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KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wkÿv I cÖwkÿ‡Y cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i AšÍf©y³KiYcÖwZewÜZv AšÍfz©³Ki‡Y e¨e¯’vcK I cÖwkÿK‡`i Rb¨ AbymiYxq wb‡`©wkKv
KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wkÿv I cÖwkÿ‡Y cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i AšÍf©y³KiY
cÖwZewÜZv AšÍfz©³Ki‡Y e¨e¯’vcK I cÖwkÿK‡`i Rb¨ AbymiYxq wb‡`©wkKv
KwcivBU © AvšÍR©vwZK kÖg ms¯’v 2016
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IvZKlvc‡ô„cK‡ivKawAiR‡vKKbRbv§¤mi`‡vZ|³w¨exÜeZwÖcksvgk`-KGqvÖciv¨LsmbRi`‡vgvA
xÜeZwÖcivKimk`‡vjsve|i‡vcZ‡Lvibv`eA©Y~c©hcrvZZ‡×w„eÖcKZwb‰©_Aik‡`†vivZj‡nviKZðwbw
7002`‡bmNsmZwvRKqlewivKawAi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖc|Q‡i‡K³¨eivKx½Ap„`Y‡iK³y©fÍšAi`‡³w¨e
mv‡j ¯^vÿiKvix cÖ_g KvZv‡ii †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k Ab¨Zg| cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z
GwU evsjv‡`k‡K A½xKvie× K‡i‡Q| Gi mg_©‡b evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i `ÿZv Dbœqb, cÖwkÿY I
Kj~gËw„eIiwMiwvKjKm¨ÿ‡jm†seGQ‡q‡`wivKawvÖMAgZ¨bAUwKGK‡UwqlewiY‡iK³©yfÍšAb‡v’¯sm©gK
wkÿv I cªwkÿY cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZeÜx wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ 5 kZvsk †KvUv wbav©viY K‡i‡Q|
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ms¯’vi evsjv‡`k w¯‹jm& di Ggcøq‡g›U A¨vÛ †cÖvWvw±wfwU (we-†mc) cÖK‡íi mv‡_ KvwiMwi wkÿv Awa`ßi †hŠ_
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ivbcvAvKkw©`‡bwBGiwKvkvAvigvA|be‡ivcZ‡bvRn~gmK`wKRwvgvmi³wz©fÍšAvZÜweZwÖcseGbv`Öc
Kv‡R mnvqZv Ki‡e|
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g½j Kvgbv KiwQ|
mv^kewivgyKKvk‡A
gnvcwiPvjK
KvwiMwi wkÿv Awa`ßi
wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k miKvi
kÖxwbfvm we †iwÇ
Kvw›Uª WvB‡i±i
AvBGjI evsjv‡`k
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vKgw~f
Aa¨vq 1 : cÖwZewÜZv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv
1.1. D‡Ïk¨
1.2. ½wfów„`IvZÜweZwÖc,vlvf
1.3 vYivaKjwŠg†-vqµwÖcb©RAi³w©zfÍšAvZÜweZwÖc
1.4 e¨e¯’vcK I cÖwkÿK‡`i Rb¨ civgk©
bqYÖcvbíKiwcY‡iK³©zfÍšAvZÜweZwÖc:2qv¨aA
2.1 D‡Ïk¨
kvKÖcivKx½AY‡iK³©zfÍšAvZÜweZwÖc2.2
2.3 cÖviw¤¢K cwiKíbv cÖYqb cÖwµqv
2.4 jÿ¨ wba©viY Kiv
2.5 cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv
2.6 viKbqv¨j~gvbíKiwc
2.7 e¨e¯’vcK I cÖwkÿK‡`i Rb¨ civgk©
vaewymMvh‡ym¨hv¨bIke‡iwcxMvh‡cDseGvZÜweZwÖc,bLkw:3qv¨aA
3.1 D‡Ïk¨
3.2 bæiKivne¨en~gmZw×cKj~gvbk©`‡bwvbvRivbcvA
n~gmjkŠK†Kj~gvb©k`‡bw³iwZwA3.3
3.4 gZvgZ cÖ`vb
3.5 v’¯e¨eivaewymM-vh‡ym¨hv¨bIke‡iwcxMvh‡cDqvqµwÖcYÿkwÖc
3.6 e¨e¯’vcK I cÖwkÿK‡`i Rb¨ civgk©
K`wKRwvgvmiY‡iK³©yfÍšAvZÜweZwÖc:4qv¨aA
4.1 D‡Ïk¨
4.2 vqŒ¯w_gwKRwvgvmZ‡iKiK©hvKYiK³y©fÍšA
4.3 cÖwZeÜxevÜe AvPvi-AvPiY
4.5 e¨e¯’vcK I cÖwkÿK‡`i Rb¨ civgk©
:1³wyhsm vaewymM-vh‡ymZ½mqv¨bIke‡iwcxMvh‡cD¨bRi`‡©x_vYÿkwÖcZbwRvZÜweZwÖcó©`wbw
:2³wyhsm cÖwZeÜxevÜe AvPvi-AvPiY m¤ú‡K© AviI Z_¨
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Aa¨vq 1 : cÖwZewÜZv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv
1.1 D‡Ïk¨
GB Aa¨v‡qi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv :
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ Ges cÖwZewÜZv‡K Kxfv‡e †`Lv nq †m m¤úwK©Z †gŠwjK Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kiv
viKZnweA©K‡ú¤mZw×cIvYivaKjwŠg†i³wz©fÍšAvZÜweZwÖc
½wfów„`IvZÜweZwÖc,vlvf2.1
1.2.1 fvlv I msÁv
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:Q‡q‡nvjeZ‡vhÑQ‡q‡`wZw…Kx^¯
ZM×wye,Kmwbvg,Kiwxivkw`vqg‡©Nx`i`‡vh,vivZbj‡nvi³w¨exÜeZwÖc
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|qvUNœNewY‡nÖMksAiK©hvKI©Y~ci`‡vZZ‡ËwfwivZgmqvbjzZi`‡¨bA
cÖwZewÜZv = ˆeKj¨ × cÖwZeÜKZv
i‡K×w„evZÜweZwÖcn~gmvZKÜeZwÖc
e‡vfxqv’¯ve`wvqg‡©Nx`vj‡nvZÜweZwÖc,i‡vmybA3102,bBvAvÿiymseGivKawAi³w¨exÜeZwÖcik‡`‡vjsve
ivaveZMke‡iwcIZM½wfów„`ZwÖci³w¨e³DseG¨jKeˆZMqª`›wB,ZM×wye,Kmwbvg,Kiwxivki³w¨ebvK†
ßvÖcvaveY‡nÖMksAiK©hvKI©Y~cR‡vgmZ‡ËwfwivZgm³w¨e³DY‡ivKivh,jdvjdie‡vfÖcKiwú¯ivc
)byL`†gvÖMvqvW(|Q‡q‡`wZw…Kx^¯K‡vZÜweZwÖcib‡ia21k`‡vjsve|bvn†
evsjv‡`‡k
cÖwZewÜZvi
cÖKvi‡f`
1. AwURg
2. kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv
3.gvbwmK cÖwZewÜZv
4. vZÜweZwÖców„`
5. evK cÖwZewÜZv
6. vZÜweZwÖc×wye
7. kÖeY cÖwZewÜZv
8. vZÜweZwÖców„`-YeÖk
11. eûgvwÎK cÖwZewÜZv
12. Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZewÜZv
10. WvDb wmb‡Wªvg
9. †mwieªvj cvjwm
cÖwZewÜZv AšÍf©zw³i cÖ‡Póv ïiæi Av‡MB Avcbv‡K cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i eZ©gvb Ae¯’v, Zv‡`i AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z
mywbw`©ó bxwZmg~n Ges AšÍf©zw³i c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv DwPZ hv Avcbvi eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq|
GB Aa¨vq g~jZ aviYvg~jK| GLv‡b wKQz e• mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b KZK¸‡jv aviYv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Ges
wKfv‡e †m¸‡jv Avcbvi cÖwkÿY †K‡›`ª cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q |
6
YiK³y©fÍšAi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcY‡ÿkwÖcIvÿkwKj~gËw„eIiwMiwvK
n~gmqlew¨Pe‡ewseGËvcDZ©Kwú¤mvZÜweZwÖc2.2.1
ewqlewzQKw³vœ¤‡bwK‡vbcvAb‡qYÖcvbíKiwci³w©zfÍšAvZÜweZwÖc ‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e :
vb‡vK†ivevA|Q‡Uvun¨h‡vnvmiowQUwKG³w¨ebRKG:bgh†;i‡vcZ‡nbvg¨k„`vZÜweZwÖcvb‡vK†
