Chuong 1 Hoa Dau Khtn

8/6/2019 Chuong 1 Hoa Dau Khtn

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TS. Nguyn Th Phng Phong

HA HC DU MPETROCHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY OF PETROLEUM


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Chng 1. Du m v kh (4 tit)1.1.Ngun gc du m v kh hydrocacbon

trong thin nhin

1.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca du m v kh1.3. Phn loi du m v kh1.4. Cc c trng ho l v s nh gi chtlng du m.


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Chng 2.Xc tc cho qu trnh ch bin du m vkh (10 tit)

2.1. Qu trnh Cracking xc tc2.2. Qu trnh Reforming xc tc.

2.3. Qu trnh ng phn ho.2.4. Qu trnh dehydro ho 2.5. Qu trnh oxi ho 2.6. Cc qu trnh khc


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Chng 3. Cc sn phm t qa trnh ch bindu m v kh (8 tit)

3.1.Cc sn phm nng lng 3.2.Cc sn phm phi nng lng 3.3.Cc sn phm ho hc


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Chng 4. Du kh Vit Nam (8 tit) 4.1. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin Cng nghip du

kh ti Vit Nam 4.2. Sn lng v tim nng khai thc du kh Vit

Nam 4.3. c im du th v kh hydrocacbon ti Vit Nam 4.4.Nhu cu v th trng cc sn phm du kh


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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes - Sami Matar

2. Du kh v Du kh Vit Nam Trn Mnh Tr (1996)

2. Ha hc du m v kh inh Th Ng (2002)

3. Gio trnh Xc tc d th - H S Thong (2009)

4. Nng lng cho th k 21- Nhng thch thc v trin vng H S ThongTrn Mnh Tr (2009)


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Nng lng du m v kh l ti nguyn ha thch, l nnglng khng ti to (khi nim nng lng ti to v nnglng khng ti to).

Du m c s dng cch y 4.000 nm xy cc

bc tng ca Babylon. Vo th k th t, ngi Trung Quc tng khoan nhng

ging su 200m v khai thc du thng qua nhng ng tre. 1848 c nhng ng khoan cng nghip u tin khai

thc du gn Baku (Nga) Du m c khai thc Bc M v Chu u su 40-

50m di mt t.


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T nm 1859 du bt u c khai thc Hoa K, snphm ch yu l du m dng thp sng.

n u th k 20, lng du khai thc trn ton thgii l vi chc tn.

Cng nghip du m pht trin mnh m khi ccphng tin xe hi v my bay pht trin.

Hin nay cng nghip du m pht trin n mc cc sn phm du kh chim 60% nng lng ton

cu


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V bn cht ha hc, s hnh thnh du v kh gingnh s hnh thnh than, c ngun gc t xc ng vtv thc vt v phi tri qua hng triu nm trong iu

kin nhit cao v p sut cao. Khc vi than c ngun gc l xc ng vt v thc vt

trn t lin, ngun gc ca du v kh ch yu l xccc ng vt v thc vt phiu linh lng xung y i

dng. Du v kh dng lng v kh nn sau khi hnh thnh

phi tm nhng ch tr n c gi l by du


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Ngun gc v c Cui th k 19 nh ha hc ngi Nga

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev a ra l thuyt v cgii thch s hnh thnh ca du m.

Theo l thuyt ny du m pht sinh t phn ng hahc gia cacbuakim loi vi nc ti nhit cao sutrong lng tri t to thnh cc hidrocacbon v sau b y ln trn. Theo l thuyt ny du m pht sinh tphn ng ha hc gia cacbua kim loi vi nc ti

nhit cao su trong lng tri t to thnh cchidrocacbon v sau b y ln trn.
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Nm 1866, Berthelot tin hnh qu trnh tng hp ccc hp cht hydrocacbon thm t axtylen nhit caovi s c mt ca xc tc.

Nm 1901, Sabatier v Sendereus tin hnh phn ng hydroho axetylen trn xc tc Niken v St nhit trongkhong 200 n 300oC, thu c mt lot cchydrocacbon tng ng nh thnh phn ca du m.

Ngun gc v c


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Hm lng cc hp cht cacbua trong lng t thkh hn ch trong khi th du m ngy cng tmc vi s lng rt ln v hu nh c mt khp ni

Cc phn ng to hp cht thm v cc hp cht cthnh phn tng t nh thnh phn ca du m tCH

4v C

2H

2i hi c nhit cao trong khi thc t

nhit t c trong cc m du th t khi vt qu

150 n 200oC

Ngun gc v c


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Theo gi thit ny th du m c hnh thnh t cchp cht c ngun gc hu c, c th l t xc chtca ng thc vt v tri qua mt qu trnh bin i

phc tp trong mt thi gian di (hng chc n hngtrm triu mn) di tc ng ca nhiu yu t khcnhau nh vi khun, nhit , p sut v xc tc c sntrong lng t v i khi cn c s tc ng ca cc bc

x do s phng x trong lng t.

