuel Huntington d bo; Nhng nhng ranh gii t gy trong l lun ca Huntington li khng gii thch c nhng xung t bn trong th gii Hi gio cng nh tham vng b quyn khu vc ca mt s nc Hi gio vn khin ngi ta lin tng n thuyt cn bng quyn lc. Bn cnh , cc t chc quc t v khu vc pht trin da trn nn tng l lun ca CNTD nhng cha thnh cng nh mong i.9 Danh sch nhng l thuyt kh dng rt di nhng khng c mt l thuyt mang tnh tng hp. Ti sao? V th gii ny qu phc tp. Mi l thuyt c th gii thch ng n nhiu hin tng nhng ch c khun kh. T do t duy kiu hu hin i mi c th nh gi th gii y khi ch trng p dng cng nhiu l thuyt c th cng tt. Nu nhn vo mt s kin hay hnh ng c th c bit no , l thuyt ca Fukuyama, Huntington hay CNHT, CNTD u ng. Nhng khng l thuyt no cho chng ta ci nhn tha mn v y v th gii ny. CNHH t ra cu hi i vi c nhng hc gi trong QHQT v

9 Collin Galster (2010): bi dn, pp. 34-35.

nh ngoi giao l h lm th no coi trng mt vi l thuyt QHQT trong khi gt nhng l thuyt khc ra bn ngoi?10

Tip theo, ph phn v ng gp mnh nht ca CNHH c dnh cho CNHT trong QHQT. T tinh thn ph phn dnh cho cc i lun thuyt v coi cc l thuyt l i tng phn tch, cc hc gi hu hin i coi CNHT trong QHQT l i tng ph phn c bit. Khi nhng d bo mang tnh cu trc ca cc nh hin thc khng th hin c nhiu thi k hu Chin tranh Lnh th nhiu hc gi kt hp v chnh sa l thuyt ban u ca CNHT v bin n thnh CNHT mi cng nhiu bin th khc. Tuy nhin, i vi cc hc gi hu hin i, nhng n lc ca cc nh hin thc v c bn l khng hon thin bi h s dng chung c s l lun vn y ry vn . Ni cch khc, h cho rng th gii ny c chng minh l khng d on nh cht no. CNHH cho rng nu chng ta gii cu trc nhng lun im c bn ca CNHT, chng ta s thy rng CNHT c rt nhiu vn .

Cc hc gi hu hin i nghi ng quan im nh nc l ch th n nht vi bn sc v li ch thng nht bi mt nh nc c cu trc bi nhiu dng thc ch th di nh nc khc nhau, v d nh cc t

10 David Campbell (2007): Poststructuralism, trong sch ca Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, Steve Smith (eds) (2007), International Relations Theories Discipline and Diversity, Oxford University Press, pp. 218.


chc, cc phong tro, c nhn, v.v. v trong mi tiu ch th li c nhng tnh ton v li ch ring cho mnh. CNHH t ra nghi vn vi lun im cho rng nh nc l ch th hu hnh. Benedict Anderson cho rng cc quc gia khng phi l nhng thc th thc m ch l nhng cng ng nhn thc [] Chnh s sng to ca h thng giao thng hin i, s p t khung gi chung, nhng sng to ca truyn thng v s tp trung ho quyn lc ca nh nc khin con ngi bt u tng tng rng bn thn h l mt phn ca mt cng ng.11 i vi cc hc gi hu hin i, ngoi vic l sn phm ca nhn thc, cc dng thc nh nc cha bao gi hon thin m vn lin tc c xy dng vi nhng chnh sch i ngoi v i ni hay nhng g n gin c gi l qu trnh kin to nh nc (statecraft)12 vi s nhn mnh vo kin to.

CNHH cng tp trung nghin cu nhng vn vn khng c coi l mi quan tm truyn thng ca CNHT. David Campbell cng mt s hc gi khc nh Soguk v Whitehall cho rng, bng cch di chuyn qua bin gii v trnh b bt, ngi di c v ngi t nn c nh hng n

11 Jill Steans & Lloyd Pettiford (2005), bi dn, pp. 144-145. 12 Thng thng, statecraft ch nhng chnh sch v hot ng do nh nc tin hnh nhm theo ui cc mc tiu trn trng quc t. Quan im nhn mnh nh ngha ny l nh nc l thc th c cu trc hon chnh hay c xc nh trc khi tham gia vo trng quc t.

nhng cch l lun v hot ng thc tin mang tnh truyn thng trong QHQT.13 CNHT vn ch tp trung vo ch th nh nc, nay nhng ch th khc, c th l nhng dng di c v t nn ni ln, r rng l vt ra ngoi l lun ca CNHT. Ngoi ra, trong khi CNHT ch tp trung vo cuc chi quyn lc ca cc cng quc th CNHH cn nghin cu vn an ninh ca cc nc ang pht trin, cho rng vn an ninh cc nc ang pht trin gn cht vi gii trnh ngn ng v an ninh. V d, xung t Darfur c th c m t di nhng gc nhn lch s khc nhau da vo v tr ca ngi hay nhm sc tc cung cp thng tin v cuc xung t . CNHH li dnh s ch cho nhng cu chuyn lch s t tt c cc ch th, thm ch t nhng ngi khng th hay khng c kh nng a ra bng chng cng c cho gii trnh ngn ng ca h. Lc ny, cch tip cn hu hin i c coi l mang tnh ci m v sn sng lng nghe cng i thoi vi tt c cc ch th vn l i din cho nhng quan im c bn gii quyt xung t hoc cho s iu phi gia nhng nhm ang phi i mt vi cc thch thc an ninh.

