Chuong 8 Vu Tru Trong Vo Hat de - Smith.N Studio

8/3/2019 Chuong 8 Vu Tru Trong Vo Hat de - Smith.N Studio

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V T R T R O N G M T V H T

Trang 202 Ngi dch: [email protected]; http://datrach.blogspot.com

THUT NG

ADN: axt Deoxyribonucleic bao gmphosphate, mt ng v bn ba-z: adenine,guanine, thymine v cytosine. Hai nhnh ADNto nn cu trc hnh xon kp lin kt vi nhauging nh cu thang xon. ADN m ha tt c ccthng tin m cc t bo cn ti to v ng vaitr sng cn trong di tuyn.

B

o ton nng lng: nh lut khoa hc phtbiu rng nng lng (hoc i lng tng

ng ca n l khi lng) khng th t nhinsinh ra hoc mt i.

Bin : cao cc i ca nh mt sng hay su cc i ca mt hm sng.

Boson: ht hoc kiu dao ng dy c spin l mts nguyn.

Bc x phng vi sng: bc x t v tr s khainng bng, do dch chuyn m ngy nay n

xut hin khng phi di dng nh sng m didng vi sng (sng v tuyn c bc sng c vivi cm).

Bc x: nng lng c truyn bi sng hocht trong khng gian hoc mi trng no .

Bc sng: khong cch gia hai nh hoc hmsng lin tip.

Chn tri s kin: bin ca h en, bin ca

vng khng gian ngn cch vt cht thot rav hn.

Chiu khng gian: bt k chiu no trong ba chiukhng gian.

Chu trnh thi gian: tn khc ca vng thi gianng.

C hc lng t: cc nh lut vt l iu khin

vng quc ca cc ht rt nh nh nguyn t,proton, c pht trin t nguyn l lng tca Plank v nguyn l bt nh Heisenberg.

Dy ng: mt vng dy.

Dy v tr: mt vt th nng, di c tit din rtnh c th c to ra trong cc thi k s khai

ca v tr. Ngy nay, mt dy c th tri di tonb v tr.

Dy: vt th mt chiu c bn trong l thuyt dym c th lm thay i khi nim v ht c bnkhng c cu trc. Cc kiu dao ng khc nhauca dy s to ra cc ht c bn vi cc tnh chtkhc nhau.

Dch chuyn : bc x pht ra t cc vt thchuyn ng ra xa khi ngi quan st s hn,

gy bi hiu ng Doppler.Dch chuyn xanh: s co li ca bc sng cabc x pht ra t mt vt th ang chuyn ngv pha ngi quan st, gy ra bi hiu ngDoppler.

im k d trn tri: mt im k d ca khngthi gian, khng b bao bi mt h en, khkin i vi ngi quan st t xa.

im k d: mt im trong khng thi gian mti cong ca khng thi gian l v hn.

in tch: tnh cht ca mt ht m nh ht c th y (hoc ht) cc ht khc c in tchcng (hoc tri) du.

in t: ht c in tch m, quay xung quanh htnhn nguyn t.

iu kin ban u: trng thi ca mt h vt l ti

Smith Nguyen Studio.


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T H U T N G

Trang 203Ngi dch: [email protected]; http://datrach.blogspot.com

thi im ban u.

iu kin bin: trng thi ban u ca mt h vtl, hay ni mt cch khi qut hn l trng thica h ti bin trong thi gian v khng gian.

iu kin khng bin: tng cho rng v tr lhu hn nhng khng c bin trong thi gian o.

nh lut chuyn ng ca Newton: nh lut mt chuyn ng ca cc vt th da trn khi nimkhng thi gian tuyt i. Cc nh lut ny thngtr cho n khi Einstein a ra thuyt tng i.

nh lut Moore: nh lut pht biu rng tc ca cc my tnh s tng gp i c sau mi tmthng. iu ny r rng khng th tip tc mimi c.

nh lut th hai ca nhit ng hc: nh lut pht biu rng entropy (ca mt h kn ND)lun tng v khng th gim.

nh l im k d: nh l chng minh rng vimt s iu kin nht nh th s tn ti mt imk d m ti thuyt tng i rng khng cnng, v rng v tr cn phi bt u t mt imk d.

di Plank: di khong 10-35 cm. Kch thcca dy c trng trong l thuyt dy.

Entropy: php o mt trt t ca mt h vtl, s cc cu hnh vi m khc nhau ca h mlm cho hnh thc v m ca h khng thay i.

-te: mi trng phi vt cht tng c chol lp y ton b khng gian. tng v mi

trng nh th cn thit cho sng in t c thlan truyn i c, nay khng cn ng na.

