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LesikfGcrujLE^IKF GC_UJ pbpers rbfke grcj lesikf nbse stulies tc preseftbticfs cg few jetdclcackies tc spenuabticfs bocut ejerkifk lesikf trefls. \dey vbry grcj?588 tc 2?,888 wcrls (wdere b kure cr tboae ncufts bs ?88 wcrls). Gcaacwifk ifgcrjba review oy tde Elitcrs, tdey jby oe puoaisdel witdif b gew jcftds cg tdelbte cg reneipt. ^tyae requirejefts bre tde sbje bs gcr rekuabr ncftriouticfs (see ifsile obn` ncver).

Eggentive Lesikf cg Dikday Jbfeuverboae \biaaess Birnrbgt

_indbrl Ncakref

Ufiversity cg @bfsbs, Abwrefne, @bfsbs 778599

LCI=28.?52?84>

\de ncrrent lesikf cg ufusuba birnrbgt ncfkurbticfs is nritinba tc bndievifk prcper nacsel-accp ikdt lyfbjins.

\dis pbper is b kuile obsel cf lenbles cg lesikf experiefne cf dcw tde prcper ifncrpcrbticf cg ybw ncftrca pcwer

eggents (tdeir jbkfitule bfl obflwiltd) witdif tde iterbtive ncfneptuba lesikf prcness is nritinba tc b sunnessgua

birnrbgt lesikf grcj b lyfbjins stbflpcift. Basc nritinba is tde cpef-accp aevea cg stboiaity. Gbntcrs tdbt just oe

bnncuftel gcr if lesikfifk tbiaaess birnrbgt bre basc ncverel. \dese ifnaule tde use cg dikd-leaity sijuabticfs witd

dikder-crler bntubtcr jcleas, tije leabys, bfl grequeftay exnaulel sencfl-crler eggents gcr eggentive vedinae

jcleaifk bfl sijuabticf.

Fcjefnabture

NL : lrbk ncegnieftNA : aigt ncegnieft

Nj : pitndifk jcjeft nceg

nieftNf : ybwifk jcjeft ncegnieftNf : lirenticfba stboiaity lerivbtiveNa : rcaaifk jcjeft ncegnieftNy : sile gcrne lerivbtive witd respent tck : Ebrtds krbvitbticfba bnneaerbticf,>?=2; gt:s?

I : jcjeft cg ifertib,saukgt?

A,J,F : jcjeft ncjpcfeft if tdex, y, bfl zlirenticfs,aogtj : birnrbgt jbss, saukX,R,_ : bfkuabr speel ncjpcfefts if tdex,y, bflz

lirenticf,rbl:sq : lyfbjin pressure,ao:s?

^ : wifk regerefne breb,gt?

^vt : vertinba tbia regerefne breb,gt?

\ : efkife tdrust, ao

\k : krcss efkife tdrust bt tde kivef efkife pcwersettifk, ao

u,v,w : aifebr birspeel ncjpcfefts if tdex,y, bflzlirenticf,gt:s

W : tctba veacnity jbkfitule,gt:s

[ : birnrbgt weikdt, aoT,Y,] : gcrne ncjpcfeft if tdex,y, bflzlirenticf, aoxt : listbfne grcj nefter cg krbvity tc tde efkife fczzae

neftrcil (pbrbaaea tc tde acfkitulifba bxis), if. : bfkae cg bttbn , lek : silesaip bfkae, lek : naijo bfkae, lekt : bfkuabr leenticf if tdeTYpabfe cg tde tdrust

ventcr reabtive tc tde birnrbgt nefteraife, lekB : biaercf leenticf, lek_ : ruller leenticf, lekE : eaevbtcr leenticf, lektd : tdrcttae leenticf, lek : pitnd bttitule, lek : bir lefsity,sauk:gt>

: obf` bfkae, lek : deblifk bfkae, lek

I. Iftrclunticf

E WE_ sifne tde ifvefticf cg tde birpabfe, tdere dbve oeefbttejpts tc ncjpaeteay rejcve tde vertinba tbias grcj birnrbgt tcrelune berclyfbjin lrbk bfl weikdt P2Z. Uftia tde abte 29;8s, baa cgtdese bttejptel birnrbgt lesikfs were gbiaures, lue prijbriay tc pccrdbflaifk qubaities bfl scje lbfkercus ikdt ndbrbnteristins P2Z. Iftde jil-29;8s, tde leveacpjeft cg jclerf Gay-Oy-[ire (GO[)Gaikdt Ncftrca ^ystej (GN^) tendfcacky fbaay jble it pcssioae tclesikf tbiaaess birnrbgt tdbt were sbge tc y bfl wcual dbve exneaaeftdbflaifk qubaities. Basc if tde jil-29;8s, tdeleveacpjeft cg stebatdtendfcacky jble tde rejcvba cg vertinba tbias evef jcre lesirboae,oenbuse it ncual relunetde sile sentcr rblbr nrcss senticf P? Jbrnd ?884. Ncpyrikdt ?884 oy _indbrl Ncakref bfl_coert Acsnd`e. Xuoaisdel oy tde Bjerinbf Ifstitute cg Bercfbutins bflBstrcfbutins, Ifn., witd perjissicf. Ncpies cg tdis pbper jby oe jble gcrperscfba cr ifterfba use, cf ncfliticf tdbt tde ncpier pby tde $28.88 per-ncpygee tc tde Ncpyrikdt Naebrbfne Nefter, Ifn., ??? _csewccl Lrive, Lbfvers,JB 829?>0 ifnaule tde ncle 88?2-4779/84 $28.88 if ncrrespcflefne witd

tde NNN.Bsscnibte Xrcgesscr, Lepbrtjeft cg Bercspbne Efkifeerifk, ?2?8Aebrfel Dbaa. Bsscnibte Geaacw BIBB.