|³w¨exÜeZwÖc×wyebRKG:bgh†;i‡vcZ‡nIvbbvg¨k„`vZÜweZwÖc
vhQ‡q‡ivZÜweZwÖc¨k„`AzQKwi`‡vh,i‡vcZ‡Kv_©x_vÿkwxÜeZwÖczQKwÿ‡KYwÖk†vebvôZwÖcivbcvA
Avcbvi Rvbv †bB|
ii‡vKÖcBKG`whi`‡vZKwbgG|¿šZ^¯B³w¨eK¨Z‡Öc·ÿ‡G|vbqnij‡`³zfYwÖk‡gmvi³w¨exÜeZwÖc
ev ch©v‡qi cÖwZewÜZv _v‡K Zvn‡jI Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb ev mvg‡_©¨i ZviZg¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc,
YxÿvZ‡qni³w¨ebRKG¨bAxÜeZwÖców„`ivevA,i‡vcZ‡nÜA©Y~ú¤mvZ‡qn³w¨ebvK†xÜeZwÖców„`
|gÿmZ‡ociÿAii‡vKvAoebwhwi‡vcZ‡Kv_³wków„`
cDivZvbi‡vcZ‡iKxKivAi‡vcZ‡iKxK³w¨ebRKGª›‡K†ivbcvA v¨Lv¨eqv©hcivZÜweZwÖci‡KËwfwi
¤m³w¨ebvK†i‡KËwfwicDiq‡v©hcveYiaivZÜweZwÖc|vbqvhviK |bzKv_ZiewK‡_†viKbvgybA©K‡ú
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ Zv‡`i Rb¨ Kx Kx cwieZ©b `iKvi, Avcbv‡K nq‡Zv Zv Rvbv‡Z cvi‡e Ges
|i‡vcZ‡ivcIvbvZvi¨bA‘šKw,e‡ivcZ‡iKvZqvnmZ‡iKb`vú¤mn~gmb©ZeiwcvZ‡qn
vbbe‡iKó©`wbwRvKKZwMybvZM¨bRi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖc3.2.1
mviv we‡k¦ cÖvq 15 kZvsk gvby‡li †Kvb bv †Kvb ai‡bi cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q (wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v)| miKvwi cwimsL¨vb
Abymv‡i, evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi 9 kZvs‡kiI †ewk gvbyl cÖwZeÜx| AcÖwZeÜx ev ¯^vfvweK e¨w³‡`i gZB
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iv e¨w³MZ cQ›`-AcQ›`, mvg_©¨, AvMÖn Ges `ÿZvq ¯^Zš¿| GKRb fv‡jv e¨e¯’vcK ev cÖwkÿK
nIqvi †ÿ‡Î Avcbv‡K Aek¨B we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e †h, cÖwZewÜZv GKRb e¨w³i AvPi‡Y wKQzUv wfbœ gvÎvi
ˆewPΨ †hvM K‡i|
†Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î MZvbyMwZK wPšÍv-fvebv I cÖwZewÜZvi cÖK„wZi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i wbw`©ó ai‡bi
wKQz cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM †`qv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Pjb cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i mvaviYZ Kw¤úDUvi `ÿZv wkL‡Z
DrmvwnZ Kiv nq, KviY Zviv e‡m _vK‡Z cv‡i; `„wó cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i g¨vmvR Kiv †kLv‡bv nq, KviY G‡Z
`„wókw³i cÖ‡qvRb †bB| GB ai‡bi KvR wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î e¨w³i mvg_©¨ Ges
AvMÖ‡ni †P‡q cÖwZewÜZvi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx Zv‡`i cÖwkÿY ev Kv‡R m¤ú„³ Kiv
nq| GB ai‡bi welq‡K Avcbvi wbiærmvwnZ Kiv DwPZ, KviY GwU cªKvivšÍ‡i
cÖwZewÜZv eR©b‡KB wUwK‡q iv‡L|
DcwiwjøwLZ Abygvb bvix cÖwZeÜx†`i †ÿ‡Î AwaKZi cÖ‡hvR¨| KviY Zviv
cÖwZewÜZv I wj½RwbZ Ñ Dfq ai‡bi ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡q _v‡Kb| GKRb
AcÖwZeÜx ev ¯^vfvweK bvix‡K †hgb †nqvi‡Wªwms wKsev ivbœv Kivi g‡Zv
MZvbyMwZK Kv‡R mPivPi Drmvn †`qv nq; wKš‘ GKRb cÖwZeÜx bvix‡K Ggb
cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi cÖwZ Drmvn †`qv nq hv Zv‡`i Rb¨ me‡P‡q mwVK e‡jB Ab¨iv
g‡b K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, GKRb kÖeY cÖwZeÜx bvix‡K AvU© A_ev †mjvB †gwkb
Pvjbvi K¬v‡m †`Iqv n‡Z cv‡i, †hLv‡b kÖeYkw³ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq, wKš‘ †m nq‡Zv
I‡qwìs KvR wkL‡Z AvMÖnx n‡Z cv‡i|
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i
cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î
Avcwb Zvi Rb¨
hv fv‡jv e‡j g‡b
Ki‡Qb, Zv Pvwc‡q
†`qvi cwie‡Z© Zv‡K
Zvi mvg_©¨ Ges
cQ‡›`i wfwˇZ
wm×všÍ wb‡Z w`b|
7
YiK³y©fÍšAi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcY‡ÿkwÖcIvÿkwKj~gËw„eIiwMiwvK
Avcbvi cÖwkÿY †K‡›`ªi Rb¨ hv we‡eP¨ :
Avcbvi cÖwkÿY †K‡›`ªi Rb¨ hv we‡eP¨ :
1.2.4 cÖwZewÜZvi mvgvwRK g‡Wj
cÖwZewÜZvi wZbwU g‡Wj i‡q‡Q, G¸‡jv n‡jv :
|qnvL`†e‡m‡nwYÿjivZ’¯ymAK‡vZÜweZwÖc-jW‡gjv¨KWwg†ivZÜweZwÖc
cÖwZewÜZvi P¨vwiwU g‡Wj - cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i KiæYvi cvÎ wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq|
|qnvL`†e‡m‡nwv¨mgmUwKGó„me‡vfKRwvgvmK‡vZÜweZwÖc-jW‡gKRwvgvmviZÜweZwÖc
qnviKb‡gj‡eke‡vgmiv’¯eAjUwRzQKwK‡Gsie,qb¨ókweˆi³w¨ebvK†vZÜweZwÖcj‡W‡gKRwvgvm
bRvq‡Öc¨bRib‡vavgmv¨mgmib‡iaBG¨bRG|K‡v_q‡ng‡¨avgik‡e‡iwcKRwvgvmBzQKwKb‡AivhÑ
mvgwRK Kvh©µg, mgv‡Ri mK‡ji mw¤§wjZ `vwqZ¡ Ggb nIqv DwPZ †hb mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi mKj †ÿ‡Î cÖwZeÜx
|qvhviKb©ZeiwcKRwvgvmqxbRvq‡Öc¨bRiY‡nÖMksA©Y~ci`‡³w¨e
©Y~c¡Zæi¸UwKGYnÖMksAKËwfwvZgmi³w¨evb‡vK†ZbwRvZÜweZwÖc/¨jKeˆ,qvhvjeK‡_†YvK‡ów„`BG
IbBvA,v’¯e¨e-¨_Z¨gMke‡Öc,ke‡iwcZŠf†xMvh‡cDivne¨e,h†e‡nZ‡bvgv_KG|¨ymBivKawvebvg
jKmq‡UwNbqveͯvei½wfów„`KqlewvZÜweZwÖcjxki©fbwicDivZ¨Mvh‡YnÖM-¨ÎPweˆseGMvq‡Öcin‡~gmZwxb
|Q‡q‡ivZKave¨aveiR‡vgmY‡iKxi~`vZKÜeZwÖc
1.3 vYivaKjwŠg†-vqµwÖcb©RAi³w©zfÍšAvZÜweZwÖc
1.3.1 me©Rbxb bKkv I cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv (Universal Design and Accessibility)
i‡vmybAWwcwivAmwbGDB me©Rbxb bKkv ej‡Z †evSvq,
lk‡ewvesKwb©ZeiwcivKÖcbvK†K‡n~gmvem†seGPw~m©gK,ke‡iwc,¨YcÒ
ai‡bi bKkv QvovB mK‡ji Rb¨, m¤¢ve¨ m‡e©v”P gvÎvq e¨envi‡hvM¨ K‡i M‡o
†Zvjvi bKkv|Ó
GKwU fvj cÖwkÿY †K›`ª cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i mvg_©¨ Ges AvMÖ‡ni g~j¨vqb K‡i| mnvqZv I b¨vh¨
my‡hvM-myweavmn Zv‡`i‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †`q †hb Zviv mdj n‡Z
cv‡i| Abygvb Ges MZvbyMwZK aviYv cwinvi K‡i cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM w`‡Z Ges cÖwZeÜx bvix
I cyiæl‡`i Rb¨ mKj cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM Db¥y³ Ki‡Z Avcbvi Kg©Pvix Ges mnKgx©‡`i mv‡_
GK‡hv‡M KvR Kiæb| G wel‡q m„Rbkxj †nvb!