Fermion: mt ht hoc mt kiu dao ng dyc spin l mt s bn nguyn.Gi nh bo ton lch s (Chronologyprotection conjecture): gi nh cho rng cc

nh lut vt l ngn cn khng cho cc vt th vm du hnh thi gian.

Gia tc: s thay i vn tc ca vt th.

Gin n thi gian: c im ca thuyt tng irng tin on rng dng thi gian s chy chmi vi ngi quan st chuyn ng hoc di tcdng ca trng hp dn mnh.

Giy nh sng: khong cch m nh sng i ctrong mt giy.

Hm sng: mt khi nim c bn trong c

hc lng t; mt con s ti mi im trongkhng gian c lin quan n mt ht, xc nh xcsut m ht c th c tm thy ti mt v tr.

Hng s Plank: hn tng ca nguyn l btnh tch gia bt nh v v tr v vn tccn phi ln hn hng s Plank. Biu din bngk hiu .

Hng s v tr: mt cng c ton hc cEinstein s dng gn cho v tr c xu hnggin n, cho php thuyt tng i rng tin onmt v tr tnh.

Hp dn lng t: l thuyt kt hp c hc lngt vi thuyt tng i rng.

Ht o: trong c hc lng t, mt ht o l mtht m ta khng bao gi c th o c trc tipnhng s tn ti ca n gy ra nhng hiu ng cth o c. Xem thm hiu ng Casimir.

Ht c bn: ht c coi l khng th phn chiac na.

Ht nhn: phn tm ca mt nguyn t, ch baogm proton v neutron lin kt vi nhau bng lcht nhn mnh.

Hiu ng Casimir: p lc ht gia hai tm kimloi phng, song song c t gn nhau trongchn khng. p sut xut hin l do s cc ht o



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gia hai tm kim loi nh hn bn ngoi.

Hiu ng Doppler: s dch chuyn tn s v bcsng ca cc sng m hoc sng nh sng mngi quan st thu c khi ngun pht chuynng tng i vi ngi quan st.

Hiu ng quang in: hiu ng pht in t khinh sng p vo cc kim loi.

H en nguyn thy: mt h en hnh thnh tgiai on s khai ca v tr.

H en: mt vng khng thi gian c trng hp

dn qu mnh n ni ngay c nh sng cngkhng th thot ra c.

H giun: mt ng ng rt nh trong khng thigian kt ni cc vng xa nhau ca v tr. Cc hgiun cng c th kt ni cc v tr song song vc th to ra kh nng du hnh thi gian.

Kenvin: thang nhit tuyt i.

Khi lng: l mt thuc tnh ca vt th, l quntnh hoc cn tr gia tc trong khng gian t do.

Khng gian t do: vng khng gian khng ctrng no, tc l, khng chu tc dng ca lcno.

Khng thi gian: khng gian bn chiu m ccim ca n l cc s kin.

Lm pht: mt thi k ngn gin n gia tc,trong , v tr thi k rt s khai gia tng

kch thc vi mt tc cha tng c.

Lc in t: lc xut hin gia cc ht c in tchcng (hoc tri) du.

Lc hp dn: lc yu nht trong bn loi lc cbn ca t nhin.

Lc tng tc mnh (lc ht nhn mnh): lc

mnh nht v c tm tc dng ngn nht trongbn lc c bn. N gi cc quark li vi nhau

to nn proton v neutron, v cc ht ny n ltn li cng nhau lm nn ht nhn nguyn t.

Lc tng tc yu (lc ht nhn yu): lc yuth hai trong bn lc c bn c tm tc dngrt ngn. N tc dng ti tt c cc ht vt chtnhng khng tc dng ln cc ht truyn tngtc.

Lng tnh sng/ht: khi nim trong c hclng t cho rng khng c s khc bit gia cc

sng v cc ht; cc ht c th hnh x ging nhcc sng v ngc li.

Lng t: n v khng th phn chia m cc sngc th hp th hoc pht x.

L thuyt nh a chiu: l thuyt cho rng cctrng thi lng t ca mt h trong mt vngkhng thi gian c th c m ha trn bin cavng .

L thuyt c in: mt l thuyt da trn cc khinim c thit lp trc c hc tng i v chc lng t. L thuyt gi thit rng cc vt thc v tr v vn tc hon ton xc nh. iu nykhng ng cc nc thang rt nh v nguyn lbt nh s pht huy tc dng.

L thuyt dy: l thuyt vt l cho rng cc ht cth c m t nh l cc sng trn cc dy; thngnht c hc lng t v tng i rng. Cn cbit l thuyt siu dy.

L thuyt thng nht ln: l thuyt thng nht lcin t, lc tng tc yu v lc tng tc mnh.

L thuyt thng nht: bt k l thuyt no m ttt c bn lc v tt c vt cht trong mt m hnhduy nht.

