C SINH HC

ThS. ng V HongPhn vin Vt l Y Sinh hc.

C SINH HC

Lc Chuyn ng (Vn tc, gia tc,)

(ng nng, th nng,)

Cc dng chuyn ng trong c th:

Chuyn ng ca vt rn : H c xng

Chuyn ng cc dng chy

H tun hon (lng) H h hp (kh)

Tim Mu C quan h hp S trao i kh

(O2, CO2)

Vai tr Vai tr Cu to ti cc ph nang

Cu to Thnh phn Hot ng

Hot ng S vn chuyn

H C XNG

CU TRC C VN

SI C VN CT DC

SI C VN CT NGANG

SI C VN DI NH SNG PHN CC

S CO C Ngng?

Khi c hin tng co c cc siu si actin strt vo cc siu si myosin, ko theo s dchchuyn ca hai vch Z vo nhau, do bng Iv vch H s b ngn li trong khi bng A vngi nguyn kch thc. Sarcomer v vy sngn li.

Ngc li, khi c hin tng dui c, cc siusi actin trt ra ngoi si myosin, do haivch Z s dch chuyn ra xa nhau lm cho bngI v vch H c ko di ra, sarcomer cngc ko di ra trong khi bng A vn khngthay i kch thc.

S CO C

ATP lin kt giu nng lng

Phn ng thy phn :ATP + H2O = ADP + H3PO4

Khng cho c hot ng 1s tng hp ATP ti c: Phosphocreatin + ADP ATP + creatin cho c hot ng vi s.

Tng hp nh phn hy glycogen (mt dng tch tr ca glucose c nhiu trong c).Glucose + 3H3PO4 + 2ADP 2lactat + 2ATP + 2H2O

Lng lactat nhiu s to cm gic mi mt v cng km hm qu trnh tng hp ATP.

CC BC CO C

1. Xung thn kinh phng thch acetylcholin ti din tip hp thn kinh - c 2. Acetylcholin gn vo receptor trn mng si c, m cng ion to ra th in ng. 3. Th in ng lan truyn dc theo b mt t bo c v i vo ng T. 4. in th ng trong ng T lm thay i tnh thm ca mng li c tng gy ra s phng thch ion Ca d tr. 5. Ion Ca gn vo phc h tropomyosin lm thay i v tr ca chng, khng cn che ph v tr gn myosin trn actin. 6. u myosin c hot ha bi s thy phn ATP s gn vo actin, ADP v H3PO4 c phng thch, u myosin gp li ko si actin v hng myosin.

7. ATP mi c gn vo u myosin, sau tch chng ra khi actin. ATP b thy phn lm cho u quay tr li v tr c. 8. ADP v H3PO4 vn gn trn u myosin gip chng c th lin kt mt ln na vi actin.

TNH CHT, THAM S?

Tnh n hi

Tnh do

Tnh kh co

nht

TNH N HI

C nguyn vn, tng si c

l nh nh lut Hooke

S

F

l

l

Mun n hi

Sc cng c hc

l

lE

l

l1

S

F

1E

SF

E n v o

Chut cng: 0,00046 kg/mm2

ch: 0,027 kg/mm2

Th: 0,15 kg/mm2

Ngi: 0,28 kg/mm2

l l+l

F

TNH DO

F 0, l 0

Thc t: l > 0, l > l

Do: Duy tr mt phn bin dng sau khi mt ngoi lc

Thc t l ln, khng cn nh lut Hooke

2

l

l'E

S

F

Phi tuyn F/S

ll l l1

TNH KH CO

Kch thch l < 0 Sinh F

Co c tiu tn nng lng

Co ng trng (Istonic): F/S = const

Co ng trng (Isometric): l = const

Mu 2 thnh phn:Co: nguyn nhn sinh lcn hi: cht lng lc

F/S

F/S

F/S +

Mu 3 thnh phn

NHT

Trt h s ni ma st

i lng rt c trng cho tnh cht ca si c

C: 16.10-3 Nsm-2

Mu: 4.10-3 Nsm-2

Nc: 1.10-3 Nsm-2

CC QUY LUT CO C

Phng trnh Hill

Hiu sut qu trnh co c

Quan h sc cng c vi di

PHNG TRNH HILL

(F + a) (v + b) = const

t F= F + a

v= v + b

Fv = const [Fv] = cng sut

Fv = Fv + Fb + av + ab

Cng ngoi Cng ni

Cng sut ton phn khng thay i

F (kg)

v (cm/s)

tc co c

HIU SUT CO C

Hiu sut qu trnh co cBao gi cng c to nhitHill (o) Nhit = Q + k l

Nhit hot ho H s t lKhng i Khng ph thuc tiKhng ph thuc ti(Gii phng u mi kch thch)