AšÍf©z³KiY A_© cÖwZeÜx Ges AcÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM© wbwe©‡k‡l †Kvb Kvh©µ‡g GK‡Î AskMÖnY Kiv|
Avcbvi cÖwkÿY †K‡›`ªi †ÿ‡Î, GwU Avcbvi GKwU AvBbMZ I ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡ †h, Avcbvi
cÖwZôv‡b cÖwZeÜx e¨w³MY †hb AcÖwZeÜx mnwkÿv_x©‡`i mv‡_ cwic~Y© I mgvbfv‡e AskMÖnY I
wkLb jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mRb¨ Avcwb mKj evav `~i Ki‡eb Ges Zv‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡ekMg¨ cÖwkÿY
†K›`ª ˆZwi Ki‡eb Ges mKj b¨vh¨ my‡hvM myweavi e¨e¯’v Ki‡eb|
8
YiK³y©fÍšAi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcY‡ÿkwÖcIvÿkwKj~gËw„eIiwMiwvK
|Q‡q‡iMvq‡ÖciGIi‡miwcjKmiËn„esieÑqbB¨bRik‡e‡iwcZŠf†yaïUwvYivaBGivkKbbxbR©em
GwU Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi, mdUIq¨vi I Z_¨ wewbgq, Ges Ggb wK mKj cÖKvi gvbe †mev, †kÖwYKÿ, Av`vjZ,
|qnZüe¨eΩemÑb‡qYÖcgµvÿkwseGbvKv`†viPyL,Mvfewkjwyc
GseG©Y~c¡Zæi¸BeyL¨bRiY‡iK³©zfÍšAvZÜweZwÖcÑviKZðwbwvZ¨gMke‡Öc·ÿ‡©gKivbcvA
wb‡`©wkKvi me©Î G m¤ú‡K© Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.3.1
Avcbvi cÖwkÿY †K‡›`ªi Rb¨ hv we‡eP¨:
me©Rbxb wkÿvµg bKkv ej‡Z †evSvq, Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi g‡a¨Ñ
• wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwkÿY Kjv‡KŠkj e¨envi Kiv †hb cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zvi ¯^vZš¿¨ Ges
|i‡vcZ‡Lkwi‡vmybAxjkˆbLkwqxb`›Qc
• qxbgbIZ‡vqµwÖcbqv¨j~gseGYiKcDvÿkw,Zw×c,¨ÿj,qbBZ‡Pw~mqlewyaï
c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv|
me©Rbxb wkÿvµg bKkvi wewfbœ w`K GB wb‡`©wkKvq cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| Avcbvi
cÖwZôv‡bi wkÿvµg me©RbxbZvi aviYv wPšÍv K‡i cÖYqb Kiv bv n‡jI, Avcwb hLb
lk‡ewh†yaïvj‡¸jkŠK†BG|bi‡vcZ‡iKbqveͯvevYivazQKwbLZbe‡vLk†
ai‡bi cÖwZewÜZvRwbZ e¨w³‡`i Rb¨B mnvqK n‡e Zv bq, G¸‡jv mKj cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i
mnvqZv Ki‡e| Avcwb G †KŠkj¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© AviI Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Aa¨vq 3-G|
BDGbwmAviwcwW cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e mÁvvwqZ K‡i‡Q :
I¨_ZivKÖcjKmnm³wyhÖcMvh‡vMvh†I¨_Z,bnvebvh,vg‡vVvKeAZŠf†
vaewyymjKm¨cvÖc¨bRiY‡ivavmbRZ‡vKvjGqfDgvÖMIinkseGMvh‡vMvh†
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Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweav (Reasonable Accommodation)
Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweavi cwiKíbv Kiv nq mywbw`©ófv‡e †Kv‡bv GKRb e¨w³i Rb¨ Ñ hv
Zvi †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó wkLb ev KvR A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖ‡qvRb| BDGbwmAviwcwW Abymv‡i,
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cÖwkÿYKv‡j Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweav n‡jv Ñ cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i mywbw`©ó Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z cÖ‡qvR-
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cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ges Aa¨vq 3 I mshyw³ 1-G Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweavi e¨e¯’v MÖnY m¤ú‡K©
AviI we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
9
YiK³y©fÍšAi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcY‡ÿkwÖcIvÿkwKj~gËw„eIiwMiwvK
Avcbvi cÖwkÿY †K‡›`ªi Rb¨ hv we‡eP¨:
GKRb e¨e¯’vcK wn‡m‡e Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i :
• cÖwkÿY Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwkÿK I Kg©x‡`i wbqwgZ cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv
• wY‡ÿkwÖci`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcœbú¤mvZ¨Mvh†e‡m‡nwjW‡giY‡iK³©zfÍšA viK³yhb
• viK³©yfÍšAY‡ÿkwÖci`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖce‡m‡nw©x_vYÿkwÖc
• †h mKj cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ ev Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg wb‡q
Kg Av¯’v A_ev hv‡`i mskq i‡q‡Q, A_ev AwZwi³ iÿYkxjZv, D‡ØM Ges
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1.4 e¨e¯’vcK I cÖwkÿK‡`i Rb¨ civgk©
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YiK³©yfÍšAseGYnÖMv’¯e¨eivaewymM-vh‡ymZ½mqv¨bIke‡iwcxMvh‡cD,b©Zeiwcig‡µvÿkw,i‡vcZ‡h†
b :gh†n~gmMv¨`‡DKRwvgvmœbfwew,h†iwæiRvLvib‡gUwqlewG|qnZ‡L`†i`‡Kcv’¯e¨evj‡¸qlewZ©Kwú¤m
YM¨m`miR‡vgmjxkym¨bv¨bAseGbqbwDBWªU†Iqvme¨e,n~gmbVMsmiwvKime†,bVMsmi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖc
Avcbv‡K G mKj wel‡q mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Aa¨vq 2 : Y‡iK³©zfÍšAvZÜweZwÖc
cwiKíbv cÖYqb
2.1 D‡Ïk¨
cwiKíbv cÖYqb GKwU wbqgZvwš¿K cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z nq Ges m¤¢ve¨ mdjZv
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_vK‡Z nq|
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cwiKíbv cÖYqb cÖwµqvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiæb|
|bæiKYiv©abw¨ÿjiY‡iK³©zfÍšAvZÜweZwÖc
cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiæb|
