Công Nghệ Chế Biến Khí- Chương 1 Các Khái Niệm Cơ Bản

8/11/2019 Cng Ngh Ch Bin Kh- Chng 1 Cc Khi Nim C Bn

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CNG NGH

CH BIN KH

Trng i hc Cng nghip

TS. Nguyn Mnh Hun


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t v

n

t

t

ni dung hc phn

Hc phn ny bao gm

Khi nim c ban v kh thin nhin.

Vn chuyn lu tr. Qu trnh cng ngh ch bin v thit b

cho cng nghip kh thin nhin.

Cng nghchbinkh


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Mc tiu ca hc phn

Sau khi hon tt hc phn sinh vin c kh nng:- Nm c kin thc tng quan v kh thin nhin, cng ngh ch bin

kh, vn chuyn lu tr kh.

- C th lm vic trong ngnh cng nghip ch bin kh thin nhin v khdu m

- Mt s cng ty chuyn v kh: PetroVietnam Gas, cc cng ty khai thc,thm d, khoan, an ton, dch v..: PVEP, PVdrilling, PTSC. Ccnh thu Truongson JOC (JOINT OPERATING COMPANY ),Cuulong JOC, Lamson JOC, Petronas, KNOC (Korea National OilCorporation )...

m Ph MKh Dinh C Cuulong JOC

Cng nghchbinkh
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Chng 1: Cc khi nim chung1.1. Tnh cht, thnh phn v phn loi kh

1.2. S tng qut ca qu trnh khai thc v ch binkh

1.3. Tng quan v kh trn th gii v Vit nam

CNG

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Chng 2: Trng thi pha, phng php xc nh cnbng pha v tnh cht nhit ng ca cc hydrocacbon2.1. Gin pha v ng dng

2.1.1. Gin P T cho n cht

2.1.2. Gin P T cho a phn t2.1.3. ng dng gin pha

2.2. Cc phng trnh trng thi c bn ca kh hydrocacbon.2.3. Cn bng pha ca h cc hydrocacbon

2.3.1. Cc phng trnh c bn xc nh bay hi v h s hot ng ca cc hydrocacbon2.3.2. Xc nh h s cn bng pha ca cc hydrocacbon bng phng php phn tch2.3.3. Xc nh h s cn bng pha ca cc hydrocacbon bng phng php th

2.4. Tnh cht nhit ng ca cc n cht v hp cht2.4.1. Nhit si v p sut hi bo ha2.4.2. Nhit , p sut v th tch ti hn2.4.3. Tha s khng tm2.4.4. H s nn, t trng, th tch mol2.4.5. Entanpy2.4.6. Nhit dung2.4.7. Entropy2.4.8. dn nhit

CNG

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Chng 3: ng dn kh v b cha3.1. Cc khi nim c bn

3.1.1. Cc phng trnh c bn

3.1.2. Vn tc kh cc i3.1.3. p sut tnh u ct

3.2. Dng kh thng ng.3.2.1. p sut tnh y ct3.2.2. Cc phng trnh c bn3.2.3. H thng dn kh phc tp

3.3. Trng thi khng n nh3.3.1. p sut trong ng dn khkhi ng van

3.3.2. Kim tra p sut3.3.3. Thay i nhit trong ng

dn kh

3.4. ng cho hn hp kh - lng3.4.1. Khi nim chung

3.4.2. ng nm ngang3.4.3. ng thng ng

3.5. Xy dng ng ng dn kh3.5.1. ng ng v vt liu3.5.2. Cc cng vic thc hin trongqu trnh lp t

3.5.3. Trm my nn v my bm3.6. Vn chuyn v lu tr kh

3.6.1. M hnh s vn chuyn kh3.6.2. Cn bng kinh t i vi ngdn kh3.6.3. Lu tr kh

CNG

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Chng 4: Cc qu trnh cng nghc bn trong ch bin kh4.1. Lm kh kh

