oe iv

:mikxerdmrp cxe ,on`p acp ,oeqlcpn `xfr ,jeh l`kin

zkxrnd xikfn:aaeg l`wfgi

�c Û hr dpyc"ryz Û

l ` xy i z e c l e z x w g l o e r a x

zil`xyid zixehqidd dxagdÛmilyexi

okezd

453xpiix (inx) mdxa`:dne dixehqide ditxbe`b ,dkld ,bdpn :mizn micelii zlin

mdipiay

477il`xyi ccer:dxezl o"anx yexita ceqd zxard zecleza xge`ne mcwen

507oxeb xinz:1939-1936 getiqd zl`ye eti icedi

zxewia ixace mixtq

533dlebxtÎdlc e'bxq:Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein, The Chosen Few:

How Education Shaped Jewish History, 70–1492

540ohxbne`a rayil`:Michael Toch, The Economic History of European Jews:

Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages

548onhla l`ipc:mr gvxl dweyz :dtexi` ,oyeyÎoa 'fxe'f

556zxet dpic:d`eyd uw ,cltpfex 'd oieel`

563enrbxacleb q:d`eyd uw ,cltpfex 'd oieel`

572xwgnd zextqn

577zkxrna elawzpy mixtq

XXXIzilbp`a mixivwz

[(c"ryz) hr dpy ,l`xyi zeclez xwgl oerax ± oeiv]

mdipiay dne dixehqide ditxbe`b ,dkld ,bdpn :mizn micelii zlin

z`nxpi ix ( inx) mdxa`

dpeny oa zeidl ribiy mcew zny wepiz

ogley) dpwa e` xeva exaw lr eze` oiln

.(d ,bqx ,drc dxei ,jexr

dkld epia` mdxa` ly ezixaa eqipkdl eixed ewitqd mxha xhtpy wepiz lenl daegd

.erah mvrn oird on xzqen ef dkld meiw .jexr ogleyd on cwtp `l dnewne ,`id dweqt

e` dkldl mircen mpi` l`xyi zia ipendy dnece ,mr aexa e` zeibibga dyrp `ed oi`

.xz`e xz` lka `yicw dxagd iyp` icia meid cr zniiwzn `idy s` ,drevia jxcl

dcai`y m`d ytpl `txn wtq ± bdpn wtq ± dkld wtq ly dizeclez z` x`zn xn`nd¥

ekelid jxca .zeend xg`ly miigd ite`a dpen`n zraepd dlert wtq ± dpha ixt z`

,ziriyzd d`na laa ipe`b ly mdizeaeyz onl ef dwihwxt ly dileblb xg` xn`nd awer

Îitxbe`bd rqnd .dxyr rax`d d`nd ly qpaextl cre ,fpky`e cxtq ,dilhi` jxc

miknezde ,dax zecbpzd mb xxer mizn micli lenl bdepdy cnln oldl bveiy ixehqidd

zeevnd ciwtz ly zicegii dqitz zxxazn dl`l dl` oia .eneiw mvrl zepey zeaiq epn ea

icedid bdepa ef dgcip dpit ly dizecleza rqndy dncpe ,miigd xg`ly miigd ite` lye

ipe`bn cg` ly zg` dxvw daeyzl zeyxcp olek ,ok` .zeicedi zeieaxz oia rqnl jted

.mdly jezak da miyer mdy jez dil` miay lekde ,laa

`nex inkg zaeyz .`

li`yc `zli`y oiprle' :azkp dpieen dyn oa wgvi 'xl 'rexf xe`' xtqay dlin zeklda

`zn on l`igi 'x `pxne epa mdxa` xne l`ipc xne ozp xn on iwgvid dnly (l`yy=)

.'l"f `nex (xird on=)1zeklda `ed mb wqerd oeica ,'rexf xe`'ay dpyd y`x zeklda

:mi`xewe miay ep` ,dlin

*uiwa milyexia miiwzdy zecdid ircnl inlerd qxbpewa iz`ypy d`vxda df xn`n ly eziy`x

e`xwy xpiix opgl`e l`epnr dgny ,lhq 'i awri ,mrp cxe ,xwql ipc ,qixb a`fl izcez .b"ryz

,'oeiv' zrd azk mrhn mi`xewl ip` ag zcgein dcez .xn`nd z` egiayd mdizexrde mixacd z`

.xn`nd ly zncew dqxba eidy milyMn iperpny

1x"a myxb 'xl dlind illk = cw oniq ,a ,r"yz milyexi ,rexf xe` ,dpieen dyn oa wgvi 'x

'nr ,a"pxz `w`xw ,a ,mipey`xl zixa oexkf :jeza ,bxraq`lb awri zxecdn ,xfebd awri

.128±126

454xpi ix ( inx) mdxa`]2[

qenipelw `paxe dcedi 'xa xfrl` epiax mipe`bd zaeyza mdixacl jnq iz`vn ohwd ip`e

xwi xa awri epiax zxiht xg`l `yiinxb zpicnl e`eaa izay `pax oa inex yi` owfd

ef dl`y dl`yp xaky azkn d`xde ycew zecr mzeg `ivede df xac epnn el`y l"vf

xtq xaigy oe`b ozp ax `pxn `pax on iwgvid dnly xn l`y ea aezke inex `zna

ziaa dl`yp xaky md mb eaiyde eig` mdxa` xn one eig` l`ipc xn one ,jexr `xwpd

...inex `znc `zaizn yix awri xn mya aiyde oe`b l`igi xn mdia` ly eyxcn2

lra ozp 'x :miaiynd ly mzedf s`e ,i"yx dxe`kl ,iwgvid dnly ,l`eyd ly eny

l` i"yx dptdy ± daeyz `l ± dl`y epiptly drtezd mvre ,`nex iyp` eig`e 'jexr'd¦

xweg ,dnbecl .miaeyg mixweg ,erhd s` `nye ,eaidld dl` lk ± zwgexnd `nex inkg

,df ceriz it lr i"yx ly ezcil jix`z z` micwd xviaeht` xecbia`k wdaen3eli`e

.extqa dl` zel`y aliy ,i"yx zeaeyz xtq z` jxry ,oiiaptl` l`xyi4

delaiw `ly inl mitxhvne ef dxryda wtq milihnd zelewd mixaeb zepexg`d mipya

qegii i`cel aexw' :ziqgi dagxda jka wqry ,onqexb mdxa` raw ,lynl ,jk .dziy`xn

xaecndy drcd z` xezql zeirnynÎcg zei`x oi`' ik dcen `edy s` ,'eceqi zerha df

.'i"yxa5o"a`x ly epzg ,i`pexhp oa l`eny 'xy l`epnr dgny d`xd zecg` mipy iptl

l`eny 'x `iad fpky`l ezxibd mr .mz epax mr azkzdy ix`an l`eny 'x `ed ,`vpbnn

daeyzd z` mb d`xpd lkke ,dilhi`n jxr axe icegii rcin dinkg zricil i`pexhp oa

epi` o`k xkfend iwgvid dnlyy jkl zrcd z` dhn l`epnr ly eyecig .mipc ep` day

'x ly ezxibd mr fpky`l eribd eil` `nex inkg zaeyze ezl`yy ,iwlhi` mkg `l`

l` epnne d"ia`x epiig` ly exeaig l` dkxc z` daeyzd d`vn jk .i`pexhp oa l`eny

.'rexf xe`' lra dpieen dyn oa wgvi 'x ± d"ia`x cinlz6epi` l`eyd m` mb ,mle`e

,i"yxÎmiitxbe`bd dixywde dkldd dcya dileblb ,dilr daeyzd ,ef dl`yy dnec

± miizeaxzd.mikixv md cenile md dxez dl` lk

m` mini dpeny mcew zny ohw lr' :zilkza dxvw dziid iwgvid dnly 'x ly ezl`y

tpy wepiz :xen`l .'e`l m`e ezen xg`l ezlxr xya jezgl jixveixed ewitqd mxha xh

2zrcd z` dhn zeazkzdd i`yep oiay daxwd .drx oniq ,dpyd y`x zekld ,my ,a ,rexf xe`¦ie`xd mewna malyl ick 'rexf xe`' lra icia ecxtede cg` mxewna eid dl`yd iwlg ipyy jkl

dnly'l `nex inkg eaiydy oefnd zkxa ipiipra daeyz ,ap oniq ,my :mb e`x .extqa mdl

,kw 'nr ,`pw oniq ,` ,d"qyz wxa ipa ,iwvilac cec zxecdn ,d"ia`x xtq :mb e`x .'iwgvid

.ornpd my xkfed `l ef daeyza .micneyn ly mcnrna dpcd mdxa` 'x eig`e ozp 'x zaeyz mye

3'nr ,my mb e`x .403 ,396 'nr ,v"gxz milyexi ,d"ia`x xtql `ean ,xviaeht` xecbia`

,(x"iy) hxettx dcedi dnly did xwgnd zextqa jkl oiivy oey`xd d`xpd lkk .474±473

.12 'nr ,b"rxz dyxee ,zeclez extqa aeye ;(v"wz) mizrd ixeka ,jexrd lra ozp 'x zeclez

4.36±30 'nr ,`n±hl mipniq ,b"yz wxeiÎeip ,i"yx zeaeyz ,oiiaptl` l`xyi

5.243±241 'nr ,d"pyz milyexi ,mipey`xd ztxv inkg ,onqexb mdxa`

6fpky`l ef daeyz ly dkxc lr .68±65 'nr ,f"qyz milyexi ,zegel ixay ,l`epnr dgny :e`x

.62 ,61 zexrdl jenq ,oldl e`x i`pexhp oa l`eny 'x icia

]3[mizn micelii zlin455

?ezen xg`l elenl yi m`d ± epia` mdxa` ly ezixaa eqipkdl7zrc lr dlr okidn

.miaiynd enilyd xiqgd xy` z`e ,ezl`ya l`eyd hxit `l zn cli lenl yiy l`eyd

gipdl xiaq .'dpw ly zinexwa dikzgnl ocic iyp bedp i`ce .daeyzd `id jk' :eazk jke

ezny zewepiz lenl bdpnd cnr dl`yd qiqaa .epeekzd cg` xacl l`eyde miaiyndy

elib mkxc ab` .wecal l`eyd ywia ely zeinihiblde ezwcvd ,ezepekp z`e ,mzexirva

zixa z` erviay od miypy ,cg`d .dlind revia jxc lr miipkh mihxt ipy miaiynd

oikq ly beq `id dpw ly zinexw .dpw ly zinexwa dyrp dreviay ,xg`de ;z`fd dlind

s` (a"r fh oileg) cenlza ef zinexwl qgia epnpy mixacd zyng oiae ,caern epi`y ur

oiwgecyky meyn' :azk cenlzd ixacl eyexita i"yx .da oiln oi`e da oihgey oi`y ,xn`p

dil ieyne cibd aewpz `ly dlina `zpkq `ki`e dpnid miyxtne mifzip oinqiw mze`

.'dkty zexk

epi` df yygy oaene ,lenipd melyl yygn `et` raep dpw ly zinexwa lenl xeqi`d

zinexwa elenl did ozip ,zn wepiz lenl daeg zniiw dziid m` ,ok lr .zn wepiza miiw

:bdepd edfy `l` dpw ly zinexwa lenl xyt`y wx `l xn`p df xewna ,mle`e .dpw ly

mirilan ,`nex inkg ,miaiyndy d`xp ,ok m` .miltp ly mzlin zrvazn zxg` `le jk

mb md htyn eze`a j` ,bdepd ly eneiwa dt ivga dcend dxin`d z` mdixac jez l`

ly dlin zixa zpigaa `ed oi`y jk lr micnln dfd bdepd ly erevia ikxcy ,miraew

.`weec dlinl ie`x epi`y xiykna rvazn `ed ixdy ,ynn

zelnd od ,epizeyp epiidc ,'ocic iyp'y dybcdd z` df rwx lr yxtl ozip jkl dneca

ly dlind iyrn xg`ly df ,`xwna x`eznd ipyd dlind dyrn ,zn` .miltpd mze` z`

dxRv gwze' :dyn zy` dxetiv icia dyrp ,milnle milenipl y`x didy ,epia` mdxa`Ÿ

dxn` f` ,epnn sxie .il dz` minc ozg ik xn`ze ,eilbxl rbze dpa zlxr z` zxkze xvŸŸ©©¦

dyi` m` drxkd oi` zicenlzd dklda ,z`f zexnl .(dk ,c zeny) 'zlEnl minc ozgŸ

diepy ef dibeqy ,dler dxf dcear zkqna cenlzd ziibeq ly jldnd on .lenl zi`yx

,opgei 'xl ax oia zwelgna8.dka dfe dka df da eklid miiniipia inid dkldd iwqete9

7eixede mini dpenyn dlrnl oa xhtpy wepiz ly epicl qgia znieqn zeninr dxi`yn dl`yd

,daeyza miritend miwenipd zvwnn mb enk ,dl`yd oeyln .ezyleg zngn elenl ewitqd `l

`id dl`ydy xiaq ,ef zipeyl zepweec zexnl ,mle`e .dfky cli lenl yi ik xexay rnzyn

dpeny lib iptl ezny miclia xzei dievn dirad .mzlxra ezny micli zlina dpiipr fkxne zillk

lre ,elenip mzvwy ,mini dpenyn xzei ipa ezny micli znerl ,lenip mdn cg` `l s`y ,mini

.69 ,44 zexrdl jenqa ,oldl e`x .mini dpeny oan zegt lr le`yl l`eyl did gep ok

8lr .dleqt miakek icaer icia dzyrpy dliny dkldd driten my dibeqa .`"r fk dxf dcear