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kvKÖcivKx½AY‡iK³©zfÍšAvZÜweZwÖc2.2
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A½xKvi cÖwZôvi Dcvq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q :
KZwv©RÍšvAi^¤m‡Wwvi3:bgh†,viK³„ú¤mi`‡x©gKn‡~gmgµ©hvKKj~gvZbZP‡mvZÜweZwÖclk‡ew
cÖwZeÜx w`em, A_ev Kg©x Dbœqb Kvh©µg¸‡jv‡Z †Kvb cÖwZeÜx we‡klÁ‡K K_v ej‡Z Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv|
bqú¤wv¨Pi`‡x©gKbgGÑbQ‡i‡K³©yfÍšAi`‡©x_vÿkwxÜeZwÖcÿ‡KYwÖk†i`‡vZvivh¨a‡gi`‡KÿkwÖc
|viKvbPe‡ewe‡m‡nwjW‡gqxYiKybAK‡i`‡vZseGvqI`†Zw…Kx^¯,viK³vbme‡m‡nw
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|viKiwZˆ¨e³eœbú¤mów„`i~`UwKG©K‡ú¤mYiK³©zfÍšAvZÜweZwÖcZ‡`wvaewymbvg¨`ewb‡vôZwÖcivbcvA
11
YiK³y©fÍšAi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcY‡ÿkwÖcIvÿkwKj~gËw„eIiwMiwvK
bVMsmKqlewvZÜweZwÖc¨bRiviK×yØDseG³yhsmK‡vj‡¸iveiwci`‡vZI©x_vÿkwxÜeZwÖc
|viKcÖwZôv¡Ziwv`xksA_‡vmib‡VMsmi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcve_A
xÜeZwÖcZibq¨aA©m‡vK†UwBfwUwZ‡iK³yhsmb‡vôZwÖcemGK‡©x_vÿkwxÜeZwÖcK¨LsmKawA
|viK×yØDZ‡njW‡gqxYimybAi`‡©x_vÿkw
RvZxq `ÿZv Dbœqb bxwZgvjv 2011-G ewY©Z D‡Ïk¨ :
Ñe‡m‡nwjkŠK†ZíwKiwcymIZPwygmUwKG¨bRiów„mv³v¨`‡DIbqœbDqxZvR
vZqvnmIZw…Kx^¯K‡_†QvKi`‡ZwcíkwvesKwivKimgµ©hvKbqœbDvZÿ`ik‡`‡vjsve
ivqIvcRvKKbRbv§¤mi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcv’¯e¨ebqœbDvZ¶`Z…Kiv‹¯sm|e‡iKfvj
K¦kweˆg‡¨avgivZ¨Mvh†seGbvÁ,vZ¶`ib‡vgZ…Kx^¯¦k‡ewvivmseGe‡`wvZg¶m
evRv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi mvg_©¨ wbwðZ Ki‡e|
2.3 cÖviw¤¢K cwiKíbv cÖYqb cÖwµqv
vbíKiwciY‡iK³©yfÍšAvZÜweZwÖce‡Z,bb‡vRBKcv’¯e¨eksvKawAvZqnZ‡iKe‡vfKwbqYÖcvbíKiwc
K‡_†Zwxiin‡ÖMsm¨_Zib†qYÖcvbíKiwc¨bAvZqnbRvq‡Öcn~gmZwxih†ib‡qv¨j~gI¨_ZZ‡iKbqYÖc
:vj‡nviKLøj‡Dœ¤‡bw¨_ZzQKwqxbRvq‡ÖcivbcvA|i‡vcZ‡nv`vjvA
2.3.1 cÖwkÿYv_x© m¤úwK©Z Z_¨
:e‡nbRvq‡ÖcivbcvAvj‡¸¨_ZZLwjwœ¤bwZ©Kwú¤m©_gvmIke‡iwc,©x_vYÿkwÖcZ‡vUg†v`nwvPi`‡©x_vÿkwxÜeZwÖc
‡nÖMksAK‡©x_vÿkwxÜeZwÖcbRZKZ‡Pw~~m©gKYÿkwÖcKjgËw„eivbcvA xKbwcvA?be‡iKbPv©ebw¨bRiY
?be‡ivcZ‡iKYi~cvUvK†qxbRvq‡Öc
2.3.2 †fŠZ cwi‡e‡ki cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv hvPvB
ve_Abefib‡vôZwÖcivbcvAKvn†vbveKvn†xÜeZwÖc³w¨evb‡vK†,i‡vmybAvjvgZwxbivkKbbxbR©em
vivZÑe‡nZ‡Lviÿj|e‡nZ‡iKiwZˆvZe‡vfm†b †nvgÿmZ‡c†`wvaewymqxbRvq‡Öcbh†vivZ·ÿ†¨bv¨bA
n~gmgµ©hvKbvg¨`ewseGi‡vcZ‡iKivne¨evMqvRqxbRvq‡ÖcseGi‡vcZ‡iKke‡Öci‡Íš¨fAivj‡¸Gbh†
vZe‡nZ‡iKBvPvhvh©e‡~ciY‡nÖMvbíKiwc|i‡vcZ‡nbvefvjK‡_† |byL`†Uw·eiP‡bwZ‡bvR
†Kvb ai‡bi cÖwZewÜZv wb‡q Avcbv‡K KvR Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i Ñ †m m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi †Kvb aviYv Av‡Q Kx?
†Kv‡bv we‡kl `j‡K jÿ †i‡L Avcwb Kx ïiæ Ki‡Z Pvb? Zv‡`i we‡kl Pvwn`v¸‡jv Kx Avcwb Rv‡bb?
fwZ© n‡Z B”QzK cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iv ˆZwi Av‡Q Kx? hw` bv _v‡K, Z‡e Zv‡`i ˆZwi n‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Z Kx
Kvh©µ‡gi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e, †hgb : mvÿiZv cÖwkÿY A_ev AvZ¥wek¦vm m„wó? Zv‡`i Kx cwienb Av‡Q wKsev
Zv‡`i Kx Avevm‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e?
fwZ© weÁw߇Z cÖwZeÜx wkÿv_x©‡`i †KvUv msiÿY m¤ú‡K© D‡jøL KivB Kx h‡_ó n‡e, bvwK cÖwZeÜx wkÿv_x©‡`i
†c‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖwZewÜZv welqK msMVb‡K m¤ú„³ Kivi `iKvi n‡e? Avcbvi kn‡i G ai‡bi †Kvb †Kvb msMVb
i‡q‡Q Ges Zviv Avcbvi wUwfBwU cÖwZôvb‡K cÖwZewÜZv AšÍfy©³Ki‡Y wKfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i?
12
YiK³y©fÍšAi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcY‡ÿkwÖcIvÿkwKj~gËw„eIiwMiwvK
Ycƒibwv`nwvPivaewymM-vh‡ymZ½mqv¨bIke‡iwcxMvh‡cD3.3.2
†h ai‡bi wkÿv_x© fwZ© n‡e e‡j Avcwb aviYv Ki‡Qb Zvi Dci wbf©i Ki‡e Ñ Avcbv‡K Kx ai‡bi Dc‡hvMx
i`‡vZseGvbPvj‡vA_‡vmi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcB¨keA?e‡nZ‡iKv’¯e¨eivaewymMvh‡ymZ½mqv¨bIke‡iwc
we‡kl Pvwn`vi wfwˇZ G ai‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Avcwb hw` Rv‡bb †Kvb we‡kl `‡ji Av‡e`b
YeÖk`wh|e‡nZ‡iKevmnwiP‡iLxqvhybAbRvq‡Öcij‡`lk‡ewm†K‡vbcvAj‡nvZ,Q‡vAvbev¢¤miviK
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m†qvhvqIvcqv_vK†iv¨qIU&dmPú¯wseGe‡nZ‡iKevmnwiP‡iLq‡lewGK‡vbcvAIj‡nvZ,bvPZ‡jzZ
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vPvhZwUvNi¨©_‡gvmi`‡x©gKIKÿkwÖcb‡qveÍveYiK³©zfÍšA4.3.2 B
Avcwb hw` GKRb e¨e¯’vcK n‡q _v‡Kb, Zvn‡j Avcbvi cwiKíbvi Ask wn‡m‡e, Avcbvi cÖwkÿY †K‡›`ª
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Avcbvi cÖwkÿK‡`i cÖwkÿY †`Iqvi cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|
n~gm³wkKqvnm5.3.2
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D`vniY¯^iƒc, GB wb‡`©wkKvq n¨vwÛK¨vc B›Uvib¨vkbv‡ji K_v D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q hviv wUwfBwU cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z
cÖ‡ekMg¨Zvi wbixÿY (AwWU) m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| †m›Uvi di wWRG¨vwewjwU Bb †W‡fjc‡g›U (wmwWwW)
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i`‡³w¨ejKmGib‡vôZwÖcUwBfwUwivbcvAn~gmjz‹¯ve_AZwgwmi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖc×wyeve_AYeÖk,ów„`