4.1.1. Khi nim

4.1.2. Cc phng php lm kh kh

4.2. Lm sch H2S, CO2v cc hp cht lu hunh

4.2.1. Khi nim chung

4.2.2. Lm sch kh bng dung mi

4.2.3. La chn dung mi lm sch kh khi H2S, CO24.2.4. S cng ngh ca qu trnh x l bng phng php ngng t

nhit thp

4.3. Ch bin kh bng phng php hp ph

4.4. Ch bin kh bng phng php chng ct nhit thp

4.5. ng dng cc qu trnh ch bin kh khc nhau

CNG

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Chng 5: Ch bin Condensate5.1. ng ngng t kh thin nhin v kh ng hnh

5.2. S cng ngh thu hi v ch bin condensate

5.3. Cng ngh ch bin condensate

Chng 6: Tnh ton mt s qutrnh c bn

6.1. Thit k cc qu trnh c bn

6.2. M hnh ton hc v tnh ton s cng ngh ch binkh

Chng 7: Thit b ch bin kh7.1. Thit b o v iu khin

7.2. Thit b cho nh my ch bin kh

CNG

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Ti liu

- Sch, g io trnh chnh

[1]. Cng ngh ch bin kh, Khoa cng ngh ha hc, trng HCN TPHCM.

[2].Cng ngh ch bin kh thin nhin v kh du m, trng BK TPHCM

- Sch tham kho

[1]. John M. Campbell, Gas Conditioning and Processing Volume 1. The Basic Principle.

[2]. John M. Campbell, Gas Conditioning and Processing Volume 2. The equipment modules.

[3]. John M. Campbell, Gas Conditioning and Processing Volume 3. Advanced techniques and

application.[4]. John M. Campbell, Gas Conditioning and Processing Volume 4. Gas and Liquid

Sweetening.

[5]. Donald L. Katz, Robert L. Lee, Natural Gas Engineering Production and Storage.

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CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1. Cc khi nim v kh thin nhin

1.1.1. Ngun gc

1.1.1.1 Ngun gc v c

Theo gi thuyt ny trong lng Tri t c cha cc cacbua kim loi nh Al4C3, CaC2. Cc

cht ny b phn hy bi nc to ra CH4v C2H2:

Al4C3 + 12H2O 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

Cc cht khi u (CH4, C2H2) qua qu trnh bin i di tc dng ca nhit , p

sut cao trong lng t v xc tc l cc khong st, to thnh cc hydrocacbon c trong du

kh.

Nhc im:

phn tch c (bng cc phng php hin i) trong du m c cha cc

Porphyrin c ngun gc t ng thc vt.

Trong v qu t, hm lng cacbua kim loi l khng ng k.

Cc hydrocacbon thng gp trong cc lp trm tch, ti nhit t khi vt qu 150

200oC (do p sut rt cao), khng nhit cn thit cho phn ng ha hc xy ra.

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1.1.1.2. Ngun gc hu c

Cc protein, cht bo, ru cao phn t, sp, du, nha qua hng triu

nm bin i s to thnh cc hydrcacbon ban u:

RCOOR + H2O RCOOH + ROH

RCOOH RH + CO2RCH2OH R-CH=CH2 + H2O

R-CH=CH2 + H2 R-CH2-CH3Thuyt ngun gc hu c ca du m cho php gii thch c

nhiu hin tng trong thc t:

du m cc ni hu nh u khc nhau, s khc nhau c th l dovt liu hu c ban u. V d, nu vt liu hu c ban u giu cht bo th

c th to ra loi du parafinic



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KH KHNG NG HNH KH NG HNH

Thnh phn(%mole) Australia(N.W.Sheif) Algeria(HassiRMel)

Newzealand(Kapuni)

Northsea(WestSole)

AbuDhabi(Zakum)

North Sea(Forties) NorthSea(Brent)

N2CO2H2SCH4

C2H6

C3H8C4H10C5H12+

1.03.23.2

85.3

5.8

2.00.81.9

6.10.20.283.5

7.0

2.00.80.4

1.044,94,4946.2

5.2

2.00.60.1

1.20.50.5

94.3

3.1

0.50.20.2

0.72.30.672.0

13.9

6.52.61.4

1.20.70.746.5

13.2

19.810.68.0

0.90.90.9

74.0

12.4

7.52.91.4

Bng 1.1. Thnh phn ca cc loi kh thin nhin

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1.1.2. c im v thnh phn ca kh thin nhin

1.1.2.1. c im.