'xnyz izixa z` dz`e' milina `ed dxewn ,ax zrcl .opgei 'xe ax ewlg z`fd dkldd xewnŸcenlzd l`ey dibeqd jynda .(bi ,my) 'leni lend' milina opgei 'x zrcl eli`e ,(h ,fi ziy`xa)¦¦drepn `id ax zrcl oky ,dyi`l rbep zervdd izy oia iyrnd lcaddy rivn `ede ,'ediipia i`n'

ik lenl dleki dyi` opgei 'x zrcle ;dnvr z` lenl dleki dpi`e zaiig dpi` `idy llba lenln

.dledn lekiak `idy epiidc ,'`lidnc o`nk' `id

9,`xie zyxt ,` ,j"yz milyexi ,iwqxin onlw l`eny zxecdn ,oe`b i`g` axc zezli`y xtqa

456xpi ix ( inx) mdxa`]4[

dyi` ik erawy fpky`a eikiynne ,'zezli`y'd lra zrc zeawra crvp m` mb ,jk e` jk

xexiaa dlrn ,miizkldd dl`a wx `le ,mipeyd mdibeql zexewna oeiry ixd ,lenl zi`yx

.eleni mixaby did scrende geexd bdepdy10

,zixab deevn `id dzedna dlind zeevny ,cg`d .minxeb ipya xeyw jkl xaqdd

lr mc` m`e epa lr a`d m` ± dilr mieevnd md mixabe ,mixab ly mteba zrvaznd

eidi deevnd irvan mby ietve irah ok lr .lenip mxhe zeevn libl ribdy dcina ,envr

.zlden ynyl zi`yx dyi`y raewd ,opgei 'x zrcl s` ,mixab11eite` `ed xg`d mxebd

,zelecb zekld lra lr dlawzd ef dcnr .lenl dxyk dyi`y opgei 'x zrc it lr wqt ,eq 'nr

oi`y okid wx lenl dyi`l xyt`l yiy ,zebiizqd jez df oexwir elaiw mdy `l` ,m"anxe s"ix

'nr ,e"lyz milyexi ,` ,xniidqclid l`ixfr zxecdn ,zelecb zekld :e`x .lenl lekiy xab

`zzi` `ldn ldninl drcic `zzi` `ki`e ldninl rcic d`cedi `xab `kilc `kide' :206±205

,m"anxd mb azk jk .'opgei 'xk dkld opgei 'xe ax ol `niiwc opgei 'xk `zklide in`c xitye

.'yi` my oi`y mewna oiln ohwe dy`e care lxr elit`e lenl oixyk lkd' :` ,a dlin zekld

:e`x .lenl miyp lr exq`e axk ewqt zetqezd ilra mznerl .`"r ep ,zay zkqn ,s"ix :mb e`x

:rw 'nr ,b"qyz wxa ipa ,xfiexw awri oxd` zxecdn ,dxf dcear zkqn lr opgl` epax zetqez

xiykn opgei 'xe opgei 'xk dkld opgei 'xe axc b"r`c dlin za dpi` dy`c il d`xp did o`kn'

e`xe .'dil riiqn xenyz izixa z` dz`e `icda yixcc `iypd `cedi 'xc `ziixad ixd ,`kd dl

,ilaa ;et 'nr ,h"kyz wxei eip ,iela dcedi dyn zxecdn ,dxf dcearl upyn y"x zetqeza mb

:an 'nr ,fpw oniq ,h"kyz milyexi ,w"nq :mb e`x .'dy`' d"c zetqez ,`"r fk dxf dcear

z oniq ,zay zkqn lr ikcxna e`aed eixac .'oiln oi` iebe dy`e'dqitzd dgeex fpky`a .gq

zrcke zebiizqd `ll s` z`f exyt`y mewnd inkgn eide ,lenl miypl zxyt`nd zipexwrd

oniq ,d"pyz milyexi ,siy `a` mdxa` zxecdn ,mi`xid xtq ,uinn xfril` 'x :e`x .zezli`yd

,lirl) xfebd awri 'xl dlind illk ;bnw 'nr ,gv oniq ,a ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) rexf xe` ;dkx 'nr ,az

ef drc l`e ,zebiizqd lk `ll lenl dxyk dyi`y wqtp dl` zexewna .54±53 'nr ,(1 dxrd

oniq seq ,c"lyz milyexi ,mirc minz :e`x .'leky`'d lra oeaxpn wgvi oa mdxa` 'x mb sxhvn

dxyk `zzi` la`' :hqx 'nr ,hrx oniq ,` ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) d"ia`x xtq :e`x z`f znerl .`rw

`tex `xab `ki` i` edine .`zaxax ewqt oke .`tt ax xn`ck `le opgei iaxk `zklidc ldninl

`nlicc ,opgei iax xn`w caricac gikedl oi` dxiyk oeylne .`zbeltn oiytp iwet`l dilr opixcdn

jka miiqne lenl dxyk dyi`y jk lr dfxkda gzet d"ia`x .'dxiyk inp ipz dleqt `pzc icii`

yi m`y ,siqen `ed ef ziaeig dwixehx zexnl .caricay avn lr zcnln 'dxiyk' dlind oi`y

dy`d' ,lbity 'y awri :e`x .ezehalzd lr cnll ick jka yiy dnece ,sicr `edy ixd onein xab

ibdpn ,xaxty l`ipc ;157±149 'nr ,(h"nyz) d ,`xciq ,'b"nqa dileblbe dkldd ± zldenk

dtexi`a zeicedi miyp :zecxene zeciqg ,onqexb mdxa` ;eq 'nr ,h"nyz milyexi ,` ,l`xyi

bdpnae l"fg zextqa dyi` icia dlin' ,eif iqei ;332±331 'nr ,b"qyz milyexi ,miipiad inia

dgtyn iig :miclie zedn` ,ohxbne`a rayil` ;54±39 'nr ,(c"qyz) ai±`i ,mirehp ,'diteiz` icedi

.106±105 'nr ,d"qyz milyexi ,miipiad inia fpky`a

10.91 'nr ,1995 aia` lz ,miigd ziy`x ,oiaex oqip ;eq±q 'nr ,my ,xaxty :e`x

11dit lry ,diteiz` icedi ly dkldd zxeqn z` bivd `ed mye ,(9 dxrd seq ,lirl) eif :e`x

aigxdl `ly dnbnd .en` ly dcild z`neha `nhp wepizdy oeeikn ,`weeca zeldend od miyp

ef dqitzy rivd eif .`nhd wepizd z` lenz d`nh dyi`y dtcrdl dliaed mi`nhd ilbrn z`

miyp l"fg ly mnlera mbe ,l`xyia d`nehe dxdh zekld ebdp day dtewza l"fg ipta dcnr

]5[mizn micelii zlin457

mlerd on xarnd zligz z` onqnd ,xarn qwh ea ze`xl ozip .dlind zixa qwh ly

.ixabd mlerd l` ,mlera mipey`xd einiae oeixidd jldna ixkfd xaerd iexy eay ,iypd

clid zqipk jildza ekynde ,oad ly ziqitd ezeixab aevira `ed df xarn ly eziy`x

.cenild mler l`e xtqd zia l`12eicgi maeliy ile`e ,oekp miipyd on mxeb dfi` `id zg`

dxyt` zinyxd zizextqd dkldd m` mb recn xiaqdl ick jka yi jk oiae jk oia ;`weec

mxb ixabd mlerl qwhd jeiy .yenin llkl dribd `l ef zexyt`y ixd ,lenl miypl

.epnn wlg zeidl odl xzed dkldl m` mb ,epnn miyp zxcdl dyrnl13

ly obdpn ,ok` :miheyt mixac eazk epgzt mdixacay `nex inkg .zepey`xd l` aeyp

die`x dpi` zldend ixdy ,dkldd ixcbn bxeg df bdpn la` ,dpw ly zinexwa lenl miyp

,ziahew ec dpenzl qiqa o`k cnredy `et` d`xp .ie`x epi` `ed s` dlind xiykne

mdxa` zxecdn ,mipevigd mixtqd ,ai ,e 'a miawn xtq z` bivd eixacl di`xk .dfd mrhd on eln

,`ztqez ;'odipa z` eln ik eny`p miyp izye' :(5 dxrd ,my) fvw 'nr ,a ,l"yz milyexi ,`pdk

mixkf zclei dzid' :(9 dxrd ,my) 70 'nr ,e"hyz wxeiÎeip ,onxail le`y zxecdn ,g ,eh zay

dl` zexewn ,izrcl .'lenz `l iriax lenz iyily ,zne ipy ,zne oey`x dln ,oizne oilenp ode

oiadl ozip ok lre ,milenipd ly mdizeni` lr xaecn mixwnd ipya .yweand lr micnln mpi`

daiqd z` .dnvra zldend dziidy `le mipad zlinl db`c m`dy jk lr mixen dlind ilrty

Îizextqd exywd it lr yxtl yi (a`d `le) dlind revial db`cy `id m`d dl` mixwnay jkl¥jynda ritend izreefd yperl m`d icia drveay dlind dxeyw miawn xtqa .rhwd ly ixehqidd

yper .'dnegd lrn oehny mrd ipirl xira eagqpe odicya miclid z` elz xy` ixg`e' :mixacd

ipand xywdd `ztqeza z`f znerl .dpd miyp zeipiixard mb ok lre ,wdaen iyp yper `ed dfky

oerny oax .iax ixac `ypz `l iyilyl ,zne ipyl ,zne oey`xl ziqp' :my epipy jke .iyp `ed

dln ,oizne oilenp ode mixkf zclei dzid .`ypz `l iriaxl ,`ypz iyilyl :xne` l`ilnb oa

dpy`x dlny ixtiva zeig` rax`a dyrn .lenz `l iriax ,lenz iyily ± zne ipy ,zne oey`x

zwqer ef dkld .'lenz `l ziriax exn`e minkg iptl dyrn `ae zne 'iyily ,zne 'ipy ,zne

,oey`xd dwlg did dfy oeeikn .mizn dilray dyi` lr `id day dpey`xd dkldde ,zewfg ipica

ok lre ,dlin zngn mizn dicliy dyi`a dxeywd dkldd z` mixacd jynda `ztqezd d`iad

e`x .lreta eln miypy cnll icka encewae dfa oi`e a`d lr `le m`d lr aqen `ztqezd geqip

.104 'nr ,(9 dxrd seq ,lirl) ohxbne`a :mb

12:e`x ixab dkipg qwhk zixad qwh lrLawrence A. Hoffman, Covenant of Blood,

Chicago–London 1996, pp. 78–83xtqd zial dqpkdd lr .136±135 'nr ,my ,ohxbne`a ;

,miipiad inia zicedid dxaga cenile dkipg :zecli iqwh ,qewxn (l`xyi) oai` :e`x dfky qwhk

.118±107 'nr ,g"pyz milyexi

13opgei 'x oiay zwelgna .9 dxrd ,lirl ebvedy dwiqta mixrtl mb liaedy `ed df xrty okzii

dwiqtd illk axleikiynne zezli`yd zrc lr dlawzdy dyibd efe ,opgei 'x zcnr z` miticrn

zbdepd ef oial zizextqd dkldd oiay xrta exikd eixg` mikledde zelecb zekld lra .fpky`a

,dlin dzliny ixd dln m` caricae lenl die`x dyi` ipexwr ote`ay eraw ok lre ,lreta

miknezd minxeb ze`xl ozip s`e drxkda dniizqd `l dibeqdy oeeikn ,xingdl ie`xy `l`

eni`zd ,mkxck ,md .zetqezd ilra ehwp zeaiq oze`n la` xzei sixg jldn .ax ly ezcnra

`l mb ,opgei 'x zcnr z` lawl oi` recn xaqd ewtiqe zizextqd dkldl mnewnay bdepd z`

.carica

458xpi ix ( inx) mdxa`]6[

miazekd ipiray ze`xed ,minkg ly mdize`xed oial ,drhend ,miypd bdpn oia dcibpnd

.od dxez ly dzn`14 ¦

dwif e gqep : o e`b o eygp ax zaeyz .a

oeygp ax zaeyz ,onfay zenicw wx `le ,dl dncw .oi`n yi dclep `l `nex inkg zaeyz

:mi`ad mixacd miriten enyay ,(879±872) `xeq oe`b

(mi`ex ep` jk=) opifg oikd 'ek mini dpny (jeza=) eba aikyc ohw (zl`yye=) zil`zy`ce

dil oildn i`e 'pngx xn` ipinyd meiae (mrhd dn ,`nrh i`n=) h"n dildninl jixv `lc

(jixv `l=) v"l (mibdepy itk ,exaw lr eze` oilden m`e=) oibidpc oikid ik dixaw lr

.dpd cr .dlhal (miny my=) y"y `iven jxan m`e `ed xya jzgnc ikexal15

libl ribdy mcew zny ohw lr `id dl`yd o`k mb ,dilhi`a dl`ypy dl`yl dneca

aeig oi`y raw ,dpy miiz`nka el mixge`nd `nex inkgk ,oe`b oeygp ax .mini dpeny

oeygp axy dler daeyzd on .mdikxc elvtzd o`k la` ,xhtpd jxd z` lenl izkld

z` lenl mibdepd dl` oia eldw ipa z`e envr z` lilkn `edy dncpy cr ,bdpna xikd

dlindy siqede ,oeygp ax azk ,'oibidpc oikid ik' .dfky rx dxwn m`xwi m` ,znd wepizd

dnkqd lr cirdl ick oda yi dl` milin .dxeawd crenl jenqae xawd cil zniiwzn

eil`ey mb :dl`yd oirn dziid oeygp ax ly ezaeyzy ipira aexw .dfd bdpnl zekiiye

miiw didy ,ely cg` haidl qgia ehalzd `l` bdpnd mvr lr xwire llk exrxr `l

oeygp ax lly dkxad z` .znd wepizd zlin zra zeevnd zkxa jxal :mzaiaqa d`xpk

,`id dlhal dkxa ef dkxay driawa miiqe 'jixv `l'y jka gzt :leke lekn16z` wnipe

.'`ed xya jzgn' lnd mei ly eteqay jka eixac17

14seqa siqed ,o`k dbved mzaeyzy `nex inkg oia didy ine 'jexr'd xtq ly exagn ,ozp 'x

dpie ,hed`w dcedi jepg zxecdn ,jexrd xtq :e`x .eiig zexew mdae mifexg mixiy ipy extq

did oey`x /dxnvidl mdilr dlaeg igexe (iclin=) mdn izlkey' :mye ,gvx 'nr ,g ,e"txz

yly oa izay iyilyd /dxwpa ozep mipy dpenyak oinipa ipyd /`xwp l`igie mei miyelya

mcew epa ly ezen z` yibcn ozp 'x .'dxeay iytpe eldenl izikf `l iriaxd /dxeawl eizqpkd