Ngun gc hu c


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Gm 4 giai on Tch ng cc vt liu hu c ban u Bin i cc cht hu c ban u thnh du kh

S di c ca du - kh n cc bn cha thin nhin Bin i tip tc trong bn cha t nhin. Du v kh hydrocacbon trong thin nhin u c

cng mt ngun gc. Chnh v vy, ni no c ducng s c kh v ngc li. Tuy nhin do qu trnh

di c c th khc nhau, nn mc d chng csinh ra mt ni chng vn c th c tr nhngni khc xa nhau. V vy c th gp nhng bycha kh nm xa by cha du.

Ngun gc hu c


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Tch ng cc vt liu hu c ban u Thnh phn cc xc ng thc vt chia lm: *Cc cht hu c nh cacbon hydrat (ko bn vng, di

tc dng vi khun to thnh kh v cc cht tan trongnc)

*Cc cht lipid (bao gm cc acid bo, nha, cc HC caophn t) kh b ph hy bi vi khun.

*Cc cht albumin

Trong thnh phn cht HC ca xc ng vt th xc chtlipid l bn vng nht, ko b phn hy do c bo vnguyn vn khi lng ng nn l cht m bin iv sau to thnh du kh

Ngun gc hu c


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Bin i cc cht hu c ban u thnh du kh Cc cht hu c c trong trm tch chu nhiu bin i

ha hc di nh hng ca nhit , p sut, xc tcv thi gian.

Thi gian cng di, ln cng su, kh nng to nhngphn t b hn, mch hydrocacbon ngn hn du s nhhn.

Theo tnh ton khi su khong t 5-7km th qu trnhto du xem nh kt thc v chuyn sang qu trnh to

kh.

Ngun gc hu c


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S di c ca du n bn cha thin nhin Du v kh c to thnh thng phn b ri rc trong

cc lp trm tch cha du c gi l m. Di tcdng ca p sut v s bin ng ca a cht, du v

kh trong m b y ra v di chuyn n nhng nikhc. Qu trnh di c n nhng lp rng xp, cngi l cha v s li v to thnh nhng bncha thin nhin gi l by.

Trong qu trnh di c, tnh cht v thnh phn ca du

bin i.

Ngun gc hu c


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Ngun gc hu c

By du l khi rng xp m du vo c ch khngra c do cc tng chn v nt mui.Trong qu trnh

vn chuyn qua cc tng xp mt s cht nha vasphanten b hp ph bi cc lp t lm du tr nn nhhn v sch hn.

V bn cht, du v kh l hydrocacbon nhng khc nhau

ch cc m kh thin nhin ch cha kh trong khi cc mdu u cha du v kh.

Khi i su vo lng t nhit v p sut cng cao nnqu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c xy ra cng mnh,du

cng nh v sinh ra nhiu kh hn.


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Thnh phn ho hc ca du m v kh ni chung rtphc tp.

Khi kho st thnh phn du m v kh ca nhiu mdu trn th gii, u thy khng du no ging hn

du no, c bao nhiu m du th c by nhiu loidu m.

Ngay trong bn thn mt l khoan, du m ly t cctng du khc nhau, cng u khc nhau.


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Cc hp cht hydrocacbon (HC), l hp cht m trong thnhphn ca n ch cha hai nguyn t l cacbon v hydro

Cc hp cht phi HC, l cc hp cht m trong thnh phn can ngoi cacbon, hydro th chng cn cha thm cc nguyn t

khc nh nit, lu hunh, oxy . Tng cng cc hydrocacbon ring l cho n nay xc nh

c l 425. Cn i vi cc cht khng thuc loi hydrocacbontrong du m, n nay cng xc nh c khong 380 hpcht, trong phn ln l cc hp cht lu hunh (khong 250

hp cht).


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Cc hp cht hydrocacbon (HC)thnh phn chnh yu ca dum v kh, quan trng nht ca du th chim t 60-90% trnglng du kh

Gm 3 loi HC: HC paraffinic; HC aromatic; HC naptenic

Trong m du c cc HC thun chng nhng cng c cc HC tpchng, trong khi i vi kh, ngay c kh ng hnh ln khthin nhin ch c HC paraffinic khng c cc HC no khc.

Kh ng hnh (tc l kh i cng vi du trong qu trnh khaithc):metan, etan, propan, butan, mt t pentan).