Co ng trng: A = F . l

Hiu sut: , F HS

Thc t: HS co c: 40%My nhit: mi trng 20C, mun c HS 40% th T c = 215C ATP: C ch bin i nng lng hiu qu

kFlQl.F

U

A

QUAN H SC CNG DI

LC C HC C TH

Nguyn l ph qut: 3 loi n byW: Trng lc; M: Lc ca c; F: Lc ti im ta

Th d: C nh u

Khng tnh trng lng ring (tay):

4M = 30W M = 7,5W

C k trng lng tay

4M = 14H + 30W M = 3,5H + 7,5W

LC C HC C TH

Thay i t th tay

Gc

Cc iu kin cn bng vn nh c

Vn : kh nng sinh lc ph thuc di c

LC C HC C TH

Th d: C Delta

18 T sin = 36W1 + 72W2

sin

W4W2T 21

LC C HC C TH

H TUN HON

Vng tun hon ln : 80% mu 15% ng mch 10% mao mch75% tnh mch

Vng tun hon nh: 20% mu

Mu t tm tht tri theo ng mch ch v cc c quan, cung cp O2, nhn CO2 (tr thnh mu en) ri tr v tm nh phi qua tnh mch ch VTHL

Mu t tm tht phi qua ng mch phi v cc ph nang phi, nhn O2 v thi CO2 (thnh mu ) ri tr v tm nh tri qua tnh mch phi VTHN

Tim

Khi lng trung bnh 340g

4 khoang: 2 tm nh nm trn.

2 tm tht nm di

Tm tht tri ngn vi tm nh tri bi van 2 l

Tm tht phi ngn vi tm nh phi bi van 3 l

Cc van c gi bi dy gn tim ko b bt ngc vo tm nh di p lc ca mu.

Hot ng ca tim

Co bp y mu lu thng khp c th

Nhp tim: mu (tnh mch ch v phi) 2 tm nh

2 tm nh thu 2 tm tht

2 tm tht thu 2 ng mch (ch v phi)

Tm nh thu ch y vo 8-10% khi lng mu, a s mu vo tm tht trc , khi tm tht trng v tm nh cha thu, do lc p sut trong tm tht thp hn trong tm nh v trong tnh mch.

Lc tm thu F = p.S

p l p sut trong tm tht

S l din tch khoang tm tht

o : F u v cui k tm tht thu l 89 v 67N

Trung bnh: T = 0.8s Trong tm nh thu 0.1s trng 0.7s, tm tht thu 0.3s

trng 0.5s Tm tht thu c 2 giai on: tng trng lc c, tng p

nhng si co cha co 0.25s, giai on co c y mu ch 0.05s

u th tm tht thu V khong 85ml, p t 50 n 80mmHg

Cui th tm tht thu V khong 25ml, p t 120 n 150mmHg

Tim l c quan u tin hnh thnh trong phi, 8 tun bt u lm vic

Mu chim khong 7% trng lng c th. VD: ngi 55kg c 3,85kg mu (3,77l)

Cng thc Laplace (gn ng):p = 2.d.T/rd l b dy thnh tm thtT l sc cng c timr l bn knh khoang tm tht (coi nh hnh cu)

Hot ng ca tim

Cng ca tim(Ch yu l tm tht)Ha nng (ATP) C nng Thnh phn tnh A1 dng nn mu chng li p sut trong ng

mch chA1 = P.Vt

P : p sut trung bnh trong ng mch chVt : th tch mu tm tht y vo ng mch trong 1 chu k