_etirel \endfinba Geaacw, 2822 Acn`deel [by, L-7N>X.

MCU_FBA CGBI_N_BG\Wca.

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dikday jbfeuverboae tbiaaess birnrbgt, sund bs b tbiaaess bir supericritykdter. \de prijbry costbnae tdbt prevefts tde sunnessgua lesikf cgsund b kdter is tde abn` cg baterfbtive ybw ncftrca levines witdefcukd eggentivefess bfl obflwiltd tc tb`e tde pabne cg ncfvef-ticfba rullers cr baa jcvifk vertinba fs. \dis abn` cg ncftrca pcwerjebfs tdbt, ig b tbiaaess bir supericrity kdter is leveacpel, it nbffctacc` ai e b ncfvefticfbakdter witd its tbias rejcvel. Bs b resuat, tdencfkurbticf leveacpjeft cg tdese vedinaes is nritinba, bfl sikfi-nbft few ncfstrbifts bre ijpcsel cf tde lesikf tebj. \de eftire

leveacpjeft prcness dbs tc oe gcnusel cf dcw tc sdbpe tde vedinaesctdbt itnbflc tde speniel jissicf witdcut tde stboiaizifk eggent cgtde vertinba tbia ufler tde ncfstrbift cg aijitel lirenticfba ncftrcapcwer bvbiaboiaity. \de ncrrent lyfbjin jcleaifk gcr tde bfbaysisbfl sijuabticf cg tdese ncfkurbticfs very ebray if tde lesikfprcness is esseftiba tc bssure tdbt tdey nbf jeet tde jissicf require-jefts wdiae sijuatbfecusay bndievifk nacsel-accp ikdt lyfbjinsspeninbticfs (i.e., dbflaifk qubaities). Dikd-leaity sijuabticfswitd dikder-crler bntubtcr jcleas, bacfk witd tde ifnausicf cg tijeleabys bfl cgtef-exnaulel sencfl-crler eggents, bre basc nritinba tcbndievifk b sunnessgua lesikf.

\dis pbper oriey ncvers tde aijitbticfs cg existifk GO[ tend-fcacky. It ejpdbsizes wdbt just oe ncfsilerel if tde ebraiestncfneptuba stbke cg lesikfifkb acwbspentrbtic tbiaaess birnrbgtuflertdencfstrbift cg aijitel ybwncftrca pcwer. B orieg lesnripticf cg tde

use cg vertinba tbias cf ncfvefticfba acw bspent rbtic birnrbgt ispreseftel. Ijpcrtbftay, bf expabfbticf cg tde lesikf prcoaejs tdbtbrise wdef tbias bre rejcvel is kivef, bfl b set cg ijpcrtbft lesikfkcbas bfl prcnelures bre lefel.

\de prijbry blvbftbke cg vertinba tbias is tdbt tdey bre b rbpil bfldikday reaiboae jetdcl gcr prcvilifk lirenticfba stboiaity bfl ybwlbjpifk. [itd rullers jcuftel cf tde trbiaifk elke, tdey bre basceggentive lirenticfba ncftrca eggentcrs. If blliticf, tde lirenticfbancftrca pcwer is aifebr witd ruller leenticf (cver fcjifba bfl rbfkes) bfl tde berclyfbjin tije leaby is fekaikioae. [defbpprcpribteay lesikfel pcwer bntubtcrs bre usel, b obflwiltd cg >5 Dz is ebsiay bttbifboae. \de ncjoifbticf cg eggentive rullers bfldikd-obflwiltd bntubtcrs prcvile kccl abterba-lirenticfba dbflaifkqubaities gcr tdcse birnrbgt tdbt feel stboiaity bukjeftbticf.

Grcj b pergcrjbfne pcift cg view, tde prijbry lisblvbftbkes cgvertinba tbias bre ifnrebsel berclyfbjin lrbk bfl weikdt pefbaties.Lepeflifkcf tdetype cg birnrbgtbfl tdelesikf jissicf, eaijifbtifktdese pefbaties oy eaijifbtifk tde tbias relunes birnrbgt weikdt bfllrbk bs gcaacws P54Z=

2) B lrbkrelunticf cg oetweef5 bfl 28% cg tde tctba birnrbgtlrbkif nruise ikdt.

?) B weikdt relunticf cg oetweef 5 bfl 28 ao:gt? cg prcmentelsile breb.

_elunifk tde sile prcae cg b jiaitbry birnrbgt relunes itsletentboiaity. Cfe jcre puoainizel letentboiaity ijprcvejeft is tderelunticf if tde birnrbgts rblbr nrcss senticf wdef vertinba tbias breeaijifbtel.

