1BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

CNG NGH MI TRNG

(ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLO

GY)

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chn

g 4 X

L CHT

THI RN

4.1. i cn

g v CTR

4.2. Ph

ng ph

p ch

n lp CT

R4.3. Ph

ng ph

p t CTR

4.4. Ph

ng ph

p nhit ph

n4.5. Cc ph

ng ph

p xl kh

cCh

n

g 5 T

I CH

V

TI S

DNG CHT

THI RN

5.1. ngh

a ca

hot

ng ti ch

vti sd

ng5.2. Tch loi rc

5.3.

rc (com

posting)

5.4. Thu

hi vti ch

cht do

5.5 Th

u h

i vti ch

kim lo

i5.5 Th

u h

i vti ch

cc sn ph

m cao su

Ti liu

tham

kho:

T

ng Vn

on,Trn

c H. Kthut m

i trng. Nxb Gio d

c, 200

1.

Trn

Hiu Nhu

, ng

Qu

c Dn

g, Ngu

yn Th

Kim Th

i.Qu

n lsy cht th

i rn

. T

p 1. Ch

t thi rn

th. Nxb Xy dng

, HNi, 20

01.

G.Tchob

anog

lous et al.-

Integrated Solidwaste Man

agem

ent -En

gine

ering Principles And

Man

agem

ent Issues -McG

raw Hill, 19

93.

2BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

4.1. i cng vcht thi rn

Ch

t th

i rn

(CT

R) (Solid wastes): cc vt cht

dng

rn

do con

ngi lo

i bra tcc ho

t n

g sng

, sn xut

Theo ngu

n gc ph

t sinh

:

CTR sinh ho

t

CT

R cn

g ng

hip

CT

R xy dng

CT

R nn

g ng

hip

Theo m

c ng

uy hi

Ch

t th

i ngu

y h

i (Hazardo

us wastes)

Ch

t th

i kh

ng ngu

y h

i (Non

-hazardo

us wastes)

CTR

th(Mun

icipal solid waste, MSW

): CTR

ph

t sinh

tcc ho

t

ng

trn a bn

th;

c qua

n tm nhiu

nh

t.Vit Nam

: d

n s thchim

24%

nh

ng l

ng CT

R chim 50%

3BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

4.1.1. Ngu

n v ln

g CTR

thpht sinh

Cc ng

un ph

t sinh:

Kh

u dn c (h

gia nh, chu

ng c)

Cc trung

tm

th

ng mi (ch, siu th,

)

Cc cn

g s, trn

g h

c,

Cc dch v th(bn xe, sn ba

y, nh

ga,

)

Cc hot

ng cn

g ng

hip

Cc hot

ng xy dn

g (nh

ca, cu

ng,

)

Cc bn

h vin

, c sy t

Cc hthn

g x

l n

c thi vthot n

c th.

Ln

g MSW

ph

t sinh

c tnh:

T

mc ph

t sinh

u

ng

i (kg/ng

i/ng

y) vdn s

Mc ph

t sinh ty thu

c mc sng

, tp qu

n x h

i, mc

ti

ch,

khc nha

u cc n

c, cc thn

h ph

( Bn

g 4.1,

4.2).

T

ng l

ng ph

t sinh CT

R rn

th

Vit Nam

nm

200

3 l

khong

8,2 tri

u tn

4BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

1,36

Thi Lan

(200

2)**

0,7

0,45

0,63

2,0

Mc ph

t sinh,

kg/ng

i/ng

y

Vit Nam

(200

3)**

*n

(200

2)**

Trun

g Qu

c (200

2)**

M

(200

0)*

Nc

Ngu

n:

* W.F.Che

n an

d J.Y.R.Liew

. The

Civil En

gine

ering Han

dboo

k, CRC

(20

03).

**AIT. Mun

icipal Solid W

aste M

anagem

ent in Asia, 200

4**

* Bo co hin trn

g mi trn

g Vit Nam

200

4.