`ly xacl xkf zvw' jka yi ,59 dxrd ,67 'nr ,(3 dxrd ,lirl) zeclez ,hxettx zrcle ,ezlin

zxg` e` ef zizkld dcnr lr df xiyn cenll oi` ,izrcl .'ltp lenl oe`b oeygp ax bdpn hytzp

oiivy itk ,wepizd ly elib z` oiivl dvx wx ozp 'xy okzii ixdy ,mizn zewepiz zlinl qgia

.mixg`d eipa ly mzxiht lib z`

15driten wenipd `ll .ak 'nr ,d oniq ,d xry ,b ,e"nyz milyexi ,wcv ixry mipe`bd zeaeyz

ohw' :fnx oniq ,a"r bl ,c"nxz `pliee ,zexvwd mipe`bd zeaeyza mb milw miiepiya daeyzd

ikid ik dixaw lr dil opildn ike elenl ira `l .daeyz :elenl edn mini dpeny jeza zny

.'dlhal miny my `ived jixa i`e ikexal jixv `l oilibxc

16ze`ivne bdpn ,dkld ,rnyÎ`z 'n l`xyi :e`x bdpn lr zeevnd zkxa ly dzxin` zl`yl

mipya zeevn meiwa miyp ,ityÎxd dgha ;279±273 'nr ,e"pyz milyexi ,1350±1000 fpky`a

]7[mizn micelii zlin459

zeevnd zkxal wx xen`k cbpzde qwhd ly zeinihibla xikdy ,oe`b oeygp ax znerl

lk z` eyicwd jkle ,xwire llk bdpnd ly eneiw z` `nex inkg elly ,da ebdpy eidy

deeyn oeir .epiptl zwelgn wx `l mle`e .okl mcew epi`x dzligz z`y ,dkex`d mzaeyz

dilhi` inkgy cnln dilhi` inkg zaeyzl oe`bd zaeyz ly gqepd oiazaeyz z` ecair

,mixai` drax` dllk oe`bd zaeyz ?cvikd .oihelgl dzernyn dxaery cr oe`b oeygp 'x

:d`ad jxca

(`)'ek mini dpny eba aikyc ohw' :milina dl`yd zbvdzaeyza zixara riten df wlg ;'

.`nex inkg

(a)ef driaw .'dildninl jixv `lc' :dfky dxwna dkldd it lr dlinn zxhetd driaw

icin e`le ...`id devn e`l la`' :eraw mde ,`nex inkg zaeyza dzpeye dagxed

mixacd ektd oe`bd zaeyzay 'jixv `l'n .(xeq`e dyrpy xac `le=) 'xiq`e ciarw

.mixeq` s` `nye mixzeinl

(b)xg`l `nex inkg ixaca rited df wenip .'`pngx xn` ipinyd meiae `nrh i`n' :wenip

jezgc ep` milaewn jky' :oerihd z` `nex inkg o`k ealiy df wenip mewna .okn

df oerihl .jxal jxev oi`y jkl dwnpdk oe`bd ixaca ritedy oerih ,'`ed xya

.'xiq`e ciarw ilin e`le' :mixacd zernyn z` dzpiyy mzriaw z` `nex inkg etiqed

(c)dixaw lr dil oildn i`e' :bdpnd xe`izl oe`bd ribd ,daeg o`k oi`y rawy xg`l

.(mibdepy itk exaw lr eze` milden m`e=) 'oibidpc ikid ik

dziid ezegcl mdly jxcde ,bdpnd z` exikd `nex inkg ,okl mcew epi`x xaky itk

xiyknd z` ,dlinl zeleqtd ,miyp bdpnk mibivn md bdpnd z` .dlilyd jxc lr eaevira

lretd mby ixd jka ic `l m`e ,dlinl leqtd xiyknk mibivn md dlind zrvazn eay

,('dixaw lr dil oildn i`e') 'dlin'k dlertd z` x`iz oe`bd m` .slgen dyrnd z` x`znd

ly zinexwa dikzgnl ocic iyp bedp i`ce' :jezigl dlertd dktd `nex inkg itay ixd

if` ,yeniy dyrp eay xiyknd `id zinexw m`e ,dyrnd z` zervand od miyp m` .'dpw

,oe`bd zaeyz ly iyingd alyd z`y oiivl xzenl .dlin `xwidl dl l` dlek dlertd mb

md ixdy ,hhvl jxev lk `nex inkgl oi` ,ezny micli zlin lr jxal oi`y raewd df

xidadl riiqz ef cvl ef zeaeyzd zbvdy dnec .bdpnd ly eneiw mvr z` leke lekn elly

zernyn xvi dpeyd dpand cvik ,xg` cvne ,cg` cvn ,mitzeyn zeaeyzd ixai` dnk cr

.oihelgl dycg

'nr ,a"qyz ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,xehwec zcear ,bdpnl dkld oia ± 1350±1050

.255±214

17libl ribd `ly wepiz ,zaya] eze` oiln dad` xa `c` ax xn`' :`"r elw zay ,ilaa it lr

`ed m`] e`l m`e lidn `w xity `ed ig m` jytp dnn [ig zwfga `ed oi` ok lre mei miyly

.'`ed xyaa jzgn[y llba xeqi` meyn jka oi` ,zxzein ezline zeigl cizr epi`

460xpi ix ( inx) mdxa`]8[

(wcv ixry ) o e`b o ey gp 'x zaey z(rexf xe`) `nex inkg zaey z18

'ek mini dpny eba aikyc ohw (`)19xv m` mini dpeny mcew zny ohw (`)xya jezgl ji

e`l m`e ezen xg`l ezlxr

dildninl jixv `lc opifg oikd (a)dpw ly zinexwa dikzginl ocic iyp bedp i`ce (c)

'pngx xn` ipinyd meiae h"n (b)`id devn e`l la` (a)

oikid ik dixaw lr dil oildn i`e (c)e`le `ed xya jezgc ep` milaewn jky (e)

oibidpcxiq`e ciarw icin20

ikexal v"l (d)

`ed xya jzgnc (e)xa e`l i`de `pngx xn` mini zpeny oac meyn (b)

`ed `ipnz

.dlhal y"y `iven jxan m`e (f)

miavrn mdy jez dze` epiye mzaeyzl qiqak oe`bd ixaca eynzyd `nex inkg ,ok m`

,dycg driaw xevil ick lekd ± zewnpde miperih ly mnewin z` mipyne bdpnd z` ycgn

.oe`b oeygp ax ly efn dzrxkdae diite`a dpeyd21`nex inkg ixace ,epzxryd dpekp m`

bdpndy ,xwgna zkldnd driawdy ixd ,oe`b oeygp ax zaeyz ly znkgezn divletipn md

,wtqa zlhen ,eceqia iyp bdpn `ed mizn zewepiz lenl22`l xe`iza oaeliyy okziie

,miltpd z` zeln miypy driawd .oe`bd xyi`y bdpnd ly ekxra cixedl `l` crep

ceair `l` mpi` dl` lk ± dlin `le jezig `ed dyrndye xiyknd `ed dpw ly zinexwy

18,oecpel miptl) bxapiit cec sqe` ,wxei eip i"k ,zeteq` xtq it lr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) dlind illkae

itn ep` oilaewn la` dpw ly zinexwa dikzginl ocic iyp bedp i`ce' :c"r 86 ,(134 ixeitihpen

`pngx '` mini zpeny oac `cg icarw icin e`le devn `le `ed xya jezgc r"lf epixn `a`

.'mini zpeny xa e`l i`de

19bvid ikxc opyi ,oldl d`xpy itk .zexewnd ipy oia daxw lr ,xen`k ,zcnln dl`yd zbvd jxc¦xa iede cilizi`c `wepi' :azk `ed oeygp ax l`ypy dl`yd z` o"anxd bivd xy`k .zetqep

xexa ok lr .iqcd dcedi i`xwd dl`yd z` bivd dnec jxcae ,'oinei drax` e` dyly e` oixz

.xac zcnln ,'mini dpeny oan zegt zny wepiz'k dxwnd z` zx`znd ,ztzeynd dbvdd jxcy

20dxrd ,lirl) myxb 'xl dlind illkay daeyzd gqepa dpi`e oe`bd zaeyza dpi` 'xiq`e' dlind

ixdy ,daeyza mi`ad miwenipd jezn dler dpi` mb bdpnd z` zxqe`d driawd .126 'nr ,(1

ef dliny `et` xexa .okl mcew riteny itke df xaca deevn oi`y xzeid lkl dpnn cenll ozip

.xen`d bdpnl zecbpzd xevile dlek daeyzd znbn z` xidadl dvxy ,wizrn icia dtqep

21md xacl crq .oexkifd on dziid `nex inkg icia oe`bd zaeyz ly ceairde dwzrddy okzii

xya leni ipinyd meiae' weqtd riten oeygp ax zaeyza m` .eynzyd mday mipeyd miweqtd

ziy`xa) 'xkf lk mkl leni mini zpny oae' :`nex inkg zaeyzay ixd ,(b ,ai `xwie) 'ezlxrŸ,xlyxd dyn :e`x `nex inkg icia mipe`bl zqgeind daeyz ceair ly daexw drtezl .(ai ,fi

,ixt dkin :mb e`x .e ,` mitirq ,crw±hqw 'nr ,(z"ncy) ` ,zefepb ,'mipencw mipe`b zeaeyz'

ize` dptdy lhq l`xyi awri 'x icicil izcez .jli`e 158 'nr ,2010 wxa ipa ,iepiye zxeqn

.mipexg`d zexewnd ipyl

22.68 'nr ,(16 dxrd ,lirl) ity xd ly mipiiprnd dixaca e`x

]9[mizn micelii zlin461

ep`vn `l df bdpna miknezd zexewnd ziaxna ,ok` .`weec ze`ivnl aiegn epi`y iznbn

micbpznd ,`nex inkg zaeyza dpey`xl riten jk lr cerizd .eze` zervan miypy

dze`vnidy `et` xexa .mdit lr oeygp ax ixac z` dktdy ink dceyg mzaeyze ,bdpnl

.ipyxc zxne` mzaeyza `weec ef driaw ly23

mwqtl `nex inkg iwenip .b

`le aidic `ed iigl ,zeevn d"aew (ozep=) aidi ike' :`nex inkg eazk mzaeyz jynda

izinl24i ik) xn`py zeevnd on iytg dyrp mc` zny oeikc.''ebe iytg [mizna] (miznl y25

zyxca jnzp mb `ede ,mzwiqt ly ifkxnd ripnd lr dti zcnln `nex inkg ly mpeyl

.'zevnd on iytg dyrp mc` zny oeik (e ,gt mildz) iyteg mizna' opgei 'x26'x zriaw

,zepey zeyib dlbn miiniipia inie miicenlz zexewna oeire ,lekd lr znkqen dpi` opgei

s`y oiivl xzenl .zeevna aiigd sebk znd sebl miqgiiznd minkg `evnl ozip zrl zrne

e` dvn zlik` ,alel zlihpk zeiyrn zeevna aiig didi zndy ezrc lr dlrd `l mc`

m`d :znd ly eyeal jxca micwnzn mizna zexeywd zeevnd lr mipeicd .diaxe dixt

mii`lk ca miieyr zeidl mileki eikixkz27aiig zn lr gpend zetpk rax` lra cba m`e

.ziviva28

23cdn ,oiaexirl uxt epax zetqeza e`x mpn`xa' d"c ,`"r hi ,`"pyz milyexi ,onwic miig zxe

mze` milhepy elny mcew ezny miphw mipa zelxr epiidc xikn 'xc `zia `tl`a 'it' :'`ayn

jkle diebd lr `ay inl mdl oxagne mdnmiypd ebdp.'mze` exawiy mcew mzlxr jezgl

`nye ,xikn 'x ly epelinn hhivy dn lr uxt epax ly ztqez od 'mze` ± jkle' milindy d`xp

celiid zlxr z` mikzegy ,df xaqdl ,zxg` e` jk .epnfa dvetpy `nex inkg zaeyzn ogwl

.izbyd ahinl ,xag oi` ,zixkpd lr `ad z` livdle dlxrd z` zgwl mdxa`n repnl ick znd

ial zneyz z` aqdy lr l`epnr dgny 'textl izcez .dl jenqae 40 dxrd ,oldl cer e`x

.df aeyg xewnl

24illkay daeyzd gqepa zeriten opi` 'izinl `le aidic `ed iigl zeevn d"aew aidi ike' milind