Kh thin nhin t cc m kh cng gm cc thnh phn ging khng hnh nhng metan v etan l ch yu


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Cc hp cht parafin: Hm lng chung cc n-parafin trong du m thng t

25-30% th tch.Ty theo du m c to thnh tnhng thi k a cht no, m s phn b cc n-parafin

trong du s khc nhau. Ni chung s phn b ny tun theo quy tc sau: tui cng cao, su ln chm cng ln, th hm

lng n-parafin trong phn nh ca du m cng

nhiu.


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HC paraffinic C5-C10 mch nhnh trong thnh phnnh ca du l thnh phn rt qy, lm cho xng c tnhchng kch n cao. Ngc li cu trc thng lm gimcht lng xng.

HC paraffinic C10-C15 mch thng nm phn ontrung bnh l cu t rt qy cho nhin liu phn lc vdiezen v c kh nng t bc chy d dng khi nn p

HC t C17 tr ln nm trong phn on nng, l tinh

th rn trong du th lm nh hng n tnh linh ngca du.


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HC naptenic l nhng cycloparaffin, ph bin nht lvng 5 v vng 6 v cc dn xut alkyl ca chng.

HC naptenic l thnh phn rt quan trng trong ca nhinliu ng c cng nh du nht.

HC napten 1 vng: lm cho xng c cht lng cao.HC napten 1 vng c gc alkyl di c cu t qy cho

nhin liu phn lc v nhin liu diezel.HC napten nm trong phn nh ca du m, l nguyn

liu rt qy sn xut cc HC thm nh benzen,toluen, xylen.


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HC aromatic thng l nhng dn xut ca benzen.


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Cc hp cht phi HC, - Ch yu l cht nha v asphanten thng tp trung

trong phn on c nhit si cao, c bit l phncn sau khi chng ct.

Nhng hp cht ny c trong du th sn phm s binthnh mu sm,khi chy trong ng c thng to cc,to cn v to tn.

Trong qu trnh ch bin, nhng hp cht ny lm ng

c xc tc. L nhng cht dng ch to bitum nha ng.


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Cc hp cht cha lu hunh

*Gy n mn thit b*Gy nhim mitrng*Gy ng c xc tc


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Cc hp cht cha Nitrogen

Porphyrin


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Cc hp cht chaOxygen


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Nha: Mw=500-2000

Asphalten: Mw=1000-10000


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*Phn loi theo bn cht ha hc:thng ch xt s phn b cchydrocacbon trong du th c nhit si di 3500C.Du th h parafinic, du th h naphtenic, du th h aromatic, ngha ldu th c hm lng hydrocacbon tng ng vi t l trn 75% trongphn si di 3500C.

Trn th gii rt t du th h aromatic m c du th h asphantic vcha nhiu asphanten v hp cht thm nhiu vng ngng t trong phncn.Du th h parafinic va napthenic chim khong 9-16%.Thng cc du th trn th gii dng pha trn nh


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- H naphteno-parafinic- H parafino-naphtenic- H aromato-naphtenic

- H naphteno-aromatic- H aromato-parafinic- H parafino-aromatic

- H parafino-aromato-naphtenic

- H aromato-parafino-naphtenic- H naphteno-parafino-aromatic- H parafino-naphteno-aaarrmatic- H naphteno- aromato-parafinic- H aromato-naphteno-parafinic

Thng cc du th trn th gii dng pha trn nh


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- Phn on1, bng cch chng ct du m p sut thng(trong b chng tiu chun Hemfel) ly ra phn on c gii hnnhit si 250-275oC.- Phn on 2, bng cch chng phn cn li trong chn khng (40mmHg) ly ra phn on si 275-300oC p sut chn khng(tng ng 390 415oC p sut thng)

Phn loi du m theo h hydrocacbon bng cch o t trng mts phn on chn la.


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*Nhit si ca du th:

V du m l hn hp nhiu hydrocacbon nn khng cnhit si c nh c trng.

Nhit si u: L nhit c c trn nhit k vo lc git cht lngngng t u tin chy ra t cui ng ngng t.Nhit si cui: L nhit cao nht t c trong qu trnh chng ct.Nhit si 10% (t10%), t50%, t90%, t95%, ... L nhit c trn nhit ktng ng khi thu c 10%, 50%, 90%, 95% ... cht lng ngng t trongng thu.


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ng cong chng ct:ng cong biu din s phn b lng ccsn phm chng ct c theo nhit si.*ng cong chng ct n gin gi l ng cong chng ct ASTMhoc ng cong chng ct Engler. l ng cong thu c khichng ct mu du th trong bnh cu n gin ko tinh luyn v honlu.

ng cong chng ct im si tht: ng cong chng ct c tinhluyn. l ng cong nhn c khi chng ct du th trong thit bchng ct c tinh luyn vi kh nng phn chia tng ng vi s a lthuyt trn 10 v t s hi lu sn phm khong 5. y l ng cong

rt quan trng c trng cho tng loi du th.


