cvV-4.1 : c` I Zvi †kÖwYwefvMe‡j| †hgbÑ waK& Zv‡i, kZ waK wbj¾ †h Rb| 4. evK¨i we‡klY : KL‡bv KL‡bv †Kv‡bv we‡klY c` GKwU m¤ú~Y evK¨‡K we‡kwlZ Ki‡Z

e¨vKiYÑ98 SSC-2651

BDwbU 4

c`ÑcÖKiY

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvVwU cov †k‡l AvcwbÑ

c` Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| c‡ì cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| we‡kl¨, we‡klY, me©bvg, Ae¨q I wµqv m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

c`

ev‡K¨ eëüZ cÖwZwU kãB Aci †Kv‡bv eY© ev eY©mgwói mv‡_ hy³ n‡q iƒcvšÍi jvf K‡i c‡`| k‡ãi

mv‡_ Giƒc eY© ev eY©mgwó †hvM n‡j G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq wefw³| wefw³hy³ kãB c`|

ev‡K¨ eëüZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU kãB GK GKwU c` (Parts of speech)| mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, ev‡K¨ eëüZ wefw³hy³ kã I avZz‡K c` e‡j| †hgbÑ `ytmvnmx AwfhvÎxiv gvby‡li wPišÍb Kíbvi ivR¨ Puv‡ì †`‡k †cuŠ‡Q‡Qb Ges

g½jMÖ‡nI hvIqvi Rb¨ Zuviv cȪ ‘Z n‡”Qb| Dch©y³ evK¨wU‡Z ÔivÕ (AwfhvÎx+iv), ÔGiÕ (gvbyl+Gi), ÔiÕ

(Kíbv+i), ÔGÕ (g½jMÖn+G) cÖf…wZ wPý¸‡jv‡K wefw³ ejv nq| Avi ev‡K¨ eëüZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU wefw³hy³ kã

gvÎB GK GKwU c`|

c‡ì cÖKvi‡f`

c`¸‡jv cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi: Ae¨q I me¨q| me¨q c` Pvi cÖKvi : 1. we‡kl¨, we‡klY, me©bvg, wµqv| myZivs c`

†gvU cuvP cÖKvi: we‡kl¨, we‡klY, me©bvg, wµqv Ges Ae¨q|

c`

me¨q Ae¨q

we‡kl¨ we‡klY me©bvg wµqv

Dchy©³ Av‡jvP¨ evK¨wU we‡kølY Ki‡j cuvP ai‡bi evK¨ I Gi mv‡_ eëüZ wefw³¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv

hvq|

c‡ì bvg c` c` I wefw³mn we‡kølY wefw³

we‡kl¨ c` AwfhvÎx, gvbyl, Kíbv, ivR¨, †`k,

g½jMÖn

AwfhvÎx + iv, gvbyl +Gi,

Kíbv +i, g½jMÖn + G

iv, Gi, i, G

we‡klY c` `ytmvnmx, wPišÍb, cȪ ‘Z Ñ

me©bvg c` Zuviv Ñ

cvV-4.1 : c` I Zvi †kÖwYwefvM

SSC-2651 e¨vKiYÑ99

wµqvc` †cuŠ‡Q‡Qb, n‡”Qb, hvIqvi (AmgvwcKv

wµqv)

Ñ

Ae¨q c` Ges, Rb¨ Ñ

K. we‡kl¨ c`

†Kv‡bv wKQzi bvg‡K we‡kl¨ c` e‡j| ev‡Kï g‡a¨ eëüZ †h mg¯Í c` Øviv †Kv‡bv e¨w³, RvwZ, mgwó, e¯‘, ¯’vb,

Kvj, fve, Kg© ev ¸‡Yi bvg †evSv‡bv nq, Zv‡K we‡kl¨ c` e‡j|

we‡k‡lï †kÖwYwefvM

we‡kl¨ c` Qq cÖKvi| h_vÑ

we‡kl¨

bvgevPK RvwZevPK e ‘̄evPK mgwóevPK fveevPK ¸YevPK

1. msÁv ev bvg evPK we‡kl¨ (Proper Noun): †h c` Øviv e¨w³, †fŠ‡MvwjK ’̄vb ev msÁv Ges MÖš’ we‡k‡li bvg weÁvwcZ nq, Zv‡K msÁv ev bvg evPK we‡kl¨ e‡j| †hgbÑ

e¨w³i bvg : mviv, KwbKv, wkjv, gvmy`, †`‡jvqvi cÖf…wZ|

†fŠ‡MvwjK A¯’v‡bi bvg : wK‡kviMÄ, cUzqvLvjx, XvKv, Av‡gwiKv, jÛb cÖf„wZ|

†fŠ‡MvwjK msÁv : (b`x, ce©Z, mgy`ª BZ¨vw`): Ki‡Zvqv, †gNbv, wngvjq, Avie mvMi cÖf…wZ|

MÖ‡š’i bvg : K…òKzgvix, AwMœ-exYv, MxZvÄwj, c‡_i `vex, mwÂZv, mÂwqZv, wek̂bex cÖf…wZ|

2. RvwZevPK we‡kl¨ (Common Noun) : †h c` Øviv †Kv‡bv GKRvZxq cÖvYx ev c`v‡_©i mvaviY bvg †evSvq, Zv‡K e ‘̄evPK ev ª̀eëvPK we‡kl¨ e‡j| †hgbÑ gvbyl, Miæ, cvwL, ce©Z, b`x, Bs‡iR cÖf…wZ|

3. e¯‘evPK ev ª̀eëvPK we‡kl¨ (Material Noun) : †h c` †ek wKQz msL¨K e¨w³ ev cÖvYxi mgwó †evSvq, Zv‡K e¯‘evPK ev `ªeëvPK we‡kl¨ e‡j| GB RvZxq e¯‘i msL¨v I cwigvY wbY©q Kiv hvq| h_vÑ eB, LvZv,

Kjg, _vjv, evwU, gvwU, Pvj, wPwb, cvwb, jeY cÖf…wZ|

4. mgwóevPK we‡kl¨ (Collective Noun) : †h c‡` e¨w³ ev cÖvYxi mgwó †evSvq, ZvÑB mgwóevPK we‡kl¨| h_vÑ mfv, RbZv, mwgwZ, mgvR, cÂv‡qZ, wgwQj, SuvK, eni, `j BZ¨vw`|

5. fveevPK we‡kl¨ (Verbal Noun) : †h we‡kl¨ c‡` †Kv‡bv wµqvi fve ev Kv‡Ri fve cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv‡K fveevPK we‡kl¨ e‡j| h_vÑ hvIqvi fve ev KvR = Mgb| Z`ªæc : †fvRb, kqb, `k©b, †`Lv, †kvbv cÖf…wZ|

Avevi avZzi ev cÖvwZcw`‡Ki ci ÔAvBÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ K‡i fveevPK we‡kl¨ MwVZ nq| √ Po& + AvB = PovB, eo + AvB = eovB BZ¨vw`|

6. ¸YevPK we‡kl¨ (Abstract Noun) : †h we‡kl¨ Øviv †Kv‡bv e¯‘i †`vlv ev ¸‡Yi bvg †evSvq, ZvÑB ¸YevPK we‡kl¨| h_vÑ gayi wgó‡Z¡i ¸Y = gayiZv| Z`ª~c : †mŠif, ¯v̂¯’̈ , †hŠeb, ZviæY¨, Zvij¨, wZ³Zv,

myL, `ytL, DrKl© BZ¨vw`|

L. we‡klY c`

†h c` we‡kl¨, me©bvg I wµqvc‡ì †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, msL¨v, cwigvY BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K we‡klY c` e‡j|

†hgbÑ fvOv Ni, AÜKvi ivZ, PjšÍ MvwoÑ GB D`vniY¸‡jvi g‡a¨ fvOv, AÜKvi, PjšÍ c`¸‡jv we‡klY c`|

G¸‡jv Ni, ivZ, Mvwo we‡kl¨ c‡ì c~‡e© e‡m we‡kl¨ c`¸‡jv‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i‡Q| G ai‡bi D`vniY¸‡jv n‡jv

we‡k‡lï we‡klY|


we‡kl‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`

we‡klY c`‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ bvg we‡klY Ges fve we‡klY| bvg we‡klY‡K Avevi `yB

fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ we‡k‡lï we‡klY Ges me©bv‡gi we‡klY| fve we‡klY‡K Avevi Pvi fv‡M fv‡M Kiv

hvq h_vÑ wµqv we‡klY, we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY, Ae¨‡qi we‡klY Ges ev‡Kï we‡klY|

we‡klY

bvg we‡klY fve we‡klY

we‡klï we‡klY me©bv‡gi we‡klY wµqv we‡klY we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY Ae¨‡qi we‡klY ev‡Kï we‡klY

bvg we‡klY : †h we‡klY c` †Kv‡bv we‡kl¨ ev me©bvg c`‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i, Zv‡K bvg we‡klY e‡j| h_vÑ

we‡k‡lï we‡klY : my¯’ mej †`n‡K †K bv fvjev‡m ?

me©bv‡gi we‡klY : †m iƒcevb I ¸Yevb|

bvg we‡kl‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`: bvg we‡klY‡K K‡qK fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ

iƒcevPK : Kv‡jv †gN, bxj AvKvk, meyR gvV| ¸YevPK : `ÿ KvwiMi, VvÐv nvIqv, †PŠKm †jvK| Ae¯’vevPK : †gvUv †g‡q, †ivMv †Q‡j, ZvRv gvQ, †Luvov cv| msL¨vevPK : k UvKv, nvRvi †jvK, `k `kv| µgevPK : cÂvk c„ôv, Aóg †kÖwY, cÖ_gv Kb¨v| cwigvYevPK : GK †KwR wPwb, wZb wK‡jvwgUvi iv¯Ív, weNv‡UK Rwg, `k kZvsk f‚wg, nvRvi Ubx RvnvR| AskevPK : †lvj Avbv `Lj, wmwK c_, A‡a©K m¤úwË| Dcv`vbevPK : Kv‡Vi Rvbvjv, cv_‡ii g~wZ©, †e‡j gvwU, †g‡U Kjwm| cÖkœevPK : †Kgb Ae¯’v? KZ`~i c_? wbw`©óZv ÁvcK : GB †g‡q, †lvjB wW‡m¤î BZ¨vw`|

we‡klY MVb c×wZ : wewfbœfv‡e we‡klY MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ

wµqvRvZ : Lvevi cvwb, AbvMZ w`b, nviv‡bv m¤úwZ| Ae¨qRvZ : eo‡jvK, Av”Qv gvbyl, Dcwi cvIbv| me©bvgRvZ : †Kv_vKvi †K, K‡eKvi K_v, ’̄vqx m¤úwË| mgvmwm× : Ávbnviv, †PŠPvjv Ni, †eKvi, wbqg-weiæ×| exávg~jK : WzeyWzey †bŠKv, Kuv`Kuv` †Pnviv, nvwmnvwm gyL| AbyKvi Ae¨qRvZ : UmU‡m dj, ZKZ‡K †g‡S, KbK‡b kxZ, kbk‡b nvIqv, wawKwawK Av¸b| K…`šÍ : AZxZ Kvj, Rvbv‡kvbv †jvK, K…Zx mšÍvb, cv‡qÑPjv c_, üZ m¤úwË| Zw×ZvšÍ : †g‡Vv c_, RvZxq m¤ú`, ˆbwZK ej| DcmM©hy³ : Acn„Z m¤ú`, wbR©jv wg‡_¨, wbLuyZ KvR| we‡`wk : jvIqvwik gvj, ìcËwb ZvjyK, jv‡LivR m¤úwË, bv¯Ívbvey` Ae¯’v|

fve we‡klY : †h c` we‡kl¨ I me©bvg wfbœ Ab¨ c`‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i ZvÑB fve we‡klY| fve we‡klY Pvi

cÖKvi| h_vÑ wµqv we‡klY, we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY ev we‡klYxq we‡klY, Ae¨‡qi we‡klY, ev‡Kï we‡klY|

1. wµqvi we‡klY : †h c` wµqv msMV‡bi fve, Kvj ev i~c wb‡`©k K‡i, ZvB wµqv we‡klY| h_vÑ evZvm ax‡i

eB‡Q| †m Lye ZvovZvwo nvUj| c‡i GKevi G‡mv|


2. we‡klYxq we‡klY : †h c` bvg-we‡klY A_ev wµqv we‡klY‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i, Zv‡K we‡klYxq we‡klY e‡j|

†hgbÑ mvgvb¨ GKUz `ya `vI, AwZkq g›` K_v| i‡KU AwZ ª̀æZ P‡j|

3. Ae¨‡qi we‡klY : †h fve-we‡klY Ae¨q c` A_ev Ae¨q c‡ì A_©‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i, Zv‡K Ae¨‡qi we‡klY

e‡j| †hgbÑ waK& Zv‡i, kZ waK & wbj©¾ †h Rb|

4. evKï we‡klY : KL‡bv KL‡bv †Kv‡bv we‡klY c` GKwU m¤ú~Y© evK¨‡K we‡kwlZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZLb Zv‡K

ev‡K¨ we‡klY ejv nq| †hgbÑ `yf©vM¨µ‡g cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y †`k Avevi bvbv mgm¨vRv‡j Ave× n‡q

c‡o‡Q| ev¯ÍweKB AvR Avgv‡ì KwVb cwikÖ‡gi cÖ‡qvRb|

we‡kl‡Yi AwZkvqb

we‡klY c` hLb `yBev Z‡ZvwaK we‡kl¨ c‡ì g‡a¨ ¸Y, Ae¯’v, cwigvY cÖf…wZ wel‡q Zzjbvq G‡Ki DrKl© ev

AcKl© eywS‡q _v‡K, ZLb Zv‡K we‡kl‡Yi AwZkvqb e‡j| †hgbÑ hgybv GKwU `xN© b`x, cÙv `xN©Zi, wKš‘ †gNbv

evsjv‡`‡ki `xN©Zg b`x| m~h©, c„w_ex I P‡›`ªi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq m~h© e„nËg, c„w_ex P‡›`ªi †P‡q e„nËi Ges P›`ª c„w_ex

A‡cÿv ÿz`ªZi|

Zrmg k‡ãi AwZkvqb

Zrmg k‡ãi AwZkvq‡b `y‡qi g‡a¨ ÔZiÕ Ges eûi g‡a¨ ÔZgÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ _v‡K| †hgbÑ `xN©Ñ`xN©ZiÑ`xN©Zg|

`y‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq ÔCqm&Õ cÖZ¨q Ges eûi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq ÔBôÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ nq| jNyÑ jwNqb (`y‡qi Zzjbvq) ÑjwNô (eûi Zzjbvq),

e„×Ñ R¨vqvb (`y‡qi Zzjbvq) Ñ†R¨ô (eûi Zzjbvq),

†kÖqÑ †kÖqvb(`y‡qi Zzjbvq) Ñ†kÖô (eûi Zzjbvq),

AíÑ Kbxqvb(`y‡qi Zzjbvq) Ñ Kwbô (eûi Zzjbvq)|

evsjv k‡ãi AwZkvqb

evsjv k‡ãi `yB‡qi g‡a¨ AwZkvq‡b PvB‡Z, †P‡q, nB‡Z, n‡Z, A‡cÿv, †_‡K BZ¨vw` kã eëüZ nq| h_vÑ Miæi †_‡K †Nvovi `vg †ewk| ev‡Ni †P‡q wmsn ejevb|

KL‡bv KL‡bv k‡ã lôx wefw³Ñ †P‡q, †_‡K cÖf…wZ k‡ãi Kvh©mvab K‡i| †hgbÑ G gvwU †mvbvi evov| AwZkvq‡b †Rvi w`‡Z we‡kl‡Yi Av‡M A‡bK, AwaK, †ewk, Aí, Kg, AwaKZi cÖf…wZ we‡klYxq we‡klY

†hvM Ki‡Z nq| h_vÑ wN‡qi †P‡q `ya †ewk DcKvix|

eûi g‡a¨ AwZkvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î mePvB‡Z, me‡P‡q, me‡_‡K, me©v‡cÿv, me©vwaK cÖf…wZ kã eënvi nq, h_vÑ fvB‡ì g‡a¨ ivwKeB mePvB‡Z wePÿY|