.126 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) myxb 'xl dlind

25dxrd ,oldl) eyxcne df weqt mi`iand l"fg zexewna mb jke ,'iytg mizna' :e ,gt mildza

.'dpked iyteg miznl ik' :my ,dlind illkae ;'iytg miznl yi ik' :`nex inkg zaeyza .(cere ,26

epfnx mdilry mixagnd ly hehivd ikxc lr cnll ick yi jka s`y d`xpe ,`xwna epi` df weqt

.21 dxrd ,lirl

26.a"r `q dcp ;a"r `pw my ;`"r l zay ,ilaa

27`q dcp ,ilaaa mle`e .'mi`lk meyn mda oi` xengly zrcxne znd ikixkz' :c ,h mi`lk zpyna

xengl zrcxn epyri `le miakek caerl epxkni `l df ixd mii`lk ea ca`y cba opax epz' :a"r

dil xn` !`al cizrl zelha zeevn zxne` z`f :sqei ax xn` .znl oikixkz epnn dyer la`

icenlzd oeicd on dlerd daiqd .'[mii`lk ly cbaa] xeq` exaewl la` ectql `l` epy `l ...iia`

mwd znd lkei `l df crena ik ,miznd ziigzl diitivd `id mii`lk ikixkza xeawl oi`y jkl

.miigd lr mixeq`d micba yealln repn znd oiicr j` ,mii`lkd icbaa xfridl diigzl

28ixawl diilre zexawd izaa deevn ivtge dlitz :dyecwl d`nehn ,oiihyphkil `bxy l`wfgi :e`x

462xpi ix ( inx) mdxa`]10[

eceqi mizn zlinl mzecbpzd z` riadl `nex inkg ly lecbd un`ndy ,rivdl ipevxa

e` zelrn ,miiaiqt miyrnl ele ,zeizkld zeigpdy xevi zna d`exd dqitzl zecbpzda

d"awdyk=) 'izinl `le aidic `ed iigl ,zeevn d"aew aidi ike' :mpeylae .exeara zecixen

.oe`bd zaeyza `nex inkg e`vn df beqn dqitz .(miznl `le ozep `ed miigl ,zeevn ozep

dlerd mr zizifg zeccenzda m`e dgqep ceair zervn`a m` ,dze` egc dernyy dryn

seb ly mewnd ziibeq jkn xzei cere ,miigd mlerl qgia znd ly ecnrn zl`y .dpnn

zrcl .oeicd ala zcnerd `id ,ay dil`y dnc`d jeza xxetzdl cizre xawpy df ,znd

,xzeia yelwd beqd on dline ,miznd oiae miigd oia cnerd xexa leab ew yi `nex inkg

s` ± xya jezig `l` dpi`y ,dpw ly zinexw zervn`a dyi` icia ziyrpd ef elit`

.rpnidl oekpe ie`x dpnn29

dizepya e` dxyr zg`d d`nd ly dteqa d`xpd lkk dazkp `nex inkg zaeyz

.dxyr mizyd d`nd ly zepey`xd30dilhi` inkg lv` mb `vnp dzcnrae dipkza `veik

.jynda exkfei mdixacy onfd ipa mixg`31zicedid zeaxzd ly mixg` mixef`a ,mle`e

cpe ,dpey dziid dpenzdepzip ok lre ,epekn lr mda cnr mizn micelii lenl bdpndy dn

.einiiwn zrcez lr cenll ozip mdny ,mipey mixaqd el

'enr ezlxr `eaz `ly' : o e`b o eygp ax zwiqtl minkg ixaqd .c

,(1159±1080/5) dxyr mizyd d`na qpaext inkg ipey`xn ,oeaxpn wgvi oa mdxa` 'x32

meyn ,`ipnz ied `lc `wepi zinc `kide l"f oe`b azke' :oe`b oeygp 'x zaeyz z` hhiv

zexawd ziaa dil ildnc oab ibdep dinr dizlxr leriz `lc33okide=) 'epnn eztxg xiqdl

`iady zexewnd lly oian .123±114 'nr ,my mb e`x .173±124 'nr ,2007 aia` lz ,miwicvd

'nr ,e"kyz milyexi ,uiaexed le`y miig zxecdn ,xacna `hef ixtql zeptdl ywa` ,xagnd

dfd oeicd qiqaa .'ziviva aiig zn jl xnel ziviv zyxtl yyewn zyxt dknqp dnl' :288

,'miznl dxtk' ,irxc` dix` :e`x .znd ly eavne ecnrn z` aihidl ozip m` dl`yd zcner

milyexi ,mixg`e irxc` dix` zkixra ,uiytil dvxzl oexkif xtq ± yxcnae cenlza mixwgn

,jaxe` jlnil` mixt` :okl mcew epc xak ef dl`y ly zenieqn zexfbpa .27±1 'nr ,d"qyz

,rnyÎ`z 'n l`xyi ;256±229 'nr ,g"nyz milyexi ,minkg ly mnlern ,'mler iige dyexi zekld'

.310±299 'nr ,a"pyz milyexi ,oencwd fpky` bdpn ,'mezi yicw ipiipr zvw'

29'nr ,1997 aia` lz ,l"fg zexewna la`e dxeaw iqwh :miigd uw ,oiaex oqip :e`x df oiiprl

;128±126,xehwec zcear ,hxetwpxt oerny iaxl miigd xtqa zend zqitz ,aalÎxa l`ixa`

;134±129 'nr ,f"pyz ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`dAvriel Bar-Levav, ‘Death and the

(Blurred) Boundaries of Magic’, Kabbalah, 7 (2002), pp. 51–64

30d`xpd lkk xhtp ,miaiynd mig`d on cg` didy ,'jexr'd xtq lra ,inexn l`igi oa ozp 'x

xtq :e`x .ef dpy ixg` daxd daeyzd cren z` xg`l zexyt` oi` ok lre ,1110 zpyl jenqa

.4 'nr ,` ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) jexrd

31.54 dxrdl jenq ,oldl e`x

32.9±7 'nr ,b"pyz milyexi ,ebeg ipae xe`nd lra ield digxf 'x ,rnyÎ`z 'n l`xyi :e`x

33.xzei iaeig ok lr d`xp 'leky`'a geqipd .'dixaw lr dil oildn i`e' :zxkfpd wcv ixryay daeyza

]11[mizn micelii zlin463

mildeny eplv` mibdep ,enr ezlxr dlrz `ly meyn ,[mini] dpeny oa `ly wepiz zny

.(zexawd ziaa eze`34ixaca ,oe`bd zaeyz ly drnyn z` ektdy ,`nex inkgn dpeya

ipy azekd siqed mixacd ixwir lr ,mle`e .dixwire daeyzd ihxt exnzyp oeaxpn mkgd

,'epnn eztxg xiqdl'e 'dinr dizlxr leriz `lc' :cg` `l` mpi` mzednay xaqd ihtyn

.xg`d ly ixard enebxz `l` cg`d oi`y dncpe35

d`xpd lkk laiw ,daeyzd ly dxwir z` mb enk ,oe`bd zaeyzl xaqdd zrvd z`

,ipelvxal` ilifxa oa dcedi 'x ,eaxn mdxa` 'x36mcew zny oa lenl ebdpe' :`aen enyay

mixteq ixacn `le dxezd on mrh bdpnl opirci `l edin oe`b azk oke ...dpeny oa ribiy

.'l"f i`lifxa xa dcedi 'x azk jk dinr dizlxr leriz `lc ikd carinl xity edin37

,wenip rited `l oeygp 'x ly dweqtd ezaeyzay ,epcnl ipelvxal` dcedi 'x ly ezecrn

dizlxr leriz `lc' xaqdd z` rivd `ed ok lre ,mixteq ixacn m`e dxez ixacn m`

.ecinlz 'leky`'d lra mdxa` 'x ly eiazkl mb ribd minily xaqd ,'dinr38

xcn oeirx mr 'ggeyn' 'dinr dizlxr leriz `lc' xaqddy i`ceel aexwritend iy

:dax ziy`xaa

cxil l`xyin ledn mc` gipn epi`e mpidib gzt lr ayei mdxa` `eal cizrl iel 'x xn`

iicn xzei e`hgy mze`e ,dkeza39zewepiz iab lrn dlxrd z` xiarn ,mdl dyer edn

ezixa llg einelya eici gly c"dd mpidibl mcixene mdilr dpzepe eln `ly cr ezny

.(`k ,dp mildz)40

34,(9 dxrd ,lirl) mirc minz = 2 'nr ,a ,c"nyz milyexi ,wal` mely zxecdn ,leky`d xtq

`bdpn lk edin xwir dil opirci `le `ed `bdpn oe`b azkc i`de' :sqep mirc minza .`rw oniq

eite` .'dinr dizlxr leriz `lc xity ifgznc i`d y"ke dicarnl inc xity `xiq` dia zilc

e`aedy oe`bd ixacl zepyxt `ed df rhwy micnln 'leky`'d xtqa ezrted i` cvl rhwd ly

.wenip ixqg eid mxewnay ,'leky`'a

35dtxg ik dlxr el xy` yi`l epzg` z` zzl dfd xacd zeyrl lkep `l' :ci ,cl ziy`xa :e`xŸpl `eddipeg 'x' :961 'nr ,t dyxt ,d"kyz milyexi ,wal`±xece`iz zxecdn ,dax ziy`xaae .'e ¦

.'epl `id dtxg ik `kd on ,dtxg dlxr z`xwpy epivn oki` zah xa ihqei 'x mya

36,'dpelvxaa ilifxa 'xa dcedi 'x lv` `peaxpn wgvi 'xa mdxa` 'x cnld' ,hwicpa a`f oinipa :e`x

.32±31 'nr ,d"nyz milyexi ,qp`aexta dxezd fkxn

37.11 'nr ,a ,h"iyz wxei eip ,xbpifly mewil` dyn zxecdn ,miig zegx` ,lipeln odkd oxd` 'x

38,iyily xry ,f"hyz wxei eip ,dpei xi`n zxecdn ,xehird xtq ,ix`nÎ`a` oa wgvi 'x :mb e`x

'x .'w"diaa dil oildenc oab ebdp oinei `ipnz dil ded `le zinc `wepi oe`bd azk' :`"r `p

cnlp o`kn mbe ,oe`bd zwiqt z` `l` bivd `l ,leky`d lra mdxa` 'x ly ecinlz ,wgvi

.'mirc minz'l qgia ,34 dxrd ,lirl mb e`x .xaqd dllk `l zixewnd oe`bd zaeyzy

39cenlzd raw mye ,`"r hi oiaexir ,ilaa :e`x la` ,o`k yxet `l 'iicn xzei e`hg'y dl` md in

zexrd mb e`x .mepidibd on e`iven mdxa` oi` 'ezlxr dkync miakek caer za lr `a'y in ik

.o`k mixicdnd

40.miptd gqep it lr dwzrdd .483 'nr ,gn dyxt ,my ,dax ziy`xa

464xpi ix ( inx) mdxa`]12[

milenipd oey`x ,mdxa` .mepidibl zcxl milelr exqed `l mdizelxry zewepiz mze`

± eztxg `id ± ezlxre myl `ay in lelr jke ,mepidibd gzta mze` ddfn epi` ,milnde

zaeyzl xaqddy i`ceel aexw .epia` mdxa` icia mepidib ly dpicn lvpidl `ly eteb lr

.df yxcnn rtyed ,'leky`'d lra i"a`x eizeawrae ,ipelvxal` dcedi 'x rivdy oe`bd

d`vezl cbp zaebzk elld mixagnd e`x mzlin mcew ezny zewepizd z` lenl bdpnd z`

dqipkd xrya ie`xk `ly oienn zeidl lelr enr ezlxry in m` .yxcnd on dlerd

mze` ly miedifa melyd eilr epia` mdxa`l riiql daegd epilr zlheny ixd ,mepidibl¨

.o`k yi liren bdpn ,o`k oi` deevn .mzlinl dncw mzziny millne` zewepiz41

zewepiz zlin m` mby ,dlbn yxcna oeir .da uewe dlxr `ny e` ,da uewe dil` mle`e

xexiaa dler yxcnd ony ixd ,mepidibd gzta oeind ziiral xefn `iadl ick da yi mizn

mdxa`y `ed iyxcnd xetiqd ly exwir .dl`ky zewepiz lenl `ly did dyrnl bdepdy

wcvd zcine ,'icn xzei e`hgy' el`l ocinvdl ick zewepiz mze` ly mdizelxr z` lvpn

zewepizd zlxr z` ep` milhep m` .mepidibl mpic zg`y ixd ,md milenip m` mby dxen

miryxl ocinvdl e`eaa mdxa`l zeievn eidi `l ody ixd ,mzxeaw mxh izhiy ote`a

z` dfd iyxcnd xetiqd on gikedl `nex inkg z` `iad df wenip ,ok` !mzeclia elenipy

zaygn wx `l .mzxeaw mxh ezny zewepizd zlxr z` xiqdl oi` :gikedl md evtg xy`

ly mnleray zexidaa epnn dler ,ok` .d`p iyxcn ceriz mb `l` jk lr dxen dkldd

znkqnd dcgd oeylae ,mizn zewepiz ly mzlxr z` xiqdl `ly did bedp yxcnd ilra

ecil) opikzgn `lc llkn' :mixacd z`jkn dler=) 'xiarn ikid edl opikzgn i`c [edl] (

.(?[zelxrd z` mdxa`] xiarn cvik mdl mikzgn m` ixdy mdl mikzeg oi`y42

`nex inkg ly mzecbpzd :dligzkln xexa zeidl jixv did dnecnky dn `et` xexa

meiw lr mieevnd ,miig miyp` wx milret dkldd mleray mzqitzn zraep mizn zlinl

znd ly eteba zeyrpd zeivletipn .jxr yi zxg` e` ef deevn miiwl mzxigale ,zeevnd

bdpnd iniiwn ,mznerl .epzip miigl zeevn ixdy ,epnn zerxeb opi`e znl zetiqen opi`

o`veny zelert zizcd dwihwxtd jeza ealiy ,aexd mdy dncpe ,mdizefegnle mdizexecl

dizlxr leriz `lc' ,o`k bvedy wenipd .ekeza mlxeb lye miznd mler ly zxg` dqitza

leki bdpnl mitqep mixaqdae zexewna oeire ,df oeeika dpey`x zipepq `l` epi` ,'dinr