hv hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e
• †kÖwYKÿ : †Pqvi, †Uwej, †Lvjv RvqMv, Ab¨vb¨ miÄvg
• †kŠPvMvi : cvqLvbv, cÖ¯ªv‡ei ¯’vb, Lvwj RvqMv
• vMqvRig‡vÖkewseGU›i‡y÷i†/j÷‡vn†
• cvbxq R‡ji Kj
• Riæwi ewnM©gb c_ Ges NÈv
• PBymKZw¨y`eˆ
• ms‡KZ, †gvoK I wb‡`©kbv
13
YiK³y©fÍšAi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcY‡ÿkwÖcIvÿkwKj~gËw„eIiwMiwvK
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cwiKíbv cÖYqb cÖwµqvi Ask nIqv DwPZ| G ai‡bi e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb mbv³ Kiv Ges Zv‡`i cÖvmw½K m¤ú`
cixÿvi ci wUwfBwU cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Zv‡`i mv‡_ Askx`vwiZ¡ cÖwZôvi cwiKíbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2.4 jÿ¨ wba©viY Kiv
ivb‡vRvmvbíKiwcivbcvAUwG|vb©YeUwKGZ©Kwú¤mm†bvPZ‡iKb©RAvhe‡vfÍšvo~PbwcvAvj‡n¨ÿj
Kk©‡bw-_c·ÿ†ivqIvhq‡MwGb‡gvmseGi‡KbvÖcvbk©‡bwR‡vK :vj‡nYinv`DzQKwiY‡iv©abw¨ÿj|i‡
viK³©zfÍšAvZÜewZwÖcZ‡`wvaewym©Y~ú¤mnmgµ©hvKI©mvK†jKm¨a‡gii‡QePvuc
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viKYi~cvUvK†Mvf5viKZkZiwv©abw¨bRi`‡©x_vYÿkwÖcxÜeZwÖc¨a‡gii‡QebZw
viK³©yfÍšA¨a‡gii‡QeGK‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcbjPbR01
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2.5 cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv
Zw×cKb‡Aib‡qYÖcvbíKiwc|e‡iKRvKe‡m‡nwcv¨gWvi†BvbíKiwcivbcvAZ‡vQuŠc†n‡~gm¨ÿjve¨ÿj
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
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3.5.1 cÖPvi I wb‡qvM cÖwµqv
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vj‡¸KZK`wv¨ZBviKRvKq‡bwi`‡qxbv’¯…Zb†iR‡vgm,vqI`†bcvÁewg‡¨avgMvh‡vMvh†,vRvuL†x©_vYÿkwÖc
|i‡vcZ‡iKRvKZ‡c†R‡yuLi`‡x©_vÿkwxÜeZwÖcABZw×cemib‡vg©ZeivbcvA|i‡vcZ‡nqvcDYivavm
xMvh‡cDseGYnÖMcÿ‡`có©`wbwymvj‡¸KZKK‡vbcvAqgmiviKie†R‡uyLi`‡x©_vYÿkwÖcxÜeZwÖce‡Z
|i‡vcZ‡nbRvq‡ÖciviKv’¯e¨eivaewymM-vh‡ymZ½mqv¨bIke‡iwc
|bæiKivne¨eqvcDvbvbiviKie†R‡uyLi`‡³w¨eiZw’¯wiwcbexRjUwRIxÜeZwÖcib‡iaœbfwew
Avcbvi cÖPvi evZ©vq D‡jøL Kiæb †h, cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i Av‡e`b Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡”Q Ges Zv‡`i
|e‡nviKbv`ÖcvZMwvh‡nme¢¤mv_hseGv’¯e¨eivaewymM-vh‡ymZ½mqv¨bIke‡iwcxMvh‡cD
mdjZvi g‡Wj wn‡m‡e †Kvb cÖwZeÜx wkÿv_©xi mdjZvi D`vniY wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiæb|
|bæiKie†R‡uyLn~gmqjv¨`ewKgw¨avgi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖc¨bv¨bAve_Aów„`,beÖk
wWwcI A_ev GbwRI †hLv‡b cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iv G me cÖwZôv‡bi m`m¨ ev mgvRxKiY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i
Zv‡`i gva¨‡g weÁvcb cÖPvi Kiæb| cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i †mev`vbKvix miKvwi Awdm, AcÖwZôvwbK KwgDwbwU
|byLviqvReMvh‡vMvh†_‡vmij‡`KevffwAseG`›„e„Zb†
wewfbœ ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g e¨envi Kiæb, †hgb : ¯’vbxq †eZvi, †Uwjwfkb Ges wcÖ›U wgwWqv, we‡klK‡i
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i wb‡q †h me †iwWI A_ev wcÖ›U wgwWqv KvR K‡i|
Q‡q‡nivne¨e_hv_hivlvfjxkb`e‡smvZÜweZwÖcseG‘¯eqlewiv©ZveivPÖciY‡iK³©zfÍšAvZÜweZwÖc
|byL`†i‡KvÿxicvZvbKw
¯§iY Kiæb †h, Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweavi e¨e¯’v ej‡Z eySvq GKRb cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i Pvwn`v
Abymv‡i Awf‡hvRb Kiv †hb Ab¨‡`i g‡Zv c~Y© AwaKvi I my‡hvM-myweav cvq, G‡ÿ‡Î †mI mÿg e¨w³‡`i
g‡Zv wkLb I KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweavi e¨e¯’v wkLb ev K‡g©i mv‡_ e¨w³i
¯^Zš¿ wg_w®Œqvi gva¨‡g Ki‡Z n‡e|
25
YiK³y©fÍšAi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcY‡ÿkwÖcIvÿkwKj~gËw„eIiwMiwvK
íKewve_A³iwZwAѨbRii‡vPÖcbcvÁewiPw~m©gKivbcvAve_An~gm¨_ZZüe¨e¨k‡Ï‡DG
di‡g‡UiI cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| cÖ¯‘wZ wbb :
|bæiKÈÖcwi‡ÿAoezQKwseG)Zw×cbLjwlk‡ew¨bRi³w¨eÜA(Z‡Zw×cjBªe†iqkwæªezQKw
,bvd†jBvevg†vZseGbæiKiwZˆIWwfwUwKGbgGQ‡iKvb©YePw~m©gKivbcvAKÿkwÖcivlvfvivkB
Z‡Zw×c¨bv¨bAvejBg†-B,e‡vfZLwjw|bæiKZ‘¯Öc¨bRii‡vne¨ei‡vUDú¤wKve_AKyeUvb†KªUwKj‡B
evK cÖwZeÜx‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|
|bæiKiwZˆUDvAÛv¨nveiqkwæªeUwKGqvlvfjimnmÎPw¨bRi`‡xÜeZwÖc×wyeIbvÁiÿv¯^í^¯
¨j~gIMvh‡Mvh†j‡nvZ,bvPZ‡iKMvh‡vMvh†_‡vmixlvfv`†bRKG¨bRi`‡xÜeZwÖcYeÖkbwcvA`wh
|byLviZ‘¯Öc¨_ZKqlew
3.5.2 Av‡e`b I fwZ©©
b :Rvq‡ÖcvLviÿjjw¸qlewh†Z©Kwú¤mv’¯e¨eivaewymM-vh‡ymZ½mqv¨bIke‡iwcxMvh‡cDZ‡ÿwÖc†ib‡`e‡vA
Ziwv©abwvZseGi‡KYi~c,i‡KnÖMsmgidb`e‡vAUwKGK‡_†UKbwivbcvAKw³w¨exÜeZwÖcbRKG
m‡dwAveª`›K†vZqvnm,vjg†bv’¯sm©gK:bgh†Î‡ÿ†zQKwzQKw?i‡vcZ‡`wvgRK‡vbcvAB¨a‡giq‡gm
Avcbvi Kg©x Zv‡`i mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ h‡_ó n‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨_vq, wbwðZ n‡q wbb, cÖwZeÜx Av‡e`bKvix e¨w³i
mnvqZvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q|
k‡e‡iwcbLkwvivZ,h†bæiKvkv¨ZÖcx©_vYÿkwÖcbgGbwcvAqgmiviKbqv¨j~gIBvPvhi`‡xivKb`e‡vA
,ÖMwWw,WÖM†Î‡ÿ†iPw~m©gKYÿkwÖcKbwvôybvA|Q‡vAvZgÿmiviKRvKZkwv¨ZÖcQ‡vKi`‡vZseGi‡vcZ‡Lkw