L thuyt tng i hp: l thuyt ca Einsteinda trn tng cho rng cc nh lut khoa hc



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T H U T N G


cn phi nh nhau i vi tt c cc ngi quanst khng ph thuc vo cch h chuyn ng khi

khng c trng hp dn.L thuyt tng i rng: l thuyt ca Einsteinda trn tng cho rng cc nh lut khoa hcxy ra nh nhau i vi tt c cc ngi quan st,khng ph thuc vo cch m h chuyn ng. Lthuyt gii thch lc hp dn trn c s v congca khng thi gian bn chiu.

L thuyt vn vt hp dn ca Newton: l thuytcho rng lc ht gia hai vt th ch ph thuc vo

khi lng ca cc vt th v khong cch giachng; lc ht t l vi tch ca khi lng v tl nghch vi bnh phng khong cch.

L thuyt Yang-Mills: l thuyt m rng ca lthuyt trng Maxwell m t lc tng tc yuv lc tng tc mnh.

L thuyt-M: l thuyt thng nht nm l thuytdy cng nh l thuyt siu hp dn thnh mt mhnh l thuyt n nht nhng ngi ta vn cha

hiu ht l thuyt ny.

Mng: mt thc th c coi l mt thnhphn c bn ca thuyt-M, c th c nhiuchiu. Ni chung, mt mng-p c chiu di theo pchiu, mng-1 l mt dy, mng-2 l mt mt,

Mng-p: mt mng c p chiu. Xem thm mng.

My gia tc ht: mt ci my c th gia tc ccht mang in chuyn ng lm tng nng lng

chng.

M hnh chun trong vt l ht: l thuyt thngnht ba lc phi hp dn v cc hiu ng ca chngln vt cht.

M hnh chun trong v tr hc: l thuyt v nln cng vi l gii ca m hnh chun trong vtl ht.

M hnh Randall-Sundrum: l thuyt cho rngmt mng trong khng gian nm chiu v hn ca

cc cong m, ging nh hnh yn nga.

Nm nh sng: khong cch m nh sng ic trong mt nm.Nng lng chn khng: nng lng c mt ngayc trong chn khng trng rng. N c tnh chtrt k l l, khng ging nh s c mt ca khilng, s c mt ca nng lng chn khng slm cho v tr gin n v tng tc.

Neutrino: cc ht nh b ch chu tc dng ca lctng tc yu.

Neutron: mt ht tng t ht proton nhng khngmang in, chim gn mt na khi lng htnhn. N c to thnh t ba quark (hai nghchv mt thun).

Ngi quan st: mt ngi hoc mt dng cquan st o cc tnh cht vt l ca h.

Nguyn l bt nh: Nguyn l c Heisenberga ra, pht biu rng ngi ta khng bao gi cth xc nh chnh xc c v tr v vn tc ca ht.Nu ta bit chnh xc mt i lng ny th ta sbit km chnh xc mt i lng kia.

Nguyn l loi tr: nguyn l cho rng cc htc spin bng -1/2 khng th c (trong gii hnnguyn l bt nh) cng v tr v vn tc.

Nguyn l lng t Plank: nguyn l cho rng cc

sng in t (tc l nh sng) ch c th pht xhay hp th mt lng gin on gi l lng t.

Nguyn l v nhn: nguyn l cho rng chng tathy v tr nh n hin hu bi v nu n khc ith chng ta khng th c mt y quan stn.

Nguyn t: n v c bn ca vt cht thng,to thnh t mt ht nhn nh b (gm proton v



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neutron) v cc in t quay xung quanh.

Nht thc: hin tng mt trng i vo khonggia tri t v mt tri v che mt tri, hintng ko di vi pht. Nht thc xy ra nm1919 c th quan st t vng ng Phi chngminh s ng n ca thuyt tng i.

Nhit khng tuyt i: nhit thp nht cth, ti vt cht khng c nhit nng; khong-273 C hay 0 K.

Nhit ng hc: nghin cu v mi lin h gia

nng lng, cng, nhit v entropy trong h vtl ng.

Nn nh sng: mt b mt trong khng thi gianvch ra hng kh d cc tia sng i qua mts kin cho.

Phn ht: mi ht vt cht u c mt phn httng ng, khi mt ht va chm vi phn htca n th chng s hy ln nhau v ch cn linng lng m thi.

Phn r ht nhn: qu trnh cc ht nhn b phnr thnh cc ht nhn nh hn v gii thot nnglng.

Ph: di tn s ca sng. Phn kh kin ca quangph mt tri i khi l cu vng.