.eixg`ly meiwd zedn lye zeend ly zetqep zeqitz seygl

41obdl ick `l zewepizd z` zeln miypdy dler eixacne ,(23 dxrd ,lirl) uxt epax ixaca e`x

miceliid ly mdizelxr elhpii m` ixdy ,'icn xzei' mi`hegd lr obdl ick `l` miceliid lr

migieexn elld e`vnpe ,mi`hegd ly mzlin z` oda zeqkl ick zelxr ic mdxa`l eidi `l ,miznd

miceliid e`hg dn :dl`yd mr ccenzd df riztn yexity gipdl xiaq .zedni`d zlert zekfa

zaehl `l` mzaehl `l `et` `id mzlin ?mepidibl ribdl mdilry milenip zeidl ewitqd `ly

.mixg`

42'dlind illk'ay daeyzd gqepa .(1 dxrd ,lirl) rexf xe`ay daeyzd gqepa mixacd md jk

gqepa wx dtqepy ,zipyxt ztqez `l` `ed oi`y okziie ,df htyn riten `l (1 dxrd ,lirl)

.rexf xe`ay

]13[mizn micelii zlin465

.dmiznd ziigz : o e`b o eygp ax zwiqtl minkg ixaqd

ygxziy zra zeievxd zebdpzdd ikxcl zeqgiizd wx ,izrcl ,dllk oeygp ax ly ezaeyz

alya daeyzl sqep mcewd sirqa bvedy xaqdde ,lenip `ly celii zen ly rx dxwn

zaiyi y`x ,z`ib oa` wgvi 'x ixacn dler oe`bd zaeyzl dpey xaqd .xzei xge`n

:azk `ed .(1089 xhtp) dxyr zg`d d`nd ly diipyd dzivgna dpiqel

diytp `gip ik ixinbe oilibx ikd 'ce 'b xae oinei oixz xa ciliz`c `wepi oeygp ax xn`e

`iny on oingxn ckc `ny dil oiwiqne dlind lr dil oikxan `le dixaw lr dil oildnc

[`ede] clepy wepiz :oeygp ax xn`e=) dea`a dil oigane `wepia rci ied miznd ziigz iede

eze` oildeny [znyk=] eytp dgpyky ecnle milibx jk ,drax`e dyely oae mini ipy oa

ziigz didze minyd on mingxn xy`ky ,my el mipzepe 'dlind lr' mikxan oi`e exaw lr

.(eia`a oigaie wepizd rcii miznd43

ax z`xed z` z`ib oa` zvnz ('dlind lr' milind cr) eixac ly oey`xd wlga,oeygp

zzl bedpy ,siqed `ed okn xg`l .eneiw zra jxal xq`e xawd cil dlind bdpn z` criz

.ezgtyn z`e eia` z` dld ddfi miznd ziigz meiay ick ,ezxeaw mxh mW lenipd celiil¥

lr .miznd ziigz mei l` ,cizrd l` zeend meia mepidibd ixryn `et` xar xaqdd cwen

lr zcnln oinei zwizr zxeqny ,myd zpizpl rvnk d`xp dlind bdpn lk ,df xaqd it

.dlind meia epzil did bedpy jk44

extqa iqcd dcedi i`xwd mkgd .ipaxd mlerd zeleab z` dvg mecwd bdpnl df xaqd

:azk ,dxyr mizyd d`nd ly drvn`a azkpy ,'xtkd leky`'

xzeie yly ipae mini ipy ipa miznd 'ixrpl milne meid cr 'iyere jirex oipeaix exed dkk

s` mdn etihi sih :jizn ziigza milxr enewi `ly 'ixne`e jidl` dev `ly zclind cia

miigd lr ezixa ik .zixad z`fk dev `le 'idl`d iptl oekp epi` yrnd df lke .zixa mc

xen`ae .dzxkpe ezlxr xya z` leni `l xy` aezke 'ebe 'kxyaa izixa dzide '`py edev

.jvx`n ezxkp xak md ik 'iznd lr `le deevn `id miigd lr zixad ik eppad dzxkpe45

43'x lr .`n 'nr ,la` zekld ,`"kxz hxit ,xbxana ield aec wgvi zxecdn ,dgny ixry xtq

ixeaige wgvi,` ,dwixt` oetvae dtexi`a cenlzl zipyxtd zextqd ,rnyÎ`z 'n l`xyi :e`x e

.166±162 'nr ,h"pyz milyexi

44lr dxeyaa z`vnp xzeia dnecwd zecrd .mecw bdpn `ed zixad zra myd z` `exwl bdpnd

clid z` lenl e`aie ipinyd meia idie' :liahnd opgei ly eny z`ixwl qgia ,cq±hp ,` ,qwel it

yi` oi` dil` exn`ie .el `xwi opgei ik `l xn`ze en` orze .eia` my lr dixkf eny z` e`xwie

azkie gel l`yie .el `xwi xy` myd dn zrcl eia` l` efnxie .dfd myk eny xy` jzgtyna

mr xfril` 'xc iwxt :dnbecl e`x .zexecd jxe`l ebdp mb jk .'mlk ednzie eny opgei xn`l eilr

j`lnk dyn ly ex`z dyn ly eizea` e`x' :a"r ciw ,gn wxt ,a"ixz `yxee ,l"cxd xe`ia

oefcec l`xyi zxecdn ,oe`b dicrq ax xecq ;'l`izewi eny e`xwe mini 'gl eze` eln miwl`

.'dlitza my el `xewe ecra lltzn k"g`' :hv 'nr ,`"yz milyexi ,mixg`e

45.113 'nr ,1836 eelfeb ,xtekd leky` ,iqcd dcedi

466xpi ix ( inx) mdxa`]14[

,miznd ziigza miipaxd zpen`a ,eipira jxtend ,bdpnd ly eneiw z` xyw iqcd mkgd

z`ib oa` itl m` .z`ib v"ix lv` ep`vny efn zvwna dpey jxca z`f bivn `ed ik m`

mei `eaa eia` zia iedifa riiql dxwira dcrep ezline miznd ziigzl i`kf lxrd celiid

.diigzd mvrl igxkd i`pz `ed dlind revia ,iqcd mkgd zecr it lry ixd ,diigzd

.'jizn ziigza milxr enewi `ly (miipaxd=) [mi]xne`e' :epeylae

xewny d`xp ,z`f zexnl .odipia daxwd s` lr epiptl zecxtp zexeqn izy dxe`kl¦

crqe ,eikiynn e` eincew ,z`ib v"ix ixaca `vnp exaqd lre bdpnd lr iqcd ly eizerici

y`xa d`aedy `nex inkg zaeyza .mixacd zbvd jxca yi ,zhlgen di`x `l m` mb ,xacl

dbved mb jk .'mini dpeny mcew zny ohw lr' :milina o`k dpecipd dirad dbved xn`nd

xtqae ipelvxal` dcedi 'x lv` ,mipe`bd zeaeyz ivaeway oeygp ax zaeyza dl`yd

aiyde l`yp xy` z` ,ely epeyla ,ycgn gqip z`ib oa` wgvi 'x ,z`f znerl .'leky`'d

'ce 'b xae oinei oixz xa cilizi`c `wepi' :jk egqip `ed dxwnd z` bivd xy`ke ,oe`bd.'

`xwd mkgd .drax`e dyely ,miinei oaa `l` mini dpenyn zegt oaa oc `l `ediqcd i

xeyiw cvl ,df oepbq .'xzeie yly ipae mini ipy ipa' :milina `ed mb dxwnd z` x`iz

dibeqle` z`ib v"ix ixac lr epryp iqcd ly eizexewny micnln ,miznd ziigz ly

:oeygp ax zaeyz z` o"anxd mb bivd ,z`ib oa` ly eizelinae ,dfa `veik .eil` miaexwd

ziigz iede `iny on oingx ckc ...oinei rax` e` dyly e` oixz xa iede ciliz`c `wepi'

.'dea`l dil oigane `wepia `rici `ed miznd46mgexi 'xe y"`xd etxhvd elld zercd l`

oa:azke mixacd z` ycgn gqip oexg`d ik m` ,mleyn47'c e` 'b oa `ede clepy wepiz'

edengxiy xkfl my el oiniyne exaw lr eze` oilden znyk ik dlaw epl yie oibdep ixd mini

.'ipeyxb epiax azk jk .eia` z` xikie drc ea didie miznd ziigza digie minyd on48

oeygp ax icia ewlga aver s` `nye xye`y bdep ,miznd miceliid z` lenl bdepl

ziigza bdpnd z` xyew cg`d .mipey mixaqd ipy `et` erved ,ziriyzd d`nd yi` oe`b

mkgd l` epnne z`ib oa` wgvi 'x ly eyxcn zian ribn xzeia mecwd ecerize miznd

ribdl znd celiid on repnl oevxa bdpnd z` xyew xg`d ;mgexi 'xe y"`x ,o"anx ,iqcd

zepyk lrty ,ipelvxal` dcedi 'x lv` ievn mecwd ecerizy xaqd ,enr ezlxre oicd meil

.'mirc minz'ay dwzrdae 'leky`'d xtqa `vnp el awerd cerizde ,z`ib v"ix xg`l xec49

46.ft 'nr ,c"kyz milyexi ,lreery ac miig zxecdn ,o"anx iazk ,mc`d zxez ,ongp oa dyn 'x

47:y"`xdzeltzde zekxad yexit ,mdxcea` xtqa epnne .gt ze` ,b"t ,ohw cren ,y"`xd iwqt

y"`xd oa awri 'x ly ecinlz did mdxcea` cec 'x .apy 'nr ,b"kyz milyexi ,mlyd mdxcea`

.y"`xd oeyl z` laiw ekxcy xiaqemgexi 'xsc ,` ,j"yz aia` lz ,dege mc` zeclez xtq :

:e`x extqe xagnd lr .`"r biJudah D. Galinsky, ‘Of Exile and Halakhah: Fourteenth-

Century Spanish Halakhic Literature and the Works of the French Exiles Aaron ha-Kohen

and Jeruham b. Meshulam’, Jewish History, 22 (2008), pp. 86–87

48xhtpe dxyr yelyd d`nd ly ipyd yilya d`xpd lkk lrty ,onlyd lra dnly oa myxb 'x `ed

dnly x"a meyxb epax z`n i"zk it lr dkepg zelizt oic' ,qlt ikcxn l`xyi :e`x .1265 aiaq

"zebdpnd" lra lipeln xy` epax epwfe "only"d lra yixcan.7±3 'nr ,(f"qyz) a ,fn ,oirnd ,'

49.9 dxrd ,lirl e`x

]15[mizn micelii zlin467

siqed s`e cg` lelknl micextd z` cgi`y in did ,dfd beqd on mikildz ly mkxck

:dxyr rax`d d`nd ziy`xn 'miig zegx`' xtqa mi`ven ep` jke .envr lyn mixac eilr50

eztxg xiqdl zexawd ziaa dpwa e` xeva dpeny oa ribiy mcew zny oa lenl ebdpe

on mrh bdpnl opirci `l edin .oe`b azk oke .el `id dtxg ik ezlxra xawi `ly epnn

ity edin .mixteq ixacn `le dxezd'x azk jk dinr dizlxr leriz `lc ikd carinl x

dil oiwqne dlind lr oikxan `lc x`iae oeygp ax azk inp oke .l"f i`lifxa xa dcedi

.k"r dea`l dil oigane `wepil drici `ied miznd zigz iede `iny on oingxn ckc `ny

ly mdixac jezn ,mcewd sirqa epi`xy miwenipe zebdpd xagnd hhiv df xvw rhw jeza

.oe`b oeygp ax lye i`lifxa xa dcedi 'x ly ,'oe`b'51mixac oxd` 'x siqed dl` lr

ex`iz day jxcd znerl .'dpwa e` xeva' znd celiid zliny azke ,hhevnd rhwd y`xa

yeniyl dxeq`d dpw ly zinexwa rvazn jezigdy myibcda ,qwhd z` `nex inkg

mirvan znd wepizd zlin z` .dketd dyib yibcdl gxh 'miig zegxe`' lray ixd ,dlina

,dpwa e` xeva52.ynn dlin `l` ,`nex inkg dexicbdy itk ,jezig wx dpi` ef dlerte

z` ,enewne exec ipa zqitz lr `nye ,ezqitz lr cnll ick df hert iepiya yiy dnec

.ea mipc ep`y bdpnd ly ernyn

dzkf ,bdpnd meiwa zkneze zxy`nd ,oe`b oeygp ax zwiqty `ed dzr cr dlerd

lrt day ,oeihpfiaa s` `nye qpaexta ,cxtqa mi`ad zexecd ipa axwa yeyi`le ueni`l

evxy eid ,mepidibd l` wepizd ly dqipk repnl oevxa bdpnd z` elzy eid .iqcd mkgd

,'icn xzei e`hg'y dl` ly mzlin mewnl dlxrd z` aiydl epia` mdxa`n repnl53eide

z`vei .okl mcew epi`xy mikxcd on zg`a zicizrd miznd ziigz l` bdpnd z` exywy

epecip dpnn miwlgy ,dxyr zg`d d`nd seq ipa `nex inkg zwiqt dziid dfd llkd on

.cnll ef daeyz d`a mnvr mdilr wx `l ,`ad sirqa d`xpy itke ,okl mcew

mizn miceli i zlinl mitqep miwlhi` minkg ly mqgi . e

zepyka mdl xge`nd ,sqep iwlhi` xewn sxvl ozip `nex inkg ly zlleyd mzcnr l`

:dxyr mizyd d`nd yi` ,dnly x"a mgpn 'xl 'aeh lky' yxcn `ed ,xec

mc` zny oeike xenyz izixa dz`e xn`py ezlxr oikzgn oi` lenipy mcew zny ohwe

(`ad mler=) a"der iigl ezekfl ick xnel oi`e iytg mizna 'n`py zevnd on iytg dyrp

50z`e aexiwa 1330±1260 mipyd oia ig oxd` 'x .my ,(37 dxrd ,lirl) miig zegx`azk extq

