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1 “Political Economy you think is an enquiry into the nature and causes of wealth- I think it should be called an enquiry into the

laws which determine the division of the produce of industry amongst the classes who concur in its formation. No law can be laid down respecting quantity, but a tolerably correct one can be laid down respecting proportions. Everyday I am more satisfied that the former enquiry is vain and delusive, and the latter only the true objects of the science.” Keynes, General Theory, P-4

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msw¶ß cÖkœ

1. †KŠwUjxq A_©kv‡¯¿i g~j welq wK?

2. A_©kv‡¯¿i wewfbœ avivq †K›`ªxq e³e¨ wK?

mvims‡ÿc

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

A_©bxwZ c„ôv-7

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. ÒA_©kv¯¿Ó cÖm‡½ wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe‡`i `„wóf½x Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

2. BD‡iv‡c wkí wecø‡ei Av‡M wewfbœ A‡j A_©kv¯¿ welqK PP©vi aib †Kgb wQj?

3. BD‡iv‡c A_©kv‡¯¿i weKv‡k Kv‡`i f‚wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©? †m m¤ú‡K© GKwU KvjvbyµwgK

ch©v‡jvPbv wjLyb|

GmGmGBPGj

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-8

wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v

GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb –

A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v ej‡Z wK †evSvq

G ch©šÍ gvbe mgv‡R wK wK A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v †`Lv †M‡Q

wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi g~j cv_©K¨¸‡jv wK

A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v ej‡Z wK †evSvq?

gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Ges wb‡Ri weKv‡ki Rb¨ A‡bKiKg ZrciZvq kvwgj nq|

Gm‡ei g‡a¨ wM‡q gvbyl AviI A‡bK gvby‡li m‡½ m¤úwK©Z nq| Gfv‡e KL‡bv GKv KL‡bv

AviI A‡b‡Ki m‡½ gvbyl †hme KvR K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ Drcv`b, †fvM, weZiY, wewbgq Lye

¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GB KvR¸‡jv‡K GKm‡½ A_©‰bwZK KvR e‡j| GB KvR¸‡jv mKj gvbyl mKj

mg‡q GKB iKg Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wK Drcv`b n‡e, wKfv‡e Drcv`b n‡e, Kvi Rb¨ Drcv`b

n‡e Gme welq mKj mg‡q GKB _v‡K bv| cv_©K¨Uv Zvn‡j wKfv‡e ˆZwi nq? cv_©K¨Uv ˆZwi

nq cÖavbZ: gvwjKvbv e¨e¯’vi Rb¨, Gim‡½ mvgvwRK bvbv wbqg-Kvbyb, wewagvjv BZ¨vw`I

Kvh©Ki nq| GB †h gvwjKvbv e¨e¯’v, ivóªxq I mvgvwRK e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ gvbyl e¨w³MZ I

mgwóMZfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv‡K GK K_vq A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v ejv hvq|

wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v

Avgiv eZ©gv‡b †h A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ emevm KiwQ Zv‡K mvaviYfv‡e ejv nq ÔevRvi

A_©bxwZ'| Z‡e Gi Av‡iKwU bvg Av‡Q, †mwU nj : cyuwRev`| †Kvb A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi eqm

KvUvq KvUvq ejv hvq bv KviY †Kvb e¨e¯’vi nVvr K‡i D™¢e nq bv, Zv GKwU j¤v mgq a‡i

M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K| ZviciI †gvUvgywU wnmve Ki‡j ejv hvq †h, eZ©gvb GB e¨e¯’vi eqm

eo‡Rvi wZbk' eQi| Gi Av‡M nvRvi nvRvi GgbwK j¶ eQi gvby‡li Ab¨ wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK

e¨e¯’vq †K‡U‡Q| †mme A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi wfbœ wfbœ bvgI Av‡Q| me‡`‡k †m¸‡jvi GKB iKg

†PnvivI wQj bv|

Avgiv BwZnv‡m GiKg e¨e¯’v `xN©Kvj †`‡LwQ †hLv‡b gvby‡li AwaKvsk wQ‡jb `vm, Zv‡`i

†Kbv‡ePv Kiv †h‡Zv| `vmgvwjKivB †mLv‡b ¶gZvevb wQ‡jb Ges mKj A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡`i

gvwjKvbvI wQj Zv‡`iB nv‡Z| hy‡× civwRZ n‡j `vm n‡Z n‡Zv| cÖvPxb MÖx‡m †h mgq weL¨vZ

bMi-iv‡óªi D™¢e nq †m mgqI †mLv‡b `vme¨e¯’vB wQj| Avie †`‡k Bmjvg cÖeZ©‡bi mgqI

Avgiv `vm e¨e¯’vi Aw¯ÍZ¡¡ †`L‡Z cvB| Avgv‡`i Dcgnv‡`‡k Aek¨ wVK GiKg `vm e¨e¯’v

wQj bv Z‡e GLv‡b Lye kw³kvjx fv‡e †h e¨e¯’vwU `xN©Kvj a‡i wQj Ges GLbI A‡bK‡¶‡Î

Av‡Q †mwU nj eY©cÖ_v| GB cÖ_vq Rb¥MZfv‡e GKR‡bi mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb wba©vwiZ n‡q hvq|

Zvi †gav ev †hvM¨Zv GLv‡b †MŠY|

`vm e¨e¯’vi ci Avgiv †h e¨e¯’v †`wL †mwU‡K mvaviYfv‡e mvgšÍev` e‡j| GB e¨e¯’vq f‚¯vgx

A_©vr f‚m¤ú‡`i eo eo gvwjKivB mgv‡R mePvB‡Z ¶gZvevb| Ab¨w`‡K †ewkifvM gvbyl

Rwg‡Z KvR K‡ib LvRbvi wewbg‡q, cÖRv wn‡m‡e ev f‚wg`vm wn‡m‡e| GB e¨e¯’v‡K ms‡¶‡c

Rwg`vix e¨e¯’vI ejv hvq| Avgv‡`i †`‡k GB e¨e¯’vi iƒc Avevi cy‡iv BD‡iv‡ci g‡Zv wQj

bv| HwZnvwmKiv e‡jb †h, cyi‡bv fviZe‡l© e¨w³gvwjKvbvI BD‡iv‡ci gZ wQj bv| GLv‡b

ivRv-ev`kv ev mgªvU‡`i nv‡Z ¶gZv wQj A‡bK †ewk †K›`ªxf‚Z| Zv‡`i‡KB mKj f‚wgi

cvV - 2

KL‡bv GKv KL‡bv

AviI A‡b‡Ki m‡½

gvbyl †hme KvR K‡i

Zvi g‡a¨ Drcv`b,

†fvM, weZiY, wewbgq

Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

†Kvb A_©‰bwZK

e¨e ’vi eqm KvUvq

KvUvq ejv hvq bv

KviY †Kvb e¨e ’vi

nVvr K‡i D™¢e nq

bv, Zv GKwU j¤v

mgq a‡i M‡o DV‡Z

_v‡K|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

A_©bxwZ c„ôv-9

gvwjK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Zv| A‡b‡K GB mgvR‡K ivóª‡Kw›`ªK mgvRI e‡jb| wewfbœ

f‚¯vgx ivRvi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡eB KvR Ki‡Zb|

BD‡iv‡c wkí wecø‡ei cÖwµqv ïiæ nq mß`k kZK †_‡K| GB wkí wecø‡ei cÖwµqv‡ZB µ‡g

Ewbk kZ‡Ki g‡a¨ BD‡iv‡c cyuwRev` GKwU e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ nq| GB e¨e¯’v‡K A‡bK

mgq ÔevRvi A_©bxwZ' ejv nq| GB e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨B we‡k¦i cÖvq mKj A‡ji gvbyl ZLb emevm