ÔCqm&Õ cÖZ¨qvšÍ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv k‡ãi ¯¿xwj½ iƒc evsjvq cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| †hgbÑ f‚qmx cÖksmv|

evsjv fvlvq GKB c` we‡kl¨ I we‡klY iƒ‡c eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ

c` we‡klY iƒ‡c we‡kl¨ iƒ‡c

fv‡jv fv‡jv evwo cvIqv KwVb| Avcb fv‡jv mevB Pvq|

g›` g›` K_v ej‡Z †bB| GLv‡b Kx g›Ùv Zzwg †`L‡j?

cyY¨ †Zvgvi G c~Y¨ cÖ‡Póv mdj †nvK| cy‡Y¨ gwZ †nvK|

wbkx_ wbkx_ iv‡Z evR‡Q euvwk| Mfxi wbkx‡_ cÖK…wZ myß|

kxZ kxZKv‡j Kzqvk c‡o| kx‡Zi mKv‡j Pviw`‡K Kzqvkvq AÜKvi|

mZ¨ mZ¨ c‡_ †_‡K mZ¨ K_v ej‡e| G GK weivU mZ¨|


M. me©bvg c`

we‡klï cwie‡Z© †h kã eëüZ nq, Zv‡K me©bvg c` e‡j| †hgbÑ ivnvZ fv‡jv †Q‡j| †m wbqwgZ ¯‹z‡j hvq|

Dch©y³ D`vni‡Yi wØZxq evK¨wU‡Z Ô†mÕ kãwU ivnv‡Zi cwie‡Z© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Ô†mÕ n‡jv me©bvg|

me©bv‡gi †kÖwYwefvM

ev‡K¨ wewfbœiƒ‡c me©bvg c‡ì eënvi nq| evsjv fvlvq eëüZ me©bvgmg~n‡K wb¤œwjwLZ K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv

hvq| †hgbÑ

e¨w³ ev cyiælevPK : Avwg, Avgiv, Zzwg, †Zvgiv, †m, Zviv, wZwb, Zuviv, G, Giv| AvZ¥evPK : ¯q̂s, wb‡R, †Lv`, Avcwb| mvgxcëvPK : G, GB, Bnviv, Bwb BZ¨vw`| `~iZ¡evPK : H, Hme, me| mvKjëvPK : me, mKj, mgy`q, Zver| cÖkœevPK : †K, wK, Kx, †Kvb, Kvnvi, Kvi, wK‡m| Awbw`©óZvÁvcK : †Kvb, †Kn, †KD, wKQz| e¨wZnvwiK : Avcbv Avcwb, wb‡R wb‡R, ci¯úi BZ¨vw`| ms‡hvMÁvcK : †h, whwb, huviv, hviv, hvnviv BZ¨vw`| Ab¨vwèvPK : Ab¨, Aci, ci BZ¨vw`|

me©bv‡gi cyiæl

ÔcyiælÕ GKwU cvwifvwlK kã| we‡kl¨, me©bvg I wµqviB cyiæl Av‡Q| we‡klY I Ae¨‡qi cyiæl †bB| e¨vKi‡Y

cyiæl wZb cÖKvi| h_vÑ DËg cyiæl (¯q̂s e³vB DËg cyiæl), ga¨g cyiæl (cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e DÏxó e¨w³ ev †kÖvZvB

ga¨g ciæl) I bvg cyiæl (Abycw¯’Z A_ev c‡ivfv‡e DwÏó e¨w³, e¯‘ ev cÖvYxB bvg cyiæl)| e¨w³evPK me©bv‡gi

iƒc wb‡P Dc¯’vwcZ n‡jv :

cyiæl‡f‡` e¨w³evPK me©bvg¸‡jvi iƒcÑ

iƒc DËg cyiæl ga¨g cyiæl bvg cyiæl

mvaviY Avwg, Avgiv, Avgv‡K,

Avgvw`M‡K, Avgvi,

Avgv‡ì;

KweZvq: †gvi, †gviv

Zzwg, †Zvgiv, †Zvgv‡K,

†Zvgvw`M‡K, †Zvgvi,

†Zvgv‡ì

†m, Zviv, Zvnviv, Zv‡K,

Zvnv‡K

m¤£gvZ¥K Avcwb, Avcbviv,

Avcbv‡K, Avcbvi,

Avcbv‡ì

wZwb, Zuviv, Zuvnviv,

Zuv‡ì, Zuvnv‡ì, Zuvnv‡K,

Zuv‡K, Bwb, Gui, Guiv,

Bunv‡ì, Gu‡ì, Bunv‡K,

Gu‡K, Dwb, Iui, Iuiv,

Iu‡ì

Zz”Qv_©K ev NwbôZv-

ÁvcK

Bnv, Bnviv, GB, G, Giv,

Dnv, Dnviv, I, Iiv,

I‡ì


me©bv‡gi wefw³MÖvnx iƒc

evsjv me©bvgm~n KZ…©KviK wfbœ Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡K wefw³hy³ nIqvic~‡e© GKwU we‡kl iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i| me©bv‡gi G

iƒcwU‡K wefw³MÖvnx iƒc ejv nq| KZ…©Kvi‡K me©bv‡gi g~j iƒcwUB eëüZ nq Ges G‡K cÖ_gv wefw³hy³ GKePb

aiv nq|

KZ…©Kvi‡K cÖ_gvi GKePb Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡K wefw³MÖvnx iƒc

mvaviY m¤£gvZ¥K Zz”Qv_©K m¤£gvZ¥K Zz”Qv_©K

Avwg X X X X Zzwg Avcwb ZzB Avcbv †Zvgv, †Zvi

†m wZwb X Zuvnv, Zuv Zvnv, Zv †h whwb X huvnv, huv hvnv, hv X Bwb G Bunv, Gu Bnv, G X Dwb Dnv Dunv, Iu Dnv, I †K, wK, Kx X †K, wK, Kx X Kvnv, Kv

ÁvZe¨

1. K. PwjZ fvlvqÑ (K) Zz”Qv‡_© Zvnv ¯’v‡b Zv, hvnv ’̄v‡b hv, Kvnv ’̄v‡b Kv, Bnv ’̄v‡b G, Dnv ¯’v‡b I Av‡`k

nq|

L. m¤£gv‡_© G¸‡jvi mv‡_ GKwU P›`ªwe› ỳ ms‡hvwRZ nq, h_vÑ Zvnv + †ì = Zvnv‡ì (mvay) >Zv‡ì (PwjZ)| (m¤£gv‡_©) Zuvnv + †ì = Zuvnv‡ì (mvay) > Zuv‡ì (PwjZ)|

2. KiY Kvi‡K AbymM© eënv‡ii c~‡e© g~j me©bvg k‡ãi m‡½ i, Gi, ev †K wefw³ †hvM K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ

Zvnv‡K w`qv, Zv‡K w`‡q, Zvnvi Øviv, Zvi Øviv, Avgv‡K w`‡q|

3. lôx wefw³ A‡_© CqÑcÖZ¨qhy³ me©bgRvZ we‡klY ïay Zrmg me©bv‡gi †ÿ‡ÎB eëüZ nq, h_vÑ gr + Cq =

g`xq, fer + Cq = fe`xq, Zr + Cq = Z`xq|

4. ÔKxÕ me©bvgwU †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Kvi‡K ÔwK‡mÕ ev (lôx wewfw³hy³ n‡q) ÔKx‡miÕ iƒc MÖnY K‡i, h_vÑ Kx + Øviv

= Kx‡mi Øviv, Kx + †_‡K = Kx‡m †_‡K, Kx‡mi †_‡K|

me©bv‡gi wewkó cÖ‡qvM

1. webq cÖKv‡k DËg cyiæ‡li GK eP‡b `xb, Aag, ev›`v, †meK, `vm cÖf…wZ kã eëüZ nq, h_vÑ ÔAvÁv Ki

`v‡m, kvw¯Í biva‡gÕ| Ô`x‡bi AviRÕ|

2. Q›è× KweZvq mvaviYZ ÔAvgviÕ ¯’v‡b gg, ÔAvgv‡ìÕ ¯’v‡b †gv‡ì Ges ÔAvgviÕ ¯’v‡b †gvi eëüZ nq|

†hgbÑ Ô†K eywS‡e e¨_v ggÕ| Ô†gv‡ì Mie, †gv‡ì Avkv, Av gwi! evsjv fvlvÕ|Ôÿz`ª wkï †gviv, Kwi †Zvgvwi

e›`bvÕ|

3. Dcv‡mï cÖwZ mvaviYZ ÔAvcwbÕ ¯’v‡b Zzwg cÖhy³ nq| †hgbÑ (Dcv‡mï cÖwZ f³) ÔcÖfz, Zzwg iÿv Ki G `xb

†me‡K|Õ

4. Awfb›`bcÎ iPbvqI A‡bK mgq m¤§vwbZ e¨w³‡K ÔZzwgÕ m‡¤v̂ab Kiv nq|

5. Zzwg : NwbôRb, AvcbRb ev mgeq¯‹ mv_x‡ì cÖwZ eënvh©|

ZzB : Zz”Qv‡_© eëüZ nq, NwbôZv †evSv‡ZI Avgiv ZvB eënvi Kwi|

N. Ae¨q c`

b e¨q = Ae¨q| hvi e¨q ev cwieZ©b nq bv, A_©vr hv AcwieZ©bxq kã ZvB Ae¨q| A_©vr †h c` me©̀ v

AcwieZ©bxq †_‡K KL‡bv ev‡Kï †kvfv ea©b K‡i, KL‡bv GKvwaK c‡ì/evK¨vs‡ki/ev‡Kï ms‡hvM ev we‡qvM

m¤Ü̂ NUvq, Zv‡K Ae¨q c` e‡j| Ae¨‡qi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv wefw³ wP ý hy³ nq bv, †m¸‡jvi GKePb ev eûePb nq


bv Ges †m¸‡jvi ¯¿x I cyiælevPKZv wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †h c‡` eP‡b-wj‡½-wefw³‡Z †Kv‡bv

cwieZ©b N‡U bv, Zv Ae¨q| evsjv fvlvq wZb cÖKvi Ae¨q kã i‡q‡Q, h_vÑ

evsjv Ae¨q kã : Avi, Avevi, I, nu¨v, bv BZ¨vw`| Zrmg Ae¨q kã : Ges, myZivs, hw`, h_v, m`v, mnmv, nVvr, A_©vr, ˆèvr, eis, cybð, AvcvZZ,

e¯‘Z BZ¨vw`|

we‡`wk Ae¨q kã : AvjeZ, eûZ, Lye, kvevk, Lvmv, gvBwi, gvinvev BZ¨vw`|

Ae¨q k‡ãi MVb

wewea Dcv‡q Ae¨q kã MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| h_vÑ

1. GKwUgvÎ eY© ev kãLÐ ev kã Øviv : †Zv, e‡U, û, nv BZ¨vw`| 2. GKvwaK Ae¨q kã‡hv‡M : K`vwc, bZzev, AZGe, A_ev BZ¨vw`| 3. Avb›` ev ỳtL cÖKvkK GKB k‡ãi `yBevi cÖ‡qvM : wQ wQ, waK& waK&, †ek †ek BZ¨vw`| 4. `ywU wfbœ kã‡hv‡M : †gvUK_v, nq‡Zv, †h‡nZz, bB‡j BZ¨vw`| 5. AbyKvi kã‡hv‡M : Kzû Kzû, ¸b ¸b, †ND †ND, kb kb, Qj Qj, Kb Kb BZ¨vw`| 6. Zrmg cÖZ¨‡qi mv‡_ ÔZÕ cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i : ag©Z, cÖ_gZ, ¯úóZ BZ¨vw`|

Ae¨‡qi cÖKvi‡f`

Ae¨q cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi| h_vÑ

1. m¤Ü̂evPK ev mgy”Pqx : †h Ae¨q c` GKwU ev‡Kï m‡½ Ab¨ GKwU ev‡Kï A_ev evK¨w¯’Z GKwU c‡ì m‡½ Ab¨ GKwU c‡ì ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb ev ms‡KvPb NUvq, Zv‡K mgy”Pqx Ae¨q ev m¤Ü̂evPK Ae¨q e‡j|

mgy”Pqx Ae¨q wZb cÖKvi| h_vÑ

K. ms‡hvRK Ae¨q : ms‡hvRK Ae¨q¸‡jv n‡jvÑ I, Ges, ZvB, Avi, AwaKš‘, myZivs BZ¨vw`| †hgbÑ †m

iƒcevb I ¸Yevb|

L. we‡qvRK Ae¨q : we‡qvRK Ae¨q¸‡jv n‡jvÑ wKsev, ev, A_ev, bZzev, bv nq, bq‡Zv, wKš‘ (†ÿÎwe‡k‡l)

BZ¨vw`| †hgbÑ †jLv cov Ki, bZzev †dj Ki‡e| g‡š¿i mvab wKsev kixi cvZb|

M. ms‡KvPK Ae¨q : ms‡KvPK Ae¨q¸‡jv n‡jvÑ A_P, wKš‘, eis BZ¨vw`| †hgbÑ wZwb weØvb A_P mr e¨w³

bb|†jvKwU `wi`ª wKš‘ mr|

AbyMvgx mgy”Pqx Ae¨q : †h, hw`, hwÌ, †hb, cÖf…wZ K‡qKwU kã ms‡hvRK Ae¨‡qi KvR K‡i _v‡K e‡j

G¸‡jv‡K AbyMvgx mgy”Pqx Ae¨q e‡j| †hgbÑ AvR hw` (kZ©evPK) cvwi, GKevi †mLv‡b hve| wZwb GZ

cwikÖg K‡ib †h Zvi ¯v̂¯’̈ f½ nIqvi Avk¼v Av‡Q| Gfv‡e †Póv Ki‡e †hb K…ZKvh© n‡Z cvi cÖf…wZ|

2. Abš̂qx Ae¨q : †h mKj Ae¨q ev‡Kï Ab¨ c‡ì m‡½ †Kv‡bv m¤Ü̂ bv †i‡L ¯̂vaxb fv‡e bvbvwea fve cÖKv‡k eëüZ nq, Zv‡K Abš̂qx Ae¨q e‡j| †hgbÑ

D”Q¡vm cÖKv‡k : gwi gwi! Kx iƒcgvayix! ¯x̂K…wZ ev A¯̂xK…wZ Ávc‡b :nu¨v, Avwg hve| bv, Avwg hve bv| m¤§wZ cÖKv‡k : Avwg AvR AvjeZ hve| wbðB cvie| Aby‡gv`b evPKZvq : Avcwb hLb ej‡Qb, †ek †Zv Avwg hve| mg_©bm~PK Rev‡e : Avcwb hv Rv‡bb Zv †Zv wVKB e‡U| hš¿Yv cÖKv‡k : Dt! cv‡q eÇ †j‡M‡Q| bvt| G Kó Amn¨| N„Yv ev weiw³ cÖKv‡k : Ôc‡_i KzKziwU †h wcQ‡b †j‡MB i‡q‡Q, Kx wec`Õ| wQt Ggb KvR †Zvi! m‡¤v̂a‡b : ÔI‡Mv, AvR †Zviv hvm †b N‡ii evwn‡i|Õ m¤¢vebvq : Ômsk‡q msKí m`v U‡j, cv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡j|Õ


evK¨vjsKvi Ae¨q : KZ¸‡jv Ae¨q kã ev‡Kï †kvfv ea©‡b eëüZ nq, G‡ì evK¨vjsKvi Ae¨q e‡j| †hgbÑ GK †h wQj ivRv| KZ bv nviv‡bv ¯§„wZ Rv‡M AvRI g‡b| Ônvq‡i fvM¨, nvq‡i j¾v, †Kv_vq

mfv, †Kv_vq m¾v|Õ

3. AbymM© Ae¨q : †h mKj Ae¨q kã we‡kl¨ I me©bvg c‡ì wefw³i b¨vq e‡m KviKevPKZv cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡ì AbymM© Ae¨q e‡j| †hgbÑ ab A‡cÿv gvb eo (ÔA‡cÿvÕ AbymM© Ae¨q)| I‡K w`‡q G KvR n‡e bv