.84 'nr ,(47 dxrd ,lirl) iwqpilb :e`x .okn xg`l zvw s` ile`e 1313±1295 mipyd oia okcre

51ly dxiqnd xepivn miig zegx` lra l` eribd jli`e o`kn mihhevnd mxaqde oeygp ax ixac

.mnr ,miznd ziigzl bdpnd z` xyewd ,mwenip ixdy ,z`ib v"ix¦52'nr ,a ,(37 dxrd ,lirl) miig zegx` :e`x .dpw ly zinexwa hrnl utg lka lenl ozip dkldl

.` ,a dlin zekld ,m"anxd zeawra eixac z` gqipy ,5

53.23 dxrd ,lirl mi`aend uxt epax ixaca e`x

468xpi ix ( inx) mdxa`]16[

:l"v) zereay zkqna inlyexi cenlza (miqxeb ep` jk ;opiqxb ikdc=) b"dc ,jixv epi`

ly miltp elit`c `"x xn`e (xfrl` 'xe=) `"xe opax (my ewlgpy=) mzd ibiltc (ziriay

.(oexg` `edy=) `xza `edc `"xk (!) `zklde a"der iigl oi`a l`xyi54

:oerihd z` .el dncwy `nex inkg zaeyza erited xak 'aeh lky' lra ly eiperih lk

.okl mcew epgzipe epi`x 'iytg mizna 'n`py zeevnd on iytg dyrp mc` zny oeik'55

oi` lenipy mcew zny ohwe' :xn`p eay miweqt yxcn 'aeh lky' lra micwd df oerihl

,fi ziy`xa) 'xnyz izixa z` dz`e' milind .'xenyz izixa dz`e xn`py ezlxr oikzgnŸ

.lenl elenip `ly mil`xyie miyp ,mixkp lr zexqe`k micenlza eyxcp (h56dniyx l` ¨§

iytg dyrp mc` zny oeik' ixdy ,lenidl miaiig mpi`y ,miznd dzr etqep ef zicenlz

efl dnec jxca zicenlz dyxc `et` aigxd 'eizea`'n cg` e` hewlid lra .'zeevnd on

dxed oke=) `xw i`dn oe`b iid ax ixe` oke' :`nex inkg zaeyza oe`b i`d axl dqgeiy

e`vi zixaa epyi dxinya epyiy lk ± "xenyz izixa z` dz`e" (df weqtn oe`b i`d ax

.'opikzgn `l jkld dxinya mpi`y mizn57

rited xak ,ziriay inlyexi lr orypd df ,'aeh lky' lra `iany oexg`d oerihd mb

ezekfl ick' :oerhl ick inlyexil ewwfp mdy dler migqepd z`eeydne ,`nex inkg zaeyza

inlyexi cenlza (miqxeb ep` jk ;opiqxb ikdc=) b"dc ,jixv epi` (`ad mler=) a"der iigl

elit`c `"x xn`e (xfrl` 'xe=) `"xe opax mzd ibiltc (ziriay :l"v) zereay zkqna

.'a"der iigl oi`a l`xyi ly miltp58yxcn lra ixace `nex inkg zaeyzy `et` xexa

54df hewli lr .18 'nr ,q"xz oilxa ,xaea dnly zxecdn ,dnly oa mgpn 'xl aeh lky yxcn

.382±378 'nr ,`"ryz zeay oel` ,miyxcnl `ean ,lfiix zpr :e`x exwgne

55.dl jenqae 24 dxrd ,lirl e`x

56iabl .`"r fk dxf dcear :miyp iabl .`"r an zegpn ;a"r ek dxf dcear ,ilaa :e`x mixkp iabl

milyexi ,zixard oeyll dincw`d zxecdn ,c"r g ,` g zenai ,inlyexi :e`x milenip `l micedi

.866 'nr ,`"qyz

57dzr zrl il recid cigid mkgd `ed ,laa ipe`b oexg` ,oe`b i`d axy ixd oekp qegiid m`

axl ,epnn zraepd dkldde ,'yxcn'd qegiia ceygl ozip ,mpn` .inlqend agxna bdpnl cbpzdy

qeqiak `xwn iweqt yexcl daxn epi` i`d ax ,qwet ifer x"c icicin izcnly itk .oe`b i`d

,onqexb mdxa` :e`x .mipencwd fpky` inkg oia geexy bdep ,zeniiw zeyxc aigxdl `l s`e izkld

i`cigi df qegiiy dcaerd mr cgi ,ef dyib .157±150 'nr ,`"nyz milyexi ,mipey`xd fpky` inkg

z` zewfgn ,'aeh lky' yxcna `le daeyzd ly liawnd ifpky`d gqepd cra `l riten epi`e

xzei mle`e .21 dxrdl jenq ,lirl ef daeyzl qgia orhpy itk ,iznbn i`d axl qegiidy myexd

,a"pyz ob znx ,dkldd zelylzyda miwxt ,zlib 'c wgvi :mb e`x mle`e .o`k oi` xazqn cygn

.i`d ax ly ezxezn `id mipe`b yxcnk my ze`aend ze`nbecd izyn zg` .382±377 'nr

58dn miltp [elit`] 'n` xfrl 'x ...oiig 'yi iphw izni`n' :193 'nr ,b"r dl ,i c ziriay ,inlyexi

"aiydl l`xyi ixevpe" 'nrhzaeyza eli`e ,'l`xyi ly miltp' :'aeh lky'ay inlyexid gqepa .'

,'l`xyi ux` ly/l`xyi ly' ztqezd .'l`xyi ux` ly miltp' :'rexf xe`'a dritend `nex inkg

zexnl ,elld zexewnd ipy ly ziccdd mzwif lr cnll ick da yi ,miiwlhi`d zexewna dritend

.mperih z` mibivn md day jxca ipeyd

]17[mizn micelii zlin469

,m`e el encwy `nex inkg zaeyza yxcnd lra ly zelz m` ,dfa df miielz 'aeh lky'

yily xewna miccvd ipy ly ziccdd mzelza ,xzei ipira d`xp jkehqwhÎa` yniyy ,i

.miixehxd eikxv it lr cg` lk ,edecair mde

mizn zewepiz lenl bdepd z` wx `l dti xikd `edy xkip 'aeh lky' ixacn ,cere z`f

`ad mler iigl ezekfl ick xnel oi`'y raw ezgizt ixaca .bdpnl zewnpdd z` mb `l`

jxev yiy ,iqcd dcedi epnf oa ixaca creznd oerihl dxexa dwif lr jcnll ,'jixv epi`

dlxrd zxqd z` xywy ,iqcd znerl ,zn` .diigzl mewl znd clil xyt`l ick dlina

in lala m`d .'`ad mler iig'l z`fd dlertd z` 'aeh lky' lra qgii ,miznd ziigzl

ipy e`aip jke ,`ad mlerk miznd ziigz z` mdn cg` d`x m`d ?mibyend z` mdn

eaxir `le mdixaca ewiic mixaecdy ipira dnec ?zepey milina zg` d`eap mixaecd

.mdinegze mliyaz59

,`xfr oa` mdxa` 'x ly eyexita `evnl lkep ,dxenb di`x `l m` mb ,xacl crq

`l xy` xkf lxre' weqtl eyexita .'aeh lky' ly exeaig onfl ce`n jenq `nexa xwiay

.miny icia zxke' :azk ,(ci ,fi ziy`xa) 'dinrn `idd ytpd dzxkpe ezlxr xya z` leni

,'aeh lky' lra enk .'`ad mlerl wlg el oi` lenp `le xrpd zn m` ik eaygi mirehde

cizrl oetvd aehd z` milenip `l ezny zewepizn zlleyd dyiba wa`p `xfr oa` mb

,miznd ziigz `le `ad mlerd `ed ,mdipy ipira ,df aehy `ed eppiiprl aeygy dn .`eal

zipzen '`ad mler'l zekfdy zxeqn dklid dxyr mizyd d`nd ly dilhi`ay `et` xexae

oeghia zyx dlxrd zxqda e`xy in eid m` .lenip ± enei oa celii mb ± mc`d zeida

dilhi`ay ixd ,miznd ziigzl df dyrn exyiw mixg`e ,mepidibl celiid zlitp z` rpnzy

iigl dqipkd qihxk ,zeend xg`l zrvaznd ef mb ,dlind dziid dxyr mizyd d`nd ly

.`ad mler

fpky`a bdpnd ly elxeb . f

ahid exikdy ,dilhi` inkg oia wa`n llegzd dxyr mizyd d`nd ly dkxe`l ,ok m`

llqy aizpa ecrvy ,cxtqe qpaext inkg oial ,el ecbpzde mizn zewepiz lenl bdpnd z`

zeyib xe`l .miycgzne mipey miwenipa edewnip s`e df bdpn ebdp ,`xeq oe`b oeygp ax

59iryete mepdib' ,iwqaewilin miig :e`x l"fg ly mzpyna `ad mler iige mepidib ly mzxcbdl

"mler xcq" it lr l`xyimibyend oia miqgid zxcbdl .328±311 'nr ,(e"nyz) dp ,uiaxz ,'

,zercae zepen`a xgapd xtq ,oe`b dicrq 'x :e`x mepidib ± ocr ob ± `ad mler ± miznd ziigz

;etx±`qx 'nr ,iriyz xn`n ;elx±gix 'nr ,iriay xn`n ,l"yz milyexi ,gt`w sqei axd zxecdn

,a"pyz milyexi ,zliy wgvi axd zxecdn ,dpynl m"anxd zencwd ,wlg wxtl dncwd ,m"anx

.ciy±cqx 'nr ,a ,(46 dxrd ,lirl) o"anxd iazk ,lenbd xry ,ongp oa dyn 'x ;enw±hkw 'nr

:iyily wxt ,e"qyz milyexi ,zxeqn ly dzxivie o"anxd :zn`d jxc lr ,lhxald dyn :mb e`x

zekxa :"miigd xexv" cre "ocr ob"n' ,xpiix (inx) mdxa` ;142±117 'nr ,'dle`be weg ,`hg ,zeen'

.28±14 'nr ,(`"ryz) er ,oeiv ,'miipiad inia fpky`n zeavna miznd

470xpi ix ( inx) mdxa`]18[

m`ven ik oerhl laewny mibdpn ,ef dibeqa fpky` ibdpn z` wecal didi oekp dl` zewelg

.dilhi`a60

pky` mixeaig ipya `l` dcxy `l df xn`n epgzt day `nex inkg zaeyzexkfedy ,miif

ecinlz ,dpieen dyn oa wgvi 'xl 'rexf xe`' xtq `ed mday xkende oey`xd .lirl oeica

,i`pexhp oa l`eny 'x ly epiig` did d"ia`x .(d"ia`x) ield l`ei oa xfril` 'x ly

en` zeg` ,`vpbnn ozp oa xfril` 'x ly eza z` dyi`l `yp mye fpky`l ix`an xbidy

.d"ia`x ly61

zxzeka .(ldend=) xfebd awri x"a myxb 'xl 'dlind illk' xeaigd `ed ipyd xewnd

'xe ozp 'xe l`ipc 'x zeaeyza iz`vn h"ay iax ly xtqn' :myxp df xeaigay daeyzd

.'l`igi x"nka mdxa`62xikdy epcnl ,'rexf xe`' lra ly epnf oa ,myxb 'x ly ezecrn

aexw ok lr .iwlhi`d xbdnd ,i`pexhp oa l`eny 'x ly extqn `nex inkg zaeyz z`

xen`ky ,i`pexhp oa l`eny 'x ly extq `ed 'rexf xe`'ay mixacd xewn mby i`ceel

dzizyze ef ziwlhi` daeyz `et` drityd cvik .did 'rexf xe`' lra ly eax cec

?fpky` bdpn lr zizklddÎzizeaxzd

oke' :azke siqed `ed `nex inkg ly mzaeyz z` hhvl 'rexf xe`' lra miiq xy`k

ziy`xac `iddn miltp zlxr xiqdl dxez bdpn epi` lega elit`c dgny x"d ixen aiyd

,'rexf xe`' lra ly exen ,`xiityn dgny 'x ,ok m` .'dax63inkg zrck ,leke lekn xq`

zlertl dvwen lehlh ly dirad ztqep day ,zaya wx `le ,miltpd zlin z` ,dilhi`

.'lega elit`' `l` ,dlind64xteqy yxcnd epiidc ,'dax ziy`xac `idd'a wnip eixac z`

e`hgy' dl` ly mzlin z` ozervn`a zetgl ick zewepiz ly zelxr lhepd mdxa` lr ea

60:mb e`x .58±29 'nr ,(57 dxrd ,lirl) onqexb :e`x fpky` zelidw ly miiwlhi`d miyxeyd lr

mdxa` .my zexrdae 101±98 'nr ,a"pyz milyexi ,oencwd fpky` bdpn ,rnyÎ`z 'n l`xyi

,zixiyrd d`na xak dilhi`a zihppinecl zilaad zxeqnd zkitd lr zrpkyn dxeva cnr onqexb

dipenbdd dwqt izni`' ,onqexb mdxa` :e`x .ifpky`d mlerd lr mb oixwd df iepiyy gipdl xiaqe

zkixra ,lib dynl miyben axre l`xyi zeaxza mixwgn :dyn z`yn ,'?dilhi`a zil`xyi ux`d