Ki‡Qb| Avgiv †h A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi Dci wfwË K‡i wewfbœ mgm¨v Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev wKsev ZË¡

we‡kølY Ki‡ev †mwU GB e¨e¯’vB| †mRb¨ GB e¨e¯’vi ˆewk󨸇jv we‡klfv‡e †Lqvj Ki‡Z

n‡e| ms‡¶‡c Gi ˆewk󨸇jv nj wb¤œiƒc:

1. Drcv`b hš¿ I cyuwRi Dci e¨w³ gvwjKvbv|

2. e¨w³¯v_©‡K g~j ¸iæZ¡ cÖ vb|

3. gvby‡li kªgkw³mn mewKQyi †Kbv‡ePvi `ªe¨ ev cY¨ wn‡m‡e Avwef©ve|

4. evRvi‡K j¶¨ K‡i, gybvdvi m‡e©v”PKi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ Drcv`b|

wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq cv_©K¨

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv eyS‡Z cviwQ gvby‡li BwZnv‡m A‡bKiKg A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v

Av‡Q| Gme e¨e¯’vi A‡bK¸‡jvB GLb AZxZ wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Avgiv †hme e¨e¯’v †`LwQ †m¸‡jv

AZx‡Zi wewfbœ e¨e¯’v cvi n‡qB G‡m‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î wKQy wKQy †ikI Av‡Q|

m¨vgy‡qjmb wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq wK, †Kb Ges Kvi Rb¨ Drcv`b nq Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

K‡i‡Qb hv wewfbœ cvV¨cy ͇K D‡jøL Kiv nq| wZwb GB Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q AZx‡Zi

e¨e¯’v¸‡jv we‡ePbv K‡ibwb| eZ©gvb mg‡q weivRgvb e¨e¯’v¸‡jv‡K wZwb wZbwU fv‡M fvM

K‡i‡Qb:

1. evRvi A_©bxwZ

2. wb‡`©kg~jK A_©bxwZ Ges

3. wgkª A_©bxwZ|

Zuvi e¨vL¨v Abyhvqx, evRvi A_©bxwZ gv‡b nj Aeva A_©bxwZ †hLv‡b evRvi ØvivB mewKQy

wba©vwiZ nq, miKv‡ii †Kvb f‚wgKv _v‡K bv| Avi Zuvi e¨vL¨vq wgkª A_©bxwZ nj †mB A_©bxwZ

†hLv‡b evRvi A_©bxwZ _vK‡e wKš‘ miKv‡ii f‚wgKvI _vK‡e| Avm‡j cÖ_g ai‡bi A_©bxwZi

†Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡¡ we‡k¦ †bB| hv‡K m¨vgy‡qjmb wgkª A_©bxwZ e‡j‡Qb †mUvB eZ©gvb we‡k¦ ÔevRvi

A_©bxwZ'i ev¯Íe †Pnviv|

m¨vgy‡qjmb wb‡`©kg~jK A_©bxwZ ej‡Z eywS‡q‡Qb cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’v †_‡K wfbœfv‡e wKsev Zv‡`i

KZ…©‡Z¡i evB‡i †hme A_©bxwZ `uvo Kiv‡bvi †Póv Kiv n‡qwQj †m¸‡jv‡K| G¸‡jv‡K

A‡bKmgq mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vI ejv nq| G¸‡jv‡K wb‡`©kg~jK bv e‡j ivóªxqfv‡e cwiKwíZ

A_©bxwZ ejvB wVK| KviY Gme A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨w³i ev miKv‡ii wb‡`©k bq GKwU mvgwMÖK

cwiKíbvi Aax‡b A_©bxwZ cwiPvwjZ nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ wb‡`©kg~jK A_©bxwZ †m¸‡jv‡K ejv hvq

†h¸‡jv‡Z ivóªcÖavb ev KwZc‡qi wb‡`©‡kB mewKQy cwiPvwjZ nq| mvgwiK kvmb ev †emvgwiK

ˆ¯ikvmb ev ivRZš¿kvwmZ e¨e¯’v‡ZB GiKg A_©bxwZ †`Lv hvq| m¨vgy‡qjmb GB ai‡bi

A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© wKQy e‡jbwb| j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e, GB A_©bxwZ¸‡jvI (ga¨cÖv‡P¨i ivRZš¿

kvwmZ ev j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKv-Avwd«Kv-Gwkqvi ˆ¯ikvmb wbqwš¿Z) wek¦‡Rvov cuywRev`x e¨e¯’vi ev

Kw_Z evRvi A_©bxwZi m‡½B m¤úwK©Z|

wb‡Pi Q‡K wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq wK, †Kb Ges Kvi Rb¨ Drcv`b n‡Zv Ges nq Zvi GKwU

mvi ms‡¶c Dcw¯’Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b mycÖvPxb Kvj †_‡K gvbyl †h wewfbœ ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK

e¨e¯’v cvi n‡q G‡m‡Qb †m¸‡jvi cÖavb K‡qKwU ai‡b †K›`ªxq K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨ †`Lv‡bv

n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Avw` †hŠ_ e¨e¯’v ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡”Q e¨w³gvwjKvbvi D™¢‡ei c~‡e© gvby‡li `xN©

hv‡K m¨vgy‡qjmb wgkª

A_©bxwZ e‡j‡Qb

†mUvB eZ©gvb we‡k¦

ÔevRvi A_©bxwZ'i

ev Íe †Pnviv|

GmGmGBPGj

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-10

mgqKv‡ji A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b gvbyl mevB wg‡jwg‡kB mevi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx mewKQy

Ki‡Zv| cÖvK-cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’v ej‡Z cyuwRev‡`i D™¢‡ei Av‡M we`¨gvb GKvwaK e¨e¯’v‡K

GKm‡½ †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q: `vme¨e¯’v, mvgšÍ e¨e¯’v, Gkxq Drcv`b e¨e¯’v|

G¸‡jvi mvaviY ˆewkó¨ n‡jv : e¨w³ gvwjKvbv me¸‡jv mgv‡RB †K›`ªxf‚Z AvKv‡i Av‡Q wKš‘

Gi †KvbwUB cyuwRev` bq| cuywRev`x e¨e¯’v ej‡Z hv †evSv‡bv n‡”Q †mwUB wewfbœ A_©kv¯¿

msµvšÍ MÖ‡š’ evRvi A_©bxwZ e‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB| cyuwRev`-DËi e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e hv ejv

n‡q‡Q Zv †Kv_vI †Kv_vI mgvRZš¿ †Kv_vI mvg¨ev` bv‡g AwfwnZ nq| Ab¨vb¨ e¨e¯’v †hgb

nvRvi ev kZkZ eQi cvi n‡q‡Q †miKg GB e¨e¯’vi †¶‡Î GLbI N‡Uwb| Gi wKQy wKQy

cix¶v wbix¶v Avgiv †`‡LwQ| hvi g‡a¨ mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zv `y‡UvB Av‡Q Ges A‡bK¸‡jv †`k

Avevi cyuwRev` cÖwZôvi †PóvI Ki‡Q|

QK 2 : wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK e¨e ’vq wK, †Kb Ges Kvi Rb¨ Drcv`b

wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK e¨e ’v wK Drcv`b wKfv‡e Drcv`b Kvi Rb¨ Drcv`b