(Ôw`‡qÕ AbymM© Ae¨q)| AbymM© Ae¨q `yB cÖKvi| h_vÑ wefw³m~PK Ae¨q Ges wefw³ iƒ‡c eëüZ AbymM©|

4. AbyKvi/aŸb¨vZ¥K Ae¨q : †h Ae¨q Ae¨³ ie, kã ev aŸwbi AbyKi‡Y MwVZ nq, †m¸‡jv‡K AbyKvi ev

aŸbvZ¥K Ae¨q e‡j| A_©vr aŸwbi AbyKi‡Y †h Ae¨q n‡q D‡V‡Q Zv‡K aŸb¨vZ¥K Ae¨q ev AbyKvi Ae¨q e‡j|

†hgbÑ

1. gvby‡li aŸwbi AbyKvi

†fD †fD (gvby‡li D”P¯^‡i Kvbœvi aŸwb), U¨v U¨v, wn wn|

2. RxeRš‘i aŸwbi AbyKvi

wms‡ni MR©bÑ Mi Mi †Nvovi WvKÑ wPuwn wPuwn KzKz‡ii aŸwbÑ†ND †ND weov‡ji WvKÑ wgD wgD Kv‡Ki WvKÑ Kv Kv †KvwK‡ji ie Ñ Kzû Kzû cvwLi/evb‡ii kãÑwKwPi wgwPi

3. e¯‘i aŸwbi AbyKvi

e‡Rªi aŸwbÑ Ko Ko e„wói Zzgyj kãÑ Sg Sg †¯ªv‡Zi aŸwbÑ kb kb ï®‹ cvZvi kãÑ gi gi b~cy‡ii AvIqvRÑ iæg Szg †g‡Ni MR©bÑ ¸o ¸o Pzwoi kãÑ Uzs Uzs ï®‹ cvZvi kãÑ gi gi evZvm cÖev‡ni kãÑ û û avb KvUvi kãÑ NPvNP MvQ †f‡½ covi kãÑ go go evZv‡mi MwZÑ kb kb e„wó cZ‡bi kãÑ Uvcyi Uzcyi

4. Abyf‚wZRvZ KvíwbK

kix‡ii A¯v̂fvweK fve ÁvcKÑ KzU KzU J¾¡j¨Ñ wSwKwgwK k~b¨ZvevPKÑ Luv Luv cÖLiZvevPKÑ Suv Suv †iv‡ì ZxeªZvÑ Vv Vv


GiƒcÑ KU KU, KPKP, LU LU, PK PK, Qg Qg, wS wS, Suv Suv, wSg wSg, Sj gj, Uj gj, Ub Ub, wcU wcU, wgb

wgb, muv muv, LU LU BZ¨vw`|

GKB Ae¨q k‡ãi wewfbœ A‡_© eënvi

Ae¨q kã †h A‡_© eëüZ D`vniY

Kx/wK wRÁvmvq Zzwg wK evwo hv”Q? Zzwg wK Avgvq †Pb?

weiw³ cÖKv‡k Kx †Nbœv!| Kx wec`, †jvKUv †h wcQz Qv‡o bv|

mvKj¨ A‡_© wK abx wK Mwie mevB‡K gi‡Z n‡e|

mskq Zzwg wK K_vwU ï‡bQ?

weo¤b̂v cÖKv‡k †Zvgv‡K wb‡q Kx gykwK‡jB bv cojvg|

bv wb‡la A‡_© I‡K †WK bv| GLb †hI bv|

weKí cÖKv‡k Zzwg Kx Lv‡eÑKjv bv Avg?

Avì cÖKv‡k ev Aby‡iv‡a Avi GKwU Av‡cj LvIbv †LvKv| Avi GKUv Mvb MvI bv|

m¤¢vebvq wZwb bv wK XvKvq hv‡eb?

we¯§‡q wK bv wK e¨vcvi!

Zzjbvq †Q‡j †Zv bv, †hb GKUv wnUjvi|

†µva cÖKv‡k ZzB wK KvR Kiwe, bv gvi Lvwe?

n¨vÑm~PK Zzwg bv e‡jwQ‡j AvMvgxKvj Avm‡e?

cÖkœ ZzB bv †dj K‡iwQm?

Avi cybive„wË Avi bv, h‡_ó n‡q‡Q| I w`‡K Avi hve bv|

wb‡`©k ej, Avi Kx PvI?

nZvkv/wbivkvq Zv wK Avi R‡b¥I n‡e| †m w`b wK Avi Avm‡e?

evK¨vjsKvi gv‡b, GKwU Zvgvkv Avi wK| Avi wK evR‡e euvwk|

†MvcbxqZv ïay Zzwg Avi Avwg hve|

†hb Dcgvq †PvL †Zv bq †hb wWg| gyL †hb cÙdzj|

cÖv_©bvq Ô`yt‡L †hb Kwi‡Z cvwi Rq|Õ †Lv`v †hb †Zvgvi g½j K‡ib|

Zzjbvq Bm&, VvÐv †hb eid|

Abygv‡b †gN †`L, †hb e„wó n‡e| †jvKUv †hb Avgvi cwiwPZ g‡b n‡jv|

mZK©xKi‡Y/mveavbZv mveav‡b Pj, †hb cv wcQ‡j bv co|

e¨½ cÖKv‡k †Q‡j †Zv bq †hb bbxi cyZzj|

Avkxe©v` I †hb fv‡jvq fv‡jvq wd‡i Av‡m|

µg Iiv †hb Avgv‡K Avi bv Wv‡K|

I ms‡hvM Zzwg I Avwg hve|

m¤¢vebv AvR e„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

Zzjbvq I‡K ejvI hv, bv ejvI Zv|

¯x̂K…wZ nu¨v, ZzwgI hv‡e|

nZvkv GZ †Póv‡ZI n‡jv bv|


cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb K. mwVK DËiwU wjLyb :

1. c` ej‡Z †evSvqÑ K. wefw³hy³ k‡ãi c` L. avZzi m‡½ wefw³hy³ n‡q MwVZ c`

M. ev‡K¨ eëüZ †h †Kv‡bv kã c` N. ev‡K¨ eëüZ Ae ’̄vb cwiPvqK wPýhy³ k‡ãi bvg c`

2. c` Kq cÖKvi? K. cuvP cÖKvi L. ỳB cÖKvi

M. wZb cÖKvi N. Pvi cÖKvi

3. cÖvwZcw`‡Ki m‡½ bvg wefw³ hy³ n‡q MwVZ nqÑ K. wµqv wefw³ L. KviK wefw³

M. bvgc` N. we‡klY

4. †Kvb wKQyi bvg‡K ejv nqÑ K. e ‘̄evPK we‡kl¨ L. RvwZevPK we‡kl¨

M. msÁvevPK we‡kl¨ N. we‡kl¨

5. we‡kl¨ c` KZ cÖKvi? K. ỳB cÖKvi L. mvZ cÖKvi

M. cuvP cÖKvi N. Pvi cÖKvi

6. we‡kl¨ c‡ì cwie‡Z© †h c` eëüZ nq Zv‡K ejv nqÑ K. we‡klY c` L. me©bvg c`

M. we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY N. Ae¨q c`

7. avZzi m‡½ wµqv wefw³ †hv‡M MwVZ nqÑ K. wµqv wefw³ L. we‡klY c`

M. wµqv c` N. evsjv wµqv c`

8. †h mKj Ae¨q Ae¨³ k‡ãi AbyKiY K‡i Zv‡K ejv nqÑ K. AbyKviK Ae¨q L. ms‡hvRK Ae¨q

M. m‡¼vPK Ae¨q N. cÖkœm~PK Ae¨q

9. †h wµqv Kg© m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv iv‡L bv, Zvi bvgÑ K. AmgvwcKv wµqv L. AKg©K wµqv

M. wØKg©K wµqv N. mKg©K wµqv

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :

1. c` Kv‡K e‡j? KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

2. we‡kl¨ c` Kx? we‡kl¨c‡ì †kªwYwefvM Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

3. we‡klY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

4. me©bvg c` Kx? me©bvg c‡ì †kªwYwefvM e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

5. Ae¨q m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Kiæb|

6. msÁv wjLyb : c`, cÖwZcvw`K c`, wµqv c`| m¤Ü̂evPK me©bvg, Ae¨q c`, we‡kl¨ c`|

DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. N 2. L 3. M 4. M 5. M 6. L 7. M 8. K 9. L


D‡Ïk¨


wµqvc` Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| wµqv c‡ì êwkó¨ wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| wµqvc‡ì MVb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wµqvi fve we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evK¨ ˆZwii Rb¨ wµqvc‡ì ¸iæZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk| †h †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ wµqvc` _vK‡eB| Z‡e KLbI

KLbI nqZ Zvi †Pnviv †Pv‡L c‡o bv, Zvi mvnPh© †g‡j Avov‡j| †hgbÑ iwng fv‡jv †Q‡j| GLv‡b

wµqvc`wU Dn¨, iwng nq fv‡jv †Q‡jÑ Ggb †jLv n‡j ÔnÕ avZz †_‡K ˆZwi wµqvc`wU jÿ¨‡hvM¨ nZ|

wKš‘ evK¨ MV‡b ÔnqÕ wµqvc`wUi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wµqv eZ©gvbKv‡j cÖvqB Dn¨ _v‡K| ev‡K¨ mvaviYZ Ôn&Õ Ges

ÔAvQ&Õ avZz Øviv MwVZ wµqvc` Dn¨ _v‡K|

wµqvc`

†h c` Øviv †Kv‡bv Kvh© m¤úv`bv Kiv eySvq, Zv‡K wµqvc` e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, ev‡Kï AšÍM©Z †h c` Øviv

†Kv‡bv cyiæl KZ…©K wbw`©ó Kv‡j †Kv‡bv Kv‡h©i msNUb †evSvq, Zv‡K wµqvc` e‡j| †hgbÑ

myRb eB co‡Q| †Zvgiv AvMvgx w`‡b K‡j‡R fwZ© n‡e|

Dch©y³ cÖ_g D`vni‡Y bvg cyiæl ÔmyRbÕ KZ…©K eZ©gvb Kv‡j ÔcovÕ Kv‡h©i msNUb cÖKvk Ki‡Q| wØZxq D`vni‡Y

ga¨g cyiæl Ô†ZvgivÕ fwel¨‡Z fwZ© nIqv wµqv msNU‡bi m¤¢vebv cÖKvk Ki‡Q|

wµqvc‡ì êwkó¨

evK¨ MV‡bi Rb¨ wµqvc` Acwinvh©| †h †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ wµqvc` _vK‡eB| wµqvc` KL‡bv KL‡bv ev‡K¨ Dn¨ ev Aby³ _vK‡Z cv‡i| G‡K Aby³ wµqvc` e‡j| †hgbÑ AvR cÖPÐ

kxZ = AvR cÖPÐ kxZ (Abyf‚Z nq), Bwb Avgvi eo †evb = Bwb Avgvi eo †evb (nb)BZ¨vw`|

wµqvc‡ì MVb

wµqvg~j ev avZzi m‡½ cyiæl Abyhvqx Kvjm~PK wµqvwefw³ †hvM K‡i wµqvc` MVb Ki‡Z nq| Avgiv Rvwb cov,

LvIqv, Kiv, hvIqvÑG¸‡jv wµqvevPK kã| ÔcoÕ wµqvÑ kãwU‡K hw` Avgiv we‡kølY Kwi Zvn‡j ùvovqÑ

co& + ÔAvÕ; GLv‡b Ôco&Õ n‡jv g~j Ask ev ÔavZÕz Avi ÔAvÕ n‡jv wefw³| A_©vr wµqvc‡ì `ywU AskÑ

avZz I wefw³|

wµqvi cÖKvi‡f`

wewfbœfv‡e wµqvc‡ì †kÖwYweb¨vm Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ

fve cÖKv‡ki w`K w`‡q wµqv c`‡K ỳB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ K. mgvwcKv wµqv Ges L. AmgvwcKv wµqv|

cvV-4.2 : wµqvc`


wµqv

mgvwcKv wµqv AmgvwcKv wµqv

K. mgvwcKv wµqv : †h wµqvc` Øviv ev‡Kï ev e³vi g‡bvfv‡ei cwimgvwß nq, Zv‡K mgvwcKv wµqv e‡j|

†hgbÑ Avwg fvZ Lvw”Q| †g‡qiv †Ljv Ki‡Q|

L. AmgvwcKv wµqv : †h wµqv Øviv ev‡Kï cwimgvwß N‡U bv, e³vi K_v Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hvq, Zv‡K AmgvwcKv

wµqv e‡j| †hgbÑ Avwg fvZ †L‡q---| GLv‡b Ô†L‡qÕ wµqvc` Øviv K_v †kl nqwb; K_v m¤ú~Y© Ki‡Z Av‡iv

k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRb| evK¨ `ywU m¤ú~Y© Ki‡j ùvov‡eÑ Avwg fvZ †L‡q ¯‹z‡j hve| GLv‡b Ô†L‡qÕ AmgvwcKv wµqv Ges

ÔhveÕ mgvwcKv wµqv|

wewea A‡_© wµqvc‡ì †kÖwYfvM

mgvwcKv I AmgvwcKv wµqvi cvkvcvwk wewea A‡_© wµqv‡K Av‡iv K‡qK fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ

wµqv

AKg©K mKg©K wØKg©K cÖ‡hvRK wµqv †hŠwMK wµqv wgkÖ wµqv

1. mKg©K wµqv : †h wµqvi Kg© c` Av‡Q Zv-B mKg©K wµqv| wµqvi mv‡_ Kx ev Kv‡K cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv

hvq, ZvÑB wµqvi Kg©c`| Kg©c`hy³ wµqvB mK©gK wµqv| †hgbÑevev Avgv‡K GKUv eB wK‡b w`‡q‡Qb|

cÖkœ : Kx w`‡q‡Qb? DËi : eB (Kg©c`)|

cÖkœ : Kv‡K w`‡q‡Qb? DËi : Avgv‡K (Kg©c`)|

Kv‡RB Ôw`‡q‡QbÕ wµqvc`wUi Kg© c` _vKvq GwU mKg©K wµqv|

2. AKg©K wµqv : †h wµqvi Kg© †bB, Zv AKg©K wµqv| †hgbÑ †Q‡jwU nv‡m| Kx Ônv‡mÕ ev ÔKv‡K nv‡mÕ cÖkœ

Ki‡j †Kv‡bv DËi nq bv| Kv‡RB Ônv‡mÕ wµqvwU AKg©K wµqv|

3. wØKg©K wµqv : †h wµqvi `y‡Uv Kg©c` _v‡K, Zv‡K wØKg©K wµqv e‡j| wØKg©K wµqvi e¯‘evPK Kg© c`wU‡K gyL¨

ev cÖavb Kg© Ges e¨w³evPK Kg© c`wU‡K †MŠY Kg© e‡j| †hgbÑ evev Avgv‡K GKwU Kjg w`‡q‡Qb| GB ev‡K¨

ÔKjgÕ (e¯‘) gyL¨Kg© Ges ÔAvgv‡KÕ (e¨w³) †MŠY Kg©|

mgavZzR Kg© : ev‡Kï wµqv I Kg©c` GKB avZz †_‡K MwVZ n‡j H Kg©c`‡K mgavZzR Kg© ev avZ¡_©K Kg©c`

e‡j| †hgbÑ Avi KZ †Ljv †Lj‡e|

√ †Lj& + Av = †Ljv (Kg©c`) √ †Lj& + †e = †Ljv (wµqvc`) g~j Ô†LjÕ avZz †_‡K wµqvc` Ô†Lj‡eÕ Ges Kg©c` Ô†LjvÕ Dfq MwVZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB Ô†LjvÕ c`wU mgavZzR ev

avZ¡_©K Kg©| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î mgavZzR Kg©c` AKg©K wµqv‡K mKg©K K‡i| †hgbÑ

†ek GK Nyg Nywg‡qwQ| Avi gvqvKvbœv †Ku‡`v bv †Mv evcy| Ggb my‡Li giY †K gi‡Z cv‡i?