Grcj b stboiaity bfl ncftrca pcift cg view, tde prijbry lis-blvbftbke cg vertinba tbias is tdbt tdeir lirenticfba stboiaity ncftriou-ticf bfl eggentive ybw ncftrca ncftriouticf usubaay lenrebsessikfinbftay bt tde dikder rbfke P9,28Z. \dey basc lenrebsesikfinbftay bt superscfin ikdt ncfliticfs bocve bpprcxijbteay

Jbnd 2.>. Gcr jbfy ncfvefticfba birnrbgt, tde jbxijuj usboae isleterjifel oy b acss cg lirenticfba stboiaity, wdind aebls tc tdeacss cgybw bxis ncftrca. Lepeflifk cf tde ncfkurbticf, tdis is ndbrbnter-izel oy fcse wbfler,wifkrcn , cr borupt fcse saine ybw lepbrtures.\c preveft tdis grcj cnnurrifk, scje type cg wbrfifk just oe kiveftc tde piact bs tde nritinba is bpprcbndel. Ig fct, scje butcjbtinaijitifk cg tde jbxijuj baacwboae dbs tc oe ijpaejeftel iftde GN^.

\c prcvile b kivef aevea cg lirenticfba stboiaity gcr superscfinikdt, vertinba tbias dbve tc oe jble abrker tc cggset acsses lue tcJbnd eggents bfl berceabstin legcrjbticfs. Bs sdcwf if Gik.2, tderikil vertinba tbia ncftriouticf tc tde lirenticfba stboiaity lerivbtiveNf lenrebses bocve Jbnd 2.>. It is lenrebsel evef gurtder lue tcberceabstin legcrjbticf bt acw-batitule, dikd-speelikdt ncfliticfs.\de ncjoifbticf cg tdese twc eggents typinbaay leterjifes tde

jbxijuj baacwboae sbgety cg ikdt aijits gcr jbfy superscfinbirnrbgt.

II. Ncfkurbticf Ncfstrbifts

^uppcse tdbt tde vertinba tbias cg b jclerfkdter sund bs tde G-??were rejcvel. Bs sdcwf if Gik. ?, tde birnrbgt wcual dbve breabtiveay abrke prcmentel breb gcrwbrl cg tde n.k. Oy lefiticf, itwcual oe extrejeay ufstboae if tde lirenticfba bxis witdcut tdestboiaizifk ncftriouticf cg tde vertinba tbias. \de tije tc lcuoaebjpaitule if tde lirenticfba bxis wcual oe cf tde crler cg 8.28.? sgcr b tbiaaess G-?? yifk bt Jbnd 8.9 bt seb aevea. \dis jebfs tdbt ig bsile kust ndbfkel tde bfkae-cg-silesaip (usubaay nbaael oetb cr) oy2.8 lek, tde bfkae wcual lcuoae every 8.28.? s tderebgter ig fc

ncrrentive bnticf were tb ef. Batdcukd it jby oe tdecretinbaaypcssioae tc stboiaize tde birnrbgt bt tdis aevea cg ifstboiaity, tdencjoifbticf cg tije leabys bsscnibtel witd bvbiaboae GN^ncjpcfefts, tde aijitbticfs cf tde bvbiaboae lirenticfba ncftrcapcwer, bfl tde requirejeft tc y sbgeay if tde presefne cgbtjcspderin turouaefne wcual jb`e it ijprbntinba lue tc sbgety cgikdt ncfsilerbticfs. \de GN^ tije leabys bre tde ncjoifbticf cgpure trbfspcrt abks bfl jbfy cg tde sjbaa rst-crler tije ncfstbftstdbt brise if tde GN^ ncftrca abw lesikf. Bf equivbaeft tije leaby is

Gik. 2 Gbntcrs bggentifk lirenticfba stboiaity.

2

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lefel wdind ncjoifes tde eggents cg octd tde pure trbfspcrt abksbfl tde sjbaa rst-crler tije ncfstbfts tc prcvile b accprebnticftije gcr tde GN^. \dis accp rebnticf tije is b jebsure cg dcw jundtije is requirel tc sefse bf exterfba listurobfne (e.k., b sile kust) bfltdef keferbte b ncrrentive respcfse.

\boae2sdcws tde rbfke cg equivbaeft tije leabys gcr tde vbricusncjpcfefts usel tc ijpaejeft b jclerf likitba GO[ GN^. \desevbaues represeft stbflbrl rbfkes gcr nurreftay usel, stbte-cg-tde-brtsefscrs. Bnneaercjeters bfl ybw rbte sefscrs bre usel if severbajiaitbry bfl ncjjerniba birnrbgt. ^ilesaip sefscrs bre usubaay gcuflif jiaitbry birnrbgt, espenibaay if kdter birnrbgt. Likitba ikdt ncftrcancjputers bre gcufl cf jbfy jiaitbry birnrbgt bfl cf tde abtestOceifk bfl Birous biraifers. \de sdcrter tije leabys represeft tdeabtest prclunticf ncjputer systejs. Likitba tc bfback (bfl bfback tclikitba) ncfverters bre gcufl if baa nurreft GO[ systejs. Xcwer

bntubtcr tije leaby fujoers bre obsel cf bvbiaboae fujoers gcrjuatipae, lepacyel, jiaitbry birnrbgt witd trbliticfba dylrbuainbntubticf systejs.

\de accp rebnticf tije gcr b GO[ GN^ usifk tdese ncjpcfeftsbpprcbndes8.28 s, tdbt is,grcj tdetije tdesile kust bppebrsuftia tdeGN^ oekifs tc keferbte bf eggentive ncrrenticf. Ig tdese GN^ncjpcfefts bre usel if b systej wdere is gel obn` tc stboiaize blirenticfbaay ufstboae birnrbgt witd aijitel lirenticfba ncftrca pcwer,tde resuat is eitder jbrkifba nacsel-accp stboiaity lue tc b abn` cgpdbse jbrkif cr tde bntuba acss cg ncftrca lue tc birnrbgt lepbrture.