Avw` †hŠ_ e¨e¯’v †hŠ_ cÖ‡qvR‡bi `ªe¨vw` cÖvß cÖhyw³ mevi Rb¨

cÖvK-cyuwRev`x e¨w³

gvwjKvbvaxb e¨e¯’v

†fvM I LvRbvi Rb¨ cÖvß cÖhyw³ wb‡R‡`i †fvM/ gvwjK‡`i LvRbv

cyuwRev` ev evRvi A_©bxwZ wewµ‡hvM¨ cY¨ b~¨bZg e¨q I D”P

Drcv`‡bi cÖhyw³

µq ¶gZvm¤úbœ e¨w³‡`i Rb¨

cyuwRev`-DËi mvgvwRK

gvwjKvbvi e¨e¯’v

mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvR‡bi `ªe¨vw` b~¨bZg e¨q I D”P

Drcv`‡bi cÖhyw³

mevi Rb¨

A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v ej‡Z Drcv`b, †fvM, wewbgq I weZiY‡K †K›`ª K‡i gvwjKvbv, ivóªxq I

mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v‡KB †evSvq| Gi g‡a¨B gvbyl e¨w³MZ I mgwóMZfv‡e KvR K‡i|

A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v¸‡jv‡K m¨vgy‡qjmb wZb fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb- K. evRvi A_©bxwZ; L.

wb‡`©kg~jK A_©bxwZ; I M. wgkª A_©bxwZ| GB fvl¨ Abyhvqx evRvi A_©bxwZ nj Aeva

A_©bxwZ †hLv‡b evRvi mewKQy wba©viY K‡i, miKv‡ii †Kvb f‚wgKv _v‡K bv| wgkª

A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi A_©bxwZ _vK‡e wKš‘ miKv‡ii f‚wgKvI _vK‡e| Avi wb‡`©kg~jK

A_©bxwZ‡Z ivóªcÖavb ev KwZc‡qi wb‡`©‡kB mewKQy cwiPvwjZ nq|

mvims‡ÿc

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

A_©bxwZ c„ôv-11

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.2

ˆbe© w³K cÖkœ

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b

1. wgkª A_©bxwZ‡Z-

K. evRvi Øviv mewKQy wba©vwiZ nq, miKv‡ii †Kvb f‚wgKv _v‡K bv|

L. miKvi mewKQy wba©viY K‡i|

M. evRvi A_©bxwZ _vK‡e wKš‘ miKv‡ii f‚wgKvI _vK‡e|

N. ivóª cÖavb ev KwZc‡qi wb‡`©‡k mewKQy cwiPvwjZ nq|

2. cuywRev` ev evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z wK Drcvw`Z nq?

K. †fvM I LvRbvi Rb¨ `ªe¨ L. †hŠ_ cÖ‡qvR‡bi `ªe¨

M. mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvR‡bi `ªe¨ N. wewµ‡hvM¨ `ªe¨

3. BD‡iv‡ci wkí wecø‡ei cÖwµqv ïiæ nq K‡e?

K. `yB nvRvi eQi Av‡M L. mß`k kZ‡K

M. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui m‡½ N. GB kZ‡K

msw¶ß cÖkœ

1. A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v ej‡Z wK †evSvq?

2. cuywRev` ev evRvi A_©bxwZi ˆewk󨸇jv wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v ej‡Z wK †evSvq? A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v wewfbœiKg nq †Kb?

2. G ch©šÍ gvbe mgv‡R wK wK A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v †`Lv †M‡Q? cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’vi ˆewk󨸇jv wK?

3. A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq wZbwU cÖavb mgm¨v wK wK? wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq GB mgm¨v¸‡jv

wKfv‡e †`Lv hvq?

GmGmGBPGj

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-12

A_©kv‡¯¿i wewfbœ wefvRb

GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb –

A_©kv‡¯¿i e¯‘evPK I bxwZevPK wefvRb

A_©kv‡¯¿ bxwZ ˆbwZKZv ev gZv`‡k©i RvqMv wb‡q cÖkœmg~n

e¨wóK I mvgwóK wefvRb

A_©kv‡¯¿ e¯‘evPK I bxwZevPK wefvRb

A_©kv¯¿ we‡køl‡Y A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡a¨ A‡bK iKg gZcv_©K¨ Avgiv †`‡LwQ| Gig‡a¨ †h

w`KwU we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZi †mwU nj A_©kv‡¯¿ gZv`k© (ideology), g~j¨‡eva (value) ev

bxwZ‰bwZKZvi (ethics) cÖkœ| A_©bxwZwe`‡`i †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib †h, Zuv‡`i †KvbiKg

gZv`k© ev g~j¨‡eva Øviv PvwjZ nIqv wVK bq| Zuviv g‡b K‡ib †h, A_©bxwZwe`‡`i KvR nj

ïaygvÎ ev¯ÍeZv wVK †hfv‡e Av‡Q Zv‡K wVK †mfv‡e †`Lv Ges Zvi Kvh©KviY we‡kølY Kiv|

†hgb, †emiKvixKiY Kiv n‡j Drcv`b evo‡e wKbv, b~¨bZg gRywi Pvjy Ki‡j Zv A_©bxwZ‡Z

weiƒc cÖwZwµqv †dj‡e wKbv, ¶z`ªFY `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Avq evov‡”Q wKbv BZ¨vw`|

ejvevûj¨, GB Kvh©KviY m¤úwK©Z wm×všÍ ‡jv m¤ú~Y© wbf©i Ki‡e Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Zvi

ˆeÁvwbK we‡køl‡Yi Dci| GB A_©bxwZwe`iv g‡b K‡ib, Gme m¤ú‡K© bxwZMZ wm×všÍ wK

nIqv DwPZ ev civgk© wKsev AviI e„nr cwim‡i A_©bxwZ †Kgb nIqv DwPZ, mgv‡Ri Kvi wK

cvIqv DwPZ BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ cÖ vb A_©bxwZwe`‡`i KvR bq, GB KvR ivRbxwZwe` ev

mgvRZvwË¡K‡`i| Zuv‡`i `„wó‡Z A_©kv¯¿ nj gZv`k©gy³ weÁvb (Value free science)| Zuviv †h

ai‡bi A_©kv¯¿xq we‡kølY K‡ib Zv‡K ejv nq e¯‘evPK A_©kv¯¿ ev Positive Economics| Gi

wecix‡Z Ab¨ A_©bxwZwe`iv Av‡Qb huviv g‡b K‡ib ïaygvÎ ev¯ÍeZv we‡kølY bq A_©bxwZwe`‡`i