mKg©K wµqvi AKg©Kiƒc : cÖ‡qvM êwk‡ó¨ mKg©K wµqvI AKg©K n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ

AKg©K : Avwg iv‡Z Lve bv| mKg©K : Avwg iv‡Z fvZ Lve bv|

AKg©K : Avwg †Pv‡L †`wL bv| mKg©K : AvKv‡k Puv` †`wL bv|


3. cÖ‡hvRK wµqv : †h wµqv GK R‡bi cÖ‡hvRbv ev Pvjbvq Ab¨ KZ…©K AbywôZ nq, †mB wµqv‡K cÖ‡hvRK wµqv

e‡j| cÖ‡hvRK wµqv‡K ms¯‹…Z e¨vKi‡Y wYRšÍ wµqv ejv nq|

cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v : †h wµqv cÖ‡hvRbv K‡i, Zv‡K cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v e‡j|

cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v : hv‡K w`‡q wµqvwU AbywôZ nq, Zv‡K cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v e‡j| †hgbÑ

cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v cÖ‡hvRK wµqv

wkjv Avwei‡K cov‡”Q

gv wkï‡K Puv` †`Lv‡”Qb

mvcy‡o mvc †Ljvq

(Zzwg) †LvKv‡K KuvwÌ bv

ÁvZe¨ : cÖ‡hvRK wµqv iƒ‡c eëüZ n‡j AKg©K cÖ‡hvRK wµqv mKg©K nq|

cÖ‡hvRK wµqvi MVb : cÖ‡hvRK wµqvi avZz = g~j wµqvi avZz + Av| †hgbÑ g~j avZz √ nvm& + Av = nvmv (cÖ‡hvRK wµqvi avZz)| nvmv + †”Qb wefw³ = nvmv‡”Qb (cÖ‡hvRK wµqv)|

4. bvg avZz I bvgavZzi wµqv : wµqvi g~j‡K ejv nq avZz| we‡kl¨, we‡klY I aŸb¨vZ¥K Ae¨‡qi ci ÔAvÕ

cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M †h me avZz MwVZ nq, †m¸‡jv‡K bvg avZz ejv nq|

†eZ (we‡kl¨) + Av (cÖZ¨q) = †eZv| h_vÑ wkÿK QvÎwU‡K †eZv‡”Qb (bvgavZzi wµqvc`)| euvKv (we‡klY) + Av (cÖZ¨q) = euvKv (bvgavZz), h_vÑ KwÂwU euvwK‡q ai| aŸbvZ¥K Ae¨q : Kb Kb ÑùvZwU e¨_vq KbKbv‡”Q| †duvmÑ ARMiwU †duvmv‡”Q|

AvÑcÖZ¨q hy³ n‡qI K‡qKwU bvgavZz evsjv fvlvq †gŠwjK avZzi g‡Zv eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ

QvcvÑ Avgi eÜz eBUv †Q‡c‡Q|

djÑ evMv‡b †ek wKQz wjPz d‡j‡Q|

UKÑ ZiKvwi evwm n‡j U‡K|

5. †hŠwMK wµqv : GKwU mgvwcKv I GKwU AmgvwcKv wµqv hw` GK‡Î we‡kl ev m¤úªmvwiZ A_© cÖKvk K‡i, Z‡e

Zv‡K †hŠwMK wµqv e‡j| †hgbÑ

ZvwMZ †Ìqv A‡_© : NUbvUv ï‡b ivL|

wbišÍiZv A‡_ ©: wZwb ej‡Z jvM‡jb|

Kvh©mgvwß A‡_ ©: †Q‡j †g‡qiv ï‡q coj|

AvKw¯§KZv A‡_© : mvB‡ib †e‡R DVj|

Af¨¯ÍZv A‡_© : wkÿvq gb ms¯‹vigy³ n‡q _v‡K|

Aby‡gv`b A‡_© : GLb †h‡Z cvi|

6. wgkÖ wµqv : we‡kl¨, we‡klY I aŸbvZ¥K Ae¨‡qi m‡½ Ki&, n&, †`, cv, hv, KvU&, Mv, Qvo, ai&, gvi& cÖf…wZ

avZz‡hv‡M MwVZ wµqvc` we‡kl we‡kl A‡_© wgkÖ wµqv MVb K‡i| †hgbÑ

we‡k‡lï c‡i : Avgiv ZvRgnj `k©b Kijvg| †Q‡jwU †Mvjøvq †M‡Q|

we‡kl‡Yi c‡i : †Zvgv‡K †`‡L we‡kl cÖxZ njvg|

aŸbvZ¥K Ae¨‡qi c‡i : gv_v wSg wSg& Ki‡Q| Sg& Sg& K‡i e„wó co‡Q|

wµqvifve (Mood) wµqvi †h Ae¯’v Øviv Kvh© NUvi aib, cÖKvi ev ixwZ cÖKvk cvq, Zv‡K wµqvi fve e‡j| A_©vr wµqvi KvR †hfv‡e

cÖKvwkZ nq Zv‡K Ôwµqvi fveÕ e‡j| †hgbÑ

gwnDÏxb GLv‡b Av‡m|

hw` gwnDÏxb Av‡m, Z‡e Avgvi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡e|


wimv`, GLv‡b G‡mv|

Avjøvn& †Zvgvi g½j Kiæb|

wµqvi fv‡ei cÖKvi‡f`

wµqvi fve ev aib Pvi cÖKvi| h_vÑ

K. wb‡ ©̀kK ev AeaviK fve

L. Awb‡`©kK ev ms‡hvRK ev NUvšÍiv‡cwÿZ fve

M. AbyÁv ev AvÁv‡`¨vZK fve Ges

N. AvKv•ÿv cÖKvkK fve|

wµqvi fve

wb‡`©kK Awb‡`©kK AbyÁv AvKv•ÿv

K. wb‡`©kK fve: wµqvi †h Ae¯’v †Kv‡bv Kvh© NUvi mvaviY wb‡`©k ev aviYv †`q, Zv‡K wµqvi wb‡`©kK fve e‡j|

†hgbÑ

mvaviY NUbv wb‡`©k : †m Av‡m| Zviv Lvq bv| cÖkœ wRÁvmv : Zzwg wK fv‡jv Av‡Qv?

L. Awb‡`©kK fve : GKB evK¨ GK wµqvi KvR Avi GK wµqvi Dci wbf©ikxj i‡q‡Q Ggb fve cÖKvk Ki‡j

wµqvi Awb‡`©kK fve nq| †hgbÑ hw` †m Av‡m Z‡e Avwg hve| AvR evev †eu‡P _vK‡j Avgvi Kó n‡Zv bv|

M. AbyÁv fve : Av‡`k, Aby‡iva, AbygwZ, cÖv_©bv, Abybq cÖf…wZ A‡_© eZ©gvb Ges fwel¨r Kv‡j ga¨g cyiæ‡l

wµqvc‡ì †h iƒc nq Zv‡K AbyÁv c` e‡j|

DËg cyiæ‡li AbyÁv c` n‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY, †KD wb‡R‡K Av‡`k Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| AcÖZ¨ÿ e‡j bvg cyiæ‡li AbyÁv nq bv| Z‡e GB gZ mK‡j mg_©b K‡ib bv|

eZ©gvb Kvj AbyÁv

Av‡`k : KvRwU K‡i †dj| †Zvgiv GLb hvI|

Dc‡`k : mZ¨ K_v †Mvcb K‡iv bv| Kov †iv‡` †Nviv‡div Kwim bv|

Aby‡iva : Avgvi KvRUv GLb Ki| A¼Uv eywS‡q `vI bv|

cÖv_©bv : Avgvi ìLv¯ÍUv co–b|

Awfkvc : gi, cvwcô|

fwel¨r Kv‡ji AbyÁv

Av‡`k : m`v mZ¨ K_v ej‡e|

m¤¢vebvq : †Póv Ki, meB eyS‡Z cvi‡e|

weavb A‡_© : †ivM n‡j Ilya Lv‡e|

Aby‡iv‡a : Kvj GKevi G‡mv|

N. AvKv•ÿv cÖKvkK fve : †h wµqvc‡ì e³v †mvRvmywR †Kv‡bv B”Qv ev AvKv•ÿv cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K AvKv•ÿv

cÖKvkK fv‡ei wµqv ejv nq| †hgbÑ †m hvK| hv nq †nvK| †m GKUz nvmyK| e„wó Av‡m AvmyK| Zvi g½j †nvK|


cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb K. mwVK DËiwU wjLyb:

1. †h wµqvi Øviv evK¨ m¤ú~Y© nq Zvi bvg K. AmgvwcKv wµqv L. mgvwcKv wµqv

M. †hŠwMK wµqv N. mKg©K wµqv

2. †h wµqvi Øviv evK¨ †kl nq bv Zvi bvg K. mgvwcKv wµqv L. AmgvwcKv wµqv

M. mKg©K wµqv N. AKg©K wµqv

3. †ej cvK‡j Kv‡Ki Kx? K. AmgvwcKv wµqv L. AKg©K wµqv

M. mgvwcKv wµqv N. mKg©K wµqv

4. `ywU wµqv hy³ n‡q GKwU fve cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv‡K e‡j K. mKg©K wµqv L. †hŠwMK wµqv

M. mgvwcKv wµqv N. AmgvwcKv wµqv

5. †h `ywU wµqv hy³ n‡q †hŠwMK wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i Zvi GKwUi bvg K. mnvqK wµqv L. mgvwcKv wµqv

M. †MŠY wµqv N. mKg©K wµqv

6. gyL¨ wµqvi A_©‡K m¤úÖmviY K‡i K. mKg©K wµqv L. †hŠwMK wµqv

M. mnvqK wµqv N. †MŠY wµqv

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:

1. wµqvc` Kx? D`vniYmn wjLyb| 2. †hŠwMK wµqv Kx? †hŠwMK wµqv MV‡bi Dcvq wjLyb| 3. wµqvc‡`i ˆewkó¨ wjLyb| 4. UxKv wjLyb:

mKg©K wµqv, AKg©K wµqv, mgvwcKv wµqv, AmgvwcKv wµqv, cÖ‡hvRK wµqv, wµqvi fve|


1. L 2. L 3. K 4. L 5. K 6. M


D‡Ïk¨


Kvj ev wµqvi Kvj Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| Kv‡ji cÖKvi‡f` wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| Kv‡ji wewkó cÖ‡qvM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wµqvi Kvj †evSv‡Z ms¯‹…Z ÔjÕ cwifvlvwU PjZ| evsjvq ¯Ẑš¿ †Kv‡bv cwifvlv †bB| Bs‡iwR

Tense kãwU ÔKvjÕ-evPK (jvwZb Temps > tense = time)| †Kv‡bv KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ †h mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡K AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨rÑ GB wZb w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Kiv P‡j| KvR m¤úbœ

nIqvi mgq ÔGLb n‡”QÕ ÔAv‡M n‡q‡QÕ A_ev Ôc‡i n‡eÕÑ Gme w`K we‡ePbvq Ôwµqvi KvjÕ cÖm½ Av‡m| Kvj

wµqv msNU‡bi mgq‡K Kvj e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvqÑ wµqv eZ©gvb, AZxZ ev fwel¨‡Z m¤úbœ nIqvi wb‡`©kB

wµqvi Kvj|

1. Avwg fvZ LvB| GLv‡b ÔLvIqvÕ wµqvwU eZ©gvb Kv‡j msNwUZ n‡”Q|

2. Kvj Zzwg ¯‹z‡j wM‡qwQ‡j| ÔhvIqvÕ wµqvwU c~‡e© A_©vr AZx‡Z m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q|

3. AvMvgxKvj jÂ eÜ _vK‡e| ÔeÜ _vKvÕ KvRwU c‡i ev fwel¨‡Z m¤úbœ n‡e|

Dch©y³ wZbwU D`vni‡YB wµqv, eZ©gvb, AZxZ ev fwel¨‡Z m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q Ges wZbwU Kvj‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q|

wµqvc` : wµqvg~j A_©vr avZzi m‡½ Kvj, mgq I cyiæl ÁvcK (wµqv) wefw³‡hv‡M wµqvc` MwVZ nq|

K. cyiæl‡f‡` wµqvi i~‡ci cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| †hgbÑ

Avwg hvB| Zzwg hvI| Avcwb hvb| †m hvq| wZwb hvb|

(mvaviY fwel¨r Kv‡j bvg cyiæl I ga¨g cyiæ‡li wµqvi iƒc Awfbœ)|

L. ePb‡f‡` wµqvi iƒ‡ci †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ nq bv, h_vÑ

Avwg (ev Avgiv) hvB| Zzwg (ev †Zvgiv) hvI| Avcwb (ev Avcbviv) hvb| †m (ev Zviv) hvq|

M. mvaviY, m¤£gvZ¥K, Zz”Qv_©K‡f‡` ga¨g I bvg cyiæ‡li wµqvi iƒ‡ci cv_©K¨ n‡q _v‡K (DËg cyiæ‡l nq bv)|

†hgbÑ

mvaviY m¤£gvZ¥K Zz”Qv_©K/Nwbôv_©K

DËg cyiæl Avwg hvB Ñ Ñ

ga¨g cyiæl Zzwg hvI

†Zvgiv hvI

Avcwb hvb

Avcbviv hvb

ZzB hv

†Zviv hv

bvg cyiæl †m hvq

Zviv hvq

wZwb hvb

Zuviv hvb

GUv hvq

G¸‡jv hvq|

cvV-4.3 : Kvj, cyiæl I Kv‡ji wewkó cÖ‡qvM


Kv‡ji cÖKvi‡f`

wµqv msNU‡bi cÖavb Kvj eZ©gvb, AZxZ I fwel¨r‡K wb¤œwjwLZ K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq :

wµqv msNU‡bi Kvj eY©bv

eZ©gvb Kvj K. mvaviY eZ©gvb ev wbZë„Ë eZ©gvb

L. NUgvb eZ©gvb

M. cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb

AZxZ Kvj K. mvaviY AZxZ

L. wbZë„Ë AZxZ

M. NUgvb AZxZ

N. cyivNwUZ AZxZ

fwel¨r Kvj K. mvaviY fwel¨r

L. NUgvb fwel¨r

M. cyivNwUZ fwel¨r

eZ©gvb Kvj

mvaviY eZ©gvb Kvj : †h wµqv eZ©gv‡b mvaviYfv‡e N‡U, Zvi Kvj‡K mvaviY eZ©gvb Kvj e‡j| †hgbÑ Zwbgv

fvZ Lvq| Avwg evwo hvB|

wbZë„Ë eZ©gvb Kvj : ¯v̂fvweK ev Af¨¯ÍZv †evSv‡j mvaviYZ mvaviY eZ©gvb Kv‡ji wµqv‡K wbZë„Ë eZ©gvb

Kvj e‡j| h_vÑ m~h© c~e©w`‡K I‡V (¯̂vfvweKZv)|

Avwg cÖwZw`b mKvj Qq Uvq Nyg †_‡K DwV (Af¨¯ÍZv)|

wbZë„Ë eZ©gvb Kv‡ji wewkó cÖ‡qvM

wbZë„Ë eZ©gvb Kv‡ji cÖ‡qvM D`vniY

¯’vqx mZ¨ cÖKvk Pvi Avi wZ‡b mvZ nq|

HwZnvwmK eZ©gvb (AZx‡Zi †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK

NUbvq hw` wbZë„Ë eZ©gvb Kv‡ji cÖ‡qvM nq, Zvn‡j

Zv‡K HwZnvwmK eZ©gvb Kvj e‡j)

eve‡ii g„Zzï ci ûgvqyb w`wjøi wmsnvmb

Av‡ivnY K‡ib|

Kv‡eï fwYZvq gnvfvi‡Zi K_v Ag„Z mgvb

Kvkxivg `vm f‡b ï‡b cyYëvb|

AwbðqZv cÖKv‡k †K hv‡b †`‡k Avevi myw`b Avm‡e wK bv|

hw`, hLb, †hb cÖf…wZ k‡ãi cÖ‡qv‡M AZxZ I fwel¨r

Kvj Ávc‡bi Rb¨ mvaviY eZ©gvb Kv‡ji eënvi

nq| †hgbÑ

e„wó hw` Av‡m, Avwg evwo P‡j hve|

mK‡jB †hb K¬v‡m Dcw¯’Z _v‡K|

wec` hLb Av‡m, ZLb Ggwb K‡iB Av‡m|

mvaviY eZ©gvb Kv‡ji wewkó cÖ‡qvM

1. AbygwZ cÖv_©bvq (fwel¨r Kv‡ji A‡_©) : GLb Z‡e Avwm| 2. cÖvPxb †jL‡Ki D×…wZ w`‡Z (AZxZ Kv‡ji A‡_©) : PÐx`vm e‡jb, Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨, Zvnvi Dc‡i

bvB|Õ

3. ewY©Z wel‡q cÖZ¨ÿxf‚Z Ki‡Z (AZx‡Zi ’̄‡j) : Avwg †`‡LwQ, ev”PvwU †ivR iv‡Z Kuv‡`| 4. Ô†bBÕ, ÔbvBÕ ev ÔwbÕ kã‡hv‡M AZxZ Kv‡ji wµqvq : wZwb MZKvj ¸jkvb hvbwb|