Kh thin nhin c khai thc t ging kh hay du.

Ty thuc vo c tnh ca tng ging m khi khai thc c nhng tp

cht v thnh phn khc nhau.Kh thin nhin l kh khng mu, khng mi (c mi l do mecaptan cho

vo).

Kh thin nhin c tnh chy sch.

Thnh phn ch yu ca kh thin nhin l metan (CH4).

T trng ca kh thin nhin i vi khng kh dao ng trong khongrng t 0,55 - 1,1.

Nhit chy cao.

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1.1.2.2. Thnh phn ca kh thin nhin

- Gm 2 thnh phn chnh: hydrocacbon v khng hydrocacbon.

Hydrocacbon: ch yu t C1 - C4, C4 - C7 t hn.

Khng hydrocacbon: H2O (hi, lng), N2, CO2, H2S, COS, CS2, RSH, H2, He

-Phn khng hydrocacbon c mt s l tp cht m trong qu trnh ch bin cn phitch chng nu khng s nh hng trong qu trnh lm vic.

H2O:* Lm tng qu trnh n mn khi c mt CO2* nh hng n h thng lm vic nh to hyrat, ng bng gy tc nghn ng ng

lm gim cng sut vn chuyn.

Nit: tr, khng n mn.

CO2:c tnh axit gy n mn.

H2S: c tnh axit gy n mn.

H2:khng l tp cht.

He:tr, thu hi v c gi tr.

Thng loi CO2, H2O, H2S.



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C h h bi kh


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1.1.2.2. Thnh phn ca kh thin nhin



Cng nghchbinkh

Kh thien

nhien

Propan (C3)

Butan

Phan oan nang

C5+

Xang thien nhien

Condensat

Non Hydrocacbon

( Nc, Cacbonic,)

LPG

LNGetan(C1)

LPG Liquified Petrolium Gas

NGL Natural Gas Liquids

LNG Liquified Natural GasSNG Synthetic Natural Gas

tan(C2)

NGL

C h h bi kh


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CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN1.1. Cc khi nim v kh thin nhin

1.1.2. Phn loi kh thin nhin: c nhiu cch phn loi khc nhau1.1.2.1. Theo ngun gc: c 2 loia. Kh khng ng hnh(Unassociaed Natural Gas): l kh c khai thc t ging kh

hoc ging kh - condensate hay ging kh - du (trong du chim t l thp).M kh (gas well), M kh - du, M kh condensate:c im ca m ny l nhit cao

(80100oC) v p sut cao (P3.107Pa). Trong qu trnh khai thc, kh n u ming ging sgim p sut v nhit khin phn du b ngng t gi l condensate, tch ra khi kh thinnhin, thng l C5+.

c im ca kh khng ng hnhThnh phn mtan l ch yu 70 - 95%, C2C5 chim t l rt thp.Thnh phn kh tng i n nh, t thay i theo iu kin ly mu.T khi so vi khng kh thp: 0,550,65.

b. Kh ng hnh(Associated Natural Gas): l kh ha tan trong du, li cun theo du trongqu trnh khai thc v c tch ra khi du sau . Kh ng hnh thng c khai thc tcc m du hoc cc m du kh trong du nhiu hn kh.

c im ca kh ng hnh:Hm lng metan thp hn kh khng ng hnh, hm lng C3, C4 v condensate chim

t l ng k.Thnh phn kh thay i nhiu ty theo iu kin ly mu.