Ngoi ra, R. Walker tm hiu cch thc m cc hc gi hin thc t ra nghi vn ri tr li c to ra thng qua vic c

13 Nevzad Soguk and Geoffrey Whitehall (1999), Wandering Grounds: Transversality, Identity, Territoriality, and Movement, Millennium, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 675.


nhng tc phm ca Machiavelli; v Walker kt lun rng CNHT tn thnh vi cch kin gii hp v phi lch s, t quyn lc ln trn o c, v bn v s cn thit ca bo lc. Tng t, khi coi v chnh ph l lun im trung tm ca CNHT, Ashley chng minh rng vic coi trng thi v chnh ph l t nhin khng phi l mt vn ca quan st thc tin m l mt phn ca chin lc nh hng cho cch hiu ca chng ta v nhng s kin m h v a dng trong chnh tr quc t thng qua nhng cp i lp nh ch quyn v v chnh ph, bn trong v bn ngoi, ch quan v khch quan, thc t v m h, nam v n, v.v. iu c ngha l vic vn ha thc tin mang li hai gii php kh thi trong ch c chn mt, v d nh ch quyn hay v chnh ph. Chn v chnh ph dn n vic chnh tr th gii c chia thnh nhng vng ch quyn v cc khu vc v chnh ph trong ch quyn vt tri so vi v chnh ph.14

Nhn chung, CNHT b ph phn l qu hp v ti gin QHQT qu mc. CNHH cho rng CNHT l l thuyt thin v, to ra nhng lun im hp v mt chiu v mc ch thc y li ch ca cc ch th c quyn lc. CNHH khng hn l ph hy m n gin l ch ra nhng vn ca CNHT. Cc hc gi hu hin i mun c s a dng v tri thc, gc nhn v nhn thc

14 David Campbell (2007): bi dn, pp. 218-219.

khc nhau t cu trc nn QHQT m khng ti gin ha QHQT.15

Kt lun

Tm li, d ra i tng i mun, cha li qu nhiu du n, nhng CNHH mang li nhn thc lun mang tnh ph phn v phng php lun hu cu trc v bn cht ca th gii ni chung v QHQT ni ring. Da trn nn tng t tng hu hin i ca M. Foucault, J. Derrida v J.F. Lyotard, cc hc gi hu hin i trong QHQT cho rng lch s pht trin khng theo logic m chng ta v ang t duy; ph phn cc i lun thuyt ca thi k hin i, c bit l ph phn CNHT rt gn qu ng QHQT; ng thi mi bc u tm cch hng n phng thc l gii bao qut cho nghin cu QHQT.

Vic CNHH nghin cu cc vn phi truyn thng trong QHQT cng c thm cho quan im nghin cu nhng ci b gt ra ngoi l hay b b qua trong hot ng nghin cu truyn thng, gp phn lm a dng ha v b sung cho nhng cch tip cn c. hiu cch phn tch mang tnh cht hu hin i v QHQT, ngi c phi sn sng c mt cch ngh khc v bn cht ca th gii v QHQT, mt vic tng i kh chu v i ngc vi quan nim thng thng v cuc sng, x hi. i vi nhng

15 Robert J. Walker (1993), Inside/Outsite: International Relations as Political Theory, Cambridge University Press, NY.


ai hi lng vi quan im hay gi nh ca mnh, tm hiu CNHH s li i hi t duy theo mt li hon ton khc.16

TI LIU THAM KHO

Ting Vit 1. Jean-Franois Lyotard (2007): Hon

cnh hu hin i (bn dch ca Ngn Xuyn), Nxb Tri thc, H Ni.

2. Trn Quang Thi (2009): J.F. Lyotard vi thc ti lun v tri thc lun, Tp ch Trit hc, s 2 (213), H Ni.

Ting Anh 3. Amitav Acharya & Barry Buzan

(eds) (2010): Non-Western International, Relations Theory, Perspectives on and beyond Asia, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.

4. Richard Ashley (1987): The Geopolitics of Geopolitical Space: Toward a Critical Social Theory of International Politics, Alternatives, Vol.12, No. 4.

5. Richard Ashley (1988): Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique, Millennium, Vol. 17, No. 2.

6. Scott Burchill (ed) (2005): Theories of International Relations, Palgrave MacMillan, N.Y.

7. David Campbell (1998): National Deconstruction: Violence, Identity, and Justice in Bosnia, Minneapolis.

16 Jenny Edkins (2007): Poststructuralism, trong cun sch Martin Griffiths (ed) (2007), International Relations for the Twenty-first Century: An Introduction, Routledge, N.Y., pp. 88-89.

8. Mark Duffield (2008): Development, security and unending war: governing the world of peoples, Polity, Cambridge.

9. Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, Steve Smith (eds) (2007): International Relations Theories Discipline and Diversity, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

10. Collin Galster (2010): Daring to Deconstruct: The Rise of Postmodern in Theory, Havard International Review, Winter 2010.

11. Martin Griffiths (ed) (2007): International Relations for the Twenty-first Century: An Introduction, Routledge, N.Y.

12. Martin Griffiths, Steven C. Roach & M.Scott Solomon (2009): Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations (2nd edtion), Routledge, N.Y.

13. Joshua S. Goldstein (2005): International Relations (6th edition), Longman, N.Y.

14. Iain McLean & Alistair McMillan (2003): The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

15. Jill Steans & Lloyd Pettiford (2005): Introduction to International Relations: Perspectives and Themes (2nd edtion), Pearson, UK.

16. Terry Teriff, Stuart Croft, Lucy James & Patrick Morgan (2001): Security Studies Today, Polity, Cambridge.

17. Robert J. Walker (1993): Inside/Outsite: International Relations as Political Theory, Cambridge University Press, N.Y.

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