0,7

TB ton quc

0,9

1,0

1,3

Mc ph

t sinh,

kg/ng

i/ng

y

Nn

gHNi

Tp.HCM

th

Bn

g 4.1. Ph

t sinh

MSW

mt squ

c gia kh

c nh

au

Bn

g 4.2. Ph

t sinh

MSW

mt s

th

Vit Nam

Ngu

n: B

o co hin

trng

mi trn

g Vit Nam

200

4.

5BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

4.1.2. Thn

h phn

, c im CTR

Cc th

nh ph

n ca CTR

th th

ng g

m:

CTR th

Thn

h phn

hu c

Thn

h phn

v c

Ch

t th

i th

c ph

mGiy

Carton

Ch

t do

S

i, vi

Cao su

Da

Ch

t th

i v

nG

Cc ch

t h

u c kh

c

Th

y tinh

V

hp kim lo

iNh

mt ct, snh

s, tro

bi,

Thn

h phn

hu c = chy c

(com

bustible wastes)

Thn

h phn

v c = khn

g chy c

(non

comustible wastes)

6BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

Bng

4.3. Th

nh ph

n in hnh

ca

CTR

th(%)

0 1

1 5

1 5

Nh

m

20

458 30

1 -10

Giy

0 -10

1 30

1 40

t ct, tro b

i,

2 8

Vh

p kim lo

i4 12

1-10

1 10

Thy tinh

1 4

G

10

201 10

1 5

Cht th

i vn

0 2

Da

0 2

1 4

1 5

Cao su

2 6

2 10

1 5

Si, vi

2 -8

2 6

1 5

Cht do

20

65

Cc n

c thu

nh

p TB

5 15

Carton

6 30

40

85Ch

t th

i th

c ph

m

Cc n

c thu

nh

p cao

Cc n

c thu

nh

p th

pTh

nh ph

n

7BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

Cc c trng ca CTR

Khi l

ng rin

g: th

ng t

180 42

0 kg/m

3 , trung

bnh 30

0 kg/m

3 .

m

: ln

g n

c m

t i khi sy

105oC tron

g 1 h; th

ng t

15

40%.

Cht hu c ba

y hi:ph

n m

t i khi nun

g (sau

khi sy) 95

0oC; thn

g t

40

60 %

.

tro:

phn

cn

li sau

khi nun

g 95

0oC; th

ng 4 -15

%.

Nhit tr:Nhit l

ng to thn

h khi

t ch

y CT

R; xc nh

bn

g bo

m nhit

ln

g k hay c tnh d

a trn

th

nh ph

n ng

uyn

t; th

ng t

9.30

0

14.000

kJ/kg.

c tnh nh

it trthe

o cng

th

c Dulon

g:

C, H, O, N, S: th

nh ph

n cc ng

uyn

ttron

g CT

R, %

Chuyn

i n

v:1 Btu/lb x 2,326

= 1 kJ/kg

NS

OH

C10

40

)81

(610

145

Btu/lb

++

+

=

c trng CTR th

Vit Nam

C

c cht hu c = 50 60

% (khcao!)

Kh

i l

ng ri

ng = 420

58

0 kg/m

3(kh

cao!)

m

= 30 45

% (cao!)

Nhit tr= 380

0 kJ/kg (kh

thp

!)

8BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

S cc b

phn

cu

thn

h mt hthn

g qu

n l CTR

vmi

quan

hgia

ch

ng nh

hnh

4.1.

Cc yu

cu

c bn ca

hthn

g qu

n l CTR

:

Thu go

m, vn chuyn

h

t CT

R

Hiu qu

kinh

t(thu

go

m, x

l tt nh

t vi

chi p

hthp

nh

t)

p dn

g cng

ngh

,

thit b

tin ti

n.

