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ボランティア活動の日米比較 Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for Hospital & Nursing Home in Japan & the US 九州大学

Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

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Page 1: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

ボランティア活動の日米比較

Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for Hospital & Nursing Home

in Japan & the US

九州大学

安 立 清 史

Page 2: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Research Design

International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers

Using same questionnaire1995 US (Los Angeles) 256 samples

1996 Japan (Tokyo) 340 samples

1997 Korea (Pusan: on going)

Page 3: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

QuestionnaireSurvey Design

Research target: all the active volunteers at each institution or groupDelivered by Volunteer Coordinators at the volunteer officesSelf-administered method

33 questionsreturned rates

US 42% (256/600)Japan 80% (340/420)

Page 4: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

QuestionnaireAttributes

(age, sex, marital status, education, family, religion, job status, etc.)

Volunteer facts (how long?, how many hours?, what kind of activity? Etc.

Motivation (why do you participate in?)

Attitudes & Opinion (problems, complaints, etc.)

Page 5: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Findings

1.Attributes

2.Volunteer facts

3.Motivation

4.Attitudes & Opinion

Page 6: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Findings: Attributes

More males in the USMostly housewives in JapanAged 40s-60s in JapanAged 60-70s in the USMostly after retired in the USAfter raising children and before caring parents (typical Japanese housewives)

Page 7: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Findings: Volunteer facts

US volunteers are more likely to continue longer.US volunteers do mostly once a week, four hours.Japanese volunteers do not last long.Most Nursing home volunteers in Japan are group volunteers and do once or twice a month.

Page 8: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Findings: Motivation

Major reason to volunteers are significantly different.US: get joy & delight, enrich ‘my’ life are the major reasons

very personally oriented reasonJP: ‘get joy & delight’ is significantly small.

Relatively society, community, group oriented reason

Page 9: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Findings: attitudes & opinionVolunteers in both countries do not think their activities prevent Governmental or Public services from developing.JP volunteers are more likely to think their activities stimulate Governmental or public services to develop.US volunteers do not think their activities stimulate Governmental or public services.JP volunteers are more likely to admit that volunteers may receive necessary expense money.

Page 10: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Research Sites: Tokyo1996 Tokyo Survey

GROUP

Shisei Nursing HomeSt. Luke's Hospital

frequency

250

200

150

100

50

0

200

140

Page 11: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Research Sites: US1995 US Survey

GROUP

JHA(Jewish Nursing H

Keiro Nursing Home

Huntington Hospital

freq 250

200

150

100

50

0

36

68

152

Page 12: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

1996 TokyoInstitution Beds S taffs M edical doctors Established Volunteers

St.L uke’sInternationa

l H ospital

520 beds 1028 em ployees(428 N urses)

149 1902 278

ShiseiN ursing

H om e

271(150N ursing)

190 (103 fulltim e)

N /A 1951 493

1995 Los AngelesInstitution Beds S taffs M edical doctors Established Volunteers

H untingtonH ospital

600 beds 2000 em ployees 700 to 800m edicaldoctors

1926 850 active

K eiroN ursing

H om e

300 250 N /A 1969 250

Jew ishH om e forthe A ging

813(nursing)

750 full andpart-tim eem ployees

N /A 1912 300 registeredvolunteers;w ith 100participatingon adaily basis

Page 13: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Male/Female

TOKYO

91.1%

8.9%

FEMALE

MALE

Male/Female

US

74.7%

25.3%

female

male

male- female ratio

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How long do you volunteer? JapanTokyo

YEARS OF VOLUNTEER ACTIVITY

20-yrs

15 - 19 Yrs

10 - 14 Yrs

5 - 9 Yrs

1-4 YRS

-1 Year

% 50

40

30

20

10

0 3

8

12

9

37

30

Page 15: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

TOKYO

YEARS OF ACTIVITY - IN THIS AGENCY

302422191715131197531

% 30

20

10

0 22

4

13

2

8

222

6

99

13

29

Page 16: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Years of Volunteer : US US

Years of Volunteer

21 yrs +16-20 yrs11-15 yrs6-10 yrs1-5 yrs-1 year

% 50

40

30

20

10

0

55

10

20

42

17

Page 17: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

How long do you volunteer? USVOLUNTEER YEARS

US

Years of activity

40352515108531

% 30

20

10

022

3

7

10

8

34

3

778

1514

Page 18: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Age group: JapanTokyo

AGE GROUP

80-70s60s50s40s30s20s10s

% 50

40

30

20

10

0

12

33

27

15

433

Page 19: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

TOKYO

OCCUPATIONAL STATUS

NEVER employed

HOUSEWIFE

STUDENT

SELF-EMPL

UNEMPLOYED

FULL-TIME

PART-TIME

RETIRED

% 70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

52

74

7

1114

Mostly Housewives :Japan

Page 20: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

US

AGE

80-70s60s50s40s30s20s-19

% 50

40

30

20

10

0

10

43

20

755

9

Age group:US

Page 21: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Mostly after retired: USUS

Retired/Employed

never employed

unemployed

full time

partically retired

completely retired

% 70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1088

10

64

Page 22: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Major reason to Volunteer: Japan

1996 TOKYO

ENRICH MY LIFE

GET JOY & DELIGHT

GET KNOWLEDGE & SKIL

USE KNOWLEDGE & SKIL

UNDERSTANDING SOCAL

GOOD FOR MY HEALTH

MAKE FRIENDS

CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIET

ASK ME TO HELP

APPRICIATION TO HOSP

FOR STUDY

%

50403020100

9

10

8

11

6

5

7

25

Page 23: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Major reason to volunteer:USMAJOR REASON TO VOLUNTEER

US

enrich my life

get joy & delight

get knowledge & skil

use my knowledge & s

understanding Social

good for my health

make friends

contribute to commun

ask me to help

%

50403020100

9

4

6

5

40

33

Page 24: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Volunteer-Government relationship:JPVOLUNTEER/GOVERNMENT

TOKYO

V prevent Government

V differ from G

V stimulate G

V supplement G

%

706050403020100

64

44

37

Page 25: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Volunteer-Government relationship:USVOLUNTEER/GOVERNMENT

US

V prevent government

V differ from G

V stimulate G

V supplement G

%

706050403020100

55

14

36

Page 26: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Volunteers may receive money? Japan

VOLUNTEER MAY RECEIVE MONEY?