\de tije distcries sdcwf if Gik. >sdcw dcw ncftrcaaboiaity isbggentel gcaacwifk tde ifserticf cg b?8 gt:ssile kust wdef tde tijetc lcuoae bjpaitule is vbriel grcj 8.? tc 8.4 s. It is bssujel tdbt tdelirenticfbaay ufstboae birnrbgt is yifk bt Jbnd 8.9 bt seb aevea,

stboiaizel oy b geelobn` systej witd b 8.28 s accp rebnticf tije.[def tde tije tc lcuoae bjpaitule is 8.? s, bf bpericlin liverkefneif cnnurs oegcre eggentive ncrrentive bnticf nbf oe tb`ef oenbusetde GN^ accp rebnticf tije, ncjoifel witd eggentive leaby lue tcbntubtcr rbte aijits, is bpprcxijbteay tde sbje bs tde tije tc lcuoaebjpaitule. [def tde tije tc lcuoae bjpaitule is ifnrebsel tc 8.< s(bssujifk b ncfkurbticf witd b aesser lekree cg lirenticfbaifstboiaity), tde GN^ is boae tc preveft bpericlin liverkefne out tdenacsel-accp systejis lyfbjinbaay ufstboae.[def tdetije tc lcuoaeis ifnrebsel stiaa gurtder tc 8.4 s, tde GN^ is boae tc jbiftbif ncftrcabgter tde ifserticf cg tde sile kust.

Grcj tdis exbjpae, it is seef tdbt tde GN^ accp rebnticf tije,ncjoifel witd tde eggent cg bntubtcr rbte aijitifk, dbs tc oesikfinbftay aess tdbf tde ybw bxis tije tc lcuoae bjpaitule tckubrbftee sbgety cg ikdt if turouaefne bfl prcvile bnneptboae

dbflaifk qubaities. Bs b ncfsequefne, bf birnrbgt lesikfel tc ysbgeay witdcut vertinba tbias just dbve jcre ifdereft lirenticfba

stboiaitytdbf b ncfvefticfbabirnrbgt witd itsvertinba tbias rejcvel. Ifctder wcrls, blliticfba ncfstrbifts bppay tc tde ncfkurbticf abycutcg tde purpcse-lesikfel tbiaaess birnrbgt, sc tdbt it nbf oe ncftrcaaelwitd tdebvbiaboae GN^ncjpcfeftsbfl ybwncftrca eggentcrs. Abrke-fcse jcuftel rblcjes, gcrwbrl-jcuftel ouooae nbfcpies, bfl acfksabo-silel guseabkes gcrwbrl cg tde n.k. bre fc acfker perjissioae.Gurtder lisnussicf cf ncfkurbticf ncfstrbifts is kivef if ^en. IW.

Bfctder exbjpae lejcfstrbtifk b ncfvefticfba birnrbgt witd itsvertinba stboiaizers lrbjbtinbaay relunel if size is sdcwf if Giks. ) tc dbve bf bpprcxijbteay 8.4 s lirenticfba tije tc lcuoaebjpaitule. \dese respcfses were keferbtel usifk b ncjpaete,fcfaifebr 7-LCG jclea.Fcfe cg tdencftrca pcwer jbkfitules werendbfkel grcj tdcse gcr b ncfvefticfba G-25O, bs wbs usel bs tdeobsis gcr tde G-25 BN\IWE ikdt vedinae. Fcte tdbt, bs tdis is bfcfaifebr 7-LCG sijuabticf, wdef tde jclea lepbrts tde vedinaebndieves very dikd obf` bfkaes, wdind lces bggent tde cpef-accp(bfl, if Gik.5, tde nacsel-accp) lirenticfba respcfse.

Gikure 5sdcws tde nacsel-accp respcfse cg tde jcliel G-25BN\IWE ikdt vedinae witd 8.9bfl 8.4s lirenticfba cpef-accptijestc lcuoae bjpaitule. Fc ndbfkes were jble tc tde ncfvefticfbaikdt ncftrca systej, wdind is equivbaeft tc tdbt usel cf tde G-25O,lespite tde ncfkurbticf ndbfke tc jb`e tde birnrbgt lirenticfbaayufstboae. \de tije grcj tde ncjjbfl tc tde resuatifkbirnrbgt jcticfsdcws b nacsel-accp tije leaby cg 8.2 s. \de G-25 BN\IWE GN^grbje aefktd is 8.82?5 s, wdind resuats grcj b grbje rbte cg48 grbjes:s.

Gik. ? \biaaess G-??.

\boae 2 GN^ Ncjpcfeft \ije Leabys

^ystej ncjpcfeft Equivbaeft tije leaby, s

Bnneaercjeter 8.8858.82Ybw rbte sefscr 8.8858.82^ilesaip bfkaesefscrb 8.8258.>Gaikdt ncftrca ncjputero,n,l 8.82?8.8>Likitba tc bfback ncfverter 8.82Xcwer bntubtcrs 8.8?8.8 ^ilesaip bfkae lue tckust ?8 gps gcr tdree \? vbaues.

Gik. < ^ilesaip bfkae lue tc ruller rbps, cpef accp.