GKB m‡½ KvR nj A_©bxwZ †Kvb w`‡K hv‡e, A_©bxwZ‡Z wK nIqv DwPZ †m wel‡q mywbw`©ó

gZvgZ †`Iqv| †hgb †emiKvixKiY Kiv DwPZ wK AbywPZ wKsev b~¨bZg gRywi Pvjy Kiv DwPZ

wK AbywPZ, A_©bxwZ‡Z wewb‡qvM wKiKg nIqv `iKvi, weZiY †Kgb nIqv `iKvi BZ¨vw`

wel‡q A_©bxwZwe`‡`i mywbw`©ó Ae¯’vb _vKv `iKvi| Giv g‡b K‡ib A_©kv‡¯¿ gZvgZ,

g~j¨‡eva ev `„wóf½x _vK‡ZB n‡e| KviY †h‡nZz A_©kv¯¿ gvbyl I mgvR wb‡qB KvR K‡i

†m‡nZz A_©bxwZwe‡`iv gZ-wbi‡c¶ n‡Z cv‡ib bv| Gu‡`i cÖ ÍvweZ A_©kv¯¿‡K ejv nq

Normative Economics ev bxwZevPK A_©kv¯¿|

A_©kv‡¯¿ bxwZ ˆbwZKZv ev gZv`‡k©i RvqMv wb‡q cÖkœmg~n

wKš‘ A_©kv¯¿‡K GiKg `y‡Uv fv‡M fvM Kivi ga¨ w`‡qB GB welq wb‡q weZK© †kl nq bv|

A_©kv‡¯¿ gZv`k© ev bxwZ‰bwZKZvi cÖkœ AviI wKQy welq‡KI we‡ePbvi AšÍfz©³ K‡i| ïay

`y'fv‡M A_©kv¯¿‡K fvM Kievi weiæ‡×I hyw³ Kg †bB| GB welq¸‡jv‡K Dcw¯’Z Kiv hvq

wb¤œiƒ‡c:

cÖ_gZ: A_©kv¯¿ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi kvLv| GwU †gŠwjK weÁvb bq †h¸‡jv‡Z M‡elYv I we‡kølY

nq ïay M‡elYvMv‡i|

cvV - 3

†h w`KwU we‡klfv‡e

¸iæZi †mwU nj

A_©kv‡ ¿ gZv`k©

(ideology), g~j¨‡eva

(value) ev

bxwZ‰bwZKZvi

(ethics) cÖkœ|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

A_©bxwZ c„ôv-13

wØZxqZ: A_©kv‡¯¿ ˆeÁvwbK we‡køl‡Yi aib wfbœ, †hLv‡b RxešÍ gvbylB M‡elYvi g~j welq| ïay

GB gvbyl bq, M‡elYvq ev we‡køl‡Y AviI Av‡m GB gvby‡li m‡½ m¤úwK©Z m¤ú`, mvg_© I

mgvR BZ¨vw`|

Z…ZxqZ: A_©kv‡¯¿i gvbyl, we‡klZ: Avgiv †h ai‡bi A_©bxwZ‡Z emevm Kwi †mLv‡b Avq,

my‡hvM, ¶gZv BZ¨vw` w`‡K gvbyl eûfv‡M wef³| †kªYxMZ cv_©K¨ QvovI wj½xq (bvix-cyiæl),

eY©MZ, RvwZMZ ˆelg¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gvÎvq weivR Ki‡Q| ïay GKwU †`‡ki g‡a¨ bq, wewfbœ

†`‡ki g‡a¨I wecyj ˆelg¨ I cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| myZivs †Kvb GKwU GKK w`‡q mevB‡K †evSv‡bv

hvq bv|

PZz_©Z: wewfbœ ai‡bi cv_©K¨ I ˆelg¨ _vKvi d‡j †Kvb wel‡q cÖvß djvdj ev wm×všÍ

mve©Rbxb n‡Z cv‡i bv| e¯‘evPK A_©bxwZi hviv Abymvix Zv‡`i wewfbœ we‡kølY ev M‡elYvq

AbywgwZ MÖnY, we‡kølY c×wZ, we‡køl‡Yi GjvKv wba©viY BZ¨vw`‡Z ZvB Am¤ú~Y©Zv ev c¶cvZ

_vKvi mg~n m¤¢vebv _v‡K| bxwZevPK A_©kv‡¯¿i Abymvix‡`i †¶‡Î mg~n m¤¢vebv _v‡K c~e©

wba©vwiZ wm×všÍ Øviv cwiPvwjZ nevi hv‡Z A_©bxwZ e¨vL¨vi †¶‡ÎI c¶cv‡Zi wec` _vK‡Z

cv‡i|

cÂgZ: mgvR weÁvb e‡jB GLv‡b gZv`k© ev `„wóf½x wbðqB Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| Z‡e

A_©bxwZwe`‡`i `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q wewfbœ we‡køl‡Y e¯‘wbô _vKv Ges †Kvb ai‡bi c~e© wba©vwiZ wm×všÍ

Øviv cwiPvwjZ bv n‡q Aek¨B h_vh_fv‡e mgwb¦Z Z_¨ I hyw³i wfwˇZ wm×všÍ MÖnY|

GB welq¸‡jv ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ePbv Ki‡j A_©kv¯¿‡K e¯‘evPK I bxwZevPK Gfv‡e fvM bv

K‡i ei fvM Kiv hvq Gfv‡e: e¯‘wbô A_©kv¯¿ (Objective Economics) Ges c¶cvZ`yó

A_©kv¯¿ (Biased Economics)|

e¨wóK I mvgwóK

A_©bxwZi we‡køl‡Yi GjvKv Abyhvqx A_©kv¯¿‡K Avevi `y'fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq| `xN©mgq Ry‡o

A_©kv¯¿ GKK †¶Î wn‡m‡eB wQj| 30 `k‡Ki gnvg›`vi ci †_‡KB cÖavbZ: e¨wóK I mvgwóK

`yBfv‡M fvM K‡i †`Lvi welqwU we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z _v‡K| 1933 mv‡j biI‡qwRqvb

A_©bxwZwe` †iMbvi wd«P (Ragnar Frisch) whwb Rvb wUbeviRb (Jan Tinbergen)-Gi m‡½

†hŠ_fv‡e cÖ_g †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb, wZwbB cÖ_g A_©kv‡¯¿i wefvRb †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨envi

K‡ib "micro-dynamics" Ges "macro-dynamics"| †mwUB c‡i "microeconomics" ev e¨wóK

A_©kv¯¿ Ges "macroeconomics" ev mvgwóK A_©kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ cvq| Gi g‡a¨ e¨wóK

A_©kv¯¿ ej‡Z Avgiv †mwU‡KB eywS †hwU mgMÖ A_©bxwZ‡K we‡ePbv bv K‡i GKK wfwËK

we‡kølY‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`q| GKK wfwËK we‡kølY ej‡Z †evSvq GKK †fv³vi AvPiY, Pvwn`v, Avq

BZ¨vw` wKsev GKK Drcv`b ev e¨emvwqK cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`b, e¨q, gybvdv a‡i we‡kølY| GB

A_©kv‡¯¿i we‡køl‡Yi weKvk N‡U cÖ_‡g cÖvwšÍKZvev`x bv‡g cwiwPZ Karl Menger, Jevons cÖgyL‡`i gva¨‡g Ges c‡i AviI Kvh©Ki I mymsMwVZfv‡e Alfred Marshall Gi Kv‡R|

Gici A_©kv‡¯¿i †h avivwU we‡klfv‡e 30 `kK cieZx© wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe`‡`i Kv‡Ri ga¨

w`‡q wbw`©ó eZ©gvb iƒc †c‡q‡Q †mwU nj mvgwóK A_©kv¯¿ ev Macro Economics| G‡Z

A_©bxwZi we‡kølY Kiv nq mvgwóK KvVv‡gv‡Z, wbw`©ófv‡e RvZxq cwim‡iB mewKQy we‡ePbv