Thnh phn ng A2 to cho mu chy vi vn tc trung bnh vA2 = .m.v2 = ..Vt. v2

A = A1 + A2 = P.Vt + ..Vt. v2

Theo kt qu o c trung bnh thu cP = 100mmHg = 13000 N/m2

Vt = 60ml = 0,00006 m3

= 1020 kg/m3

v = 0,3 m/s

Tnh ra c A ~ 0,78 J trong A2 ch chim cha ti 0,1%

MUHng cu (d = 7m, 30 - 45% th tch mu

5.106 t bo/mm3 mu)

Bch cu (d = 9 15m, nhiu loi

8.000 t bo/mm3 mu)

Tiu cu (d = 1 4 m

3.105 t bo/mm3 mu)

Hocmon, dng cht (H2O), kim loi,

Lm g? O2, CO2

Bo v c th

iu ho, iu khin mt s qu trnh

Dinh dng

Cn bng ni mi

S VN CHUYN MU TRONG MCH

Phng trnh lin tc (cht lng ko b nn)

Phng trnh Bernoulli (ko c ni ma st)

Phng trnh Hagen Poiseuille (c ni ma st cng xa tim p sut cng gim)

PHNG TRNH LIN TC(cht lng khng b nn)

V = S1.l1 = S2.l2 V = S1.v1.t = S2.v2.t I = v.S = const Tnh lin tc th hin ch cng dng thy ng I mi v tr tit din

dc theo ng l nh nhau, ko i. Do tnh n hi ca thnh mch mu chuyn ng lin tc.

ng mch ch : v = 0,3 m/sMao mch (do tng tit din mch mu tng ln) ch cn 1 n 5 mm/s. Nh tc nh nh vy cc qu trnh trao i cht mi xy ra thun li.

PHNG TRNH BERNOULLI(khng c ni ma st)

p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng vi dng cht lng ko c ni ma stP.V + .m.v2 = const P.V tnh

hay P + . . v2 = const .m.v2 ngVn tc chy gim p sut ng gim, p sut tnh tngp dng vo mch mu : p sut tnh mao mch phi ln?Ni ma st tiu ph 1 phn nng lng t p sut tnh khc phc ma st p sut ng v p sut tnh u gim theo dng chy ca mu Vn tc chy vch s nh hn trc mt hng cu trc ln hn

bin.

PHNG TRNH HAGEN POISEUILLE

(c ni ma st)

Phn b dng chy

nh lng dng chy phng hay ri ngi ta dng ch s Reynolds

l khi lng ring ca cht lng Re 2300 dng ri. Re ph thuc tc chy v.

v nh ng nng nh (ko ln hn nhiu so vi nng lng cn thit thng ma st)

v ln ng nng ln 1 phn s sinh ra xoy lm dng cht lng b ri. Re ca mu ~ 1000 dng mu trong mch c th coi l phng. Trong trng thi bnh l, mch b hp t ngt, van ng mch ng m ko hon

ton, nht ca mu gim, dng phng s chuyn sang ri v xut hin nhng m thanh bt thng (nghe c bng ng nghe). Nhng m thanh ny l 1 ch th cho ta bit tnh trng bnh.

vR...2Re

ng Mao Tnh

mch mch mch

p sut

Vn tc chy

Tng din tchmt ct ngang

S THAY I P SUT, VN TC CHY MU V DIN TCH MT CT NGANG MCH MU

H H HPKhng kh (O2, CO2, N2,)

Mi

Hng

Kh qun

2 ph qun

Cc ph qun nh hn

Cc tiu ph qun

Cc ph nang (ng knh 0,2mmm thnh dy 0,4m).

Khi ht vo : N2 80%; O2 20%

Khi th ra : N2 80%; O2 16%; CO2 4%Tr s sinh h hp 60 ln/pht, 5 tui 25Trng thnh: n ng 12, n b 20

Hot ng h hpHt vo : Tng th tch lng ngc bng cch nng cc xng sn ln(nh cc c lin sn) v h c honh xung (ph n # nam gii) Phi gin ra, p sut trong cc ph nang gim xung.p sut ph nang v p sut kh quyn chnh lch Dng khng kh di chuyn i qua mi, hng, kh qun, 2 ph qun vo phi.Lu lng kh (lt/s) V = P/RR : sc cn ng hc do ma st gia dng khng kh chuyn ng v thnh ng h hp cng vi lc ni ma st bn trong lng cht khR tng ln khi dng kh chuyn t dng theo lp sang dng xoy (khi i qua nhng vng mp m do cht nhy, dch tit cc khi u, d vt. bnh hen sc cn ny c th tng ln 7 n 8 ln.