.157±143 'nr ,g"pyz milyexi ,xnxw l`eie oncixt `aiwr ikcxn ,xyiilt `xfr

61.dl jenqae 6 dxrd ,lirl e`x

62ly exicdn ,bxaqlb awri .126 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) xfebd awri x"a myxb 'xl dlind illk

,mipey`xl zixa oexkf ,xfebd awri 'xl dlind illk :dlin ipiipra mixeaig ipy mqxt ,df xeaig

dpexg`l .1 dxrd ,lirl xkfpd ,xfebd awri xa myxb 'xl dlind illk oke ;a"pxz `w`xw ,`

igd ipy ly mxagne ,eceqi zerha mipey mixagn ipyl mixeaigd qegiiy l`epnr dgny d`xdmixea

oey`x sebn' ,l`epnr dgny :e`x .1215 zpy xg`l qnxeea extq z` azky ,xfebd myxb 'x `ed

,440±436 'nr ,(b"ryz) `t ,uiaxz ,'miipiad inia fpky`a daizkd zeaxza wxt :iyily sebl

.457±453

63ecinlz mr eixyw lr .420±411 'nr ,m"yz milyexi ,zetqezd ilra ,jaxe` '` mixt` :e`x eilr

,jnqen zcear ,dpien dyn oa wgvi 'xl 'rexf xe`' xtqa mipeir ,qwet l`ifer :e`x wgvi 'x

.175±154 'nr ,(6 dxrd ,lirl) l`epnr ;32 'nr ,b"pyz ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d

64.70 dxrdl jenq ,oldl e`x

]19[mizn micelii zlin471

`nex inkg ly mdiperih llyn .'icn xzei65xeq`l ick dfd wenipl `weec dgny 'x wwfp

.miltpd zlin z`

`ede ,xfebd myxb 'x ,xirvd exec oa z` mb df icb` xetiq cixhd ,dgny 'xl dneca

?'dlxrd lhep okidn j`lnd ,znyk oehwl dlxrd oixiarny odixack m`e' :l`y66,'odixack'

dgep ezrc oi`y fnx jkae ,myxb 'x azkmyxb 'xy dcaerd cvl ,df geqip .df bdpnn

.bdpnd on ezrizx lr cnll cg`k mi`a ,dagxda `nex inkg zaeyz z` exeaiga `iad

ezaeyz .bdpnd ly ebeiq jez dxizqd z` ayiile zeqpl epnn drpn `l ef drizx ,mle`e

`ni` 'ira i`' :dxvw dziid dpey`xd67.'ecin lhep j`lnde oehwd cia dlxrd oziy jixv

z` :yxcnd ixac mr ccenzdl d`ad digpd eil` dtqep la` ,enewna `et` x`yp bdepd

mdxa`l mlb xnegk dwtql ick j`lnd dpgwii myne wepizd ly ecia gipdl yi dlxrd

ahinl ?ycg ± bdpnÎzz weic xzil e` ± bdpn ly ezcil yxr lr ep` micner m`d .epia`

.mibdpnd ixtqa xzei zxkfen `id oi`e ef oirn dxecvext xikfnd cigid xewnd edf izbyd

yxcnd oiay dxizqd lr obdl oekpl `vn s`e ,bdpnl qgia ce`n qqid myxb 'xy dgpdd

df aeyiiy jkl zrcd z` dhn ,mixacd jynda d`xpy itk ,zepey mikxc yelya bdpnl

.lreta zbdepd dwihwxtd mr el oi` xace ipcnl aeyii `l` epi`

:eixac md jke .epekcra jxev lk `ll bdpnd z` zxnyn myxb 'x ly diipyd ezaeyz

.'ezixa ellgy oze`l ozepe lhep ipy xer eze` oicr el x`ypy drixtd xer `ni` 'ira i`e'68

:zxkfpd dxizql myxb 'x ly iyilyd eaeyii wzxn eppiiprl

welig ozp l"f meyxb 'xe69exry eilr 'igiken mipniqe 'iycg el elky oehw :miphwd oia

epi`y itl ezlxr (!)oixearn i`ce eze`l 'g jeza zny `l m` lenl did ie`xe eipxetive

el oiaihn ep` inp `zyd dxiyke daeh dlin eze` miln epiid ig did m`y xenb ltpk

65oixcdpq ,ilaad ziibeqn `nex inkg e`iady dgked siqedl yi df xn`na ebvedy miperihd lr

ziriay ,inlyexia dritend ,ddf `l j` daexw dibeq mb d`aed 'rexf xe`'ay daeyza .a"r iw

dibeqde inlyexid ziibeql oeiv wx xkfp 'dlind illk'a dritend daeyza .193 'nr ,b"r dl ,i c

.my z`aen dpi` dnvr

66,(62 dxrd ,lirl) l`epnr :e`x mle`e .93±92 'nr ,(62 dxrd ,lirl) xfebd awri 'xl dlind illk

,bxeand i"k it lr `id o`k dwzrdd .`ed xfebd myxb 'x ly ehr ixtn df xeaig ik gikedy

,dhiqxaipe`de dpicnd ziixtqCod. hebr. 148.436 'nr ,my ,l`epnr :e`x .30 'nr ,

67oia dxizqk zbven dirad .zetqezd ilra ly mkxc z` ce`n dxikfn elek rhwd ly ekxc

micxtend mipey miaeyii dyelye ,icb` izextq xewn cbpk geexd bdpnd `aen df dxwnae ,zexewn

.zetqezd ilra ly mzaizk mr oeincd z` minivrn icenlzd '`ni` zirai`'a mdipia

68z"ey ,oeqlkin l`wfgi iav 'x yxcp mizn micelii miln xy`k drixta mb jxev yi m` dl`yl

seq ly dyxeeae dixbpeday ,dler eixacn .327 'nr ,dpw oniq ,f"vxz iixeblia ,xdvie yexiz

.myxb 'x ixacn o`k dlery enk ,rextl ebdp `l dxyr ryzd d`nd

69bn migaf ,ilaa :dnbecl e`x .onfd ipa fpky`e ztxv inkg oia xwira geex 'welig ozp' iehiad

gafd mr d`a oia welig ozpe da ibilt bltin `dc 'iqxb `l' :'mikqp zgpn' d"c i"yx ,`"r

cenrl leki ipi` ield l`ei ip`e' :cnw 'nr ,`rw oniq ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) d"ia`x ;'envr iptl d`al

.'drexzd xnbc `kidl drexzd xnb `ly `kid oia welig ozpe azky dna ing ixen ixac lr

472xpi ix ( inx) mdxa`]20[

`edy meyn e`le dkxa `lae lnfi`a `l la` dpw ly zinexwa e` xexva ezlxr oizxeke

iytg dyrp mc`d zny oke iytg mizina 'py mizinl `le miigl dpzp devnd ik devn

ycw zixa ipa x`y mr ocr obl qpkiy icke mepdib ly `picn elivdl dil 'ipdne zevndn

d"awde ozlxr oikzeg oi` ixnbl mdl did `l 'h llkl eribd [`]ly mixenb miltp la`

.mepdibl oicixene i`cn xzeia e`hgy oze`l ozepe ezlxr oixiarne j`ln gley

liabd myxb 'xezne miyceg dryz oa mly oeixid xg`l eclepy miceliil wx bdpnd z`

`ed ,dnbecl ,jk .`nex inkg zaeyza ynzyd `edy micnl ep` epepbqn .mzcill jenq

ik ,deevna xaecn oi`y dcaerd z` yibcde dpw ly zinexwa e` xexva lenl yiy raw

dpkez z` epiy `nex inkg m` .`nex inkg ly mgeqip jxck ynn ,miigl epzip zeevnd

ziy`xay ixd ,okl mcew epi`xy itk ,bdpnd meiw z` exq`e oe`bd zaeyz ly dgex z`e

mpeixidy miceliil qgia eneiw z` xyi`yk mdixac z` myxb 'x cair dxyr yelyd d`nd

`nex inkge ,oeygp ax zaeyza `vnp ely ipey`x cerizy bdpnd :dzrn xen` .mlyed

,myxb 'x ixaca diigzl mw df bdpn ± oe`bd zaeyza mdlyak eyr s`e eneiw z` elly

dcaer oe`b oeygp ax zaeyz .`nexn daeyzd ly dipkzle dpeyll ely ekxca wwfp `ede

.fpky` inkg icia exer z` jtd mceaire ,`nex inkg icia dwfega

dyxta fpky` inkg ly mzehalzd z` swyn myxb 'x ly miipiad jldn ,cere z`f

elit`e' ,bdpnd z` leke lekn llyy ,`xiityn dgny 'x zcnr z` epi`x okl mcew .ef

zexnl ,fpky`a d`xpd lkk geex xak bdpnd xy`k ,okn xg`l zexec dyelyk .'lega

'zeipeniin zedbd' lra odkd xi`n 'x azk ,dilhi` zxeqna izrcl o`veny zeiebiizqdd

:mi`ad mixacd z`70

`dc zeilb ly ipy (aeh meia=) h"eia elit` xeq` oa` xexva ozlxr xiqdl ebdpy miltp

epilnd xaery `niiw xa didy zn `wec epiid deiey legk zn iabl ipy h"ei opixn`c

cenlza zenewn dnka rnynck oxaewl devn oi`c miltp la` oeifa yi eziidyae e`la

ezxeaw iwqr lr dgcp h"ei oi` xeal oze` oilihny71epi` ezlxr xiqdl ebdpy dnc cere

xeq` (mewn lkn=) n"n `nlra xya jzgnk `l` df oi` xn`z m` elit`e dxez ly bdpn

x"aa opixn`c miryetd zpwz meyn `ny lega dxiqdl ebdpy dne oa`d z`e elhlhl

iryet lr opzepe eln `le ezny miphwd on dlxrd z` xiarn d"awdy (dax ziy`xaa=)

r"qn .l`xyi.72

70.f"qyz wxa ipa±milyexi ,lwpxt izay zxecdn it lr dwzrdd .i ze` ,`"t ,dlin zekld

71:mixge`nd qpaext inkg ,hex qgpt :e`x aeh meia zn celii zxeaw dxiznd qpaext inkg zcnr lr

,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,xehwec zcear ,1348±1215 ztxv mexca dkld iwqete dkld

.246±244 'nr ,a"ryz

72.`xiityn dgny 'x ly extq `ed 'mler xcq' .1043 oeyy i"k zeipeniin zedbda mb riten 'r"qn'

mipey mixacd if` wiecn dgny 'xl rhwd qegii m` .161±158 'nr ,(6 dxrd ,lirl) l`epnr :e`x

riten oi` 569 cxetqwe` i"ka ,mpn` .63 dxrdl jenq ,lirl enya `aedy dn z` mixzeq s`e

77 onte`w ,hytcea i"ka eli`e ;'k"r' wx azkp enewnae ,df qegiiAxi`n 'x epiidc ,'j"nxd' :

]21[mizn micelii zlin473

mixxazn df bdpn mr eiiywe ezehalzd la` ,bdpnd ly eneiw z` xy`n odkd xi`n 'x

eay ,zeielb ly ipy aeh meia qwhd ly eneiw lr xqe` `ed .eizekldne egeqipn dti

zrvazn ef dlerty raew `ed myxb 'xke ,mizn zxeawl mixeywd mipiipra ce`n miliwn

,dlibx dlinl mileqtd mixiykna73,`nex inkg exirdy myk ,siqene ,oa`a e` xexva

.'dxez ly bdpn df oi`'y74

d`nd ziy`xae dxyr mizyd d`nd ly dteqay ,`et` dler ifpky`d cerizd on

'x zwiqta iehia icil d`a ef zecbpzde ,bdpnl zvxnp zecbpzd dziid dxyr yelyd

.'rexf xe`' xtqae dgny75m` mb ,fpky`a bdpnd hyt dxyr yelyd d`na ,z`f znerl

lye myxb 'x ly mzeqgiizda epi`xy itk ,eneiw mr mly ala enilyd `l mewnd inkg

.ef dibeql 'zeipeniin zedbd' lra xi`n 'x

xac seq .g

dzelz lr ,cg` cvn ,cirdl ick fpky` zefegnl qgia o`k x`ezy jildza yi m`d

zxicg lr ,xg` cvne ,dligza df bdpn dllyy ,ziwlhi`d zeaxza fpky` ly ziqiqad

?mipyd mr fpky`a dxabzde dkldy ,zicxtqÎzipe`b drtyd76xaqdd edf ok`y ipnec

.df bdpnl qgia fpky` inkg ly zqqednd mkxcl77epi`xy zeiptzd z`y il d`xp ,mle`e

oegal yi ± fpky` zelidwae qpaext ixra ,dpiqelae dpelvxaa ,`nexa ,`xeqa ± ef dibeqa