T khi so vi khng kh cao: 1

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C h h bi kh


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CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN1.1. Cc khi nim v kh thin nhin

Hnh 1: Phn loi kh theo ngun gc

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1.1.2.2. Theo thnh phn C3+

- Kh kh (dry gas):thnh phn kh ch yu l metan, khng cha hoc cha rt t cc

hydrocacbon C3+. Kh kh cn c gi l kh ngho hay kh gy (lean gas). Kh thin nhin

c khai thc t cc m kh thuc loi kh kh.

- Kh t (wet gas):ngoi thnh phn ch yu l mtan cn c cha mt lng ng k

C3+. Kh t cn c gi l kh bo hay kh giu. Kh khai thc t cc m kh - condensate vkh ng hnh c cha mt lng ng k C3+ nn thuc loi kh bo.

Hm lng C3+ 50 g/m3: kh kh, kh gy.

50 g/m3< hm lng C3+< 400 g/m3: kh trung bnh.

Hm lng C3+ 400g/m3: kh bo, kh t.

1.1.2.3. Theo hm lng kh axit.

- Kh ngt (sweet gas): hm lng H2S 1/4 grains/100sft3hay hm lng H2S 6mg

H2S/m3.

- Kh chua (Sour gas): hm lng H2S > 1/4 grains/100sft3hay hm lng H2S > 6mg

H2S/m3.

Trong kh chua c cha cc kh axit H2S v CO2ngoi ra cn c cha cc hp cht khc

COS, CS2, RSH.

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C h h bi kh


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Hnh 2: S cng ngh ch GPP Gas Processing Plant

NM kh Dinh C

SLUG CATCHER

SC-01/02

25oC, 109 bar

E-07

hot oil

water

DEETHANIZER

SALES GAS

3.44 MNm

3

/Day47 bar

PV-2002

RECTIFIER

ME-24

Cooler

CONDENSATE400 Ton/Day

8 bar

Pressure: 29 bar

Top tray: 14oC

Buttom tray: 96oC

Off and OnShore Pipeline

C-05

V-03

20oC, 75 bar

SLUG CATCHER

LIQUID FLASH DRUM

F-01A/B

V-08

V-06A

K-04A/B

E-09

E-14

V-07

E-02 BUPRO

V-02Cooler

STABILIZER

Pressure: 11 bar

Top tray: 43oC

Buttom tray: 141oC

Pressure: 33.5 bar

Top tray: -43oC

Buttom tray: -20oC

V-06B

DEHYDRATION

ADSORBERS

FV-1001109 to 47.5 bar

to V-03

hot oil

V-15

C-01

K-01

K-02

K-03

water

C-04GAS STRIPPER

Pressure: 47 barTop tray: 44oC

Bottom tray: 40oC

hot oil

V-02Cooler

C3/C4 SPLITTERPressure: 16 bar

Top tray: 45.5oC

Buttom tray: 95oC

hot oil

E-11

ME-13

Gas Metering

ME-13

BUTANE415 Ton/Day

9 bar

PROPANE535 Ton/Day

13 bar

E-15

E-04

E-17

CC 01

Turbo Expander

E-08

top tray, -23oC

14thor 20thtrayC-02

C-03

FV-1201

FV-1701

FV-1301

hot oil

E-18

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1.2.1. Module x l kh

Nhim v dng tch cc tp cht trong kh : H2O, cc hp cht cha lu hunh (H2S,

COS, RSH, CS2), CO2, N2, O2v tp cht c hc, hydrate, asphaltenes, bi c x l

bng cc qu trnh:Hp th (absorption), Hp ph (adsorption), Qu trnh ngng t

(condensation)

1.2.2. Module x l du th (Crude oil Treating Module)

Module ny c nhim v x l t tiu chun sau: tp cht c hc v nc (basicsediment and water), p sut hi, mui (Salt), hm lng lu hunh (Sulfur Content). BS &

W l mt tiu chun quan trng nhm gii hn hm lng nc t do trong du th (BS & W

= 0,33% th tch).