NCAK_EF BFL AC^ND@E 2

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III. Ybw Ncftrca Xcwer _equirejefts

\de ybw ncftrca pcwer feelel gcr tde keftae jbfeuversusel oy bdikd-batitule suoscfin rencffbissbfne lrcfe wiaa oe jund aess tdbf

tdbt requirel tc pergcrj tde bercobtin jbfeuvers usel oy bsuperscfin bir supericrity kdter. Gcr sund kdters, tde ybw ncftrcapcwer requirel is typinbaay lcjifbtel oy tde requirejeft tcnccrlifbte rcaas bt dikd , bs sdcwf if Gik.7. Gcr b ncfvefticfbakdter bt ?8 lek, tde requirel ybwifk jcjeft is twine bs abrke bstde requirel rcaaifk jcjeft. \dis ifnrebses tc b ybwifk jcjeftrequirejeftve tijes krebter tdbf tde requirel rcaaifk jcjeft bt) exteflboae strb`es jcuftel cf tde fcse (tdese nbfoe very eggentive bt dikd out bre typinbaay ifeggentive bt acw )0

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tdbt bre ifsertel lirentay iftc tde exdbust met, jetdcls tdbt dbve oeefleveacpel bfl testel tc ndbfke tde lirenticf cg tde efkifes exdbusttypinbaay dbve b acwer obflwiltd nbpboiaity tdbf ncfvefticfbaberclyfbjin eggentcrs.

Oenbuse birnrbgt bre typinbaay cptijizel tc relune tdeberclyfbjin lrbk tc b jifijuj, bfl tde rejcvba cg ncfvefticfbavertinba tbias relunes lrbkstiaa gurtder, tde tdrust requirel gcr nruise isbasc jifijizel. Ncjoifel witd tde aijitel bfkuabr leenticf cg tdetdrust ventcr, tde ybw ncftrca pcwer bttbifboae witd Y\W is

scjetijes severeay aijitel. If bfy nbse, tde birnrbgt just rejbifufler ncftrca bt bfy pcift witdif tde perjissioae ikdt efveacpe gcrbfy pcssioae efkife pcwer settifk. \dis ifnaules tde nbse cg tde tctbaacss cg efkife tdrust lue tc ncjpresscr stbaas lurifk dikd-jbfeuvers, guea stbrvbticf lue tc guea systej jbagufnticfs, etn.Ncftrca just oe jbiftbifel gcr scje pericl cg tije sugnieft gcrefkife restbrt cr tde naebrbfne cg jbagufnticfs. Ncfsequeftay, scjeberclyfbjin ybw ncftrca levine just oe bvbiaboae tc prcvile tdefenessbry ncftrca pcwer uftia tde Y\W nbf oe restcrel.

Lepeflifk cf dcw tde tdrust ventcrifk jendbfisj isijpaejeftel, tde bttbifboae obflwiltd gcr Y\W is typinbaay aijiteltc bpprcxijbteay 2.82.5 Dz gcr leenticfs if tde rbfke cg paus crjifus 58% cg jbxijuj leenticf. \dis is eftireay sbtisgbntcry gcruse bs stebly-stbte ybw trij levines cr gcr sacw, keftae jbfeuvers.Dcwever, it is fct gbst efcukd tc prcvile tde kccl abterba-lirenticfba

dbflaifk qubaities requirel gcr tde rbpil, abrke-bjpaitule jbfeuversusel oy kdter birnrbgt. Cfne bkbif, scje dikd-obflwiltdberclyfbjin ybw ncftrca levine is requirel tc suppaejeft tde Y\W.

Gcrkdter birnrbgt witd b dikd tdrust-tc-weikdt rbtic, tde use cgtdrust ventcrifk is oefeniba gcr rbpil, abrke-bjpaitule jbfeuvers btspeels up tc bocut ?58`t nbaiorbtel birspeel. \dis ncrrespcfls tc tdeupper aegt-dbfl ncrfer cg tde Jbndbatitule ikdt efveacpe.Gcrtufbteay, tdis is tde pbrt cg tde ikdt efveacpe wdere very dikd-jbfeuverifk tb`es pabne bfl wdere tde efkife wcual typinbaay oecperbtifk bt jbxijuj pcwer settifks. If tde nbse cg tde G-??, tde usecg tdrust ventcrifk is cg jcst oefet if tde pitnd bxis, wdereit is useltc preveft pitnd up lurifk dikd-rcaas. \dis ufacbls tde dcrizcftbatbias bfl baacws tdej tc oe usel bs octd rcaa bfl ybw eggentcrs tcprcvile dikd rcaaifk pergcrjbfne P?5lek.\disbjcuft cg sweepjb`es tdecutocbrl trbiaifk-elke ncftrca surgbnes eggentive bs pitnd bxisncftrcas bfl prcviles b kccl ncjprcjise gcr octd tde pitnd bfl ybwbxes. It is fct surprisifk tdbt tde Dcrtcf orctders bfl Mcdf Fcrtdrcpbrrivel bt tdis ncfkurbticf iflepefleftay gcr tdeir yifk wifklesikfs.

Gcr acw bspent rbtic tbiaaess kdter ncfkurbticfs ifteflel gcrtrbfscfin bfl superscfin ikdt, baa lirenticfbaay lestboiaizifk

gebtures just oe relunelcr eaijifbtel. Ncfverseay, bfygebtures tdbtbll tc lirenticfba stboiaity sdcual oe retbifel cr efdbfnel, prcvilelit lces fct vicabte ctder ncfkurbticf ncfstrbifts, sund bs acw rblbrnrcss senticf. \de wifk pabfgcrj, tdin`fess, bfl breb wiaa usubaay oelintbtel oy pergcrjbfne requirejefts. It is oest tc ndccse gebturestdbt prclune tde krebtest ncftriouticf tc lirenticfba stboiaity cver tde rbfke requirel gcr tde jissicf. Abrke bjcufts cg pitnd bxis ncftrcapcwer bre requirel gcr obsinkdter jbfeuvers.\dis ncftrca pcwer isbasc requirel tc preveft pitnd up lurifk dikd- rcaas. Nbfbrls,dcrizcftba tbias, bfl pitnd tdrust ventcrifk bre pcssioae nbflilbtesbfl sdcual oe ifvestikbtel. \dey cgger tde pcssioiaity gcr syferkistinuse bsrcaacr ybw eggentcrs bt dikd. Gcr tde restcg tde ncfkurbticf,tde gcaacwifk kuileaifes bre sukkestel.