NUgvb eZ©gvb Kvj : †h KvR †kl nqwb, GLbI Pj‡Q, †m KvR †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ NUgvb eZ©gvb Kvj eëüZ nq,

h_vÑ Avwid eB co‡Q| Zvwnqv Mvb MvB‡Q|

cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb Kvj : wµqv c~‡e© †kl n‡j Ges Zvi dj GLbI eZ©gvb _vK‡j, cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb Kvj eëüZ

nq| †hgbÑ

Gevi Avwg cixÿvq DËxY© n‡qwQ|

GZÿY Avwg A¼ K‡iwQ|

AZxZ Kvj

mvaviY AZxZ : eZ©gvb Kv‡ji c~‡e© †h wµqv m¤úb&œ n‡q wM‡q‡Q, Zvi msNUbB mvaviY AZxZ Kvj| †hgbÑ

cÖ̀ xc wb‡f †Mj| wkKvwi cvwLwU‡K ¸wj Kij|

mvaviY AZx‡Zi wewkó eënvi

1. cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb ¯’‡j : ÔGÿ‡Y Rvwbjvg, Kzmy‡g KxU Av‡Q|Õ 2. we‡kl B”Qv A‡_© eZ©gvb Kv‡ji cwie‡Z © : †Zvgiv hv Lywk Ki, Avwg we`vq njvg|

wbZë„Ë AZxZ : AZxZ Kv‡j †h wµqv mvaviY Af¨¯ÍZv A‡_© eëüZ nq, Zv‡K wbZë„Ë AZxZ Kvj e‡j| †hgbÑ

Avgiv ZLb †ivR mKv‡j b`x Zx‡i ågb KiZvg|

wbZë„Ë AZx‡Zi wewkó eënvi

1. Kvgbv cÖKv‡k : AvR hw` mygb AvmZ, †Kgb gRv n‡Zv| 2. Am¤¢e Kíbvq : ÔmvZvk n‡Zv hw` GKk mvZvkÕ| 3. m¤¢vebv cÖKv‡k : Zzwg hw` †h‡Z, Z‡e fv‡jvB n‡Zv|

NUgvb AZxZ Kvj : AZxZ Kv‡j †h KvR PjwQj Ges †h mg‡qi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, ZLbI KvRwU mgvß nqwbÑ

wµqv msNU‡bi Giƒc fve †evSv‡j wµqvi NUgvb AZxZ Kvj nq| †hgbÑ

Kvj mÜvq e„wó cowQj| Avgiv ZLb eB cowQjvg| evev Avgv‡ì covïbv †`LwQ‡jb|

cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kvj : †h wµqv AZx‡Zi eû c~‡e©B msNwUZ n‡q wM‡q‡Q Ges hvi c‡i AviI wKQz NUbv N‡U †M‡Q,

Zvi Kvj‡K cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kvj ejv nq| †hgbÑ †mevi Zv‡K my¯’B †`‡LwQjvg| KvRwU wK Zzwg K‡iwQ‡j?

AZx‡Z msNwUZ NUbvi wbwðZ eY©bvq : cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy‡× GK jÿ ˆmb¨ gviv wM‡qwQj| Avwg mwgwZ‡Z †mw`b

cuvP UvKv bM` w`‡qwQjvg|

AZx‡Z msNwUZ wµqvi ci¤úiv †evSv‡Z †kl wµqvc‡` cyivNwUZ Kv‡ji cÖ‡qvM nq| †hgbÑ e„wó Avmvi c~‡e©B

Avgiv evwo †cuŠ‡QwQjvg|

fwel¨r Kvj

mvaviY fwel¨r Kvj : †h wµqv c‡i ev AbvMZ Kv‡j msNwUZ n‡e, Zvi Kvj‡K mvaviY fwel¨r Kvj e‡j| h_vÑ

Avgiv gv‡V †Lj‡Z hve|

kxNªB e„wó Avm‡e|

mvaviY fwel¨rKv‡ji wewkó cÖ‡qvM

1. A‡ÿc cÖKv‡k AZx‡Zi ¯’‡j fwel¨r Kvj eënvi nq| †hgbÑ †K RvbZ Avgvi fvM¨ Ggb n‡e? †m w`b †K RvbZ †h BD‡iv‡c Avevi gnvhy‡×i †fwi evR‡e?

2. AZxZ Kv‡ji NUbv m¤úwK©Z †h wµqvc‡` m‡›`‡ni fve eZ©gbv _v‡K, Zvi eY©bvq mvaviY fwel¨r Kv‡ji eënvi nq| †hgbÑ fvejvg, wZwb GLb evwo wM‡q _vK‡eb| †Zvgiv nq‡Zv Ôwek̂bweÕ c‡o _vK‡e|

NUgvb fwel¨r wµqvi iƒc


bvg cyiæl mvaviY : ÑB‡Z _vwK‡e/Ñ †Z _vK‡e| (Kwi‡Z _vwK‡e/Ki‡Z _vK‡e)|

bvg cyiæl I ga¨g cyiæl : ÑB‡Z _vwK‡eb/Ñ †Z _vK‡eb| (Kwi‡Z _vwK‡eb/Ki‡Z _vK‡eb)| m¤£gvZ¥K|

ga¨g cyiæl mvaviY : ÑB‡Z _vwK‡e/ Ñ †Z _vK‡e| (Kwi‡Z _vwK‡e/Ki‡Z _vK‡e)|

ga¨g cyiæl Zz”Qv_©K : ÑB‡Z _vwK‡e/ Ñ †Z _vwK‡e| (Kwi‡Z _vwKwe/Ki‡Z _vKwe)|

DËg cyiæl : ÑB‡Z _vwKe/Ñ †Z _vKe| (Kwi‡Z _vwKe/Ki‡Z _vKe|)

†h KvR fwel¨r Kv‡j Pj‡Z _vK‡e Zvi Kvj‡K NUgvb fwel¨r e‡j| jÿYxq, GLv‡b g~j wµqvi m‡½ AmgvwcKv

wµqv ÑB‡Z/Ñ †Z wefw³ hy³ nq Ges †mB m‡½ _vK& avZzi, mvaviY fwel¨r Kv‡ji wµqv wefw³ hy³ nq|

ÁvZe¨ : g~j avZzi m‡½ ÑB‡Z/†ZÑ wefw³ †hv‡M †h AmgvwcKv wµqv m„wó nq, Zv AcwieZ©bxq Ges †Kv‡bv

KvjevPK bq| g~j avZzi m‡½ fwel¨r Kv‡ji †Kv‡bviƒc wµqv wefw³B hy³ nq bv| A‡_©i w`K †_‡K NUgvb

fwel¨‡Zi wµqvc` m„wó n‡q‡Q g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| iƒ‡ci w`K †_‡K G¸‡jv mvaviY fwel¨‡Zi wµqvi iƒc gvÎ|

ZvB A‡b‡K NUgvb fwel¨‡Zi wµqvc‡ì iƒc Av‡Q e‡j ¯x̂Kvi K‡ib bv|

cyivNwUZ fwel¨r wµqvi iƒc : †h wµqv m¤¢eZ N‡U wM‡q‡Q, mvaiY fwel¨r Kvj‡evaK kã eënvi K‡i Zv

†evSv‡Z cyivNwUZ fwel¨r Kvj nq| cyivNwUZ fwel¨r Kv‡ji A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ g~j avZzi m‡½ AmgvwcKv

wµqvwefw³ ÑBqv/G †hvM K‡i Ges hvK& I Mg& avZzi m‡½ mvaviY fwel¨‡Zi wµqv wefw³ hy³ K‡i †hŠwMK

wµqvc` ˆZwi nq| h_vÑ wM‡q _vKe/hvBqv _vKe|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb K. mwVK DËiwU evQvB KiæbÑ

1. †Kvb ev‡K¨ cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kv‡ji wµqv Av‡Q?

K. Zviv wM‡q‡Q L. †m wM‡qwQj

M. Zzwg †h‡Z _vK N. Zzwg hvI

2. †Kvb& evK¨wUi NUgvb eZ©gv‡bi wµqv Øviv MwVZ?

K. G K_v Rvb‡Z Zzwg L. Ô†`‡L Gjvg Zv‡iÕ

M. †jvKwU Gw`‡K Avm‡Q N. ÔAvevi Avwme wd‡iÕ

3. †Kvb evK¨wU HwZnvwmK eZ©gv‡bi wµqvc` Øviv MwVZ?

K. Avwè ¯‹z‡j hvq L. iex› ª̀bv_ 1913 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb

M. †Kb †h Zzwg Avm bv N. †ivR †`wi nq †Kb?

4. Rwjj nq‡Zv ÔG‡m _vK‡eÕ ÑGLv‡b †Kvb& Kv‡ji cwie‡Z© mvaviY fwel¨r Kvj eëüZ n‡q‡Q?

K. cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb L. NUgvb AZxZ

M. cyivNwUZ fwel¨r N. mvaviY AZxZ

5. KvR †kl Kivi Rb¨ †mwjg Av`vRj Ô†L‡q †j‡M‡QÕ ÑGLv‡b wµqv c`wUi Kvj n‡”QÑ

K. mvaviY eZ©gvb L. NUgvb eZ©gvb

M. cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb N. HwZnvwmK eZ©gvb

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. Kvj ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? wµqvi Kvj KZ cÖKvi D`vniYmn wjLyb| 2. Ôcyiæl‡f‡` wµqvi cÖ‡qv‡M wfbœZv †`Lv hvq, wKš‘ ePb‡f‡` †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq bv|Õ- e¨vL¨v Kiæb|


1| L 2| M 3| L 4| M 5| M


D‡Ïk¨


mgvcwKv wµqvi MVb I eënvi ej‡Z cvi‡eb| AmgvwcKv wµqvi MVb I eënvi wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| †hŠwMK wµqvi MVb I eënvi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†h wµqvc` Øviv ev‡Kï ev e³vi g‡bvfv‡ei cwimgvwß nq, Zv‡K mgvwcKv wµqv e‡j| †hgbÑ Avwg

eB cowQ| †g‡qiv Mvb MvB‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, †h wµqv Øviv ev‡Kï cwimgvwß N‡U bv, e³vi K_v Am¤ú~Y©

†_‡K hvq, Zv‡K AmgvwcKv wµqv e‡j| †hgbÑ Avwg fvZ †L‡q---| GQvov GwU mgvwcKv I GKwU

AmgvwcKv wµqv hw` GK‡Î we‡kl ev m¤úªmvwiZ A_© cÖKvk K‡i, Z‡e Zv‡K †hŠwMK wµqv e‡j| †hgbÑ †Q‡j

†g‡qiv ï‡q coj (Kvh©mgvwß A‡_©), mvB‡ib †e‡R DVj (AvKw¯§KZv A‡_©) BZ¨vw`|

mgvwcKv wµqvi MVb

mgvwcKv wµqv mKg©K, AKg©K I wØKg©K n‡Z cv‡i| avZzi m‡½ eZ©gvb, AZxZ ev fwel¨r Kv‡ji wefw³ hy³ n‡q

mgvwcKv wµqv MwVZ nq| h_vÑ

†`‡jvqvi eB c‡o| (wµqvÑmKg©K, KvjÑeZ©gvb)|

Zvwgg mvivw`b †L‡jwQj| (wµqvÑAKg©KÑKvj AZxZ)|

Avwg †Zvgv‡K GKwU Kjg Dcnvi †è| (wµqvÑwØKg©K, KvjÑfwel¨r)|

AmgvwcKv wµqvi MVb

avZzi m‡½ Kvj wbi‡cÿ ÑBqv (†q), ÑBZ (†Z) A_ev ÑB‡j (†j) wefw³ hy³ n‡q AmgvwcKv wµqv MwVZ nq|

†hgbÑhZœ Ki‡j iZœ †g‡j| Zv‡K Lyu‡R wb‡q Avm‡Z †Póv Ki‡e|

AmgvwcKv wµqvq MVb

AmgvwcKv wµqv NwUZ ev‡K¨ GKvwaK KZ©v (KZ…©KviK) †`Lv hvqÑ

1. GK KZ©v : evK¨w¯’Z mgvwcKv I AmvgvwcKv wµqvi KZ©v GK ev Awfbœ n‡Z c‡i| h_vÑZzwg PvKwi †c‡j Avi

wK †`‡k Avm‡e? Ô†c‡jÕ (AmgvwcKv wµqv) Ges ÔAvm‡eÕ (AmgvwcKv wµqv Dfq wµqvi KZ©v GLv‡b ÔZzwgÕ|

2. Amgvb KZ©v : evK¨w¯’Z mgvwcKv I AmgvwcKv wµqvi KZ©v GK bv n‡j †mLv‡b KZ©v¸‡jv‡K Amgvb KZ©v ejv

nq| Amgvb KZ©v Avevi `yB ai‡bi| †hgbÑ

K. kZ©vaxb KZ©v : G RvZxq KZ©v‡ì eënvi kZ©vaxb n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ †Zvgiv evwo G‡j Avwg iIbv ne|

GLv‡b ÔG‡jÕ AmgvwcKv wµqvi KZ©v Ô†ZvgivÕ Ges ÔiIbv neÕ mgvwcKv wµqvi KZ©v ÔAvwgÕ| †Zvgv‡ì evwo

Avmvi Ici Avgvi iIbv nIqv wbf©ikxj e‡j G RvZxq ev‡K¨ KZ…©c‡ÿi eënvi kZ©vaxb|

L. wbi‡cÿ KZ©v : kZ©vaxb bv n‡qI mgvwcKv I AmgvwcKv wµqvi wfbœ wfbœ KZ…©c` _vK‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î

cÖ_g KZ…©c`wU‡K ejv nq wbi‡cÿ KZ©v| †hgbÑ m~h© A¯ÍwgZ n‡j hvÎx`j c_ Pjv ïiæ Kij| GLv‡b

ÔhvÎx‡ìÕ c_ Pjvi m‡½ Ôm~h©Õ A¯ÍwgZ nIqvi †Kv‡bv kZ© ev m¤úK© †bB e‡j Ôm~h©Õ wbi‡cÿ KZ©v|

cvV-4.4 : mgvwcKv, AmgvwcKv I †hŠwMK wµqvi cÖ‡qvM


AmgvwcKv wµqvi eënvi

1. ÔB‡jÕ > Ô†jÕ wefw³hy³ AmgvwcKv wµqvi eënvi K. Kvh©ci¤úiv †evSv‡Z : Pvi‡U evR‡j ¯‹zj QzwU n‡e|

L. cÖkœ ev we¯§q Ávc‡b : GKevi gi‡j wK †KD †d‡i?

M. m¤¢ve¨Zv A‡_© : GLb e„wó n‡j dm‡ji ÿwZ n‡e|

N. mv‡cÿZv †evSv‡Z : wZwb †M‡j KvR n‡e|

O. `vk©wbK mZ¨ cÖKv‡k : ÔRwb¥‡j gwi‡Z n‡e, Agi †K †Kv_v K‡e?Õ

P. wewawb‡`©‡k : GLv‡b cÖPvicÎ jvMv‡j †dŠR`vwi‡Z †mvc`© n‡e|

Q. m¤¢vebvi weK‡í : AvR †M‡jI hv, Kvj †M‡jI Zv|

R. cwiYwZ †evSv‡Z : e„wó‡Z wfR‡j mw`© n‡e|

2. ÔBqvÕ > ÔGÕ wefw³ AmgvwcKv wµqvi eënvi K. AbšÍiZv ev ch©vq †evSv‡Z : nvZÑgyL ay‡q co‡Z em|