Phng php thc chng: phng php cho rngl thuyt khoa hc l mt m hnh ton hc c thm t v gii m cc quan st m chng ta thc

hin.Phng trnh Schrodinger: phng trnh iukhin qu trnh tin ha ca cc sng trong thuytlng t.

Positron: phn ht ca in t c in tchdng.

Proton: ht mang in tch dng, rt gingneutron, chim gn mt na khi lng ht nhn

nguyn t. Proton to thnh t ba quark (hai thunv mt nghch).

Qu trnh phng x: qu trnh ph v t phtt mt loi ht nhn nguyn t ny sang loi

khc.

Quang t (photon): mt lng t nh sng; bsng nh nht ca trng in t.

Quark: ht c bn mang in chu tc dng calc tng tc mnh. Quark c su mi: thun(up), nghch (down), l (strange), p (charm),

di (bottom) v trn (top). Mi mi c th c bamu: , lc v xanh.

Quyt nh lun khoa hc: mt khi nim mymc v v tr ca Laplace, trong , cc thng tiny v trng thi ca v tr hin ti cho phptin on cc thng tin y v trng thi ca vtr trong qu kh v tng lai.

Siu i xng: nguyn l lin h tnh cht cacc ht c spin khc nhau.Siu hp dn: tp hp cc l thuyt thng nht lthuyt tng i rng v siu i xng.

S o: mt khi nim ton hc tru tng. Cc so v s thc c th c coi nh s nh s v trca cc im trong mt mt phng, do , cc so s vung gc vi cc s thc bnh thng.

S Grassman: mt lp cc s khng giao hon vinhau. i vi cc s thc bnh thng, th t ca

cc s hng trong php nhn khng quan trng:A*B=C v B*A=C. Tuy nhin s Grassman liphn giao hon nn A*B bng B*A.

Sng in t: dao ng kiu sng trong intrng. Tt c cc sng ca ph in t chuynng vi vn tc nh sng, tc l nh sng khkin, tia X, vi sng, hng ngoi,

Sng hp dn: dao ng kiu sng trong trng



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T H U T N G


hp dn.

Spin: tnh cht ni ca cc ht c bn c lin quann (nhng khng ng nht vi) khi nim tquay trong i sng hng ngy.

S co Lorentz: s co ngn v chiu di ca vt ththeo hng di chuyn khi n chuyn ng, tinon t l thuyt tng i hp.

S kin: mt im trong khng thi gian xc nhbi v tr v thi gian ca n.

Tn s: ca mt sng l s chu k trong mt

giy.

Th gii mng: mt b mt hay mt mng bnchiu trong mt khng thi gian c nhiu chiuhn.

Thi gian o: thi gian c o bng cc s o.

Thi gian Plank: bng khong 10-43 giy, thi gian nh sng i c mt khong cch bng diPlank.

Thi gian tuyt i: khi nim cho rng c mtng h v tr. Thuyt tng i ca Einsteinkhng th c khi nim nh th.

Tnh i ngu: mt s tng ng gia cc lthuyt hon ton khc nhau dn n cc kt quvt l nh nhau.

Trng thi c bn: trng thi ca mt h c nnglng cc tiu.

Trng thi tnh: trng thi khng thay i theothi gian.

Trng lng: lc tc dng ln vt th bng mttrng hp dn. N t l vi (nhng khng phil) khi lng ca n.

Trng hp dn: phng tin lc hp dn traoi tc ng ca n.

Trng lc: phng tin cc lc trao i tcng ca n.

Trng Maxwell: tng hp in, t, nh sng vocc trng ng c th dao ng v lan truyntrong khng gian.

Trng: mt ci g tn ti trong sut khngthi gian, ngc li vi mt ht ch c th tn titi mt im trong khng thi gian.

T trng: trng truyn tng tc t.

Vn giao thoa: xut hin khi hai hay nhiu

sng (pht ra t cc v tr v thi gian khcnhau) ha vo nhau.

Vn tc: mt con s biu din tc v hngca chuyn ng ca vt th.

Vt cht ti: vt cht c mt trong cc thin hv cc m, v c th gia cc m m chng takhng th quan st c nhng chng ta vn ghinhn c trng hp dn ca n.

V m: ln c th nhn bng mt thng;thng l vi khong cch ln hn 0,01 mm.Khong cch nh hn khong cch c coil vi m.

V hn: mt pham vi hay mt con s khng cgii hn hoc khng c kt thc.

V co ln: tn ca mt kch bn kh d v s ktthc ca v tr, ti , tt c khng gian v vtcht suy sp v hnh thnh mt im k d.

V n ln: k d ti im khi u ca v tr,cch y khong mi lm t nm.

V tr hc: khoa hc nghin cu v v tr.



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Chuong 8 Vu Tru Trong Vo Hat de - Smith.N Studio