Kiv nq| we‡kl K‡i GB A_©kv‡¯¿ †mme wel‡qi Dci we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq †h¸‡jv

mvgwóK KvVv‡gv Qvov we‡kølY Kiv hvq bv; †hgb, RvZxq Avq, †eKviZ¡, `vg¯Íi, g›`v,

gy`ªvùxwZ, evwYR¨ Pµ BZ¨vw`|

n¨vÛvimb Ges †Kvqv›U (James M. Henderson and Richard E. Quandt) GB cv_©K¨‡K

ms‡¶‡c e‡jb Gfv‡e : "Microeconomics is the study of the economic actions of

mgvR weÁvb e‡jB

GLv‡b gZv`k© ev

„wóf½x wbðqB

Dcw ’Z _v‡K| Z‡e

A_©bxwZwe`‡`i `vwqZ¡

n‡”Q wewfbœ we‡køl‡Y

e ‘wbô _vKv Ges

†Kvb ai‡bi c~e©

wba©vwiZ wm×všÍ Øviv

cwiPvwjZ bv n‡q

Aek¨B h_vh_fv‡e

mgwb¦Z Z_¨ I hyw³i

wfwˇZ wm×všÍ MÖnY|

GmGmGBPGj

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-14

individuals and well defined groups of individuals and macroeconomics is the study of broad aggregates such as total employment and national income." A_©vr e¨wóK A_©kv¯¿ nj, e¨w³ ev mywbw`©ó e¨w³mg~‡ni `je× A_©‰bwZK AvPi‡Yi kv¯¿ Ges

mvgwóK A_©kv¯¿ nj †gvU Kg©ms¯’vb GesRvZxq Avq-Gi g‡Zv mvgwMÖK wel‡qi kv¯¿|

A_©kv¯¿ we‡køl‡Y A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡a¨ gZ cv_©‡K¨i we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZi w`KwU nj gZv`k©,

g~j¨‡eva ev bxwZ‰bwZKZvi cÖkœ| wewfbœ ai‡bi cv_©K¨ I ˆelg¨ _vKvi d‡j †Kvb wel‡q

cÖvß djvdj ev wm×všÍ mve©Rbxb n‡Z cv‡i bv| mgvRweÁvb e‡jB GLv‡b gZv`k© ev

`„wóf½x wbðqB Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| Z‡e A_©bxwZwe`‡`i `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q wewfbœ we‡køl‡Y e¯‘wbô

_vKv Ges †Kvb ai‡Yi c~e© wba©vwiZ wm×všÍ Øviv cwiPvwjZ bv n‡h Aek¨B Z_¨ I hyw³i

wfwˇZ wm×všÍ MÖnY| wÎk `k‡Ki g‡a¨B A_©kv¯¿ e¨wóK I mvgwóK kvLvq wef³ n‡q c‡o|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.3

ˆbe© w³K cÖkœ

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b

1. A_©kv‡¯¿ gZvgZ ev g~j¨‡eva _vK‡ZB n‡e- G aviYv †Kvb& A_©kv‡¯¿i AšÍf©y³?

K. bxwZevPK A_©kv¯¿ L. e¯‘evPK A_©kv¯¿

M. e¨wóK A_©bxwZ N. mvgwóK A_©bxwZ

2. †Kvb&wU mvgwóK A_©kv‡¯¿i cÖZ¨q

K. †fv³vi AvPiY L. †gvU Kg©ms¯’vb

M. Pvwn`v N. dv‡g©i Drcv`b

3. e¨wóK, mvgwóK aviYv cÖ_‡g †K wb‡q Av‡mb?

K. †iMbvi wd«P L. cj m¨vgy‡qjmb

M. G¨vWvg ¯§x_ N. wej †MUm

msw¶ß cÖkœ

1. e¯‘evPK I bxwZevPK A_©kv¯¿ wK?

2. e¨wóK I mvgwóK A_©kv¯¿ ej‡Z wK †evSvq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. A_©kv‡¯¿ e¯‘evPK I bxwZevPK wefvRb †Kb Kiv nq? e¯‘evPK I bxwZevPK A_©kv‡¯¿i

cv_©K¨ wK?

2. A_©kv‡¯¿ ˆbwZKZv ev gZv`‡k©i Ae¯’vb wK? gZv`k© wbi‡c¶ _vKv Ges e¯‘wbi‡c¶ _vKvi

g‡a¨ wK †Kvb cv_©K¨ Av‡Q?

mvims‡ÿc

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

A_©bxwZ c„ôv-15

evRvi I evRvi A_©bxwZ

GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb –

evRvi I evRvi A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv

evRvi A_©bxwZi mxgve×Zv wb‡q e¨vL¨v

evRvi I evRvi A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© mvaviY aviYv

evRvi ej‡Z mvaviYZ: Avgiv GKwU ¯’vb eywS †hLv‡b wKQy bv wKQy †Kbv‡ePv nq| †hgb:

gvwjevM evRvi, KviIqvb evRvi| Avevi †Kvb wbw`©ó `ªe¨ †Kbv‡ePvi Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q

A‡bK mgq evRvi kãwU e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb: cv‡Ui evRvi Lvivc wKsev evwoi evRvi fvj

BZ¨vw`| evRvi ej‡Z Zvn‡j GKwU welq †evSvq Zv nj: †Kbv‡ePv| Avi A_©kv‡¯¿ evRvi

ej‡Z †Kbv‡ePvi RvqMvi PvB‡ZI †Kbv‡ePvi cÖwµqvwUi DciB ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq †ewk|

m¨vgy‡qjmb ZvB ej‡Qb, "A market is a mechanism by which buyers and sellers interact to determine the price and quantity of a good or service"3

A_©vr evRvi ej‡Z Ggb GKwU

cÖwµqv‡K †evSvq hvi ga¨ w`‡q †µZv I we‡µZvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wbw`©ó †Kvb `ªe¨ ev

†mevi cwigvY I `vg wba©vwiZ nq|

evRvi hw` Av`k© g‡Wj Abyhvqx weivR K‡i Zvn‡j Zvi KvR wn‡m‡e mvaviYZ: cuvPwU welq‡K

we‡klfv‡e wb‡`©k Kiv nq| G¸‡jv nj:

1. evRvi †Kvb c‡Y¨i `vg wbw`©óKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Zvi ¸iæZ¡ wba©viY K‡i|

2. evRvi Drcv`b‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|

3. evRvi Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ weZiY‡K cwiPvjbv K‡i|

4. evRvi eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi †fv‡Mi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ weavb K‡i|

5. evRvi mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖeYZv wba©viY K‡i|

evRvi A_©bxwZ mvaviYZ: Ggb A_©bxwZ‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq †hLv‡b GB cÖwµqv cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi

K‡i Av‡Q| GB A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© AviI ejv nq †h, GLv‡b `vg GKwU ms‡KZ wn‡m‡e KvR

K‡i| A_©vr `vg DVvbvgvi Dci †fv³v †hgb †m `ªe¨ Avi wKb‡eb wK wKb‡eb bv †m wm×všÍ

†bb †Zgwb Drcv`KI Drcv`b Avi Ae¨vnZ ivL‡eb bv Ab¨ †Kvb wKQy Drcv`‡b P‡j hv‡eb †m

wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G m¤ú‡K© AviI ejv nq, evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z `vg Z_¨ †hvMvb †`q,

`vg w`Kwb‡`©kbv `vb K‡i|

evRvi A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© AvšÍR©vwZK gv‡bi cÖavb cÖavb cvV¨cy ͇K †h KvVv‡gv wb‡`©k Kiv nq

Zvi g~j K_v nj, m¨vgy‡qjm‡bi fvlvq, "In a market economy, no single individual or organization is responsible for production, consumption, distribution and pricing."4

A_©vr ÒevRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z Drcv`b, †fvM, weZiY Ges `vg wba©vi‡Y †Kvb GKK e¨w³ ev

msMV‡bi `vq-`vwqZ¡ †bB|Ó m¨vgy‡qjmb GiKg evRvi A_©bxwZ‡KB ej‡Qb, ÔcÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK

cuywRev`' (competitive capitalism)| GB KvVv‡gvi evRvi wKfv‡e †fv³v I Drcv`K Ges

wewfbœ evRv‡ii g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb K‡i Zv mn‡R †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi mw¤§wjZ cÖev‡ni QK