1.2.3. Module x l nc

Nc thi s c x l t cc tiu chun v mi trng. Hm lng hydrocacbon,

cht rn t do, cht rn ha tan (CaCO3, NaCl, BaSO4)- Ch tiu v hm lng hydrocacbon (HC) l rt quan trng nu nh nc thi sau ra

bin. v d quy nh v hm lng hydrocacbon North Sea trong nc thi cc gin

khoan nh hn 40ppm.

- S tch hydrocacbon nc thc hin bng lng trng lc, ly tm, kt hp.

- Cht rn t do ch cn tch nu em s dng li (tch bng phng php lng, lc, ly tm).

- Cht rn ha tan phi c x l n mc ca chng c trong mi trng.

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN1.2. S tng qut qu trnh khai thc v ch bin kh

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1.2. S tng qut qu trnh khai thc v ch bin kh

1.2.4. Module tch NGL

Mc ch ca module ny l iu chnh im sng hydrocacbon, tng cng cht lng sn

phm kh v sn phm lng. Thnh phn ca NGL: C2, C3, iC4, nC4, C5+. c x l bng cc qu

trnh: Hp th: dng dung mi du nh (karozen), Ngng t: thit b lm lnh, turbo, van tit lu.

1.2.5. Module n nh (Stabilization Module)

Nhim v: n nh NGL trong nh my ch bin kh, d dng trong tn tr v vn chuyn, ta tin hnh

cc qu trnh sau: Demetan ha v deetan ha

1.2.6. Module x l sn phm (Product Treating Module)

Tch CO2ln trong C2, C2+: khng dng chng ct (v to thnh im ng kh), dng phng phphp th bng dung dch amin (DEA).

Tch cc hp cht lu hunh trong LPG: H2S, COS, CS2v mercaptan, nu hm lng nh hn 100

ppm x l bng phng php hp th phn t.

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN1.2. S tng qut qu trnh khai thc v ch bin kh

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Hnh 3: Cc sn phm chnh i t kh thin nhin

1.3.1. ng dng ca kh thin nhin

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN1.3. ng dng ca kh thin nhin - mt s tiu chun i vicc sn phm t kh

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1.3.2. Mt s sn phm i t kh thin nhin

- Kh kh (Dry gas): thnh phn ch yu l C1, C2. Kh ny trc khi a vo ng dn cn c nng

n p sut cn thit cho qu trnh vn chuyn (trong etan l sn phm nh nht ca NGL c Ts = -

880C).

- NGL (Natural Gas Liquids): l cht lng ly t kh thin nhin. Thnh phn ca NGL c th C2+ hoc

C3+, C4+ ty theo iu kin ch bin kh. T NGL bng chng ct phn on c th thu c nhiu sn

phm: etan, LPG (propan, butan, hn hp Bu - pro), xng thin nhin.

- LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas): nu dng kh t nh my chng tch NGL c ha lng hon ton th

c gi l kh thin nhin ha lng. Thng th kh thin nhin C1 c nn v lm lnh 269OF (-

1670C) thnh lng v gim th tch d bo qun v vn chuyn.

- LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): kh du m ha lng, thnh phn ch yu l C3, C4. iu kin

thng, LPG trng thi hi nhng nhit v p sut xc nh n dng lng. Khi th tch ca n

gim i v ch cn t 1/235 n 1/275 ln so vi th tch dng hi.

- Condensate C5+: l thnh phn chnh ca xng thin nhin, dng lm nhin liu hoc dng sn xut

cc phn on BTX


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1.3.3. Mtstiu chunivikh cho thtrnga. Nhittr(Heating value): cnhnghal tnglngnhitcgiiphng khi tchy kh mtnv

thtch hay mtnvkhilngktc. C 2 loinhittr:- Nhit tr tng (Gross Heating Value): l tng lngnhit sinh ra trong qu trnh t chy kh vi lng

khng kh l thuyt, trong ncsinh ra c lm lnh v ngng t thnh lngiukinchun (150C v1106 mbar).

- Nhit tr thc (Net Heating Value): l tng lngnhitsinh ra trong qu trnh tchy kh trong ncsinh ra vntntitrngthi hi.