mb`, mvÿiZvi `ÿZv Ges Ab¨vb¨ welqmn Avcbvi wewfbœ ai‡bi Pvwn`v _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avcwb wbe©vPK‡`i mv‡_
K_v ej‡Z cv‡ib, Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri BwZnvm hvPvB Ki‡Z cv‡ib ev wbw`©ó wel‡q mvg_©¨, `ÿZv I ˆewkó¨ hvPvB‡qi
,h†byLvi¨ÿjK‡`wivqµwÖcbPv©ebwivbcvA|bi‡vcZ‡bwivKrvÿvmixivKb`e‡vAve_A,bi‡vcZ‡bwvÿxic
bRvq‡Öcv’¯e¨eivaewymM-vh‡ymZ½mqv¨bIke‡iwcxMvh‡cDi`‡vhvbKwQ‡iKBvQvei`‡x©_vÖcib‡iaó©`wbwUwG
|byL`†`Q”‡ybAiP‡bwq‡lewGj‡nvZ,K‡v_ZowRqlewivÿxic`wh|i‡vcZ‡n
Kv‡Ri BwZnv‡mi †cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq, cÖwZeÜx Av‡e`bKvixi †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mvg_©¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ nq‡Zv
i‡KœkÖc©K‡ú¤mRvKZíwKÖcqgmii‡vKrvÿvm|bwi‡KRvKHIbLKm†e‡vfAiM‡vh‡ym¨bv¨bAIbneiwc
e¨w³i mgm¨v mgvav‡bi ÿgZv, wePvi we‡kølY Kivi mvg_©¨, MÖnY‡hvM¨ AvPi‡Yi aviYv, Ges Ab¨vb¨ welq hv
bwcvAM‡vAiviK³yf©ÍšAZ‡Pw~m©gKYÿkwÖcve_A|bi‡vcZ‡iKvbPe‡ewqlewjKmG-L‡kwi‡KRvK³w¨e
Z‡bwÍšv×mwib‡v`Öc©kgviciviKb©RAvZÁfwAiR‡vKb`wzQKwb‡xaAiv©ZKMvq‡bwxMvh‡nmbvK†K‡³w¨eH
cv‡ib A_ev †Kvb cÖwkÿY Kg©kvjvq AskMÖnY Kwi‡q ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| mvÿvrKv‡ii Av‡iKwU e¨envi
vZÑbRvq‡ÖcivaewymM-vh‡ymZ½mqv¨bIke‡iwcxMvh‡cDbgK†ix©_vYÿkwÖcbwjvKvjPvÿxicIvbk©`‡bwvj‡n
|i‡vcZ‡h†viKbvÜmybA
3.5.3 ivaewymM-vh‡ymZ½mqv¨bIke‡iwcxMvh‡cDqvjvk©gKve_AÿKYwÖk† e¨e¯’v
ivaewymM-vh‡ymZ½mqv¨bIke‡iwcxMvh‡cDib‡iabvK†¨bRi`‡x©_vÿkw¨bRm†qnvbZnv¨ebh†YÿkwÖc
cÖ‡qvRb Zv cÖwkÿY ïiæi Av‡MB e¨e¯’v Kivi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| wbw`©ó hš¿cvwZ, miÄvgvw` Dc‡hvMxKiY, mnvqK
|bRvq‡ÖcvbíKiwc©e~cZ‡jzZi‡K¨gMke‡Öce‡vfKawAvMqvRiÿ‡KYwÖk†ve&mBvfWw
,Q‡q‡ixÜeZwÖcbLkwKb‡A|vbb‡vR©K‡ú¤mvZÜweZwÖcivZm†,h†bi‡vcZ‡nbxLy§¤mix©_vÿkwbgGbwcvA
26
YiK³y©fÍšAi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcY‡ÿkwÖcIvÿkwKj~gËw„eIiwMiwvK
vZÜweZwÖcbwcvAi‡Ki©fbwicDiv¨Lsmix©_vYÿkwÖcxÜeZwÖcIivKvAiPw~m©gKYÿkwÖcivbcvA
ivaewymM-vh‡ymZ½mqv¨bIke‡iwcxMvh‡cD|bi‡vcZ‡iKbPv©ebwxivKq^šgmbRKG¨bRiY‡iK³©zfÍšA
e¨e¯’v I cÖwZewÜZv mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ mnvqZv wbwðZK‡í H e¨w³ cÖwkÿYv_©x Ges Zvi cÖwkÿK‡`i mv‡_ KvR
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
3.5.4 vÿxicIbqv¨j~g
hv‡`i cÖwZewÜZv c~‡e© wPwýZ Kiv hvqwb, wKš‘ Avcbvi cÖwkÿYv_©x nq‡Zv Z‡_¨i cÖÖwµqvKiY, e¨envi,
cybive„wËKiY Ges †hvMv‡hvM Kivmn A‡bK wel‡q wbw`©ó ai‡bi RwUjZv †eva Ki‡Z cv‡i| wkÿv_©x‡`i
mv‡_ Gme wel‡q m‡PZbfv‡e cÖkœ Ki‡j ev Zv‡`i mv‡_ G wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j Zv Zv‡`i Dc‡hvMx
cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweavi cÖ‡qvRb wba©vi‡Y mnvqZv Ki‡e|
g~j¨vqb I cixÿv PjvKvwjb cÖwZeÜx cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweavi e¨e¯’v
Kivi †KŠkj¸‡jv Ggb fv‡e KvVv‡gve× Ki‡Z n‡e †hb cÖwZeÜx cÖwkÿYv_©xiv ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva K‡i Ges †h
welqe¯‘ ev `ÿZv¸‡jv Zviv cÖKvk ev cÖ`k©b Ki‡e †mme †ÿ‡Î †Kvb cÖKvi Av‡cvm bv nq| A‡b‡K g‡b
Ki‡Z cv‡i †h, cixÿvq †Kvb cwieZ©b Avm‡j g~j¨vq‡bi ¯^”QZv bó n‡Z cv‡i| †mRb¨, hLb mb‡`i
cÖ‡qvRb nq ZLb †h‡Kvb cÖwkÿYv_©x‡K mÿgZvi wba©vwiZ gvb AR©b Kiv DwPZ| Z‡e Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek I
b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweavi e¨e¯’v Kiv cÖvq †ÿ‡ÎB m¤¢e|
27
YiK³y©fÍšAi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcY‡ÿkwÖcIvÿkwKj~gËw„eIiwMiwvK
n~gmYinv`DiviKq^šgmbqv¨j~g
• cwi‡ekMZ : cixÿvi ¯’vb cwieZ©b Kiv, †hgb : g‡bv‡hv‡Mi e¨vNvZ Kgv‡bv I ch©vß
Av‡jv; cixÿv ev Kv‡Ri Rb¨ e¨eüZ †Uwe‡ji D”PZv ev AvKvi cwieZ©b
Ww
gÎw…K;viK
|bv`ÖcZwgybAii‡vne¨exÖMgvmKqvnmzQKwi³wyhÖcYivavmImBvf †W‡¯‹i Ici KvMR
AvU‡K ivL‡Z †U‡ci e¨envi A_ev Kg©kvjvi Kv‡R ÔevBmÕ e¨envi Kiv|
• KvVv‡gvMZ : wjwLZ cixÿvi Qvcv (†hgb : AvKvi, is BZ¨vw`) cwieZ©b Kiv ev Zv cvV‡Ki
Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjv|
• Kg©m¤úv`b : vZi‡vcZ‡iKe‡vfxK³w¨esieq‡P†iviKkvKÖcL‡jwzQKwbvK†
¨bRiY‡ÿismcƒiZLwjwii‡ËDivZÿ‡ci³w¨e;b`wZwgybAivb‡vL`† GKRb
vh†,iUj‡zKjv¨K,iv©WKi†ve)i‡vcZ‡LjwDK†h†ÿ‡ci`‡vZ(KLj† Mv‡hv‡Mi hš¿, ev
wbwymiR‡vK¨bRiviKœbú¤mvÿxic;b`wZwgybAii‡vne¨eivUDú¤wK `©ó hš¿ †hgb :
|b`wZwgybAii‡vne¨evKkw©`‡bw¨bRio‡cvKib‡kwg†Bvjm†
•
3.6 e¨e¯’vcK‡`i Rb¨ civgk©
¯^”Q›` MwZ‡Z KvR Kiv : cixÿv MÖn‡Yi mgqmxgv cwieZ©b, weiwZi msL¨v, ewa©Z mgqe¨vwc cixÿv
MÖn‡Yi (GKwU `xN© †mk‡bi cwie‡Z© `yB w`‡b `yBwU †mkb) AbygwZ w`b|
†h‡nZz GB Aa¨vqwU wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb I wkLb m¤úwK©Z, †m‡nZz GUv g~jZ cÖwkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wb‡`©wkZ| hv‡nvK, GUv
e¨e¯’vcK Ges cÖwkÿK‡`i mnKvwi Kgx©‡`i Rb¨I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †hb wb‡qvMKvixMY G aviYv¸‡jv AeMZ †nvb Ges
cwiKíbv I ev‡RU cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI Zviv Ab¨‡`i AewnZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨
my‡hvM-myweavi e¨e¯’v I cÖ‡ekMg¨Zvi wKQz Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨q n‡Z cv‡i| cÖwkÿK‡K mswkøó P¨v‡jÄ