2) Jb`e tde guseabke nrcss senticf gcrwbrl cg tde n.k. iftc bbttefel cvba bfl bll ndifes. Gabttefifk relunes tde prcmentel silebreb, bfl tde ndifes ijprcveNf.

?) Jb`e tde gcrwbrl guseabke bs sdcrt bs pcssioae oy eaijifbtifkbfy fcse-jcuftel rblcje.

NCAK_EF BFL AC^ND@E 2

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>) Gcr b piactel birnrbgt, tde nbfcpy just oe sjbaaer tdbf usuba creaijifbtel eftireay.

8 s oenbuse b UBWis typinbaay ncftrcaael tdrcukd b deblifk ncjjbfl cr b wby pciftsteerifk butcpiact jcle. Iffer-accp dbflaifk qubaity leniefniesnbusel oy lirenticfba ncftrca pcwer aijits tdbt wcual oeufbnneptboae gcr b piactel birnrbgt jby oe tcaerboae if b UBW.

L. _eluflbft Berclyfbjin Ybw Eggentcrs

Gcr birnrbgt tdbt reay cf b juatireluflbft GO[ GN^ tc prcvile

kccl dbflaifk qubaities bfl ifsure sbgety cgikdt, reluflbfnydbs tcoe exteflel tc tde ifliviluba berclyfbjin ybw eggentcrs sc tdbt fcsifkae gbiaure if tde eggentcr cr itsbntubtcr wiaa nbuse b acss cg ncftrca.Bs jefticfel previcusay, b tbiaaess bir supericrity kdter wiaaprcoboay require severba liggereft types cg berclyfbjin ncftrcalevines acnbtel bt liggereft pabnes cf tde birnrbgt. \dis prcviles tdefenessbry reluflbfny bfl relunes tde vuaferboiaity cg tde birnrbgt tcncjobt lbjbke if terjs cg expcsel sile breb.

E. ^ilesaip Bfkae ^efscr Acnbticf

_eluflbft jebsurejefts cg bre requirel oenbuse geelobn` tctde GN^ is sbgety-cg-ikdt nritinba. Lispersel acnbticfs gcr sefscrifstbaabticfs just oe ileftiel bfl reservel ebray if tdencfkurbticf leveacpjeft pdbse. \dese acnbticfs just oe ndcsefsc tdbt kccl jebsurejefts cg bre pcssioae. Basc, jebsurejefterrcrs lue tc kebr extefsicf, ndbfkes if efkife pcwer settifks, etn.,feel tc oe jifijizel.

WII. ^ystejs Bfbaysis bfl ^ijuabticf

\de stboiaity bfl ncftrca bfl ikdt ncftrca systej ncfnepts breleveacpel bnncrlifk tc tde lesikf prcness kivef if Gik. 4. Fcte tdeiterbtive fbture cg tde ncfkurbticf leveacpjeft prcness. \derespcfsioiaities gcr tdis prcness ifnaule vbricus lisnipaifes fctaijitel tc lesikfers, berclyfbjinists, ikdt ncftrca efkifeers,strunturba lyfbjists, systejs efkifeerifk, bfl weikdts. \decomentives cg tdis bfbaysis bre tde ileftinbticf cg nritinba itejs(espenibaay acfk aebl itejs), tde ileftinbticf cg pcteftiba trblecggs,

bfl tde lejcfstrbticf cg gebsioiaity cg tde lesikf ncfnept. \de obsinbrnditenture is lefeloy tde vedinae requirejefts. It is vbailbtel bflrefel usifk vbricus aifebr bfbaysis jetdclcackies. \de guaa-efveacpe lesikf is gurtder refel bfl fcfaifebrities ifnaulel usifk7 lekrees-cg-greelcj sijuabticfs. \de vbailbticf cg tdis syftdesisbfl bfbaysis bpprcbnd is ncftifuel usifkreba-tije sijuabticf, oefndbfl suosystej testifk, systej testifk cg tde dbrlwbre/scgtwbrencjoifbticf, ircf-oirl testifk, bfl tdrcukd birnrbgt krcufl testifk.\dis bpprcbnd jifijizes ris` oegcre if-ikdt testifk cg tde eftiresystej. ^yftdesis bfl bfbaysis cg systej rencfkurbticf is basc ncf-luntel bs b pbrt cg tdis bpprcbnd. \dis wcr` resuats if b guaayiftekrbtel systej lesikf ncjoififk fbvikbticf, kuilbfne, bflncftrca gufnticfs, bs if Gik.9.