L. †nZz A‡_© : †Q‡jwU Kzm‡½ wg‡k bó n‡q †Mj|

M. wµqv we‡klY A‡_© :†PuwP‡q K_v e‡jv bv|

N. wµqvi Awew”QbœZv †evSv‡Z : Ôü`‡qi K_v Kwnqv Kwnqv Mvwnqv Mvb|Õ

O. fveevPK we‡kl¨ MVb : †mLv‡b Avi wM‡q KvR †bB|

P. Ae¨q c‡ì Abyiƒc : XvKv wM‡q evwo hve|

3. ÔB‡ZÕ>Ô†ZÕ wefw³ hy³ AmgvwcKv wµqvi eënvi K. B”Qv cÖKvk : GLb Avwg †h‡Z PvB|

L. D‡Ïk¨ ev wbwgË A‡_© : †gjv †`L‡Z XvKv hve|

M. mvg_©̈ †evSv‡Z : †LvKv GLb nuvU‡Z cv‡i|

N. wewa †evSv‡Z : evj¨Kv‡j we`¨vfvm Ki‡Z nq|

O. †`Lv ev Rvbv A‡_© : igjv MvB‡Z Rv‡b|

P. Avek¨KZv †evSv‡Z : GLb †Uªb ai‡Z n‡e|

Q. m~Pbv †evSv‡Z : †mZz GLb Bs‡iwR co‡Z wk‡L‡Q|

R. we‡klYevPKZvq : †jvKUv‡K †`Šov‡Z †`Ljvg|

S. wµqvevPK we‡kl¨ MV‡b : †Zvgv‡K †Zv G MÖv‡g _vK‡Z †`wLwb|

T. AbymM©iƒ‡c : Ô†Kvb †`‡k‡Z ZiæjZv mKj †`‡ki PvB‡Z k¨vgj|Õ

U. we‡klï m‡½ Aš̂q mva‡b : Ô†`wL‡Z evmbv gv‡Mv †Zvgvi PiYÕ|

V. we‡kl‡Yi m‡½ Aš̂q mva‡b : cÙdzj †`L‡Z my›ì|

4. ÔB‡ZÕ Ô†ZÕ wefw³ hy³ wµqvi wØZ¡ cÖ‡qvM

K. wbišÍiZv cÖKv‡k : ÔKvwU‡Z KvwU‡Z avb Gj eilv|Õ

L. mgKvj †evSv‡Z : Ô†muDwZ‡Z c` `vex ivwL‡Z ivwL‡Z| †muDwZ‡Z nBj †mvbv Ô†`wL‡Z †`wL‡ZÕ|

ÁvZe¨ : ixwZwm× cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î mgvwcKv wµqv Abycw¯’Z †_‡K AmgvwcKv wµqvi eënv‡i evK¨ MwVZ n‡Z

c‡i| †hgbÑ Miæ †g‡i RyZv `vb| Av½yj dz‡j KjvMvQ|

†hŠwMK wµqv

†hŠwMK wµqvi MVbwewa : AmgvwcKv wµqvi c‡i hv, co, †`L&, jvM&, †dj&, Avm&, DV&, †`, jn&, _vK&, cÖf…wZ avZz

†_‡K mgvwcKv wµqv MwVZ n‡q Df‡q wgwjZfv‡e †hŠwMK wµqv ˆZwi K‡i, Gme †hŠwMK wµqv we‡kl A_© cÖKvk

K‡i| †hgbÑ


1. hÑavZz

K. mgvwß A‡_© : e„wó †_‡K †Mj|

L. Aweivg A‡_© : MvqK †M‡q hv‡”Qb|

M. µgk A‡_© : Pv Rywo‡q hv‡”Q|

N. m¤¢vebv A‡_© : GLb hvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i|

2. coÑavZz

K. mgvwß A‡_© : GLb ï‡q co|

L. e¨vwß A‡_© : K_vUv Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q|

M. AvKw¯§K A‡_© : GLbB Zzdvb G‡m co‡e|

N. µgk A‡_© : †Kgb †hb gbgiv n‡q c‡owQ|

3. †`L&ÑavZz

K. g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©‡Y : Gw`‡K †P‡q †`L|

L. cixÿv A‡_© : jeYUv †P‡L †`L|

M. dj m¤¢vebvq : mv‡ne‡K e‡j †`L|

4. Avm&ÑavZz

K. m¤¢vebv A‡_© : AvR we‡K‡j e„wó Avm‡Z cv‡i|

L. Af¨¯ÍZvq : Avgiv G KvRB K‡i AvmwQ|

M. Avmbœ mgvwß A‡_© : QzwU dzwi‡q Avm‡Q|

5. w`ÑavZz

K. AbygwZ A‡_© : Avgv‡K †h‡Z `vI|

L. c~Y©Zv A‡_© : KvRUv †k‡l K‡i w`jvg|

M. mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bvq : Avgv‡K A¼Uv eywS‡q `vI|

6. wbÑavZz

K. wb‡ ©̀k ÁvcK : Gevi KvcoÑ†Pvco ¸wQ‡q bvI|

L. cixÿv A‡_© : Kwó cv_‡i †mvbvUv K‡l bvI|

7. †dj&ÑavZz

K. m¤ú~Y©Zv A‡_© : wgwó¸‡jv †L‡q †dj|

L. AvKw¯§KZv A‡_© : †Q‡jiv †n‡m †djj|

8. DV&ÑavZz

K. µgvš̂qZv †evSv‡Z : F‡Yi †evSv fvix n‡q D‡V‡Q|

L. Af¨vm A‡_© : ïay ïay wZwb †i‡M I‡Vb|

M. AvKw¯§KZv A‡_© : †m nVvr †PuwP‡q DVj|

N. m¤¢vebv A‡_© : Avgvi Avi _vKv n‡q DVj bv|

O. mvg_©̈ A‡_© : Gme K_v Avgvi mn¨ n‡q I‡V bv|

9. jvM&ÑavZz

K. Aweivg A‡_© : †LvKv Kuv`‡Z jvMj|

L. m~Pbv wb‡`©‡k : GLb Kv‡R jvM †Zv †`wL|


10. _vK&ÑavZz

K. wbišÍiZv A‡_© : Gevi fve‡Z _vK|

L. m¤¢vebvq : wZwb nq‡Zv e‡j _vK‡eb|

M. m‡›`n cÖKv‡k : †mÑB KvRUv K‡i _vK‡e|

N. wb‡`©k : Avi ìKvi †bB, Gevi e‡m _vK|


1. †Kvb ev‡Kï wµqvwU m¤¢vebv cÖKvk Ki‡Q?

K. e„wó †_‡g †Mj L. GÿzwY e„wó G‡m co‡e

M. ZvovZvwo Pj, e„wó Avm‡Z cv‡i N. †m Mvb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

2. †Kvb ev‡K¨ AmgvwcKv wµqvwU AbymM© iƒ‡c eëüZ n‡q‡Q?

K. Rb¥fywg ¯^‡M©i PvB‡Z †kªô L. †m Avgvi w`‡K PvB‡Z _v‡K

M. Ggb PvIqv PvB‡Z †bB N. Kx PvB‡Z B”Qv K‡i?

3. †Kvb ev‡K¨ Amgvb KZ©v Av‡Q?

K. †m †h‡Z †h‡Z †_‡g †Mj L. evwjKvwU Mvb K‡i P‡j †Mj

M. †m †Ku‡` †Ku‡` ejj N. †m G‡j Avwg hve|

4. †Kvb ev‡Kï KZ©v wbi‡cÿ?

K. AvKv‡k Puv` DV‡j AvÇv fv‡O L. e„wó n‡q‡Q ZvB Avgiv hve bv

M. e„wó‡Z wfR‡j †Kb, mw`© n‡e N. Zzwg hw` hvI, †m hv‡e|

5. †Kvb ev‡K¨ AmgvwcKv wµqv cÖkœ wRÁvmvq eëüZ n‡q‡Q?

K. Zzwg wK GLb hv‡e? L. gi‡j wK †KD †d‡i?

M. ÔRwb¥‡j gwi‡Z n‡e|Õ N. AvR †M‡jI hv, Kvj †M‡jI Zv|

6. †Kvb ev‡K¨ Avek¨KZv †evSv‡Z B‡Z> †Z wefw³ hy³ AmgvwcKv wµqv eëüZ n‡q‡Q?

K. †Zvgv‡K †`L‡Z PvB M. †LvKv GLb co‡Z cv‡i

L. Avwg GLv‡b _vK‡Z Avwmwb N. GLb †Uªb ai‡Z n‡e|

7. †Kvb ev‡K¨ cixÿv A‡_© †hŠwMK wµqv eëüZ n‡q‡Q?

K. Kwó cv_‡i †mvbv K‡l bvI L. Avgv‡K Ki‡Z `vI

M. GLb fve‡Z _vK N. Avgiv cixÿv w`‡q AvmwQ|

8. †Kvb ev‡K¨ wb‡`©k A‡_© †hŠwMK wµqv eëüZ n‡q‡Q?

K. wZwb nq‡Zv e‡m _vK‡eb L. KvR K‡i †m e‡m _vK‡e

M. A‡bK KvR K‡iQ, GLb e‡m _vK N. Zzwg wK GLb e‡m _vK‡e?

9. †Kvb ev‡K¨ Bqv (>G) wefw³ hy³ AmgvwcKv wµqv wµqvi Awew”QbœZv †evSv‡”Q?

K. K_v K‡q †`L L. Mvb †M‡q †M‡q c_ Pj‡Q

M. ivRkvnx wM‡q wd‡i Avme N. GLb wM‡q Kx Ki‡e?

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. mgvwcKv wµqv I AmgvwcKv wµqvi cv_©K¨ Kx?

2. †hŠwMK wµqv Kx? KqwU †hŠwMK wµqvi cÖ‡qvM †`Lvb|



D‡Ïk¨


AbyÁvc` Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| AbyÁv c‡ì MVb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wewfbœ Kv‡j ga¨g I bvg cyiæ‡l AbyÁvi iƒc wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

eZ©gvb I AZxZ Kv‡j ga¨g cyiæ‡l wµqvc‡ì †h iƒc nq Zv‡K AbyÁv c` Ges †hÑfve Av‡e`b,

AbygwZ, Aby‡iva, Av‡`k, Avgš¿Y, Avkxe©v`, cÖv_©bv BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K AbyÁv fve e‡j

(Imperative mood)|

evsjv AbyÁv

Av‡`k, Aby‡iva, AbygwZ, cÖv_©bv, Abybq cÖf…wZ A‡_© eZ©gvb Ges fwel¨r Kv‡j ga¨g cyiæ‡l wµqvc‡ì †hiƒc nq

Zv‡K AbyÁv c` e‡j| †hgbÑ Kvj GKevi G‡mv| ZzB evwo hv| Ôÿgv Ki †gviv Aciva|Õ Av‡jvP¨ cÖ_g ev‡K¨

Aby‡iva, wØZxq ev‡K¨ Av‡`k Ges Z…Zxq ev‡K¨ cÖv_©bv †evSv‡”Q|

AbyÁv c‡ì MVb

1. ga¨g cyiæ‡li Zz”Qv_© ev Nwbôv_©K me©bv‡gi AbyÁvq wµqvc‡` †Kv‡bv wefw³ †hvM nq bv| g~j aŸwbwUB

wµqvcìƒ‡c eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ ga¨g cyiæl Zz”Qv_©K ev Nwbôv_©K ZzB (eB) co| †Zviv (eB) co| wKš‘

Aby‡iva, Av‡`k ev Abyiƒc m¤£gvZ¥K ga¨g cyiæ‡li me©bvg ÔAvcwbÕ ev ÔAvcbvivÕ Ges mvaviY ga¨g cyiæ‡li

me©bvg ÔZzwgÕ ev Ô†ZvgivÕ c‡ì m‡½ †h AbyÁv c‡ì eënvi nq, Zv‡Z wefw³ hy³ n‡q _v‡K| †hgbÑ

m¤£gvZ¥K ga¨g cyiælÑ Avcwb (Avcbviv) Avmyb (Avm&+Db)|

mvaviY ga¨g cyiælÑ Zzwg (†Zvgiv) Avm (Avm&+A)|

2. cÖvPxb evsjv ixwZ‡Z ga¨g cyiæ‡li AbyÁvq wµqvi m‡½ ÔnÕ †hvM Kivi wbqg wQj| GB ÔnÕ eZ©gv‡b A Ges I

†Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ

ÔKin [=Ki] Avcb KvR, Zv‡Z wKev fq jvR|Õ

ÔAagÕ mšÍv‡bi gv‡Mv †`n [`vI] c`”Qvqv|Õ

3. K. DËg cyiæ‡li AbyÁv c` n‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY, †KD wb‡R‡K Av‡`k Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

L. AcÖZ¨ÿ e‡j bvg cyiæ‡li AbyÁv nq bv| Z‡e GB gZ mK‡j mg_©b K‡ib bv|

4. K. ga¨g I bvg cyiæ‡li eZ©gvb AbyÁvi iƒc :

aib me©bvg wefw³ D`vniY/wµqvc`

m¤£gvZ¥K Avcwb, Avcbviv, wZwb, Zuviv Db, b hvDb, hvb

mvaviY Zzwg, †Zvgiv A, I Ki, K‡iv, hvI

Zz”Qv_©K/Nwbôv_©K ZzB, †Zviv 0 (k~b¨) Ki&, hv

mvaviY †m, Zviv DK KiæK

ÁvZe¨: wb‡`©kK fv‡ei mvaviY eZ©gvb Kv‡ji m¤£gvZ¥K ga¨g cyiæ‡li wefw³ = Gb| †hgbÑ Avcwb †`‡Lb|

m¤£gvZ¥K ga¨g cyiæ‡li AbyÁv c‡ì wefw³ÑÔDbÕ| †hgbÑ Avcbviv †`Lyb|

cvV-4.5 : evsjv AbyÁv


L. PwjZ fvlvq avZzi g~j ¯î GÑKvivšÍ ev IÑKvivšÍ n‡j D³ cv_©K¨ †jvc cvq| †hgbÑ †bb, jb, wbb < jDb, †jvb|

M. ga¨g I bvg cyiæ‡l fwel¨r Kv‡ji AbyÁv iƒc :

AbyÁvi iƒc

me©bvg wefw³ wµqvc`

mvay PwjZ mvay PwjZ

m¤£gvZ¥K Avcwb, Avcbviv ÑB‡eb Ñ †eb Kwi‡eb Ki‡eb

wZwb, Zuviv

mvaviY Zzwg, †Zvgiv ÑBI ÑI KwiI K‡iv

Zz”Qv_©K/Nwbôv_©K ZzB, †Zviv ÑBm Ñm Kwim, LvBm Lvm

mvaviY †m, Zviv ÑB‡e Ñ †e Kwi‡e Ki‡e

`ªóe¨ : NUgvb eZ©gvb AbyÁv Ges NUgvb fwel¨r AbyÁv|

cÖKvi‡f` : AbyÁvc`‡K ỳB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ

1. NUgvb eZ©gvb AbyÁv,

2. NUgvb fwel¨r AbyÁv|

1. NUgvb eZ©gvb AbyÁv : g~j wµqvc‡ì m‡½ ÑB‡Z/Ñ†Z wefw³ hy³ n‡q AmgvwcKv wµqvc` MVb Kiv hvq| GB

AmgvwcKv wµqvc` Ges _vK& avZzi m‡½ (mvaviY) eZ©gvb AbyÁvi wefw³ K‡i †h wµqvc` nq, Dfq wg‡j †hŠwMK

wµqv Drcbœ K‡i| GB †hŠwMK wµqv NUgvb eZ©gvb AbyÁvi A_© cÖKvk K‡i| †hgbÑ

(†m)ÑB‡Z/Ñ †Z + ÑDK (Kwi‡Z/Ki‡Z _vKzK)|

(wZwb/Avcwb)ÑB‡Z/- †Z + Db (Kwi‡Z/Ki‡Z _vKzb)