-nvsdngcho nhittrthngl MJ/m3hocBtu/ft3, 1000 Btu/ft3bng32,7 MJ/m3.- Nhittrtngcakh thngtrong khong35 - 45 MJ/m3b. Hm lng luhunh(Sulfur content): hm lng luhunhcnphigiihntrnh nmn, tnh

chiv mi khi kh ctchy. Hm lngH2S cho php khong4 ppm (khong0,25g/100ft3). Hm lng

luhunhtngtrong kh thngcao hn,do khch hng qui nhv thngqui isang hm lngH2S.c. Nhitcci:nhitphn phicci tiimvnchuyn thng qui nhvo khong1200F

(490C).

d. Hm lngnc: tiu chunny c thnu nhl khilngncc trong mtthtch kh hocnhit im sng i vi m cc i p sut qui nh. M, hm lng nc thng c qui nh l110mg/m3, Chu u v Canada l 50 - 60 mg/m3.

e. im sng theo hydrocacbon: Tiu chun c xc nh nh l nhit im sng i vihydrocacbon ccicho php p sutcho trc. Tiu chunny thay i ty theo kh hu v yu cucakhch hng. BcMv Chu u, gi trny thngl -10000C.

f. Cc kh tr: gmc N2, He, Ar trong N2 l kh trquan trngnht. Hm lngN2trong kh thngcgiihnkhng qu 12% thtch. Hm lngN2nhhngnnhittr.

g. CO2: Cacbondioxide cngl mtkh trnhngcqui nhring v khc vicc kh trkhc, CO2ckhnngnmn khi c mtcanc. Hm lngCO tiathngcqui nhl 2% thtch.

1.3. ng dng ca kh thin nhin - mt s tiu chun i vicc sn phm t kh

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1.3.4. Mt s tiu chun cho cc sn phm lng t kh- Xng thin nhin(Natural gasoline): C5+

p sut hi (RVP): 70 235 kPa (1034 psia).% th tch bay hi 600C (1400F): 25 85%% th tch bay hi 1350C (2750F): min 90%

im si cui: max 1900C (3750F).n mn: khng n mn trong php th.

Mu: khng nh hn 25 (theo phng php Saybolt).- Etan thng phm: y l ngun nguyn liu ha hc dng trong sn xut nha v cc sn phmkhc. Cc tiu chun i vi etan thng phm thay i khc nhau nhng thng rt khc khe i vicc tp cht c th nh hng n qu trnh s dng. S hn ch hm lng CO2v CH4 trong etanthng phm c bit quan trng.- Propan thng phm v Butan thng phmPropan thng phm l hn hp c thnh phn ch yu l propan v hoc propylen. Propan thngphm cn p ng cc tiu chun cht lng nh p sut hi, nhit tr hm lng S tng, hm lngcn, m, hm lng cc hp cht n mn, mi Butan thng phm l hn hp c thnh phn ch yu l butan v hoc butylen.- Hn hp Propan - Butan (LPG): hn hp ny phi c p sut khng cao hn so vi propan thngphm 380C v c nhit bay hi 95% th tch tng ng vi butan. LPG cng cn p ng cctiu chun v sch nh i vi butan. i vi PLG dng lm cht t, thnh phn ca hn hp nyc thay i khc nhau m bo tnh cht bay hi ca cc hn hp trong cc ma khc nhau. Tuynhin p sut hi ca hn hp bu - pro thng phm t khi vt qu 860 kPa (d) tng ng 125

psia 380C (1000F).