Gikure9 sdcws tde vbriboaes wdind bre cgtef usel if tde ikdt

ncftrca abws. \de fbvikbticf bfl kuilbfne systejs use Ebrtd-regerefnel Kacoba Xcsiticfifk ^ystej/Ifertiba Fbvikbticf ^ystej(KX^/IF^) sefscrs tc prcvile nurreft jbp pcsiticfs bfl tdekecjetrin batitule, wdind bre ncjpbrel witd tde jissicf pabf tcleterjife nurreft fbvikbticfba errcrs. Jebsurel birnrbgt bttitulesbfl veacnities bre usel oy tde kuilbfne systej tc leterjife bttitulebfl veacnity errcrs. Cuter-accp ncftrca abws bre ijpaejeftel tceaijifbte tde nurreft fbvikbticfba errcrs oy wcr`ifk witd tde iffer-accp ncftrca abws tc keferbte tde lesirel birnrbgt bttitules bflveacnities. Fcte tde use cg ncjjcf sefscrs gcr tdese suosystejswdefever gebsioae. \de iffer-accp ncftrca abws use jebsurel rbtes,bttitules, bfl bir lbtb vbaues tc prcvile stboiaity bukjeftbticf bfllesirel ikdt lyfbjins bfl yifk qubaities. \dese ifnaule tdebfkuabr speel ncjpcfefts X,R,_, tde birnrbgt bttitules , , bfl,tde bir lbtb bfkaes , , bfl tde birnrbgts birspeel bfl lyfbjinpressureW, q.

\de ikdt ncftrca bfbaysis tccas ifterpaby if tde lesikf prcness, bssdcwf if Gik. 28 P22,2?Z. \dey ncver tde guaa rbfke cg aifebr bflfcfaifebr ikdt ncftrca bfbaysis tendfiques, bfl bre usel if tdelesikf prcness bs cutaifel if tde previcus kure. \de guaa birnrbgt isjcleael fcf-reba-tije usifkBN^A cr, jcre ncjjcfay, JB\ABO,^ijuaif`, bfl ^tbtecw. B guaa berclyfbjin lbtbobse grcj wifl-tuffea testifk is ifnaulel if tdis sijuabticf. Cfe ijpcrtbft gbntcr tcleterjife if keferbtifk tdese lbtbobses is ig tde prifnipae cgsuperpcsiticf dcals gcr tde ncfkurbticf oeifk stuliel. ^uper-pcsiticf cg tde eggents cg twc cr jcre berclyfbjin ncftrca eggentcrsjbyfct oe vbail ig,gcr exbjpae, b fcse-jcufteleggentcr nbusescwsepbrbticf. If nbses wdere superpcsiticf lces fct dcal, jcre wifl-tuffea testifk bfl jcre ncjpaex jbtdejbtinba jcleas bre requirel

tc prcperay bnncuft gcr ebnd pcssioae ncjoifbticf cg sund eggentcrs.Juatipae bpprcbndes exist gcr leterjififk tde stbtin bfl lyfbjin

lerivbtives gcr tde birnrbgt. \dese spbf b rbfke grcj sijpae bfbaytinestijbtes tc tde use cg pbrbjeter ileftinbticf jetdcls if ikdttestifk. Fcrjbaay, krebter bnnurbny is bndievel oy usifk jcre ncstaybfl jcre abocr-iftefsive jetdcls. Ebray if tde lesikf prcness, baa crscje cg tde stboiaity bfl ncftrca berclyfbjin lbtb is estijbtel usifkLB\NCJ cr equivbaeft breb ruael jetdcls. Wcrabx cr ctder vcrtexabttine jetdcls bre cgtef usel ebray if tde lesikf prcness tc keferbterst nut berclyfbjin stboiaity bfl ncftrca lbtb. Ncjputbticfba uillyfbjins (NGL) jetdcls nbf basc oe usel tc keferbte tdese lbtb,batdcukd tde prcness tc bnncjpaisd tdis is jcre tije ncfsujifk tdbfwdef usifk tdesijpaer estijbticf tccas.B ncjpaete prcpuasicf len`prcvilel oy tde veflcr is basc eveftubaay ifnaulel if tdis sijuabticf.Berclyfbjins grcj wifl-tuffea tests bre basc ifnaulel if tdesijuabticf. \dese lbtb bre cgtef trij pcift aifebrizel gcr ifncrpcrb-ticf iftc tde oacn` libkrbj jclea ncfstruntel usifk ^ijuaif` bfl^tbtecw. \de nabssinba lesikf bfl bfbaysis tccas witdif JB\ABO

2

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Gik. 4 Iterbtive lesikf prcness.

Gik. 9 Fbvikbticf, kuilbfne, bfl ncftrca systej.

NCAK_EF BFL AC^ND@E 2

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bre usel tc gbniaitbte tde leveacpjeft cg tde ncftrca abws. \de lesikfis vbailbtel usifk equivbaeft systej tendfiques bfl reba-tijesijuabticf. Ncfkurbticf ncftrca oencjes esseftiba bs tde lesikfprckresses grcj tde ncfneptuba tc tde preaijifbry tc tdefba lesikf,bfl krebter fujoers cg efkifeers bre ifvcavel if tde lesikf bfljcleaifk prcness.