.o`k elry mipeicd ihxt z` dtiwnd ,zllekd mlerd zpenzl zeqgiizd jez mb

zekix`l dkf `ly mcli mr aihidl mixedd oevx mr cgi ,miigd xg`ly miigl qgid

lekd .minkg ly mdize`xede dkldd mler ± cbpk s`e ± cvl epziibeqa milret ,mini

zepen`n rtyen envrlyk `ede ,minkgd ibega exewny zepen` ly mler jeza milret

zneyz z` xxery l`epnr dgny 'textl izcez .oldl mixacd migqepn ef dqxb it lre ,envr odk

.ef dcewpl ial

73e` xexv'a mizn micelii lenl mibdepy (69 dxrdl jenq ,lirl) azk myxb 'x .ohw lcada mpn`

xexva ozlxr xiqdl ebdpy miltp' lr azk xi`n 'x eli`e ,'lnfi`a `l la` dpw ly zinexwa

.'zizkld' dlinl ie`x epi`y xiykna ef dlert rval yiy jkl epeekzp mdipy ,mle`e .'oa`

74h"eia ok zeyrl xeq`e miltpn dlxr xiqdl ebdpe' :`rz fnx ,zay ,ikcxna mb jkl dnecae

oi` xiqdl ebdpy dne `niiw xa zn mzd (.e sc dvia) opax deiey legk zn iablc b"r` ipy

iryet lr dpzepe zixa `la ezny miphwn dlxrd d"awd xiarn 'ixn`c yxcnd iptn `l` daeg

.'l`xyi

75'nr ,d"qyz milyexi ,a ,lhq 'i awri zxecdn ,ciqg dcedi epiaxl ze`ixhnib xtq :mb e`x

`id m` mb ,zexyt` dler mixacd on .'mini 'gl milenipd mihlnp eidi miznd ziigzae' :`yz

.ezeig miigae epnfa lenip wepizd m` wx zelret dlind ly dizelebqy ,zgken dpi`

76miig orh ,b"ryz a` mgpna milyexia miiwzdy ,zecdid ircnl xyr dyiyd qxbpewa ez`vxda

yi `nye ,zewfg zeilaa zexeqn zeniiw dziy`xn fpky` zecdi ly dizexeqnay wi'viaeleq

.xac cnll ick epiptly dxwna

77.60 dxrd ,lirl e`x

474xpi ix ( inx) mdxa`]22[

ztgxn jkl lrn .eil` qpkidl mi`kfd dl` lre miigd xg`ly miigd aih lr zeinnr

ongxa e`yp eze`y ,opha ixt z` shga ecai`y miyp ly oca`de a`kd zyegz ef dibeqa

,df beqn dl`yay `et` `lt oi` .dcil igxi dryz jynadpen`a dxeywd dl`y

zea`ek zedni` .dpeilrd lr zedni`d ly oci dziid ,dibele`zae dklda ,dibelekiqtae

.lenip `ly jxd ocli xear mb miwicvl oEtvd aehl elgii dl`78

jenq micelii ly mzen .laben Dldwe dpnf ,dnewn oi` df beqn dl`y .ef s` ef `l

xexa .mlek mlerd i`a axwae onf lka ,mewn lka ygxzn ,zixaa e`aed mxha ,mzcill

,zexvpae m`lq`a bdpnl qgia ynn df oiipra ipey lre oeinc lr xirdl mewn yiy `et`

inlqend mlera ,zbyn iciy dnk cr .df xn`n wqr mday miagxna zehleyd zezcd

ceriz .dnec jild mey exar `le elenip `l mzlin mxh mnlerl ekldy miclie micelii

`ed jke .(1350±1292 ,wync) dife'bl` miw oa` ly eiazkn dler zvwna dpey zxeqn ly

`ly mipreh micnelnd aex ?dievx `id m`d la` daeg dpi`y dnkqd yi znd zlin' :azk

micnelnd on micg` la` (zeinlqend dkldd zelekq` icqiin=) min`n`d zrax` mdipiae¦

.'dievx dlindy mixaeq mixge`nd79

on zg` zaygp dpi`e o`xewa zxkfen dpi` dlind .`iltdl ick ef dyiba oi`y dnec

zrtedl mcew miiaxrd mihayd ly bdep dxwira dziid `id .oda aiig oin`ndy zeevnd

.m`lq`d80zednd z` dxicbnd deevn dlina ze`ex zeinlqend zexeqnd oi` jkn d`vezk

mi`ven ep` oi`y hrnky `et` `lt oi`e ,uetpe yxyen did bdpnd m` mb ,zinlqend

.df oiipr lr zinlqend dkldd zextqa mixekf`

celii ly ezen xg`l dliah meiw ly zexyt`le ixvepd mlerl d`eeyd ,z`f znerl

mipey zexewna xak riten `ede mc` iiga oey`xd `ed dliahd hpnxwq .xzei daxd diixet

miiebd lk z` eyre ekl ok lr' :(hi ,gk) izn it lr dxeyaa xn`p jke .dxeyad ixtqa

dxeyaa aezkd eppiiprl jkn aeyg .'ycwd gexe oade a`d myl mze` eliahd ,micinlzl

opgei it lr dxeyaae .'my`i oin`i `ly ine ryei lahpe oin`nd' :(fh ,fh) qewxn it lr¦

gexde mind on yi` clei `l m` ,jl xne` ip` on` on`" :reyi aiyd' :(d ,b) mi`xew ep`

"midl`d zeklnl qpkdl lkei `l.'

78:e`x df oiipra miaigxn mipeiclSaul Lieberman, ‘After Life in Early Rabbinic Literature’,

Harry Austryn Wolfson Jubilee Volume, 2, Jerusalem 1965, pp. 525–530onf' ,oiaex oqip ;

.gi±ai 'nr ,(g"nyz) 2 ,zicedi dixehqid ,'l"fg ly diteqeixehqida wxt ± ilpinil onfe ixehqid

79' ,xhqiw awri xi`n :e`x'zicga dlind lr zexrd dnk :"...lenip cleeiie..."mixwgn :extqa ,'

dzptdy xixtv zixepl izcez .210 'nr ,h"pyz milyexi ,xwl l`kin zkixra ,m`lq`d zeedzda

enlere dife'bl` miw oa` lr .xewnd mebxza icia driiqy xldÎoenlh dl`ipcle df xn`nl ize`

:dzr e`xCaterina Bori and Livnat Holtzman (eds.), A Scholar in the Shadow: Essays

in the Legal and Theological Thought of Ibn Qayyim Al-Gawziyyah, Oriente Moderno,

29 (2010)

80:e`xUri Rubin, ‘Hanifiyya and Ka’ba: An Inquiry into the Arabian Pre-Islamic

Background of din Ibrahim’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 13 (1990), pp.

103–105

]23[mizn micelii zlin475

,`ed wxe ,lahpd ok lre ,diiqpkl mc`d zekiizydn cxtp izla wlg `et` `id dliahd

dliahdy driawd .'diiqpkl uegn dle`b oi`'y laewn ixdy ,idel`d cqgle dle`bl i`kf

z` dax dnvera dzlrd ,dreyi oi` el dvegny mler ,mipin`nd mlerl dqipkd xry `id

dziy`xy ,dqitzd rwx lr xzei cer dccgzd dibeqd .mzliah mcew ezny zewepizd zl`y

mc` lk oencwd `hgd llbay ,qepihqebe` ly ezpyna dgzete diiqpkd zea` iazka xak

daygna df gex jld ly eziilrn `vei lret .diiqpkd wig l` ezqipkle ezliahl cr mdefn

e`hg `l md ,`qib cgn .mzliah mcew ezny zewepiz ly mlxeba oeicd did ziziiqpkd

lr xfbp qepihqebe` zrcl ,ok` .mawra did jexk oencwd `hgd ,`qib jci`ne ,mnvra

ietvd laqd m` mb ,miyiprn mipiit`n lra agxn ,eanila zedyl dl` millne` micli

m`hg epi` epecip eihray oencwd `hgd ,lekd zelkk ixdy ,zgten laq `ed ea mideyl

.iyi`d81qexht xy`k ,xzei zkkexn dcnra dxyr mizyd d`na dxned ef dyw dpenz

mikef mpi` ea mi`vnpd :xzei lw agxn `ed eanildy eraw qpieew` qnez eixg`e qecxla`

xye`d on mipdp s`e oencwd `hgd zngn milaeq mpi` mb la` ,idel`d xe`a zefgl mpn`

.e`hg `l xy` dl`l ghaend irahd82

z` ciqtie diiqpkd on wlg didi `l xrvnl e` ,leaqi xhtpd celiidy cgtd ,jk e` jk

did m` mb ,miznd miceliid z` liahdl bdepd ly ezegztzdl `iad ,dixagl oetvd aehd

,ezlahd mez cr ,hw rbxl digi `ede qp celiil dxwiy eywiay in eid .iley bdpn df

,df oirn qp zywa lr y`xn exzieey in eide83dx`ezy zeend xg`ly dlinl dneca

.dagxda xn`na

,mdipia dxiyi dwif gipdl mixyt`n mpi` ixvepd bdpnde icedid bdpndy ipira dnec

eid einiy df mb ,mpha ixtl mixed zad`y ,rivdl xzei oekp .dtiwr drtyd `l s`e

zg`e cg` lk ,mclil aihidl zeqpl ,cg`k mixvepe micedi ,mixed d`iad ,mixetqe mixvw

.oen` did dilry zizcd dtya84

81:e`xFranz Cumont, After Life in Roman Paganism, New Haven 1922, pp. 197–198;

.df xtql ize` dptdy lr qixb a`f 'textl izcez

82md zixvepd dle`bd on mileah `ld miceliid z` driwtnd dqitzd ly zexg` zeineiw zeklyd

zexawd zia agxn z` e`nhi `ly ick diiqpkd xvga elahp `ly micelii xeawl `ly bdepd

,miipiad inia zecli ,xgy zinley :e`x .eala drewz czi xy`k dfky celii xeawl bdpnde ,ixvepd

:e`x ibele`kx` xwgnn d`ad znieqn zebiizqdl .107 dxrde 81±80 'nr ,o"yz aia` lzSally

Crawford, ‘Baptism and Infant Burial in Anglo-Saxon England’, Medieval Life Cycles:

Continuity and Change, eds. Isabelle Cochelin and Karen Smyth, International Medieval

Research, 18 (2013), pp. 55–80

83:e`xJacques Gélis, ‘La mort du nouveau-né et l’amour des parents: Quelques réflexions

à propos des pratiques de “répit”’, Annales de démographie historique (1983), pp. 23–31

84:mb e`x jkl dnecaeEileen M. Murphy, ‘Children’s Burial Grounds in Ireland (Cilliní)

and Parental Emotions Toward Infant Death’, International Journal of Historical

Archaeology, 15 (2011), pp. 409–428.df xn`nl ize` dptdy hex qgpt x"cl izcez .

SUMMARIES

CIRCUMCISION OF STILLBIRTHS: BETWEEN CUSTOM, HALAKHA,

GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

Avraham (Rami) Reiner (pp. 453–476)

The custom to circumcise newborns who died before being circumcised by their

parents is addressed in a short but important responsum by R. Nahshon, Gaon of

Sura (872–879). This article examines the development of the practice, and the

way in which this geonic responsum was transmitted among later halakhic

authorities. Rabbis active in Rome in the late 11th – early 12th centuries rejected

this practice. Their approach that Halakhah is directed to the living and not to

the dead led them to dispute R. Nahshon’s responsum, taking liberties with its

language and contents in the process. In contrast, the Gaon's ruling was adopted

by the sages of Barcelona and Lucena. They offered various reasons in support

of their position, such as preventing the uncircumcised newborn’s descent to

Gehenna or assuring its place at the Resurrection of the Dead. These legal rulings,

examined more broadly, reveal their image of the world after death. The responsum

by the Italian sages opposing the practice was the basis for halakhic discussion

in Ashkenaz even though the custom of circumcising the dead was prevalent

there. The article concludes with an analysis of the tension between textual sources

and the custom as practiced.

EARLY VS LATE IN THE HISTORY OF KABBALISTIC IDEAS

IN NAHMANIDES’ TORAH COMMENTARY

Oded Yisraeli (pp. 477–506)

Nahmanides was an important medieval commentator of the Torah, but he was

also among the first Kabbalists in 13th century Spain. Both these aspects find

expression in his literary method of presenting the Kabbalistic along with the

CONTENTS

453 Avraham (Rami) Reiner : Circumcision of Stillbirths : Between Custom,

Halakhah, Geography and History

477 Oded Yisraeli : Early vs Late in the History of Kabbalistic Ideas in Nahmanides’

Torah Commentary

507 Tamir Goren : The Jews of Jaffa and the Annexation Question of 1936–1939

Books and Reviews

533 Sergio DellaPergola : Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein, The Chosen Few:

How Education Shaped Jewish History, 70–1492

540 Elisheva Baumgarten : Michael Toch, The Economic History of European Jews:

Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages

548 Daniel Blatman: Georges Bensoussan, Europe and Genocide: The Power of

Attraction, Essay on Cultural History

556 Dina Porat : Alvin H. Rosenfeld, The End of the Holocaust

563 Amos Goldberg : Alvin H. Rosenfeld, The End of the Holocaust

572 Research

577 Books Received

XXXI Summaries

ZION

Editors:

EZRA MENDELSOHN, NADAV NA’AMAN, VERED NOAM,

MICHAEL TOCH

Editorial Secretary:

YEHEZKEL HOVAV

�VOLUME LXXIX • 4 • 2014

A QUARTERLY FOR RESEARCH IN JEWISH HISTORY

THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ISRAEL • JERUSALEM