†gvKv‡ejvi Dcvq Lyu‡R †ei Kivi e¨vcv‡i mnvqZv w`‡Z m„Rbkxj I m‡PZb cÖkvmb `iKvi|
cÖwkÿK‡`i Rb¨ GB Aa¨v‡qi g~j evZ©v n‡jv Ñ Avcwb Kx †kLv‡eb Zvi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv, Z‡e Avcwb
wKfv‡e †kLv‡eb Zvi ms‡kvab ev cwigvR©b Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| mvaviYZ GB cwieZ©b¸‡jv mKj wkÿv_©x‡`i
wkL‡b mnvqK n‡e|
Aa¨vq 4: iY‡iK³©yfÍšAvZÜweZwÖc
mvgvwRK w`K
4.1 D‡Ïk¨
cÖwZeÜxevÜe AvPvi-AvPiY
Kvh©Ki AšÍfz©w³g~jK mvgvwRK wg_w¯Œqv
4.2 vqŒ¯w_gwKRwvgvmZ‡iKiK©hvKYiK³y©fÍšA
†kÖwYKÿ, Kg©kvjv ev cÖwkÿY †K‡›`ª Avcbvi Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y Avcwb wbtm‡›`‡n GKRb gvbwmK I kvixwiK
|i‡vcZ‡iKYiKybAYiPvA-ivPvAivbcvAvix©_vYÿkwÖc|jW‡gqxYiKybAbRKGrv©_A;³w¨eœbú¤mjwevY¸
_‡vmi`‡x©_vYÿkwÖcxÜeZwÖck‡e‡iwcK©ewvmnmvZ¨Mvh‡YnÖMI³w©zfÍšAZ‡Zw’¯wiwcKRwvgvmIYÿkwÖc,BvZ
qxYiKybAKPveZwB¨bRi¨b‡A|©Y~c¡Zæi¸vZbe‡iKYiPvAbgK†ª`›‡K†YÿkwÖcvevjvk©gK,ÿKYwÖk†bwcvA
|Q‡q‡iMvh‡ymib‡iaœbfwewivbcvAZ‡njW‡g
4.3 cÖwZeÜxevÜe AvPvi-AvPiY
AvPvi-AvPiY ej‡Z †evSvq Ñ Avgiv Ab¨ e¨w³‡`i mv‡_ wKfv‡e cÖwZwµqv Kwi| hw` Avcbvi AvPvi-AvPiY
YiPvA-ivPvAivbcvA`wh|be‡iKYiPvA_‡vmil‡ybvge‡vfKPveZwBI_‡vmiv×ÖkbwcvAj‡nvZ,qnvj‡vf
fv‡jv bv nq ev Avcwb iMPUv ¯^fv‡ei †nvb Z‡e Ab¨iv Avcbvi KvQ †_‡K wb‡R‡`i mwi‡q wb‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZeÜx
e¨w³‡`i mv‡_ Avgv‡`i cÖwZwµqv †hgb nIqv DwPZ Ñ ZvB n‡”Q cÖwZeÜxevÜe AvPvi-AvPiY|
KLbI KLbI fq, AÁZv, †bwZevPK g‡bvfve A_ev †evSvi ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK e¨w³ cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i
mv‡_ A‡kvfb AvPiY K‡i| Giƒc AvPiY cÖwZewÜ e¨w³‡`i GB evZ©vB w`‡Z cv‡i †h, Zviv Avjv`v A_ev Zviv
gËDUwKGZ‡iKi~`YivKZnw©bwÍšAivZseGYiPvAib‡iaG|bxn¡Zæi¸vivZve_AÎvcivYæiKveZwxf
qxbv’¯|e‡m‡nwvZb†xYÖMAvezÜexmqegm,i‡Klk‡ew,vqI`†Z‡bvR©K‡ú¤mi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcvj‡nv’šc
wWwcI¸‡jv cwi`k©‡b hvb Ges †¯^”Qv‡meK ev Zv‡`i cÖwkÿY †K›`ª cwi`k©‡b Avgš¿Y Rvbvb| cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i
|bi‡vcZ‡jeZ‡nZRwvq‡bwe‡vfbvK†_‡vmiR‡vKivbcvAK‡i`‡vZ_‡vmiv×ÖkbwcvAbh†bæiKie†R‡yuL
†kÖwYKÿ, Kg©kvjv, A_ev cÖwkÿY †K‡›`ª cÖwZeÜx cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i AšÍf©y³Ki‡Yi ZvwM‡` m¤¢ve¨ Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek
I b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweavi e¨e¯’v I cÖ‡ekMg¨Zvq wKQz welq ms‡hvRb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GB Aa¨v‡qi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv
yBwU Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ cwiwPZ Kiv hv mvgvwRK AšÍf©y³Ki‡Yi AMÖMwZ mva‡b Avcbv‡K mnvqZv Ki‡e| G¸‡jv n‡jv :
wb‡qvMKvixMY e¨vcKfv‡e H me e¨w³‡`i †LuvR K‡ib hv‡`i bvbv ai‡bi bgbxq ¯^fve Ges A-KvwiMwi `ÿZv
Av‡Q Ñ †hgb : hv‡`i `‡j KvR Kivi mvg_©¨ Av‡Q wKsev hviv A‡b¨i mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK
cÖwkÿYv_©x Ggb Kv‡R hv‡e †hLv‡b Zv‡`i mnKg©x, ZË¡eavqK, †µZv Ges mvaviY RbM‡Yi mv‡_ Nwbô m¤úK©
¯’vcb K‡i KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| hviv AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b KvR K‡i Zv‡`i mvgvwRK `ÿZv¸‡jv †Zv AviI AwaK
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †Kbbv Zviv mvaviYZ †µZv‡`i mv‡_ †jb‡`b Ges mieivnKvix‡`i mv‡_ mivmwi ga¨¯’Zv K‡ib|
†kÖwYK‡ÿ mvgvwRK wg_w¯Œqvi cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, GUv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h G †ÿ‡Î cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i
AšÍfz©³ I AskMÖnY Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
29
YiK³y©fÍšAi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcY‡ÿkwÖcIvÿkwKj~gËw„eIiwMiwvK
vhe‡iKvZqvnmZ‡SyevjvgZwxbKj~gvbk©`‡bwRnmzQKw©K‡ú¤mYiPvA-ivPvAeÜvexÜeZwÖcK‡vbcvAUwG
:YivavmBeyLvj‡¸G|e‡iK¨hvnvmZ‡Zw’¯wiwcksvKawAK‡vbcvA
bxwZ
bxwZ
bxwZ
4.3.1: cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i mv‡_ mivmwi fve wewbgq Kiæb Ges GKmv‡_ KvR Kiæb
hLb cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ AcÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i mv‡_ Ae¯’vb K‡i, A_©vr GKRb AcÖwZeÜx e¨w³i
mv‡_ Av‡iKR‡bi AcÖwZeÜx e¨w³i mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM m¤¢e Ñ ZLb cÖvq †ÿ‡ÎB
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³wU D‡cwÿZ n‡q _v‡K|
D`vniY : GKRb †eqviv †Kv‡bv cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡K mivmwi AW©v‡ii wel‡q wRÁvmv Kivi
†P‡q eis Zvi AcÖwZeÜx ¯¿x‡K wRÁvmv Kij, ÒwZwb wK †L‡Z Pvb?Ó
Aci GKwU D`vni‡Y cÖvqB †`Lv hvq †h, hLb ewai e¨w³iv †`vfvlxi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM
xÜeZwÖcYeÖkHe‡vfKYwÿ©evmIyeZ,IqnviKivne¨exlvfv`†vb‡vK†`whKwbgG,i‡K
|bQ‡iKMvh‡vMvh†B_‡vmivZbwcvAvbbK†,bæiKqgbwewów„`_‡vmi³w¨e
4.3.2: Avcwb Ac‡ii KvQ †_‡K †hgb AvPiY I m¤§vb †c‡Z Pvb, cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i mv‡_
†Zgb AvPiY Kiæb
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hw` GKRb cÖwkÿYv_©xi nv‡Zi e¨envi bv _v‡K ev
mxwgZ e¨envi _v‡K, Zvn‡j Kx †Kvb e¨w³ Zvi
mv‡_ Kig`©b Ki‡e?