(Zzwg)ÑB‡Z/Ñ †Z + A ÑI (Kwi‡Z/Ki‡Z _vK/ _v‡Kv)|

(ZzB)ÑB‡Z/ †Z + Ñ I (Kwi‡Z/Ki‡Z _vK&)

g~j avZzi m‡½ AmgvwcKv wµqv wefw³ÑB‡Z/Ñ †Z hy³ nq; Giƒc wefw³hy³ AmgvwcKv wµqv me©̀ v AcwiewZ©Z

Ae¯’vq _v‡K| GB AmgvwcKv wµqv Ges mvaviY eZ©gv‡bi AbyÁvi wµqv wefw³hy³ _vK& avZz (NUgvb eZ©gvb

AbyÁv) wg‡j †hŠwMK wµqv Drcbœ K‡i| GB †hŠwMK wµqv NUgvb eZ©gvb AbyÁvi A_© cÖKvk K‡i|

_vK& avZzi m‡½ hy³ wµqv wefw³¸‡jvB AbyÁv A_© cÖKvk K‡i| g~j wµqv †_‡K Drcbœ AmgvwcKv wµqvwU NUgvbZv

cÖKv‡k mvnvh¨ K‡i|

2. NUgvb fwel¨r AbyÁv : Dch©y³ Kvi‡YB NUgvb Awel¨r AbyÁvi Rb¨ c„_K wµqv wefw³i Aw¯ÍZ¡ A¯x̂Kvi Kiv

Abvek¨K| †hgbÑ

ÑB‡Z/Ñ †Z + ÑB‡eb/Ñ †eb (Kwi‡Z _vwK‡eb/Ki‡Z _vK‡eb)|

ÑB‡Z/Ñ †Z+BIÑG/ÑI (Kwi‡Z _vwKI/Ki‡Z †_‡Kv)|

ÑB‡Z/Ñ †Z + ÑBm (Kwi‡Z _vwKm/Ki‡Z _vwKm)|

ÑB‡Z/Ñ †Z + ÑB‡e/Ñ †e (Kwi‡Z _vwK‡e/Ki‡Z _vK‡e)|

ÁvZe¨

K) fwel¨r Kv‡ji AbyÁvq DËg cyiæl eëüZ nq bv|

L) m¤£gvZ¥K ga¨g cyiæ‡li mvaviY fwel¨‡Zi wµqvi iƒcwU m¤£gvZ¥K ga¨g cyiæ‡li fwel¨r AbyÁvq eëüZ nq|

K. eZ©gvb Kvj

1. Av‡`k : KvRwU K‡i †dj| †Zvgiv GLb hvI|

2. Dc‡`k : mZ¨ †Mvcb K‡iv bv|


Kov †iv‡` †Nviv‡div Kwim bv|

ÔcvwZm †b wkjvZ‡j cÙcvZv|Õ

3. Aby‡iva : Avgvi KvRUv GLb Ki|

A¼Uv eywS‡q `vI bv|

4. cÖv_©bv : Avgvi `iLv¯ÍUv co–b|

5. Awfkvc : gi, cvwcô|

L. fwel¨r Kv‡ji AbyÁv

1. Av‡`k : m`v mZ¨ ej‡e|

2. m¤¢vebvq : †Póv Ki, meB eyS‡Z cvi‡e|

3. weavb A‡_© : †ivM n‡j Ilya Lv‡e|

4. Aby‡iv‡a : Kvj GKevi G‡mv (ev AvwmI ev Avwm‡e)|


1. Av‡`k, Dc‡`k, AbygwZ, Aby‡iva, cÖv_©bv cÖf…wZ †evSv‡Z eZ©gvb I fwel¨rKv‡ji ga¨g cyiæ‡li wµqvi †hiƒc nq, Zv‡K Kx e‡j?

K) AbyÁv L) evP¨

M) evK¨ N) Dw³

2. †Kvb cyiæ‡l AbyÁv c` nq bv? K) ga¨g cyiæ‡l L) DËg cyiæ‡l

M) bvgcyiæ‡l N) †KvbwUB bq

3. AbyÁv c` †Kvb c‡`i iƒc? K) we‡kl¨ L) we‡klY

M) me©bvg N) wµqv

4. m`v mZ¨ K_v ej‡eÑ GwU †Kvb AbyÁvi D`vniY? K) eZ©gvb Kv‡ji AbyÁvi L) AZxZ Kv‡ji AbyÁvi

M) fwel¨rKv‡ji AbyÁvi N) AZxZ-eZ©gvb Kv‡ji AbyÁvi

5. DËg cyiæ‡l AbyÁv c` nq bv, KviYÑ K) cÖZ¨ÿ e‡j L) c‡ivÿ e‡j

M) †KD wb‡R‡K Av‡`k Ki‡Z cv‡i bv N) †Kv‡bvwUB bq


1. K 2. L 3. N 4. M 5. M


D‡Ïk¨


wµqv wefw³ Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| wµqv wefw³i iƒc‡f` m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| avZzi iƒc eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| mvay I PjwZ ixwZ‡f‡` wµqv wefw³i cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| eZ©gvb, AZxZ I fwel¨r Kv‡j avZz I wefw³i wewfbœ iƒc wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

wµqvc` MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î hv avZzi c‡i hy³ nq ZvB wµqvÑwefw³| wµqvÑwefw³i iƒc‡f` fvlvi wewfbœ

iƒ‡c wfbœ wfbœ nq|

wµqv wefw³

avZzi m‡½ †h mKj eY© ev eY©mgwó hy³ n‡q mvgvwcKv wµqv MVb K‡i H mg¯Í eY© ev eY©mgwó‡K wµqvÑwefw³

ejv nq| A_©vr hv avZzi c‡i hy³ n‡q Ôwµqvc`Õ nq, Zv‡K e‡j wµqv wefw³| wµqvc`‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j `y‡Uv

Ask cvIqv hvq : avZz ev wµqvg~j Ges wµqvÑwefw³| †hgbÑ ÔK‡iÕ GKwU wµqvc`| Gi `y‡Uv Ask i‡q‡QÑ Ki&

+ G = K‡i| GLv‡b ÔKi&Õ avZzi m‡½ Ô-GÕ wefw³ hy³ n‡q ÔK‡iÕ wµqvc`wU MwVZ n‡q‡Q| Giƒc, Avwg hvB (hv

+ B) Ñ ÔhvÕ avZzi m‡½ ÔBÕ wefw³ hy³ n‡q‡Q| Avcbviv hv‡eb (hv + †eb) Ñ ÔhvÕ avZzi m‡½ Ô†ebÕ wefw³ hy³

n‡q‡Q|

wµqvÑwefw³i iƒc‡f`

1. wefw³mg~n wµqvi Kvj, cyiæl I evP¨‡f‡` wewfbœ iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i| †hgbÑ Avwg hvBÑ mvaviY eZ©gvb Kv‡j DËg cyiæ‡li wµqvc`|

Avcbviv hv‡ebÑ mvaviY fwel¨Z Kv‡j (m¤£gvZ¥K) ga¨g cyiæ‡li wµqvc`|

2. mvay I PwjZ ixwZ‡f‡`I wµqv wefw³i cwieZ©b nq| †hgbÑ mvayixwZ PwjZixwZ

Zvnviv XvKv hvB‡Z‡Q| Zviv XvKv hv‡”Q|

Avcwb fvZ LvBqv‡Qb| Avcwb fvZ †L‡q‡Qb

3. cÖ‡hvRK wµqv‡ZI wµqvwefw³i Abyiƒc cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| †hgbÑ mvay ixwZ (cÖ‡hvRK) PwjZ ixwZ (cÖ‡hvRK)

†di‡`Šmx bxjv‡K Mvb wkLvB‡ZwQj| †di‡`Šmx bxjv‡K Mvb †kLvw”Qj

Avwg Zvnv‡K w`qv KvRwU KivBqvwQ| Avwg Zv‡K w`‡q KvRwU Kwi‡qwQ|

avZzi ÔMYÕ : ÔMYÕ k‡ãi A_© †kÖwY| wKš‘ avZzi ÔMYÕ ej‡Z avZz¸‡jvi evbv‡bi aib †evSvq| ÔavZzi MYÕ wVK

Ki‡Z ỳwU welq jÿ ivL‡Z nq| †hgbÑ

K. avZzwU KqwU Aÿ‡i MwVZ|

L. avZzi cÖ_‡g mshy³ ¯îeY©wU Kx?

ÔnIqvÕ wµqvi avZz n (n& + A) Ôn&Õ GKvÿi avZz Ges cÖ_g eY© ÔnÕÑGi mv‡_ ¯îeY© ÔAÕ hy³ Av‡Q| myZivs

nÑAvw` M‡Yi g‡a¨ jÑavZz (wµqvc`ÑjIqv) co‡e| evsjv fvlvi mg¯Í avZz‡K wekwU M‡Y fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q, h_vÑ

cvV-4.6 : wµqvwefw³


1. nÑ Avw`MY : n (nIqv), j (jIqv) BZ¨vw`| 2. LvÑ Avw`MY : Lv (LvIqv), av (avIqv), cv (cvIqv), hv (hvIqv) BZ¨vw`| 3. w`Ñ Avw`MY : w` (†`Iqv), wb (†bIqv), Qz (†Quvqv) BZ¨vw`| 4. ïÑ Avw`MY : Pz (†Puvqv‡bv), by (†bvqv‡bv), Qz (†Quvqv) BZ¨vw`| 5. Ki&Ñ Avw`MY : Ki& (Kiv), Kg& (Kgv), Mo (Mov), Pj& (Pjv) BZ¨vw`| 6. Kn&Ñ Avw`MY : Kn& (Knv), mn& (mnv), en& (env) BZ¨vw`| 7. KvU&Ñ Avw`MY : Muv_&, Pvj&, AvK&, euva&, Kuv`& BZ¨vw`| 8. Mvn&Ñ Avw`MY : Pvn&, evn&, bvn& (bvnvb < œ̄vb) BZ¨vw`| 9. wjL&Ñ Avw`MY : wKb&, wNi&, wRZ&, wdi&, wfo&, wPb& BZ¨vw`| 10. DV&Ñ Avw`MY : Do&, ïb&, dzU&, LuyR&, Lyj&, Wze&, Zzj& BZ¨vw`| 11. jvdvÑ Avw`MY : KvUv, WvKv, evRv, AvMv (AMÖmi nIqv) BZ¨vw`| 12. bvnvÑ Avw`MY : Mvnv BZ¨vw`| 13. wdivÑ Avw`MY : DuPv, jyKv, Kzov (Kzov‡”Q) BZ¨vw`| 14. NyivÑ Avw`MY : wQUv, wkLv, wSgv, wPiv BZ¨vw`| 15. †avqvÑ Avw`MY : †kvqv, †LuvPv, †Lvqv, †MvQv, †hvMv BZ¨vw`| 16. †`ŠoÑ Avw`MY : †cuŠ‡Q, †`Šov BZ¨vw`| 17. PU&KvÑ Avw`MY : mg&Sv, ag&Kv, KP&jv BZ¨vw`| 18. weM&ovÑ Avw`MY : wnuP&ov, wQU&Kv, wmU&Kv BZ¨vw`| 19. Dj&UvÑ Avw`MY : `yg&ov, gP&ov, Dc&Pv BZ¨vw`| 20. †QvejvÑ Avw`MY : †KuvPKv, †KuvKov, †Kv`jv BZ¨vw`|

avZzÑwefw³i iƒc

eZ©gvb Kvj

Kvj bvg cyiæl

(mvaviY)

bvg I ga¨g

(m¤£gvZ¥K)

ga¨g cyiæl

(mvaviY)

ga¨g cyiæl

(Zz”Q)

DËg cyiæl

†m Zzwg Avwg

mvay PwjZ mvay PwjZ mvay PwjZ mvay PwjZ mvay PwjZ

mvaviY ÑG ÑG ÑGb ÑGb ÑA ÑA ÑBm& ÑBm& ÑB ÑB

NUgvb ÑB‡Z‡Q Ñ†Q

Ñ†”Q

ÑB‡Z‡Qb Ñ †Qb

Ñ†”Q

ÑB‡ZQ

ÑQ

ÑQ

Ñ”Q

ÑB‡ZwQm& ÑwQm&

Ñw”Qm&

ÑB‡ZwQ ÑwQ

Ñw”Q

cyivNwUZ ÑBqv‡Q ÑG‡Q ÑBqv‡Qb ÑG‡Qb ÑBqvQ ÑGQ ÑBqvwQm& GwQm& ÑBqvwQ ÑGwQ

AbyÁv

ÑDK

ÑDK

ÑDb

ÑDb

ÑA

ÑI

ÑA

Ñg~javZz

Ñg~javZz

gšÍe¨ : ÑB‡Z‡Q, ÑQ, ÑGQ, wefw³¸‡jvi wPý AÑKvivšÍ|

AZxZ Kvj

Kvj bvg cyiæl

(mvaviY)

bvg I ga¨g

(m¤£gvZ¥K)

ga¨g cyiæl

(mvaviY)

ga¨g cyiæl

(Zz”Q)

DËg cyiæl

†m Zzwg Avwg


mvaviY ÑBj Ñj ÑB‡jb Ñ †jb ÑB‡j Ñ †j ÑBwj Ñwj ÑBjvg Ñjvg

Ñjyg

wbËe„Ë ÑB Ñ †Z ÑB‡Zb Ñ †Zb ÑB‡Z Ñ †Z ÑBwZm& ÑwZm ÑBZvg ÑZvg


Ñ †Zv ÑZzg

NUgvb ÑB‡ZwQ

j

ÑwQj ÑB‡ZwQ‡

jb

ÑwQ‡jb ÑB‡ZwQ

‡j

ÑwQ‡j

ÑwQj

ÑB‡ZwQwj ÑwQwj

Ñw”Qwj

ÑB‡ZwQ

jvg

ÑwQjvg

cyivNwUZ ÑBqvwQ

j

ÑGwQj ÑBqvwQ‡

jb

ÑGwQ‡j

b

ÑBqvwQ‡

j

ÑGwQ‡

j

ÑBqvwQwj ÑGwQwj ÑBqvwQj

vg

ÑBqvwQ

ÑGwQjyg

ÑGwQjv

g

`ªóe¨: c‡i, Ô”QÕ _vK‡j Ki& avZzi ÔiÕ †jvc cvq (Kw”Q‡j, Kw”Qwj)|

fwel¨rKvj

Kvj bvg cyiæl

(mvaviY)

bvg I ga¨g

(m¤£gvZ¥K)

ga¨g cyiæl

(mvaviY)

ga¨g cyiæl

(Zz”Q)

DËg cyiæl

†m Zzwg Avwg


mvaviY ÑB‡e Ñ †e ÑB‡eb Ñ †eb -B‡e Ñ †e ÑBwe Ñwe ÑBe -e Ñ

†ev

AbyÁv ÑB‡e Ñ †e ÑB‡eb Ñ †eb ÑBI ÑI ÑBm ÑBm

`ªóe¨: ÑBj, Ñj, ÑBZ, ÑB‡ZwQj, ÑwQj, ÑGwQj wefw³¸‡jv D”Pvi‡Y AÑKvivšÍ|

Ki& avZzi iƒc (mi&, Mo, Pj& cÖf…wZ KiÑAvw`MY)