B

o

m tt nh

t sc

khe cn

g

ng

Bo

m m

qu

an

Pht sinh CT

R

Tch lo

i, lu tr, x

l ti ni ph

t sinh

Thu go

m

Trun

g chuyn

, vn chuyn

Tch, x

l, ch

bin

CTR

Xl sau

cn

g

Hnh 4.1. S

tng

qu

t mt hthn

g qu

n l CTR

4.1.3. S lc vqu

n l CTR

9BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

Cc gii p

hp qu

n l, x

l CTR

the

o trnh t u ti

n:

Chn

lp

t

Ti

ch,

Ti sd

ngGim

pht

sinh

Hnh 4.2. S

bc than

g cc gii ph

p qu

n l, x

l CTR

10

BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

11

BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

4.2. Phng php

chn lp CTR

4.2.1. i cn

gCh

n lp vn l ph

ng ph

p ph

bin

x

l sau

cn

g

i vi CTR

Vic rc tp trun

g thn

h

ng hha

y chn

lp khn

g h

p v

sinh

:

Gy nhim

nc m

t, n

c ng

m do n

c rrc

T

o cc dch bn

h

Gy nhim

kh

ng kh

do m

i hi th

i, do

cc kh

CH4, H

2S,

i hi phi chn

lp hp

vsinh

Bi ch

n lp h

p v

sinh

:

bi

c quy hoch, thit k

theo tiu chu

n

vn h

nh ch

n lp theo quy trn

h ti

u chu

n

CTR c ch

n n

n, ph

lp b

mt tng

vph

t sau cng

n

c rrc vkhrc c thu

gom

vx

lS

phn

hy cc ch

t h

u c trong

CTR

qu

a 2 ph

a: hiu kh(ng

n, ba

n

u)

kkh(d

i)

tron

g ph

a k

kh: giai on 1 (to acid)

giai

on (to m

etan

)

to n

c rrc = n

c tron

g CT

R + n

c thm

tb

n ng

oi +

n

c to

ra tph

n hy

to khrc = khto th

nh tqu

trnh ph

n hy: CH

4, CO2, H

2S,

12

BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

Hnh 4.3.C

c pha

ph

n h

y cht hu

c tron

g b

i ch

n lp CT

R

13

BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

4.2.2. Cu

to vvn hn

h bi chn

lp hp

vsinh

Cu

to bi ch

n lp h

p v

sinh

y

bmt

Hnh 4.4. S

cu to b

i ch

n lp h

p v

sinh

14

BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

15

BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

Vn h

nh bi ch

n lp

Tu

n ttheo tng

ch

n lp

Mi : rc thu go

m

vo chn

lp

ri

u

[phu

n chph

m]

n

n cht

phlp

t h

ng ng

y.

Khi b

i h

t cng

su

t, ph

bng

cc l

p (t di ln): st

mn

g chn

g thm

t bo v

lp

t cui cn

g; trng

c ln trn

.

Nc rrc thu

the

o h

thn

g thu

y v bm

hay cho

ch

y v

hcha

i xl.

Kh

rc thu

the

o mn

g cc n

g chn

trong

cc ,

c thu

gom

vx

l, thu h

i hay t b.

Mt syu cu b

i ch

n lp:

C

ch khu

dn

c > 500

m

Cch ngu

n nc cp

> 100

0 m

t nn

kh

ng c th

m nc

Mc n

c ng

m cch mt t > 2 m

Ph

i tnh ton

c

thi hn

sd

ng 15-20

nm

.Cc vn

mi trn

g cn kim

sot khi

ang vn hnh

v sau

ng

ca

Nc rrc

Kh

rc

16

BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

Nc rrc

thn

h ph

n ph

c tp, m

c

gy nh

im cao, khx

l

(xem

bi tp

nh

m)

Bn

g 4.3.

Thn

h ph

n in hnh

ca

nc rrc

17

BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

4.3. Phng php t CTR (Incineration)

4.3.1. Ngu

yn l v c im

Ngu

yn l: cc cht hu

c b

oxy h

a ph

n hy

nhit

cao trong

iu

kin c

mt ca

oxy kh

ng kh

to thn

h cc khvcn li p

hn

tro khn

g chy.