Th ra : Gim th tch lng ngc tng p sut trong cc ph nang cao hn p sut kh quyn bn ngoikhng kh di chuyn t phi ra bn ngoi.

Khi trng lc c ht vo gim i, lc n hi s lm c honh nng ln v cc xng sn h xung lm gim th tch lng ngc. Khi cc lc n hi cn bng vi p sut trong khoang mng phi th ng tc th ra kt thc

Ni trao i O2 v CO2 : b mt ph nang

ng knh 0,2mm thnh dy 0,4m.

Mi sinh : 30tr ph nang 8 tui : 300tr Sau ch kch c ph nang pht

trin, s lng ko tng na.

Tng din tch b mt ph nang khong 100m2

nh lut Henri: lng kh khuch tn vo cht lng (mu) t l vi p sut ring phn ca cht kh trn b mt cht lng.

%O2 pO2(mmHg) %CO2 pCO2(mmHg)

Th vo 20,9 150 0,04 0,3

Ph nang 14,0 100 5,6 40

Th ra 16,3 116 4,5 32

S trao i O2 ph nang v cc m t bo xy ra do chnh lch p sut ring phn ca O2 gia mu vi khng kh ph nang, mu vi cc m t bo. S chnh lch p sut ny to ra hin tng khuych tn v nh hng ti chiu thun nghch ca phn ng

Hb + O2 HbO2 1 phn t Hb cha 4 gc hem. Trong cu trc ca hem c 1 nguyn t Fe

nm gia. Mi nguyn t Fe ny c kh nng kt hp vi 1 phn t O2 mi phn t Hb c th kt hp vi 4 phn t O2 oxihemoglobin.Trng lng phn t gam ca Hb = 67000Th tch phn t gam O2 = 22.4 l 1g Hb c th gn vi 4 x 22.4 / 67000 = 1.34 ml O2100ml mu ngi c khong 15g Hb 1l mu c th vn chuyn c 200ml O2.

S trao i CO2 tng t cng ph thuc vo p sut ring phn ca CO2trong ph nang, trong mu v trong m t bo.

100ml mu tnh mch cha khong 52ml CO2. T 2 n 10% CO2 l kt hp vi Hb thnh carbohemoglobin, cn hu ht

l dng H2CO3 CO2 + H2O H2CO3 l phn ng thun nghch, chiu phn ng ph

thuc phn p CO2 ti ch, pH, tc dng ca enzim, m t bo hnh thnh H2CO3 kt hp vi mui cacbonat, phosphat trong

mu thnh cc hp cht d phn ly, ph nang Hb tc dng nh 1 axit yu s phn ly thnh CO2 v H2O.

H hp k

(1 ngi n ng khong 70kg, cao 1m7 n 1 m8)Dung tch ton phi (TLC) = 6 L. Th tch ca cc kh trong phi sau khi ht vo ti a. Dung tch sng (VC) = 4.8 L. Lng kh th ra ht sc sau khi ht vo ht sc.

Th tch kh lu thng (Tidal volume TV) = 500 mL. Lng kh ht vo th ra khi ht th bnh

thng. Th tch kh cn (RV) = 1.2 L. Lng kh cn li trong phi sau khi th ra ti a. Th tch d tr th ra (ERV) = 1.2 L. Lng kh c th th ra tip sau khi th ra bnh thng. Th tch d tr ht vo (IRV) = 3.6 L. Lng kh c th ht thm vo sau khi ht vo bnh thng.

Dung tch cn chc nng (Functional residual capacity FRC = ERV + RV) = 2.4 L. Lng kh

cn li trong phi sau khi th ra bnh thng. Dung tch ht vo (IC) = l th tch ht vo ti a sau khi th ra bnh thng.

CC LOI TH TCH H HP

H hp k My gip th

Xc sut thnh cng khi tin hnh phu thut thay th l 79%Bnh nhn sau khi c thay tim th kh nng sng c trong 1nm l 86%5 nm l 64%

TIM NHN TO2004

1963

Tim nhn to (tip)