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1.3.5. Quy cch cht lng propan thng phm- Tng hm lng ca hydrocacbon C2 khng qu 5% mole, c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh, phng php khi ph hocph hng ngoi.- Tng hm lng ca etylen khng qu 1% mole, c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh, phng php khi ph hoc ph hngngoi.- Tng hm lng ca C4+ khng qu 10% mole, c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh, phng php khi ph hoc ph hngngoi.- Tng hm lng C5+ khng qu 20% mole, c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh, phng php khi ph.

p sut hi 45

o

C (113

o

F) khng ln hn 17,6 bar (255 lbf/ in2 d), c xc nh theo phng php c m t trong tiu chun BS3324.- Hm lng lu hunh tng khng qu 0,002% khi lng, c xc nh theo tiu chun IP243.- Hm lng mercapan khng qu 0,005% khi lng, khi c xc nh theo phng php A c m t trong tiu chun BS 4386.- Hm lng H2S khng qu 0,75 mg/m3 kh, xc nh bng phng php A m t trong tiu chun BS 4250.- Hm lng axtylen khng vt qu 2% mole, c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh, phng php khi ph. - Mi ca kh c trng, kh chu khng bn, c th pht hin s c mt ca kh trong khng kh 1/5 gii hn chy di. i vi propanthng phm, gii hn chy di khong 2,4% th tch trong khng kh.1.3.6. Quy cch cht lng butan thng phm- 95% th tch ca sn phm s ha hi nhit 2,2oC (36oF) hoc thp hn, c hiu chnh n p sut 760 mmHg.

-p sut hi 45oC (113oF) khng ln hn 5,86 bar (801 bf/ in2d). Hn th na i vi cc loi bnh xch tay, p sut hi 450Ckhng nh hn 4,85 bar (701 bf/ in2d).- Tng hm lng cc dien khng qu 10% mole , c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh, phng php khi ph.- Hm lng S tng khng qu 0,02% khi lng, c xc nh bng tiu chun IP243.- Hm lng sulfua mercaptan khng qu 0,004% khi lng, kh c xc nh theo phng php A c m t trong tiu chun BS4386.- Hm lng H2S khng qu 0,75 g/m3kh, khi c xc nh theo phng php A c m t trong tiu chun BS 4250- Tng hm lng axetylen khng qu 2% mole, c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh, phng php khi ph.- Mi ca kh c trng, kh chu, khng bn, c th pht hin s c mt ca kh trong khng kh 1/5 gii hn chy di. i vi butanthng phm, gii hn chy di khong 1,9% th tch trong khng kh.


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1.4.1. Cc nc OPECTrong lch s u tranh i li quyn li du m ca cc nc sau chin tranh th gii th 2 phi k n s ra i ca t

chc cc nc xut khu du m vo thng 9 - 1960 ti Baghdad (Iraq), gi tt l OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum ExportingCountries). T chc ny ra i nhm chng li s lng on th trng du m ca cc cng ty t bn c quyn. Ban u, nch quyt nh gi du xut khu ca nm nc thnh vin l: Arab Saudi, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait v Venezuela. T khi OPEC ra idu m tr thnh mt v kh quan trng trong tay cc nc xut khu du m. Dn dn cc nc sn xut du m cng gianhp vo khi nh Quata (1961), Libya (1962), Indonexia (1962), cc tiu vng quc Arab (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria(1971).

Ngoi vic u tranh tng gi du th, tng thu nh vo du m, cc nc OPEC u tranh i kim sot ton b tinguyn thin nhin ca mnh v k hip c New York ngy 5 -12 -1972, theo cc cng ty ngoi quc tha thun bngiao 51% quyn khai thc du cho cc nc vnh Ba T k t nm 1983.

Trong th trng du kh th gii, c nhiu iu khng chc chn v gi du trong tng lai. Mc sn xut du ccnc OPEC l cha kha v l nhn t nh hng n s hnh thnh gi du trn th gii. OPEC cung cp hn 2/3 sn lngdu ca ton th gii.