Kvj †m wZwb Avcwb Zzwg ZzB Avwg


mvaviY eZ©gvb K‡i K‡i K‡ib K‡ib Ki Ki Kwim Kwim Kwi Kwi

NUgvb eZ©gvb Kwi‡Z‡Q Ki‡Q Kwi‡Z‡

Qb

Ki‡Qb Kwi‡ZQ KiQ KiwQm Kwi‡ZwQm KiwQm KiwQ

cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb Kwiqv‡Q K‡i‡Q Kwiqv‡Q

b

K‡i‡Qb KwiqvQ K‡iQ KwiqvwQ

m

K‡iwQm KwiqvwQ K‡iwQ

eZ©gvb

AbyÁv/AvKv•ÿv

KiæK KiæK Kiæb Kiæb Ki Ki Ki& Ki& 0 0

mvaviY AZxZ Kwij Kij Kwi‡jb Ki‡jb Kwi‡j Ki‡j Kwiwj Kiwj Kwijvg Kijvg

wbZë„Ë AZxZ KwiZ KiZ Kwi‡Zb Ki‡Zb Kwi‡Z Ki‡Z KwiwZm KiwZm KwiZvg KiZvg

NUgvb AZxZ Kwi‡ZwQj KiwQj Kwi‡ZwQ

‡jb

KiwQ‡jb Kwi‡ZwQ

‡j

KiwQ‡j Kwi‡Zw

Qwj

KiwQwj Kwi‡ZwQjvg KiwQjv

g

cyivNwUZ AZxZ KwiqvwQj KiwQj KwiqvwQ‡

jb

K‡iwQ‡j

b

KwiqvwQ‡

j

K‡iwQ‡

j

KwiqvwQ

wj

K‡iwQwj KwiqvwQjvg K‡iwQjv

g

mvaviY fwel¨Z Kwi‡e Ki‡e Kwi‡eb Ki‡eb Kwi‡e Ki‡e Kwiwe Kiwe Kie Kie

fwel¨r AbyÁv Kwi‡e Ki‡e Kwi‡eb Ki‡eb KwiI K‡iv Kwim Kwim 0 0

we‡kl `ªóe¨: wZbwU Kv‡ji `kwU µwgK iƒ‡ci Rb¨ Avgiv avZziƒc mva‡b Gici Kv‡ji cwie‡Z© 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

6, 7, 8, 9 Ges 10 µwgK msL¨v eënvi Kie| Ki, Kwi‡ZQ, KiQ, KwiqvQ, K‡iQÑkã¸‡jv †k‡l aŸwbi D”PviY

AÑKvivšÍ|

hvÑavZzi iƒc

(AvwèY© AvÑKvi hy³ÑLv, hv, cv, av cÖf…wZ LvÑAvw`MY)

mvay PwjZ

hvq| hvb| hvI| hvBm| hvB| hvq| hvb| hvI| hvm| hvm| hvB|


`ªóe¨: ïBQ, ïB‡ZQ, ïBqvQ, ï‡qQ, ïBj, ïj, ïBZ, ïZ, ïB‡ZwQj, ïw”Qj, ïBqvwQj, ï‡qwQj, ïBZ Ñkã¸‡jv

D”Pvi‡Y AÑKvivšÍ|

cÖ‡qvRK avZzi iƒc

cÖ‡hvRK avZzi PwjZ iƒc mva‡b KL‡bv g~j avZzi m‡½ ïay cÖ‡hvRK iƒcwU hy³ nq| †hgbÑ wkÿK QvÎwU‡K

covBqv‡Qb|Ñmvay iƒc|

[√co+Av=cov (cÖ‡hvRK avZz) + Bqv‡Qb (wefw³)| wkÿK QvÎwU‡K cwo‡q‡QbÑPjwZ iƒc|

[√co+0 (A_©vr cÖ‡hvRKÑcÖKi‡Yi Av hy³ n‡jv bv) + B‡q‡Qb = cwo‡q‡QbÑPwjZ iƒc|] PwjZ iƒ‡c AviI K‡qKwU avZzi cwieZ©b jÿYxqÑ

nvÑ avZz : ùvovI, †Zvgv‡K nIqvw”Q|

wkL&Ñ avZz : †K †Zvgv‡K Mvb †kLv‡”Q ?

ïb&Ñ avZz : G Kx K_v †kvbvwj †i!

cÖ‡hvRK avZzi wefw³

eZ©gvb Kvj

Kvj †m wZwb / Avcwb Zzwg ZzB Avwg


mvaviY *q *q *b *b *I *I *Bm *m *B *B

NUgvb *B‡Z‡Q *†”Q *B‡Z‡Qb *†”Qb *B‡ZQ *”Q *B‡ZwQm *w”Qm *B‡ZwQ *w”Q

cyivNwUZ *Bqv‡Q *B‡q‡Q *Bqv‡Qb *B‡q‡

Qb

*BqvQ *B‡qQ *BqvwQm *B‡qwQm *BqvwQ *B‡qwQ

AbyÁv *DK *K *b *b *I *I *Bm *m

AZxZ Kvj

Kvj †m wZwb / Avcwb Zzwg ZzB Avwg


mvaviY *Bj *j

*†jv

*B‡jb * †jb *B‡j * †j *Bwj *wj *Bjvg *jvg

wbZ¨e„Ë *BZ *Z

*†Zv

*B‡Zb *†Zb *B‡Z *†Z *BwZm *wZm *BZvg *Zvg

NUgvb *B‡ZwQj *w”Qj *B‡ZwQ‡j

b

*w”Q‡jb *B‡ZwQ‡j *w”Q‡j *BwZwQwj *w”Qwj *B‡ZwQjvg *w”Qjvg

cyivNwU

Z

*BqvwQj

0 B‡qwQj *BqvwQ‡jb

0

B‡qwQ‡j

b

* BqvwQ‡j

0

B‡qwQ‡j

*BqvwQwj

0

B‡qwQwj

*BqvwQjvg

0

B‡qwQjvg

fwel¨r Kvj

Kvj †m wZwb/ Avcwb Zzwg ZzB Avwg


mvaviY *B‡e * †e *B‡eb * †eb *B‡e * †e *Bwe *we *Be*e * †ev

AbyÁv *DK *K * †eb * †eb *BI * †qv *Bm& *m

ÁvZe¨ : avZzi cÖ‡hvRK iƒc mva‡b ZviKv wP‡ýi (*) ¯’‡j g~j avZzi c‡i (AvÑKvi) ms‡hvwRZ n‡e, wKš‘ 0 ¯’v‡b

n‡e bv|


ÔKiÕ avZzi cÖ‡hvRK iƒc

Kvj †m wZwb/ Avcwb Zzwg ZzB Avwg


mvaviY

eZ©gvb

Kivq Kivq Kivb Kivb KivI KivI KivBm Kivm KivB KivB

NUgvb

eZ©gvb

KvivB‡Z‡Q Kiv‡”Q KivB‡Z‡Qb Kiv‡”Qb KivB‡ZQ Kiv”Q KivB‡ZwQm Kivw”Qm KivB‡ZwQ Kivw”Q

cyivNwUZ

eZ©gvb

KivBqv‡Q Kiv‡q‡Q

Kwi‡q‡Q

KivBqv‡Qb Kwi‡q‡Qb KivBqvQ Kwi‡qQ KivBqvwQm Kwi‡qwQm KivBqvwQ Kwi‡qwQ

AbyÁv/A

vKv•ÿv

eZ©gvb

KivK KivK Kivb Kivb KivI KivI KivBm Kivm KivB KivB

mvaviY

AZxZ

KivBj Kivj KivB‡jb Kiv‡jb KivB‡j Kiv‡j KivBwj Kivwj KivBjvg Kivjvg

wbZ¨e„Ë

AZxZ

KivBZ KivZ KivB‡Zb Kiv‡Zb KivB‡Z Kiv‡Z KivBwZm KivwZm KivBZvg KivZvg

NUgvb

AZxZ

KivB‡ZwQj Kivw”Qj KivB‡ZwQ‡jb Kivw”Q‡jb KivB‡ZwQ‡j Kivw”Q‡j KivB‡ZwQwj Kivw”Qwj KivB‡ZwQjvg Kivw”Qjvg

cyivNwUZ

AZxZ

KivBqvwQj Kwi‡qwQj KivBqvwQ‡jb Kwi‡qwQ‡jb KivBqvwQwj Kwi‡qwQ‡j KivBqvwQwj Kwi‡qwQwj KivBqvwQjvg Kwi‡qwQjvg

mvaviY

fwel¨Z

KivB‡e Kiv‡e KivB‡eb Kiv‡eb KivB‡e Kiv‡e KivBwe Kivwe KivBe Kive

fwel¨r

AbyÁv

KivK KivK Kivb Kivb KivBI Kiv‡qv KivBm Kivm

cwiwkó: avZzi PwjZ iƒc mvav‡b KwZcq cwieZ©b

1. g~j¯î AÑKvivšÍ

Kvn& avZz : KBZvg, KBjvg, KBwZ, KBwZm, K‡qwQm BZ¨vw`|

2. g~j¯̂i AÑKvivšÍ

K. LvÑavZz : †Ljvg (LvBjvg), †L‡jb (LvB‡jb), †Lj, †L‡j, (LvBj), †L‡q‡Q BZ¨vw`|

L. hvÑavZz : †Mj (hvBZ), wM‡qwQj, †hZÑ †h‡Zv (hvBZ), †h‡ZwQj, hvw”Qj (hvB‡ZwQj) BZ¨vw`|

M. Mvn& (ˆM)ÑavZz : (PwjZ iƒc)ÑMvBZ, MvBjvg, †M‡qwQ, †M‡qwQjvg, †M‡qQ, MvB‡j, MvBwZm, MvBwQm,

MvB‡e, Mv‡e, MvBe, Mve BZ¨vw`|

3. g~j¯î B ev CÑKvivšÍ : ïb& avZzÑ †kv‡bv, †kv‡bb, †kv‡b, ïbjvg, ï‡bwQ, ïbZvg, ï‡bwQm, †kvbvI BZ¨vw`|

4. g~j¯̂i DÑKvivšÍ : ïb& avZzÑ †kv‡b, †kv‡bb, †kv‡b, ïbjvg, ï‡bwQ, ïbZvg, ï‡bwQm, †kvbvI BZ¨vw`|

5. g~j¯î GÑKvivšÍ : †`, (w`) avZzÑw`B, †`q, †`b, w`b, `vI, w`jvg, w`‡qwQjvg, w`Zvg (w`Zzg), †`e (†`‡ev),

w`w”Q, w`w”Qgyj, `vI, †`, w`b, w`K, w`‡qv (w`‡ev) BZ¨vw`|

6. g~j¯î IÑKvivšÍ : †avÑavZzÑ†avqv, †avb, †avI, ayw”Qm, ayBwe, ay‡qwQm, avm BZ¨vw`| evwKme¸‡jv DÑKvi hy³

avZzi iƒ‡ci b¨vq|


M. wjL&, wKb&, evn&, Wye& N. wKn&, Wye&, wjL&, ïb&

3. Ki&-avZzi DËg cyiæl cyivNwUZ AZx‡Z PwjZ iƒc †KvbwU?

K. KiZvg L. KwiZvg

M. KwiqvwQjvg N. K‡iwQjvg

4. hvÑavZzi ga¨g cyiæl wbZ¨e„Ë AZx‡Zi PwjZ fvlvi iƒc †KvbwU?

K. wM‡qwQ‡j L. hvw”Qwj

M. †h‡Z N. hvBZ

5. †`ÑavZzi cÖ_g cyiæl NUgvb eZ©gv‡bi PwjZ ixwZi iƒc †KvbwU?

K. w`‡Z‡Q L. w`‡”Q

M. w`Z N. w`‡qwQj

6. †Kvb ¸‡”Qi me¸‡jv avZz m¤ú~Y© avZz?

K. Av, eU, wkL&, hv L. AvQ, Zv, wkL, hv

M. Av, _vK&, AvQ, eU&, N. _vK&, eU, Av, wkL&

7. cÖ‡hvRK hvÑavZzi cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kv‡ji cÖ_g cyiæ‡li PwjZ iƒc †KvbwU?

K. †Mj L. wM‡qwQj

M. †hZ N. wM‡qwQj

8. bn&-avZzi mvaviY eZ©gvb DËg cyiæ‡li PwjZ iƒc †KvbwU?

K. bwn L. b‡n

M. bB N. bq

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :

1. wµqv wefw³ Kx? wµqv wefw³ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|


wb‡R Kiæb|


D‡Ïk¨


AbymM© ev Kg©cÖePbxq kã Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| AbymM© ev Kg©cÖePbxq k‡ãi êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| Abym‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| Abym‡M©i cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv fvlvq †h Ae¨q kã¸‡jvi wbR¯ ̂A_© I ¯Ẑš¿ cÖ‡qvM i‡q‡Q, hv KL‡bv ¯v̂axb cìƒ‡c, Avevi

KL‡bv kãÑwefw³i b¨vq ev‡K¨ eëüZ nq †m¸‡jv‡K AbymM© ev Kg©cÖePbxq kã e‡j|

AbymM© ev Kg©cÖePbxq kã

†h Ae¨q kã¸‡jv KL‡bv ¯v̂axb c` iƒ‡c, Avevi KL‡bv kã wefw³i b¨vq ev‡K¨ eëüZ n‡q ev‡Kï A_© cÖKv‡k

mvnv‡h¨ K‡i, †m¸‡jv‡K AbymM© ev Kg©cÖePbxq e‡j| AbymM©̧ ‡jv KL‡bv cÖwZcw`‡Ki c‡i eëüZ nq, Avevi

KL‡bv ev Ô†KÕ Ges ÔiÕ wefw³hy³ k‡ãi c‡i e‡mÑ

webv : ỳtL webv myL jvf nq wK gnx‡Z? (cÖwZcw`‡Ki c‡i)

m‡b : gq~ixi m‡b bvwP‡Q gq~i| (lôx wefw³hy³ k‡ãi c‡i)

w`‡q : †Zvgv‡K w`‡q Avgvi Pj‡e bv| (wØZxqvi Ô†KÕ wefw³hy³ k‡ãi c‡i)

Giƒc : n‡Z, w`‡q, †_‡K, gv‡S, c‡i BZ¨vw`|

AbymM© ev Kg©cÖePbxq k‡ãi êwkó¨

1. Abym‡M©i wbR¯ ̂A_© _v‡K| 2. Abym‡M©i ¯Ẑš¿ cÖ‡qvM Av‡Q| 3. AbymM© m¤úwK©Z kãwUi Wvbw`‡K GKUz Zdv‡Z e‡m| 4. AbymM© mvaviYZ k‡ãi c‡i em‡jI KL‡bv KL‡bv c~‡e©I e‡m|

Abym‡M©i cÖKvi‡f`

evsjv fvlvq eû AbymM© Av‡Q| †hgbÑ cÖwZ, webv, wen‡b, mn, Ici, Aewa, †nZz, g‡a¨, gv‡S, c‡i, wfbœ, eB,

e¨ZxZ, R‡b¨, Rb¨, ch©šÍ, A‡cÿv, mnKv‡i, Z‡i, cv‡b, bv‡g, gZ, wbKU, AwaK, c‡ÿ, Øviv, w`qv, w`‡q, KZ…©K,

mv‡_, m‡½, nB‡Z, n‡Z, †_‡K, †P‡q, cv‡Q, wfZi, †fZ‡i BZ¨vw`|

G‡ì g‡a¨ Øviv, w`qv (w`‡q), KZ…©K, nB‡Z (n‡Z), †P‡q, A‡cÿv, g‡a¨ cÖf…wZ K‡qKwU AbymM© wefw³iƒ‡c eëüZ

nq| KviK cÖKi‡Y G‡ì D`vniY mwbœweó n‡q‡Q|

Abym‡M©i cÖ‡qvM

Abym‡M©i cÖ‡qvM

webv/we‡b KZ©„Kvi‡Ki m‡½Ñ Zzwg webv (we‡b) Avgvi †K Av‡Q?

wewb KiY Kvi‡Ki m‡½ Ñwewb myZvq Muv_v gvjv|

wen‡b D`¨g wen‡b Kvi cy‡i g‡bvi_?

mn mnMvwgZv A‡_©ÑwZwb cyÎmn Dcw¯’Z n‡jb|

mwnZ mgm~‡Î A‡_©Ñk�

Documents

cvV-4.1 : c` I Zvi †kÖwYwefvMe‡j| †hgbÑ waK& Zv‡i, kZ waK wbj¾ †h Rb| 4. evK¨i we‡klY : KL‡bv KL‡bv †Kv‡bv we‡klY c` GKwU m¤ú~Y evK¨‡K we‡kwlZ Ki‡Z