TOKYO

TRANSPORTATION EXPEN

APPRECIATION MONEY

%

50403020100

19

44

Page 27: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

Volunteers may receive money? US

VOLUNTEER MAY RECEIVE MONEY?

US

transportation expen

appreciation money

%

50403020100

9

27

Page 28: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

振興条件(個人/ロサンゼルス)

因子1

身近で自由 要因

時間に自由がきく

活動場所が近くにあること

因子2

友人 要因

一緒に活動する友人

簡単で重くない活動

因子3

見返り 要因

時間貯蓄などの将来の見返り

コーディネートする組織や機関

因子4 交通費や経費を補助

自分の知識や技能の有効利用

Page 29: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

参加動機( アメリカ)

因子1

知識・ 技能要因

知識・ 技能を得られる

知識・ 技能を役立てられる

社会問題についての理解を深められる

コミュニティに貢献できる

必要とする人がいるから

因子2

人生を豊かにする要因

健康に良い

人生を豊かにする

友人ができる

因子3

喜び・ 楽しみ要因

喜びや楽しみが得られる

Page 30: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

不満や問題( 東京)

因子1

評価や感謝 要因

利用者・ 患者のわがまま

利用者・ 患者の感謝が不十分

社会的評価や感謝が不十分

因子2

教育・ 研修 要因

アドバイザーがいない

教育・ 研修プログラムが不十分

スタッフとの関係

因子3

ボランティアの限界 要因

ボランティア活動だけでは限界、公

的なサービスが必要

Page 31: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

不満や問題( ロサンゼルス)

因子1

教育・ 研修 要因

アドバイスが不十分

教育・ 研修が不十分

自分の知識・ 技能がじゅうぶん活用

されていない

因子2

評価・ 感謝 要因

評価や感謝が不十分

利用者が感謝しない

因子3 利用者のわがまま

ボランティア活動だけでは限界、も

っと公的サービスが必要

Page 32: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

活動の振興条件( 東京)

因子1

研修・ 交流 要因

ボランティアの交流

問題や悩み事の相談

教育・ 研修プログラムの充実

専門機関との連携

因子2

評価の向上 要因

活動の評価や認知のシステム

社会的な評価

因子3

経費 要因

実費の支給

保険費用

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活動の振興条件( ロサンゼルス)

因子1

評価の向上 要因

社会的な評価や感謝

感謝や評価のシステム

団体がもっとケアすること

因子2

経費 要因

税の軽減

他の専門機関との連携

経費の負担

保険の負担

因子3

研修 要因

研修プログラムの充実

因子4

交流要因

ミーティングや会議・ 交流

Page 34: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

振興条件( 個人/東京)

因子1

身近で自由 要因

近くて訪問しやすい

時間に自由がきく

因子2

コーディネート機関 要因

コーディネートする組織や機関

交通費や経費を補助する組織や団体

因子3

友人 要因

一緒に活動する友人

簡単で重くない活動

因子4

見返り 要因

時間貯蓄などの将来の見返り

Page 35: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

振興条件(個人/ロサンゼルス)

因子1

身近で自由 要因

時間に自由がきく

活動場所が近くにあること

因子2

友人 要因

一緒に活動する友人

簡単で重くない活動

因子3

見返り 要因

時間貯蓄などの将来の見返り

コーディネートする組織や機関

因子4 交通費や経費を補助

自分の知識や技能の有効利用

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望ましい社会的評価( 東京)

因子1

感謝状 要因

活動先からの表彰や感謝状

自治体や国などの表彰状

活動を記録した公的記録文書

因子2

メディアでの紹介 要因

マスメディアでの活動紹介

ニュー ズレター やパンフレットなどでの活動紹介

因子3

優遇措置 要因

税の優遇措置

入試・ 就職などでの優遇

Page 37: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

望ましい社会的評価( ロサンゼルス)

因子1

感謝状 要因

公的な活動記録

公的な感謝状

自治体や国などの表彰状

因子2

優遇措置 要因

税の優遇措置

お金

因子3

メディアでの紹介 要因

ニュー ズ レター やパンフレットなどでの活動紹介

マスメディアでの活動紹介

Page 38: Comparative Study on Volunteer Activities for …adachi/academic articles...International Comparative study on Volunteer activities of Hospital & Nursing home volunteers Using same

参考文献

電通総研 『NPOとは何か』,日本経済新聞社

シーズ 『よくわかる「市民活動促進法案」』

レスター・サラモン 『米国の非営利セクター入門』,ダイヤモンド社

ドラッカー 『非営利組織の経営』,ダイヤモンド社

田中尚輝 『高齢化時代のボランティア』,岩波書店

田中尚輝 『市民社会のボランティア』,丸善

高橋勇悦・高萩盾男 『高齢化とボランティア社会』,弘文堂

安立清史「ボランティア活動の日米比較」『月刊福祉』