Hnh 1.2. Biu sn lng ca cc nc OPEC

1.4. Tng quan du kh th gii

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CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN1.4. Tng quan du kh th gii

Thnh vin (Ngun: Wiki)Hin nay t chc ny c 13 nc thnh vin c lit k di y vingy thng gia nhp.Chu Phi

Algrie(thng 7 nm 1969)Libya(thng 12 nm 1962)Nigeria(thng 7 nm 1971)Angola(thng 1 nm 2007)Trung ngIran(thng 9 nm 1960)Iraq(thng 9 nm 1960) (khng c m vo phn xut khu caOPEC t nm 1998)Kuwait(thng 9 nm 1960)Qatar(thng 12 nm 1961) Rp Saudi(thng 9 nm 1960)

Cc Tiu vng quc Rp Thng nht(thng 11 nm 1967)Nam MVenezuela(thng 9 nm 1960)Ecuador(1973-1993, 2007)[1]Cu thnh vinGabon(Thnh vin chnh thc t 1975 n 1995)Indonesia(thng 12 nm 1962 n 2008)Thnh vin tng lai

Bolivia, Canada, Sudanv Syria c OPEC mi tham gia

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http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_Phihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A9riehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_%C4%90%C3%B4nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:OPEC.svghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_Saudihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_Ti%E1%BB%83u_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_Th%E1%BB%91ng_nh%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:OPEC.svghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:OPEC.svghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_M%E1%BB%B9http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95_ch%E1%BB%A9c_c%C3%A1c_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_xu%E1%BA%A5t_kh%E1%BA%A9u_d%E1%BA%A7u_l%E1%BB%ADahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:OPEC.svghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95_ch%E1%BB%A9c_c%C3%A1c_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_xu%E1%BA%A5t_kh%E1%BA%A9u_d%E1%BA%A7u_l%E1%BB%ADahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_M%E1%BB%B9http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_Ti%E1%BB%83u_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_Th%E1%BB%91ng_nh%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_Saudihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_%C4%90%C3%B4nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A9riehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_Phihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:OPEC.svg


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1.4.2. Cc nc khng thuc OPEC1.4.2.1. Nga.- Bt u th k XX, Nga gi v tr u tin trong vic sn xut du m. Khu vc khai thc

du chnh trong nm u tin ca ch Soviet l Bakee v Bc Caucasus. Tuy nhin,nhng ging du thuc khu vc ny thiu an ton trong cng vic sn xut. S xy dng btu Bashkiria v kt qu to thnh mt khu vc du m Volgo - Ural ln.

- Sn phm du Nga chim 10% sn phm du m th gii. Do , c th Nga chin vtr mnh nht trn th trung du m quc t.1.4.2.2. Tim nng du kh ca Tuc-m-ni-xtan- Tuc-m-ni-xtan l nc c ngun du m di do, c tnh 45,44 t tn. Tr lng

du m v kh t ca t nc nm khu vc Trung ny t lu thu ht s quan tmca nhiu nc v cc t chc ti chnh quc t. Theo s liu ca Chng trnh pht trindu kh quc gia, n nm 2020 Tuc-m-ni-xtan s t mc khai thc 100 triu tn du v

240 t m3 kh t. K hoch tng khai thc v ch bin du kh phc v xut khu ca chnhph s m bo ngun thu ht vn u t trc tip nc ngoi nhm pht trin ngnh dukh ca Tuc-m-ni-xtan.

- Theo tp on khai thc du kh quc gia Tuc-m-ni-xtan, nc ny s t cng sutlc 32 triu tn du/ nm vo nm 2020.



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1.4.2.3. M.Ti M tiu th trung bnh 20 triu thng du mi ngy, trong 45% c dng cho

xng t. Phn cn li c dng lm du nhin liu, nhin liu phn lc, cn du vcc loi du khc. Mi thng du cha 42 gallons (159 lt) trong cung cp 19 n 20gallons (75 lt) l xng. Do , mi ngy United States tiu th khong 178 triu gallons.

1.4.2.4. Canada.

Canada c cho l nc c ngun d tr c bn ln nht th gii. Canada l ncsn xut kh thin nhin v cc sn phm du th ln th ba trn th gii. Canada snxut du m v kh thin nhin nhiu hn s tiu th trn th trng. V th, xut khudu m v kh thin nhin l rt quan trng cho nn kinh t ca Canada.

Sn xut Tiu thHnh 1.3. Biu sn xut v tiu th sn phm du kh ca M



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