CTR

+ O

2,to

Kh +

Hi n

c + Tro + Nhit

c im:

Gim thiu

ln

g cht rn

ch

n lp

X

l tri

t

cc cht nhim

C

ththu h

i nn

g ln

g

Chi p

h u

t cao, k

thu

t ph

c tp

C

thph

t sinh sn ph

m kh c hi nh

dioxin.

i tn

g p dn

g:

CTR sinh ho

t (cc n

c ph

t trin)

CT

R y t

CT

R ngu

y h

i

18

BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

4.3.2. Cn

g ngh

v

thit b t

Cc cn

g o

n trong

t CTR

gm

:

Tip

nh

n, ch

a CT

R

X l s b

(ph

n loi, ct, trn)

t (s cp

, thcp)

Lm ngu

i vx

l kh

thi

Hnh 4.5. S

in hnh

cn

g ng

h t rc

19

BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

Cc d

ng l

t

(Incinerator)

L vi sn

chu

yn

ng

L qua

y

L t tn

g si

Hnh 4.6. L

t rc vi sn

chuyn

n

g1.

Phu

np

rc

2.iu khin n

p rc

3.S

n cha rc chuyn

n

g4.

Bun

g cha tro

5.L t

6.Th

it b

lm nn

g s b

khn

g kh

7.C

p kh (d

i ng

n la)

8.C

p kh(trn

ng

n la)

20

BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

4.3.3. Kim sot N khn

g kh

Kh

th

i sinh ra t l t cthcha

: B

i, NO

x, SO

2, CO

2, HCl, cc

dioxin vfuran

Cc ch

t nh

im th

ng th

ng

c xl bn

g:

cc thit b

lc b

i (ti vi, lc tn

h in

)

bh

p thkhvi cc dun

g dch ha ch

t

Vi d

ioxin v

furan, ch

yu kim

sot qu

trnh

t.

Nhit tron

g bu

ng

t ph

i ti thiu

l98

0oC v

khth

i ph

i

c l

u nh

it

ny

ti thiu

1 giy trc khi

ra kh

i bu

ng t.

Hnh 4.7.

nh hn

g nh

it

t n

mc

phn

hy cc ch

t h

u c c hi

21

BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

4.4. Phng php

nhit phn

(Pyrolysis)

4.2.1. Ngu

yn l

Di tc dn

g ca nh

it, trong

iu kin

kh

ng coxy, cc ch

t h

u c trong

CTR

sb

phn

hy th

nh cc sn

ph

m dng lng

, khvrn (tha

n).

Phn

lng

(cc hydrocarbo

n mch d

i, cc dn xut alcol, acid), c

thchy v sinh

nn

g ln

g nh

nhin

liu

du

m-cn g

i l

du

rcha

y du

sinh h

c(bio-oil).

Nh

ng im kh

c gia

t vnh

it ph

n:

t

Nhit ph

nc

oxy

khn

g c

oxy

nhit

cao (>

890oC)

nhit

thp hn

(45

0 60

0oC)

Ngo

i M

SW, nh

it ph

n cn

p du

ng xl cc ch

t thi cn

g ng

hip

luyn d

u, cn

g ng

hip

luyn than

,

t nh

im du

,

22

BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

Hnh 4.8. S

hthn

g nh

it ph

n xl M

SW

4.4.2. Cn

g ngh

v

thit b

S in

hnh mt hthn

g nh

it ph

n CTR

nh

hnh

4.8.

Cc thit b

nhit ph

n cn

g c

thl

thit b

l qua

y, thit bkiu tng

si,..

c gia nhit tb

n ng

oi

23

BM KTM

T - Kho

a Mi trn

g Trn

g HKH Hu

Phn

B.CNG NGHXL

CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X

L CHT THI RN

4.4.3. Thu

hi nhit

Nhit nn

g ca cc ph

n sn

ph

m thu

tnh

it ph

n CTR

:

Phn

tha

n = 20.91

6 kJ/kg

Ph

n du

= 27

.900

kJ/kg

Ph

n kh

= 22.35

6 kJ/m

3 .

Hn

chca d

u thu

c l

m

cao.

4.5. Cc phng php

xl

khc

Khh

a CTR

:

t tron

g iu

kin

gii h

n oxy; cng

cho

cc

sn ph

m kh

cths

dng

lm nhin

liu

t

ng tnh

it

phn

.p

th

nh vt liu

dn

g tron

g xy d

ng.