†`qv nj|

3 Paul A, Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus, Economics, 16th edition, p 26. 4 Ibid, 27

cvV - 4

GmGmGBPGj

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-16

wPÎ 1.2 : Drcv`b DcKiY I c‡Y¨i mw¤§wjZ cÖev‡ni wPÎ

Dc‡ii Q‡K evRvi cÖwµqvi ga¨w`‡q †hfv‡e cY¨ I Drcv`b DcKi‡Yi Pvwn`v I †hvMvb

wba©vwiZ n‡”Q †mUvB †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

evRvi A_©bxwZi e¨_©Zv ev mxgve×Zv

wKš‘ Avgiv wewfbœ †`‡ki AwfÁZv †_‡K wfbœ Ae¯’vB cÖZ¨¶ Kwi| †Kbbv mgm¨v †`Lv †`q

ZLbB A_©vr evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi cÖwµqv ¶wZMÖ Í nq ZLbB hLb cyuwRev‡`i D‡jøwLZ

cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK PwiÎ ¶qcÖvß n‡Z _v‡K| evRvi A_©bxwZ wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j ev

cyuwRev‡`i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK PwiÎ h_vh_fv‡e eRvq ivL‡Z †M‡j †mLv‡b cÖv_wgK kZ© n‡”Q

m¤ú`, cyuwRmn mKj †¶‡Î mKj †fv³v I Drcv`‡Ki mgvb cÖ‡ekvwaKvi _vK‡Z n‡e| eZ©gvb

we‡k¦ ev¯ÍeZ: GiKg A_©bxwZ Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv †hLv‡b evRvi A_©bxwZi me¸‡jv kZ©

wVKfv‡e KvR K‡i| cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi cÖwµqv hLb KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ZLb evRvi

m¤úwK©Z cÖPwjZ A_©kv‡¯¿i A‡bK wm×všÍB †mLv‡b AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡o| GiKg GKwU

cwiw¯’wZ‡K ejv nq evRv‡ii e¨_©Zv (Market Failure)| GB e¨_©Zv m„wó nevi †cQ‡b †ek wKQy

KviY KvR K‡i wKsev Av‡iKfv‡e ejv hvq †h, †ek wKQy NUbv ev cÖwµqv †_‡K †evSv hvq †h,

evRvi cÖwµqv KvR Ki‡Q bv| G¸‡jv wK?

G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q :

1. hw` A_©bxwZ‡Z GK‡PwUqv cÖwZôv‡bi D™¢e nq|

GK‡PwUqv cÖwZôvb bvbv ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i, G m¤ú‡K© Avgiv c‡i AviI Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

GLb Avgiv ïay GUzKz ej‡Z cvwi †h, GK‡PwUqv cÖwZôvb nj Ggb cÖwZôvb hv Ab¨‡`i

Zzjbvq AvbycvwZKfv‡e A‡bK †ewk m¤ú`, evRv‡ii Dci KZ…©Z¡, Drcv`‡bi cwimxgv wb‡q

KvR K‡i| GiKg cÖwZôv‡bi D™¢e NU‡j †mLv‡b Ab¨‡`i c‡¶ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq AeZxY© nIqv

m¤¢e nq bv| d‡j w`‡b w`‡b GK‡PwUqv cÖwZôv‡bi ¶gZvi mxgv AviI †ewk we¯Í„Z nq Ges

Zv‡Z cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi my‡hvM AviI msKzwPZ nq| GB Ae¯’v we‡k¦i me cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZ‡ZB

†`Lv hvq| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª, m¨vgy‡qjm‡bi wnmve Abyhvqx cÖvq 1 †KvwU 80 jvL evwYR¨

cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZ‡Z

evRvi cÖwµqv hLb KvR

Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ZLb

evRvi m¤úwK©Z cÖPwjZ

A_©kv‡ ¿i A‡bK

wm×všÍB †mLv‡b

AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡o|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

A_©bxwZ c„ôv-17

cÖwZôvb Av‡Q wKš‘ m¤ú` I wewµ, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK ¶gZv, e¨vwß BZ¨vw`‡Z gvÎ

K‡qKk' e„nr K‡c©v‡ikb cy‡iv gvwK©b A_©bxwZ‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| wZwb AviI e‡j‡Qb,

AvBweGg, †Rbv‡ij gUim& wKsev G·b-Gi g‡Zv wekvj cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z j¶ j¶

†kqvi‡nvìvi Av‡Qb, KvMRc‡Î gvwjK n‡jI hv‡`i ms¯’vi Dci †Kvb wbqš¿Y †bB, ms¯’v

cwiPvjbv K‡i g¨v‡bRv‡iiv|

5

2. hw` Ggb wewb‡qvM e„w× cvq hv‡Z wewb‡qvM Lye jvfRbK wKš‘ hvi mvgvwRK e¨q AZ¨šÍ

†ewk|

mvgvwRK e¨q gv‡b Ggb me ¯í‡gqvw` ev `xN©‡gqvw` ¶wZ ev e¨q hv cy‡iv mgvR‡KB enb

Ki‡Z nq| Gi g‡a¨ Av‡Q †mme KviLvbv ev wewb‡qvM †h¸‡jv cwi‡ek (evqy, cvwb, gvwU

BZ¨vw`) `~lY K‡i, †mme wewb‡qvM †h¸‡jv mgiv¯¿, gv`K`ªe¨ wKsev Ab¨vb¨ ¶wZKi `ªe¨vw`

Drcv`b K‡i| Gme †¶‡Î wewb‡qvM †h‡nZz jvfRbK †m‡nZz evRvi Zv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i,

Gi mvgvwRK e¨q ev ewn:¯’ cÖwZK‚j cÖfve (negative externality) evRv‡ii wbq‡g aZ©e¨

bq| wKš‘ Gme wewb‡qvM ïay †h mvgvwRK `xN©‡gqvw` I ¯í‡gqvw` ¶wZi KviY nq ZvB bq,

Gme wewb‡qvM Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK cÖ‡qvRbxq wewb‡qvM †_‡K m¤ú` cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i| we‡k¦ mgiv¯¿

Drcv`‡b †h †`k kxl© ’v‡b Av‡Q †mB gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªiB GK †cÖwm‡W›U GKevi e‡jwQ‡jb,

ÒcÖwZwU e›`yK, cÖwZwU hy×RvnvR, cÖwZwU i‡KU, cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Pywi K‡i ˆZwi

hviv ¶zavZ©, hv‡`i Lvevi †bB|Ó

6

3. hw` mvgwóK A_©bxwZ‡Z eo ai‡bi fvimvg¨nxbZvi m„wó nq|

GUv n‡Z cv‡i †jb‡`b-fvimvg¨RwbZ mgm¨v †_‡K, n‡Z cv‡i g›`v ev mg„w×i evwYR¨ Pµ

†_‡K, n‡Z cv‡i gy`ªvùxwZ ev †eKvi‡Z¡i Ae¯’v †_‡K| AwfÁZvq me©ÎB †`Lv †M‡Q †h,

evRvi wb‡R wb‡R Gme mgm¨vi mgavb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ev Gme mgm¨v m„wói c_I eÜ

Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

e‡j †bqv `iKvi †h, gvK©mxq A_©kv¯¿ cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZi Gme Ae¯’v‡K evRv‡ii e¨_©Zv e‡j