hw` GKRb cÖwkÿYv_©xi nvZ Lye †QvU nq, Zvn‡j
Kx †Kvb e¨w³ Zvi mv‡_ Kig`©b Ki‡e?
hw` GKRb cÖwkÿYv_©x K…wÎg cv †hgb : GKwU
avZe ûK _v‡K, Zvn‡j Kx †Kvb e¨w³ Zvi mv‡_
Kig`©b Ki‡e?
hw` GKRb cÖwkÿYv_©xi nvZ bv _v‡K, Zvn‡j Kx †Kvb
e¨w³ Zv‡K ¯úk© K‡i †Kvbfv‡e ¯vMZ Rvbv‡e?
hw` GKRb cÖwkÿYv_©x AÜ nq, Zvn‡j Kx †Kvb e¨w³
Zvi mv‡_ Kig ©b Ki‡e?
cÖwZewÜZvi cÖK…wZ we‡ePbv bv K‡i †Kvb e¨w³i Kx
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i mv‡_ „wó wewbgq I Zv mg Íi †_‡K
Kiv DwPZ?
36
YiK³y©fÍšAi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcY‡ÿkwÖcIvÿkwKj~gËw„eIiwMiwvK
hw` †Kvb e¨w³ kÖeY cÖwZeÜx nq Ges Zvi mv‡_
GKRb †`vfvlx _v‡K, Zvn‡j †`vfvlx hLb Zv‡K
_‡vmi³w¨eHxKi`‡³w¨e¨bAbLZq`†q‡Swye
?ZPwDviKqgbwewów„`
KLwŠg†_‡vmi³w¨exÜeZwÖcYeÖkbvK†bLh,v¨un
ów„`qgmemK‡³w¨ebvK†bLZ,qnMvh‡vMvh†
wewbgq Kiv DwPZ| GUvB mwVK :
• hLb kÖeY cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ †`vfvlx‡K †`L‡Q|
• hLb Avcwb K_v ej‡Qb|
• hLb †`vfvlx Avcbv‡K kÖeY cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i
|Q‡iKËw„evibycZgvZg
,i‡vcZ‡nbVwKviKYvgÖcvUGg‡_ÖcKwbgG
†mRb¨ m‡e©vËg †KŠkj n‡jv †kÖwYK‡ÿ †`vfvlx †bB
e‡jB a‡i †bIqv|
xÜeZwÖcbjPvmei‡vqP†jBûve_AxÜeZwÖców„`
xKviKqgbwewów„`K‡_†iͯgm_‡vmi³w¨e
?©Y~c¡Zæi¸
hLb †kÖwYK‡ÿi evwn‡i mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM nq, ZLb
vqInqgbwewów„`K‡_†iͯgm_‡vmi³w¨exÜeZwÖc
|©Y~c¡Zæi¸
ˆbKU¨ I g‡bv‡hvM
hw` m¤¢e nq Ñ Zvn‡j e¨w³i mv‡_ ev cv‡k e‡m K_v
ejvB m¤§vbRbK|
†Kvb e¨w³i G‡Ki ci GK Ab¨ e¨w³‡`i mv‡_ K_v
ej‡Z nq| cwiw¯’wZ Ggb †h, H e¨w³ GKB m‡½
i³w¨exÜeZwÖców„`IQ‡iKRvKiLwj‡vLj†R‡MvK
mv‡_ K_v ej‡Q|
bv, GUv Am¤§vbRbK|
bv, GUv Am¤§vbRbK|
AewnZKiY Ges mn‡hvwMZv
e‡m _vKv †Kvb cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z wM‡q
GKRb e¨w³i Kx Zvi cv‡k e‡m K_v ejv DwPZ?
†Kvb e¨w³ A‡b¨i mv‡_ gZwewbgqKv‡j A‡bK mgq
bvbv ai‡bi Abwf‡cÖZ AvPiY K‡i hv Ab¨ e¨w³‡`i
Kv‡Q wei³Ki| H e¨w³ A‡b¨i mv‡_ Am‡PZbfv‡e
K_v ejvi cvkvcvwk wKQz Awb”QvK…Z KvRI Ki‡Z
cv‡i, †hgb : k~b¨ Kvc †_‡K Pv ev Kwd cvb Kiv,
evi evi Pkgvi Møvm cwi¯‹vi Kiv A_ev †W‡¯‹i
Dc‡i ivLv DcKiY¸‡jv cyb:mw¾Z Kiv|
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i mvnv‡h¨i cÖ‡qvRb g‡b n‡j †Kv‡bv
e¨w³ wK Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ wRÁvmv Ki‡e?
|v¨unÑiËDB·ÿ†jKm
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iv AwaKvsk mgqB mvnv‡h¨i cÖ‡qvRb
n‡j Zv Ab¨‡`i Kv‡Q †P‡q _v‡K| hw` †KD e‡j,
ÒAvwg wK Avcbv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvwi?Ó †jvKwU
Óv¨unÒ,j‡e³w¨eH`whivA|ÓvbÒ,i‡vcZ‡je
Ñ Zvn‡j ZLb, ÒKxfv‡e Avcbv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z
cvwi?Ó ejvB h_v_© n‡e|
†Kvb e¨w³ Kx †Kvb cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡K †Kvb mvnv‡h¨i
cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q wKbv wRÁvmv Ki‡Z cv‡i?
mgq I AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K GKRb cÖwZeÜx e¨w³
¯^qswµqfv‡eB wk‡L †b‡e †h KLb, †Kv_vq, Ges Kx-
fv‡e mnvqZv †`Iqv nq?
37
YiK³y©fÍšAi`‡³w¨exÜeZwÖcY‡ÿkwÖcIvÿkwKj~gËw„eIiwMiwvK
cwifvlv
,Óy½cÒ:bgh†?Kxe‡n¨Mvh‡YnÖMvjeãkib‡iaG
|ÓivKkwii‡vÝv¨KÒve,Óͯ©hcewM‡vi‡xM„gÒ
bv| h_vm¤¢e †bwZevPK we‡klY e¨envi bv K‡i mZ¨
iuvZ,vbi‡vcZ‡Uvunm†:bgh†gËDBvUvjevbUN
|Q‡vAivÝv¨KivuZseG,Q‡vAMvi‡xM„g
GB ai‡bi kã ejv MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e Kx? †hgb : ÒûBj
†Pqv‡i Ave×Ó, ÒµvP Qvov APjÓ, ev ÒKv‡iv mvnvh¨
Qvov evB‡i †ei nIqv wb‡laÓ|
bv| GKwU ûBj †Pqvi, A_ev µvP e¨envi bv K‡i
j‡evbv_KKPveZwb†Zw…fÖc¨hvnvmvi‡vKve_A
mZ¨ K_v ejvB DËg|
GB ai‡bi kã ejv MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e Kx? †hgb : Òewai
|ÓlybvgÜAÒve,ÓvKjwve
G‡ÿ‡Î e¨w³evPK kã Av‡M e¨envi Kiv DËg, †hgb :
|xÜeZwÖców„`UwKvj†vexÜeZwÖcYeÖkUwq‡g†
Av‡iv Z_¨ †c‡Z ‡hvMv‡hvM Kiæb :
AvšÍR©vwZK kªg ms¯’v
www.ilo.org/dhaka
KvwiMwi wk¶v Awa`ßi
www.techedu.gov.bd
evsjv‡`k KvwiMwi wk¶v ‡evW©
www.bteb.gov.bd
RvZxq `¶Zv Dbœqb cwil`
www.nsdc.gov.bd
Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cªwk¶Y e¨y‡iv
www.bmet.gov.bd
GB cªKvkbvwU KvbvWv miKv‡ii A_©vq‡b AvBGjI-Gi evsjv‡`k w¯‹jm& di Ggcøq‡g›U G¨vÛ †cÖvWvw±wfwU (we-†mc) cÖKí KZ©„K cÖYxZ|