Lbtbobse jbfbkejeft bfl ncfkurbticf ncftrca bre nritinba bsctder gbniaities oencje ifvcavel if tde lesikf prcness. Blliticfbagbniaities bre requirel tc prcvile, gcr exbjpae, b jcticf obse

sijuabtcr witd visuba systej. ^und expefsive, speniba purpcsegbniaities bre esseftiba tc baacw piacts tc evbaubte dbflaifk qubaities,pcteftiba gbiaure jcles, etn., bs ebray bs pcssioae if tde lesikfprcness. B vbriety cg lcnujefts bre keferbtel tc lcnujeft `eyjiaestcfes if tdis prcness, wdind ifnaule tde Xreaijifbry Lesikf_eview, tde Nritinba Lesikf _eview, Gaikdt ^bgety _eview, etn. [itdtde krebtay ijprcvel butcjbtel ncle keferbticf nbpboiaitiesbvbiaboae tclby, jbfy jcre cg tdese repcrts bfl speninbticfs breoeifk ncjputer keferbtel bfl bre `ept ufler butcjbtel ncfkurb-ticf ncftrca.

WIII. Lesikf Exbjpae

\de berclyfbjin ybwifkjcjefts, wdind dbve tc oe cverncje tc

jbiftbif lirenticfba ncftrca cg b tbiaaess birnrbgt, ifnrebse witd tdesqubre cg tde birspeel. Usifk stbflbrl fcjefnabture, tdeberclyfbjin ybwifk jcjeft lue tc is lefel bs gcaacws bfl ispcsitive gcr birpabfe fcse-rikdt jcticf. \de berclyfbjin ybwifkjcjeft is kivef oy tde gcaacwifk equbticf=

Fg2:?W?k^oNf0Jbnd

\de terj if tde orbn`ets is tde lyfbjin pressure, usubaay nbaael q.[def tdetrue birspeelWis lcuoael, q (bflFigNfis ufndbfkel) isifnrebsel oy b gbntcr cg

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Bf G-25O-obsel sijuabticf wbs usel tc lejcfstrbte tdelestboiaizifk eggents cg tdese gebtures witdcut trbliticfba vertinbastboiaizers. B virtuba rebaity ncn`pit, ifncrpcrbtifk sefscr gusicf tcprcvile situbticfba bwbrefess gcr tde piact, ncual repabne tde ouooaenbfcpy. Jbfy ctder fcvea gebtures just oe ifncrpcrbtel iftc tdebirgrbje tc jb`e it sbge tc y bfl yet dbve kccl jissicf nbpboiaity,ifnaulifk fcftrbliticfba ncftrca eggentcrs. B fujoer cg fewberclyfbjin ybw eggentcrs dbve tc oe ifvestikbtel, leveacpel, bflifncrpcrbtel iftc tde birgrbje lesikf sc tdbt tde GO[ GN^ nbf

prcvile kccl dbflaifk qubaities. \dese wiaa feel tc oe evbaubtelusifk NGL ncles, wifl-tuffea tests, bfl jcticf-obsel dbflaifkqubaities sijuabtcrs. Eveftubaay, tdese wiaa feel tc oe veriel ifikdt.

\de ncjoifbticf cg sc jbfy few gebtures ifnrebses tdeleveacpjeft ris`. It requires b tdcrcukd bfbaysis bfl b letbiaelsijuabticf prckrbjtc oe ifitibtel very ebray if tdencfneptuba lesikfpdbse. \de ncst cg ncrrentifk errcrs bt tdis stbke is bocut 2% cg tdencst cgxifk tdej if tde ikd-test stbke. \dis musties tde up-grcftncsts bsscnibtel witd tde wifl-tuffea testifk requirel tc prcvile bkccl berclyfbjin lbtbobse. \de jbtdejbtinba jcleas usel if tdesijuabticf just oe rikcrcus. \dey just ifnaule sencfl-crler eggentstdbt nbf oe nritinba tc tde uflerstbflifk cg tde pcteftiba ifterbnticfsoetweef tde jbfy fcvea lesikf ncfnepts. Ufnertbifties if tdeberclyfbjin ndbrbnteristins just oe systejbtinbaay stuliel tc oe

nertbiftdbt tdere is bf blequbte lesikfjbrkif oegcre prcneelifkiftcletbia lesikf. \de jcst ijpcrtbft gbiaure jcles sdcual oe sijuabtelbfl systej reluflbfny requirejefts lefel. Gifbaay, bf evbaubticfcg ncfnept gebsioiaity just oe jble. \de uatijbte comentive cg tdencfnept lefiticf pdbse is tde bnnurbte ileftinbticf cg tde rebapefbaties if weikdt, ncjpaexity, bfl ncsts bsscnibtel witd tderejcvba cg tde vertinba tbias. \dis is fenessbry tc bvcil jclinbticfstc tde lesikf ncfnept if abter pdbses cg tde prckrbj, resuatifk if ncstcverrufs bfl sndeluae leabys.

Bn`fcwaelkjefts

\de butdcrs wcual ai`e tc tdbf` Acn`deel Jbrtif, FB^B, bfl tdeUfiversitycg @bfsbsgcr tdeir suppcrt cg tdewcr` lcnujeftel if tdispbper.

_egerefnes

P2Z [ccalrilke, E. \., [ifkel [cflers, \de ^tcry cg tde Gayifk [ifks,^jitdscfibf Ifst. Xress, [bsdifktcf, L.N., 2945.

P?Z Borbjs, _., YG-??B Xrctctype Blvbfnel \bntinba Gikdter LEJ/WBA Gaikdt \est Xrckrbj Cverview,^cniety cg Gaikdt \est Efkifeers^yjpcsiuj, ^cniety cg Gaikdt \est Efkifeers, Abfnbster, NB,Buk. 2992, pp. 2?>.

P>Z Nabr , N. @., bfl Oerfbfs, J. _., Dikd Bfkae-cg-Bttbn`Ndbrbnteristins cg tde YG-??,BIBB Xbper 92->29