AwfwnZ K‡i bv| GB avivi g‡Z cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZ‡Z µgvb¦‡q GK‡PwUqvi D™¢e, wecyj

mvgvwRK ¶wZ, aŸsmvZ¥K Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM e„w×, †eKviZ¡, evwYR¨ Pµ BZ¨vw` Awbevh©fv‡eB

N‡U|

evRvi ej‡Z Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv‡K †evSvq hvi ga¨ w`‡q †µZv I we‡µZvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi

gva¨‡g wbw`©ó †Kvb `ªe¨ ev †mevi cwigvY I `vg wba©vwiZ nq| Avi evRvi A_©bxwZ

mvaviYZ: Ggb A_©bxwZ‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq †mLv‡b Drcv`b, †fvM, weZiY Ges `vg

wba©vi‡Y †Kvb GKK e¨w³ ev msMV‡bi `vq-`vwqZ¡ _v‡K bv| cuywRev`x A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi

cÖwµqv hLb KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ZLb evRvi m¤úwK©Z cÖPwjZ A_©kv‡¯¿i A‡bK wm×všÍB

†mLv‡b AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡o, hv evRv‡ii e¨_©Zv (Market failure) bv‡g cwiwPZ|

5

Samuelson and Nordhaus, Economics, 15h edition, pp 101-2 6

“Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from who hunger and are not fed” President Dwight D. Eisenhower, D×…Z Ibid, 9.

gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª cÖvq 1

†KvwU 80 jvL evwYR¨

cÖwZôvb Av‡Q wKš‘

m¤ú` I wewµ,

ivR‰bwZK I

A_©‰bwZK ¶gZv,

e¨vwß BZ¨vw`‡Z gvÎ

K‡qKk' e„nr

K‡c©v‡ikb cy‡iv

gvwK©b A_©bxwZ‡K

wbqš¿Y K‡i|

ÒcÖwZwU e› yK, cÖwZwU

hy×RvnvR, cÖwZwU

i‡KU, cÖK…Zc‡¶

Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Pywi

K‡i ˆZwi hviv ¶zavZ©,

hv‡`i Lvevi †bB|

mvims‡ÿc

GmGmGBPGj

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-18

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.4

ˆbe© w³K cÖkœ

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b

1. A_©kv‡¯¿ evRvi ej‡Z †evSvq-

K. Ggb GK cÖwµqv hv ïaygvÎ †µZvi †fv‡Mi cwigvY Øviv wba©vwiZ nq|

L. Ggb GK cÖwµqv hv ïaygvÎ we‡µZvi c‡Y¨i †hvMv‡bi cwigvY Øviv wba©vwiZ nq|

M. Ggb GK cÖwµqv hvi ga¨ w`‡q †µZv I we‡µZvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wbw`©ó †Kvb `ªe¨

I †mevi cwigvY I `vg wba©vwiZ nq|

N. Ggb GK cÖwµqv hv †µZvi eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi †fv‡Mi cwigvY wba©vwiZ K‡i|

2. cuywRev`x A_©bxwZ‡Z evRv‡ii e¨_©Zvi Ab¨Zg KviY n‡”Q-

K. wewb‡qvM e„w× jvfRbK n‡jI mvgvwRK e¨q †ewk|

L. m¤ú` I cuywR‡Z †fv³v I Drcv`‡Ki mgvb cÖ‡ekvwaKvi _v‡K|

M. mvgvwRK e¨q AZ¨šÍ Kg|

N. †kqvi †nvìvi †hŠ_fv‡e ms¯’v cwiPvjbv K‡i|

msw¶ß cÖkœ

1. ÔcÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cuywRev`' ej‡Z wK †evSvq?

2. A_©bxwZ‡Z hw` Ggb wewb‡qvM e„w× cvq hv‡Z wewb‡qvM Lye jvfRbK wKš‘ hvi mvgvwRK

e¨q †ewk, Zvn‡j wK n‡Z cv‡i?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. evRvi Kv‡K e‡j? evRvi wK wK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i? evRvi A_©bxwZ wK? evRvi A_©bxwZ‡K

Avi †Kvb bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv hvq?

2. evRvi A_©bxwZi e¨_©Zv ev mxgve×Zv ej‡Z wK †evSvq? evRvi A_©bxwZ wK wK Kvi‡Y Zvi

ÒAv`k© f‚wgKvÓ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

A_©bxwZ c„ôv-19

evRv‡ii A¶gZv I miKvi

GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb –

evRv‡ii A¶gZv I miKv‡ii f‚wgKv

evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii f‚wgKv

Ggb wKQy wel‡qi w`‡K A‡bK A_©bxwZwe` Avgv‡`i `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i‡Qb †h¸‡jv evRvi

cÖwµqvq mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| GiKg welq‡K Ggb †¶Î wn‡m‡e †KD †KD we‡ePbv K‡ib

†hLv‡b evRvi †h‡Z A¶g, Zuv‡`i fvlvq GUv nj evRv‡ii mxgve×Zv (Limits of market)| Gi

g‡a¨ mePvB‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ welq nj : mvgvwRK-A_©‰bwZK wewea ˆelg¨| GQvov RbM‡Yi

wk¶v, ¯v¯’ , Avkªq, wbivcËv BZ¨vw` welqI Av‡Q| G‡¶‡Î ÔevRvi A_©bxwZi' †bZ…¯’vbxq

A_©bxwZwe` wKfv‡e welqwU †`‡Lb †mUv GLv‡b D‡jøL Kwi| wZwb, m¨vgy‡qjmb. e‡j‡Qb :

ÒcÖK…Zc‡¶ evRv‡i wK GiKg †Kvb A`„k¨ n¯Í Av‡Q †hwU hvi cvevi K_v Zv‡K Zv cvIqv

wbwðZ K‡i? A_ev whwb `xN© mgq KvR K‡ib wZwb wK GKwU †kvfb Rxebgvb cv‡eb GLv‡b?

bv| ... ... Aeva A_©bxwZ‡Z wbLyuZ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †_‡K Rb¥ wb‡Z cv‡i e¨vcK ˆelg¨, †`Lv w`‡Z

cv‡i Acyó wkï hv‡`i †_‡K AviI Acyó wkïi Rb¥ n‡Z _vK‡e Ges µgvb¦‡q cÖR‡b¥i ci

cÖRb¥ a‡i Avq I m¤ú‡`i ˆelg¨ AviI Mfxi n‡Z _vK‡e|Ó

7

evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii f‚wgKv

cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZ‡Z evRv‡ii f‚wgKvB †h cÖavb Zv wb‡q †Kvb weZK© †bB| wKš‘ GiKg GKwU

A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii f‚wgKv wK n‡e, miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ I ¶gZv KZUv n‡e †mUv wb‡q

A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡a¨ we¯Íi gZcv_©K¨ Av‡Q| GiKg A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii f‚wgKv wb‡q †hme

gZvgZ Av‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv nj :

A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii †Kvb f‚wgKvB _vKv wVK bq|

A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii †bZ…Z¡ vbKvix f‚wgKv _vKv DwPZ|

A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii wbw`©ó wKQy `vwqZ¡, †hgb AvBb-k„•Ljv i¶v wKsev AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb

BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î f‚wgKv cvjb Kiv DwPZ|

wb‡P GB aviYv¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

1. A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii †Kvb f‚wgKvB _vKv wVK bq|

GB g‡Zi hviv Abymvix Zuviv g‡b K‡ib, miKv‡ii f‚wgKv AvgjvZwš¿K RwUjZv m„wó K‡i,

AcPq m„wó K‡i, D‡`¨v³v‡`i Kv‡R bvbviKg cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó K‡i| myZivs A_©bxwZ‡Z

miKv‡ii †Kvb iKg f‚wgKvB _vKv wVK bq| GB g‡Zi Abymvix‡`i g‡Z evRvi hw`

meiKg wbqš¿Y †_‡K gy³ _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv †h †Kvb mgm¨v ¯qswµqfv‡e mgvavb Ki‡Z

m¶g| GB g‡Zi Abymvix‡`i eZ©gvb †bZ…¯’vbxq A_©bxwZwe` n‡”Qb wgëb wd«Wg¨vb

(Milton Friedman)|

7

Is there an invisible hand in the market place that ensures that the most deserving people will obtain their just rewards? Or that those who toil long hours will receive a decent standard of living? NO..... Under laissez-faire, perfect competition could lead to massive inequality, to malnourished children who grow up to produce more malnourished children, and to the perpetuation of inequality of incomes and wealth for generation after generation. c~‡e©v³, 15th edition, p 272.

cvV - 5

cÖK…Zc‡¶ evRv‡i wK

GiKg †Kvb A „k¨

n Í Av‡Q †hwU hvi

cvevi K_v Zv‡K Zv

cvIqv wbwðZ K‡i?

A_ev whwb `xN© mgq

KvR K‡ib wZwb wK

GKwU †kvfb

Rxebgvb cv‡eb

GLv‡b? bv|

GmGmGBPGj

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-20

2. A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii †bZ…Z¡ vbKvix f‚wgKv _vKv DwPZ|

GB g‡Zi Abymvix hviv Zuviv g‡b K‡ib †Kvb †`‡kB †Kvb ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK DbœqbB Zvi

Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kg©m~wPi c‡¶ mwµq miKv‡ii D‡`¨vMx f‚wgKv Qvov m¤¢e bq| Zuviv g‡b

K‡ib, cyuwRev`x A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Gi †Kvb e¨wZµg nqwb| GB avivi A_©bxwZwe`iv

gvwK©b hy³ivóª wKsev BD‡iv‡ci A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b miKv‡ii f‚wgKv‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g‡b

K‡ib| Zuv‡`i g‡Z miKv‡ii f‚wgKv Dbœq‡bi AbyK‚j bv n‡j †emiKvix LvZI †mLv‡b

Dbœqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| 30 `k‡Ki gnvg›`vq evRv‡ii A¶g Ae¯’v Ges miKv‡ii

Acwinvh© f‚wgKv GLv‡b GKwU kw³kvjx hyw³ wn‡m‡e Dcw¯’Z Kiv nq| mv¤úªwZK Kv‡j,

we‡klZ: 70 I 80 `k‡K c~e© Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jv‡Z, †h¸‡jv‡K KLbI ÔA‡jŠwKK' mvd‡j¨i

`„óvšÍ, KLbI bqv wkívwqZ †`k wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q eû eQi †mLv‡b GB mvd‡j¨

miKv‡ii f‚wgKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|

8

†hme †`‡k D‡`¨v³v †mfv‡e

weKwkZ nqwb, †emiKvix LvZ AmsMwVZ †mme †`‡k evRv‡ii weKvk ev cyuwRev`x Dbœq‡b

miKv‡ii f‚wgKv †h AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Zv Avgiv AviI eyS‡Z cvwi wØZxq wek¦hy‡×vËi

Kv‡j ÔDbœqb A_©kv¯¿' bv‡g A_©kv‡¯¿i GKwU we‡kl kvLvi `ªæZ weKvk j¶¨ Ki‡j|

3. A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii wbw`©ó wKQy `vwqZ¡, †hgb AvBbÑk„´Ljv i¶v wKsev AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb

BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î f‚wgKv cvjb Kiv DwPZ|

GB avivwUB GLb †ewk kw³kvjx| cÖ_g avivwU 80 `kK †_‡K ga¨ 90 `kK ch©šÍ

AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q AwaKZi cÖfvekvjx wQj| wKš‘ wek¦e¨vcx A_©‰bwZK bvbv msK‡Ui

D™¢‡ei Kvi‡Y, we‡klZ: 98-99 mv‡j Gwkqv I j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvq A_©‰bwZK aŸm Avevi

miKv‡ii f‚wgKv‡K mvg‡b wb‡q G‡m‡Q| wek¦e¨vs‡K AwZ m¤úªwZ cÖ_g aviv †_‡K m‡i G‡m

Z…Zxq avivq †hvM †`evi D‡`¨vM †`Lv †M‡Q| wek¦e¨vs‡Ki m`¨-mv‡eK cÖavb A_©bxwZwe`

†Rv‡md w÷MwjR (Josef Stiglitz) wKsev e„‡U‡bi †bZ…¯’vbxq mgvRZvwË¡K Gš’bx wM‡WÝ

(Anthony Giddens) G‡K e‡j‡Qb Z…Zxq aviv| cj m¨vgy‡qjmb‡K GB avivi Ab¨Zg

cÖavb ejv hvq| GB A_©bxwZ‡K wZwb e‡jb Ôwgkª A_©bxwZ' (mixed economy)|

A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡Z mgv‡R wKQy welq Av‡Q †h¸‡jv evRvi cÖwµqvq mgvavb Kiv hvq bv|

†hgb, mvgvwRK-A_©‰bwZK wewea ˆelg¨, wk¶v, ¯v¯’ , Avkªq BZ¨vw`| G‡¶‡Î miKv‡ii

f‚wgKv, `vwqZ¡ I ¶gZv wb‡q A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡a¨ we¯Íi gZcv_©K¨ Av‡Q|

8 Martin Hart-Landsberg: The Rush to Development, MR, NY, 1993 Ges Robert Wade : Governing the Market : Economic

Theory and the role of Government in East Asian Industrialization, Princeton, NJ, 1990.

mvims‡ÿc

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

A_©bxwZ c„ôv-21

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.5

ˆbe© w³K cÖkœ

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b

1. ÔA_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii †Kvb f‚wgKvB _vKv wVK bq'- GB g‡Zi Abymvix-

K. AgZ© †mb L. wgëb wd«Wg¨vb

M. Gš’bx wM‡WÝ N. cj m¨vgy‡qjmb

2. †Rv‡md w÷Mwj‡Ri g‡Z-

K. A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii †Kvb f‚wgKvB _vKv wVK bq|

L. A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii †bZ…Z¡ vbKvix f‚wgKv _vKv DwPZ|

M. AvBbk„sLjv i¶v wKsev AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î miKv‡ii f‚wgKv cvjb Kiv

DwPZ|

N. †KvbwUB bq|

msw¶ß cÖkœ

1. ÔA_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii †bZ…Z¡ vbKvix f‚wgKv _vKv DwPZ'- e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

2. A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii f‚wgKv wb‡q Z…Zxq avivi A_©bxwZwe`‡`i e³e¨ wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. evRvi I miKv‡ii m¤úK© wb‡q A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡a¨ weZK© nq †Kb? evRvi I miKv‡ii wK

wK m¤ú‡K©i aviYv A_©kv‡¯¿ i‡q‡Q? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

ˆbe© w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi

cvV - 1 : 1. M 2. K 3. L

cvV - 2 : 1. M 2. N 3. L

cvV - 3 : 1. K 2. L 3. K

cvV - 4 : 1. M 2. K

cvV - 5 : 1. L 2. M