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Nhng cht c cng nhit si nh nhau trong du th hpthnh mt phn on v hm lng cc cht cha trong rt khc nhau ty theo loi du th. S phn b v hmlng cc phn on trong du th l thnh phn phn

on, mt thng s c trng cho tng loi du th.

Du th c th chia thnh nhiu phn on:phn on nh,phn on trung bnh v phn on nng:*Phn on nh: t nhit thng n 2000C

*Phn on trung bnh: phn on t 2000C n 3500C*Phn on nng trn 3500C


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T trng ca du th:-L trng lng ca mt lt du th tnh bng Kg, l mtcon s n gin nhng v cng quan trng khi nhgi cht lng du th trn th trng mua bn.

-T trng lin quan n bn cht ha hc cng nh ctnh phn b cc phn on ca du th.-Du th cng nh tc c t trng thp, cng mang ctnh paraffinic, ng thi t l cc phn on nng s t.

Ngc li, du cng nng cng c t trng cao, du thcng mang c tnh aromatic hay asphantic, cc phnon nng s chim t l cao


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Nm 2003 tr lng du m nhiu nht l mt Rap Saudi (262,7 t thng), Iran (130,7 tthng) v Iraq (115,0 t thng) k n l Cc Tiu Vng quc mt Rap Thng nht,

Kuwait v Venezuela. Nc khai thc du nhiu nht th gii trong

nm 2003 l Rp Saudi (496,8 triu tn),Nga (420 triu tn), M (349,4 triu tn),

Mexico (187,8 triu tn) v Iran (181,7 triutn).
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_Saudi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhj4Y2p30RhUCQXgwN3aYiE6KkojYQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhgxFnEP7mCNWrCt8qCuEio69F69gghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhgn_oOM8smDVOBhpnzCDbomwRknSAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_Ti%E1%BB%83u_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_Th%E1%BB%91ng_nh%E1%BA%A5t&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhhKgWHDAbpznKzwwRCo0-JR4UvwRQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhhWpjM2vxyuvR3n5-YOG5AcjTUpBghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhhqZhx8FSfoYxCbzDX8ODzNNR8uUQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nga&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhinkOH7EYmMOOnTnSUu9MIrQqNMvAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhjZ_nIv10IbemWO-gb83qIDQ-IVXQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhjWaMIrUAXCb_LwEZfKZ12UnBJnVAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhgxFnEP7mCNWrCt8qCuEio69F69gghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhgxFnEP7mCNWrCt8qCuEio69F69gghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhjWaMIrUAXCb_LwEZfKZ12UnBJnVAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhjZ_nIv10IbemWO-gb83qIDQ-IVXQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nga&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhinkOH7EYmMOOnTnSUu9MIrQqNMvAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhhqZhx8FSfoYxCbzDX8ODzNNR8uUQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhhWpjM2vxyuvR3n5-YOG5AcjTUpBghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_Ti%E1%BB%83u_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_Th%E1%BB%91ng_nh%E1%BA%A5t&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhhKgWHDAbpznKzwwRCo0-JR4UvwRQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhgn_oOM8smDVOBhpnzCDbomwRknSAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhgxFnEP7mCNWrCt8qCuEio69F69gghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_Saudi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhj4Y2p30RhUCQXgwN3aYiE6KkojYQ


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Vit Nam c xp vo cc nc xut khudu m t nm 1991 khi sn lng xutc vi ba triu tn. n nay, sn lngdu kh khai thc v xut khu hng nm

t vo khong 20 triu tn/nm. Du th Vit Nam l loi du ngt (hm

lng lu hunh thp) nn c ga tr caotrn thng trng. Tuy nhin du th chm lng paraphin cao nn kh vnchuyn.
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhgu6t0UFIba1KcZy_ofOEyPYj6zyghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhgaY5aGVftM0bIx1GRTFWDN_ycSMwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhgaY5aGVftM0bIx1GRTFWDN_ycSMwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhgu6t0UFIba1KcZy_ofOEyPYj6zyg


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Vit Nam c xp vo cc nc xut khudu m t nm 1991 khi sn lng xutc vi ba triu tn. n nay, sn lngdu kh khai thc v xut khu hng nm

t vo khong 20 triu tn/nm. Du th Vit Nam l loi du ngt (hm

lng lu hunh thp) nn c ga tr caotrn thng trng. Tuy nhin du th chm lng paraphin cao nn kh vnchuyn.
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhgu6t0UFIba1KcZy_ofOEyPYj6zyghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhgaY5aGVftM0bIx1GRTFWDN_ycSMwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhgaY5aGVftM0bIx1GRTFWDN_ycSMwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhgu6t0UFIba1KcZy_ofOEyPYj6zyg


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Chuong 1 Hoa Dau Khtn